1993 Edition

Area

total area: 51,233 km2 land area: 51,233 km2 comparative area: slightly larger than Tennessee

Climate

hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Coastline

20 km

Environment

air pollution from metallurgical plants; water scarce; sites for disposing of urban waste are limited; subject to frequent and destructive earthquakes

International disputes

Serbia and Montenegro and Croatia seek to cantonize Bosnia and Herzegovina; Muslim majority being forced from many areas

Irrigated land

NA km2

Land boundaries

total 1,369 km, Croatia (northwest) 751 km, Croatia (south) 91 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro)

Land use

arable land: 20% permanent crops: 2% meadows and pastures: 25% forest and woodland: 36% other: 17%

Location

Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, between Croatia and Serbia and Montenegro

Map references

Africa, Arctic Region, Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims

continental shelf: 200 m depth exclusive economic zone: 12 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm territorial sea: 12 nm

Natural resources

coal, iron, bauxite, manganese, timber, wood products, copper, chromium, lead, zinc

Terrain

mountains and valleys

Birth rate

13.54 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Death rate

6.38 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Ethnic divisions

Muslim 44%, Serb 31%, Croat 17%, other 8%

Infant mortality rate

13.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Labor force

1,026,254 by occupation: agriculture 2%, industry, mining 45% (1991 est.)

Languages

Serbo-Croatian 99%

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 74.8 years male: 72.11 years female: 77.67 years (1993 est.)

Literacy

total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Nationality

noun: Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s) adjective: Bosnian, Herzegovinian

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)

Population

4,618,804 (July 1993 est.) note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic cleansing

Population growth rate

0.72% (1993 est.)

Religions

Muslim 40%, Orthodox 31%, Catholic 15%, Protestant 4%, other 10%

Total fertility rate

1.62 children born/woman (1993 est.)

Administrative divisions

109 districts (opcine, singular - opcina) Banovici, Banja Luka, Bihac, Bijeljina, Bileca, Bosanska Dubica, Bosanska Graaiskia, Bosanska Krupa, Bosanski Brod, Bosanski Novi, Bosanski Petrovac, Bosanski Samac, Bosansko Grahovo, Bratunac, Brcko, Breza, Bugojno, Busovaca, Cazin, Cajilice, Capljina, Celinac, Citluk, Derventa, Duboj, Donji Vakuf, Foca, Fojnica, Gacko, Glamoc, Gorazde Gornji Vakuf, Gracanica, Gradacac, Grude, Han Pijesak Jablanica, Jajce, Kakanj, Kalesija, Kalinovik, Kiseljak, Kladanj, Kljuc, Konjic, Kotor Varos, Kresevo, Kupres, Laktasi, Listica, Livno, Lopare, Lukavac, Ljubinje, Ljubuski, Maglaj, Modrica, Mostar, Mrkonjic Grad, Neum, Nevesinje, Odzak, Olovo, Orasje, Posusje, Prijedor, Prnjavor, Prozor, (Pucarevo) Novi Travnik, Rogatica, Rudo, Sanski Most, Sarajevo-Centar, Sarajevo-Hadzici, Sarajevo-Ilidza, Sarajevo-Ilijas, Sarajevo-Novi Grad, Sarajevo-Novo, Sarajevo-Pale, Sarajevo-Stari Grad, Sarajevo-Trnovo, Sarajevo-Vogosca, Skender Vakuf, Sokolac, Srbac, Srebrenica, Srebrenik, Stoloc, Sekovici, Sipovo, Teslic, Tesanj, (Titov Drvar) Drvar, Duvno, Travnik, Trebinje, Tuzla, Ugljevik, Vare, Velika Kladusa, Visoko, Visegrad, Vitez Vlasenica, Zavidovici, Zenica, Zvornik, Zepce, Zivinice note: currently under negotiation with the assistance of international mediators

Capital

Sarajevo

Chamber of Citizens

last held NA 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (130 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 34, HDZ BiH 21, Party of Democratic Changes 15, SRSJ BiH 12, MBO 2, DSS 1, DSZ 1, LS 1

Chamber of Municipalities

last held November-December 1990 (next to be held NA); seats - (110 total) SDA 43, SDS BiH 38, HDZ BiH 23, Party of Democratic Changes 4, DSS 1, SPO 1

Chief of State

President Alija IZETBEGOVIC (since NA December 1990), other members of the

1992), Mirko PEJANOVIC (since NA), Tatjana LJUJIC-MIJATOVIC (since NA December 1992), Fikret ABDIC

collective presidency

Ejup GANIC (since NA), Miro LASIC (since NA December

Constitution

NA

Digraph

BK

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission: NA chancery: NA telephone: NA

Executive branch

collective presidency, prime minister, deputy prime ministers, cabinet

Flag

white with a large blue shield; the shield contains white Roman crosses with a white diagonal band running from the upper hoist corner to the lower fly side

Head of Government

Prime Minister Mile AKMADZIC (since NA October 1992); Deputy Prime Minister Zlatko LAGUMDZIJA (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Miodrag SIMOVIC (since NA); Deputy Prime Minister Hadzo EFENDIC (since NA)

Independence

NA April 1992 (from Yugoslavia)

Judicial branch

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court

Legal system

based on civil law system

Legislative branch

bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper house or Chamber of Municipalities (Vijece Opeina) and a lower house or Chamber of Citizens (Vijece Gradanstvo)

Member of

CEI, CSCE, ECE, UN, UNCTAD, WHO

Names

conventional long form: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina conventional short form: Bosnia and Herzegovina local long form: Republika Bosna i Hercegovina local short form: Bosna i Hercegovina

National holiday

NA

Other political or pressure groups

NA

Political parties and leaders

Party of Democratic Action (SDA), Mirsad CEMAN; Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina (HDZ BiH), Mate BOBAN; Serbian Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SDS BiH), Radovan KARADZIC, president; Muslim-Bosnian Organization (MBO), Adil ZULFIKARPASIC, president; Democratic Party of Socialists (DSS), Nijaz DURAKOVIC, president; Party of Democratic Changes, leader NA; Serbian Movement for Renewal (SPO), Milan TRIVUNCIC; Alliance of Reform Forces of Yugoslavia for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SRSJ BiH), Dr. Nenad KECMANOVIC, president; Democratic League of Greens (DSZ), Drazen PETROVIC; Liberal Party (LS), Rasim KADIC, president

Suffrage

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Type

emerging democracy

US diplomatic representation

the US maintains full diplomatic relations with Bosnia and Herzegovina but has not yet established an embassy in Serajevo

Agriculture

accounted for 9.0% of GDP in 1989; regularly produces less than 50% of food needs; the foothills of northern Bosnia support orchards, vineyards, livestock, and some wheat and corn; long winters and heavy precipitation leach soil fertility reducing agricultural output in the mountains; farms are mostly privately held, small, and not very productive

Budget

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Currency

Croatian dinar used in ethnic Croat areas, "Yugoslav" dinar used in all other areas

Economic aid

$NA

Electricity

3,800,000 kW capacity; 7,500 million kWh produced, 1,700 kWh per capita (1992)

Exchange rates

NA

Exports

$2,054 million (1990) commodities: manufactured goods 31%, machinery and transport equipment 20.8%, raw materials 18%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 17.3%, chemicals 9.4%, fuel and lubricants 1.4%, food and live animals 1.2% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics

External debt

$NA

Fiscal year

calendar year

Illicit drugs

NA

Imports

$1,891 million (1990) commodities: fuels and lubricants 32%, machinery and transport equipment 23.3%, other manufactures 21.3%, chemicals 10%, raw materials 6.7%, food and live animals 5.5%, beverages and tobacco 1.9% partners: principally the other former Yugoslav republics

Industrial production

growth rate NA%, but production is sharply down because of interethnic and interrepublic warfare (1991-92)

Industries

steel production, mining (coal, iron ore, lead, zinc, manganese, and bauxite), manufacturing (vehicle assembly, textiles, tobacco products, wooden furniture, 40% of former Yugoslavia's armaments including tank and aircraft assembly, domestic appliances), oil refining

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

80% per month (1991)

National product

GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $14 billion (1991 est.)

National product per capita

$3,200 (1991 est.)

National product real growth rate

-37% (1991 est.)

Overview

Bosnia and Herzegovina ranked next to Macedonia as the poorest republic in the old Yugoslav federation. Although agriculture has been almost all in private hands, farms have been small and inefficient, and the republic traditionally has been a net importer of food. Industry has been greatly overstaffed, one reflection of the rigidities of Communist central planning and management. Tito had pushed the development of military industries in the republic with the result that Bosnia hosted a large share of Yugoslavia's defense plants. As of March 1993, Bosnia and Herzegovina was being torn apart by the continued bitter interethnic warfare that has caused production to plummet, unemployment and inflation to soar, and human misery to multiply. No reliable economic statistics for 1992 are available, although output clearly fell below the already depressed 1991 level.

Unemployment rate

28% (February 1992 est.)

Airports

total: 27 useable: 22 with permanent-surface runways: 8 with runways over 3659: 0 with runways 2440-3659 m: 4 with runways 1220-2439 m: 5

Highways

21,168 km total (1991); 11,436 km paved, 8,146 km gravel, 1,586 km earth; note - highways now disrupted

Inland waterways

NA km

Pipelines

crude oil 174 km, natural gas 90 km (1992); note - pipelines now disrupted

Ports

coastal - none; inland - Bosanski Brod on the Sava River

Railroads

NA km

Telecommunications

telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion, many urban areas being below average compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics; 727,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 9 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV; 840,000 radios; 1,012,094 TVs; NA submarine coaxial cables; satellite ground stations - none

Branches

Army

Defense expenditures

$NA, NA% of GDP

Manpower availability

males age 15-49 1,283,576; fit for military service 1,045,512; reach military age (19) annually 37,827 (1993 est.)