1994 Edition

Administrative divisions

109 districts (opstinas, singular - opstina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Gradiska, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajnice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Doboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde, Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak, Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic-Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stolac, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vares, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez, Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice note: currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediators

Agriculture

accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive (1991)

Airports

total: 28 usable: 24 with permanent-surface runways: 5 with runways over 3659: with runways 2440-3659 m: 3 with runways 1220-2439 m: 6

Area

total area: 51,233 sq km land area: 51,233 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee

Birth rate

13.33 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Branches

Army

Budget

revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Capital

Sarajevo

Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo)

elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1 note: legislative elections for Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are slated for late 1994

Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina)

elections last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); percent of vote by party NA; seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1

Climate

hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Coastline

20 km

Constitution

promulgated in 1974 (under the Communists), amended 1989, 1990, and 1991; the Assembly planned to draft a new constitution in 1991, before conditions deteriorated; constitution of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (including Muslim and Croatian controlled parts of Republic) ratified April 1994

Currency

1 dinar = 100 para; Croatian dinar used in Croat-held area, presumably to be replaced by new Croatian kuna; old and new Serbian dinars used in Serb-held area; hard currencies probably supplanting local currencies in areas held by Bosnian government

Death rate

6.39 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Defense expenditures

$NA, NA% of GDP

Digraph

BK

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission: (vacant); Minister-Counselor, Charge d'Affaires ad interim Seven ALKALAJ chancery: Suite 760, 1707 L Street NW, Washington, DC 10036 telephone: (202) 833-3612, 3613, and 3615

Economic aid

$NA

Electricity

capacity: NA kW production: NA kWh consumption per capita: NA kWh

Environment

current issues: air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; widespread casualties and destruction of infrastructure because of civil strife natural hazards: subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes international agreements: party to - Air Pollution, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection

Ethnic divisions

Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8%

Exchange rates

NA

Executive branch

chief of state: President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since 20 December 1990), other members of

the collective presidency

Ejup GANIC (since NA November 1990), Nijaz DURAKOVIC (since NA October 1993), Stjepan KLJUJIC (since NA October 1993), Ivo KOMSIC (since NA October 1993), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA June 1992), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Haris SILAJDZIC (since NA October 1993); Deputy Prime Minister Edib BUKVIC (since NA October 1993) cabinet: executive body of ministers; members of, and responsible to, the National Assembly

Exports

$NA commodities: NA partners: NA

External debt

$NA

FAX

(202) 833-2061 consulate(s) general: New York

NA

Fiscal year

calendar year

Flag

white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly side

Highways

total: 21,168 km paved: 11,436 km unpaved: gravel 8,146 km; earth 1,586 km (1991)

Illicit drugs

NA

Imports

$NA commodities: NA partners: NA

Independence

NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)

Industrial production

growth rate NA%; production is sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-93)

Industries

steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining (1991)

Infant mortality rate

12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

NA%

Inland waterways

NA km

International disputes

as of May 1994, members of the Bosnian Serb armed factions, desirous of establishing a separate state linked with neighboring Serbia, occupied 70% of Bosnia after having killed or driven out non-Serb inhabitants; the Bosnian Croats, occupied and declared an independent state in an additional 10% of Bosnia in 1993, but in March 1994, this faction and the Bosnian Government settled their dispute and entered into a bicommunal Federation; a Bosnian Government army commander who opposes the leadership of Bosnian President IZETBEGOVIC is leading an insurrection in the government-held enclave of Bihac

Irrigated land

NA sq km

Judicial branch

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Labor force

1,026,254 by occupation: agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)

Land boundaries

total 1,459 km, Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro)

Land use

arable land: 20% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 36% other: 17%

Languages

Serbo-Croatian 99%

Legal system

based on civil law system

Legislative branch

bicameral National Assembly

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 75.13 years male: 72.43 years female: 78.02 years (1994 est.)

Literacy

total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Location

Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro

Manpower availability

males age 15-49 1,298,102; fit for military service 1,054,068; reach military age (19) annually 38,283 (1994 est.)

Map references

Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims

continental shelf: 200-m depth exclusive economic zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Member of

CEI, CSCE, ECE, ICAO, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT (nonsignatory user), INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (guest), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO

Names

conventional long form: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina local long form: Republika Bosna i Hercegovina local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina

National holiday

NA

National product

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $NA

National product per capita

$NA

National product real growth rate

NA%

Nationality

noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Natural resources

coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, lead, zinc

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

Note

Bosnia and Herzegovina is suffering from interethnic civil strife which began in March 1992 after the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina held a referendum on independence. Bosnia's Serbs - supported by neighboring Serbia - responded with armed resistance aimed at partitioning the republic along ethnic lines and joining Serb-held areas to a "greater Serbia." Since the onset of the conflict, which has driven approximately half of the pre-war population of 4.4 million from their homes, both the Bosnian Serbs and the Bosnian Croats have asserted control of more than three-quarters of the territory formerly under the control of the Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The UN and the EU are continuing to try to mediate a plan for peace. In March 1994 Bosnian Muslims and Bosnian Croats signed an agreement in Washington, DC, creating a Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is to include territories in which Muslims or Croats predominated, according to the 1991 census. Bosnian Serbs refused to become a part of this Federation.

The US recognizes the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is a new government being formed by the Muslims and Croats. On 31 May 1994 a Croat president, Kresimir ZUBAK, and a Muslim vice president, Ejup GANIC, were elected. Haris SILAJDZIC, who is prime minister of the Republic, is also the prime minister of the Federation.

Other political or pressure groups

NA

Overview

Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of April 1994, Bosnia and Herzegovina was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992-93 are available, although output clearly has fallen substantially below the levels of earlier years.

Pipelines

crude oil 174 km; natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted

Political parties and leaders

Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Alija IZETBEGOVIC; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), KresimirZUBAK; Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president; Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president

Population

4,651,485 (July 1994 est.) note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing

Population growth rate

0.69% (1994 est.)

Ports

coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River

Railroads

NA km

Religions

Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%

Suffrage

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Telecommunications

telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; satellite ground stations - none

Terrain

mountains and valleys

Total fertility rate

1.61 children born/woman (1994 est.)

Type

emerging democracy

Unemployment rate

NA%

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission: Ambassador Victor JACKOVICH embassy: address NA mailing address: NA telephone: NA