2013 Edition

Background

After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means. Government restrictions on freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion remain in place.

Area

207,600 sq km 202,900 sq km 4,700 sq km

total

207,600 sq km

water

4,700 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Kansas

Climate

cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

Nyoman River 90 m Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m

highest point

Dzyarzhynskaya Hara 346 m

lowest point

Nyoman River 90 m

Environment - current issues

soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine

Environment - international agreements

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands none of the selected agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

4.34 cu km/yr (32%/65%/3%) 435.4 cu m/yr (2009)

per capita

435.4 cu m/yr (2009)

total

4.34 cu km/yr (32%/65%/3%)

Geographic coordinates

53 00 N, 28 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes

Irrigated land

1,150 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

3,306 km Latvia 171 km, Lithuania 680 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km

border countries

Latvia 171 km, Lithuania 680 km, Poland 605 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km

total

3,306 km

Land use

26.63% 0.59% 72.78% (2011)

arable land

26.63%

other

72.78% (2011)

permanent crops

0.59%

Location

Eastern Europe, east of Poland

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

NA

Natural resources

timber, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay

Terrain

generally flat and contains much marshland

Total renewable water resources

58 cu km (2011)

Age structure

15.2% (male 752,536/female 710,384) 12.3% (male 607,877/female 575,827) 45.5% (male 2,146,332/female 2,238,033) 13% (male 548,170/female 699,780) 14% (male 423,287/female 923,662) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

15.2% (male 752,536/female 710,384)

15-24 years

12.3% (male 607,877/female 575,827)

25-54 years

45.5% (male 2,146,332/female 2,238,033)

55-64 years

13% (male 548,170/female 699,780)

65 years and over

14% (male 423,287/female 923,662) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

10.99 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

54,218 5 % (2005 est.)

percentage

5 % (2005 est.)

total number

54,218

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.3% (2005)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

72.6% (2005)

Death rate

13.68 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

41.1 % 21.6 % 19.5 % 5.1 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

19.5 %

potential support ratio

5.1 (2013)

total dependency ratio

41.1 %

youth dependency ratio

21.6 %

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population rural: 99% of population total: 100% of population urban: 0% of population rural: 1% of population total: 0% of population (2010 est.)

rural

1% of population

total

0% of population (2010 est.)

urban

0% of population

Education expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Belarusian 83.7%, Russian 8.3%, Polish 3.1%, Ukrainian 1.7%, other 3.2% (2009 census)

Health expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.3% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

17,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

11.1 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

3.67 deaths/1,000 live births 4.1 deaths/1,000 live births 3.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

3.22 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

3.67 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Belarusian (official) 23.4%, Russian (official) 70.2%, other 6.4% (includes small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities) (1999 census)

Life expectancy at birth

71.81 years 66.14 years 77.82 years (2013 est.)

female

77.82 years (2013 est.)

total population

71.81 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 99.6% 99.8% 99.5% (2009 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99.5% (2009 est.)

male

99.8%

total population

99.6%

Major urban areas - population

MINSK (capital) 1.861 million (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

190 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

39.2 years 36.1 years 42.2 years (2013 est.)

female

42.2 years (2013 est.)

male

36.1 years

total

39.2 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

24.9 (2010 est.)

Nationality

Belarusian(s) Belarusian

adjective

Belarusian

noun

Belarusian(s)

Net migration rate

0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

24.3% (2008)

Physicians density

3.76 physicians/1,000 population (2011)

Population

9,625,888 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.18% (2013 est.)

Religions

Eastern Orthodox 80%, other (including Roman Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, and Muslim) 20% (1997 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 91% of population rural: 97% of population total: 93% of population urban: 9% of population rural: 3% of population total: 7% of population (2010 est.)

rural

3% of population

total

7% of population (2010 est.)

urban

9% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

15 years 15 years 16 years (2011)

female

16 years (2011)

male

15 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

1.06 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female 0.78 male(s)/female 0.46 male(s)/female 0.87 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.96 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.78 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.46 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.87 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.46 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Urbanization

75% of total population (2011) 0.21% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.21% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

75% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk) administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian

Capital

Minsk 53 54 N, 27 34 E UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) none scheduled for 2013

daylight saving time

none scheduled for 2013

geographic coordinates

53 54 N, 27 34 E

name

Minsk

time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994; amended 1996, 2004 (2013)

Country name

Republic of Belarus Belarus Respublika Byelarus'/Respublika Belarus' Byelarus'/Belarus' Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic

conventional long form

Republic of Belarus

conventional short form

Belarus

former

Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic

local long form

Respublika Byelarus'/Respublika Belarus'

local short form

Byelarus'/Belarus'

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ethan GOLDRICH (since July 2012) 46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002 PSC 78, Box B Minsk, APO 09723 [375] (17) 210-12-83 [375] (17) 234-7853

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Ethan GOLDRICH (since July 2012)

embassy

46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002

FAX

[375] (17) 234-7853

mailing address

PSC 78, Box B Minsk, APO 09723

telephone

[375] (17) 210-12-83

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Oleg KRAVCHENKO 1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 [1] (202) 986-1604 [1] (202) 986-1805 New York

chancery

1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Oleg KRAVCHENKO

consulate(s) general

New York

FAX

[1] (202) 986-1805

telephone

[1] (202) 986-1604

Executive branch

president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994); note - the US does not recognize the results of the 19 December 2010 elections under which the Central Election Commission of Belarus declared LUKASHENKO president prime minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since 28 December 2010); first deputy prime minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since December 2003) Council of Ministers president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006) and fourth election (19 December 2010); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 79.7%, Andrey SANNIKOV 2.6%, other candidates 17.7%; note - election marred by electoral fraud

cabinet

Council of Ministers

chief of state

president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994); note - the US does not recognize the results of the 19 December 2010 elections under which the Central Election Commission of Belarus declared LUKASHENKO president

election results

Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO 79.7%, Andrey SANNIKOV 2.6%, other candidates 17.7%; note - election marred by electoral fraud

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006) and fourth election (19 December 2010); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

head of government

prime minister Mikhail MYASNIKOVICH (since 28 December 2010); first deputy prime minister Vladimir SEMASHKO (since December 2003)

Flag description

red horizontal band (top) and green horizontal band one-half the width of the red band; a white vertical stripe on the hoist side bears Belarusian national ornamentation in red; the red band color recalls past struggles from oppression, the green band represents hope and the many forests of the country

Government type

republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship

Independence

25 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman) Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Chamber of Representatives; term of judges is 11 years with an age limit of 70 regional, district, city, town, and military courts

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and NA judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 appointed by the president and 6 elected by the Chamber of Representatives; term of judges is 11 years with an age limit of 70

subordinate courts

regional, district, city, town, and military courts

Legal system

civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family and labor) have been revised and came into force in 1999 or 2000

Legislative branch

bicameral national assembly or natsionalnoye sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president, to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the national assembly Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 23 September 2012 (next to be held September 2016); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won every seat with no opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous election, on 28 September 2008, despite minor improvements also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley [2008] - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 6, AP 1, no affiliation 103; Palata Predstaviteley [2012] - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 3, AP 1, no affiliation 106

election results

Sovet Respubliki - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Palata Predstaviteley [2008] - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 6, AP 1, no affiliation 103; Palata Predstaviteley [2012] - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 3, AP 1, no affiliation 106

elections

Palata Predstaviteley - last held on 23 September 2012 (next to be held September 2016); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won every seat with no opposition representation in the chamber; international observers determined that the previous election, on 28 September 2008, despite minor improvements also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat

National anthem

"My, Bielarusy" (We Belarusians) Mikhas KLIMKOVICH and Uladzimir KARYZNA/Nester SAKALOUSKI music adopted 1955, lyrics adopted 2002; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics; also known as "Dziarzauny himn Respubliki Bielarus" (State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus)

lyrics/music

Mikhas KLIMKOVICH and Uladzimir KARYZNA/Nester SAKALOUSKI

name

"My, Bielarusy" (We Belarusians)

National holiday

Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union

National symbol(s)

mounted knight known as Pahonia (the Chaser)

Political parties and leaders

Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKY] Belarusian Patriotic Movement (Belarusian Patriotic Party) or BPR [Nikolay ULAKHOVICH, chairman] Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Igor KARPENKO] Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH] Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANYY] Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Pavel SEVERINETS] (unregistered) Belarusian Party of the Left "Fair World" [Sergey KALYAKIN] Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Aleksey YANUKEVICH] Belarusian Social-Democratic Hramada [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH] Belarusian Social Democratic Party Hramada ("Assembly") or BSDPH [Irina VESHTARD] Belarusian Social Democratic Party People's Assembly ("Narodnaya Hramada") [Nikolay STATKEVICH] (unregistered) Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNIAK] European Belarus Campaign [Andrey SANNIKOV] Party of Freedom and Progress [Vladimir NOVOSYAD] (unregistered) "Tell the Truth" Campaign [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV] United Civic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs (unregistered) [Sergey MATSKEVICH] Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK] Belarusian Association of Journalists [Zhana LITVINA] Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK] Belarusian Independence Bloc (unregistered) and For Freedom movement [Aleksandr MILINKEVICH] Belarusian Organization of Working Women [Irina ZHIKHAR] BPF-Youth [Andrus KRECHKA] Charter 97 (unregistered) [Andrey SANNIKOV] Perspektiva small business association [Anatol SHUMCHENKO] Nasha Vyasna (unregistered) ("Our Spring") human rights center [Ales BYALYATSKI] "Tell the Truth" Movement [Vladimir NEKLYAYEV] Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA] Young Belarus (Malady Belarus) [Zmitser KASPYAROVICH] Youth Front (Malady Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk

Budget

$22.38 billion $21.96 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$21.96 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$22.38 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

0.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

10.5% (31 December 2010 est.) 13.5% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

19.49% (31 December 2012 est.) 13.58% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-1.688 billion (2012 est.) $-5.053 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$1.225 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.278 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

27.2 (2008) 21.7 (1998)

Economy - overview

As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of state enterprises, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector. Economic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s thanks to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010, when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. Receiving more than half of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of Beltranzgas to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as the rate of inflation reached 53% in 2011 and 59% in 2012.

Exchange rates

Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - 8,336.9 (2012 est.) 4,974.6 (2011 est.) 2,978.5 (2010 est.) 2,789.49 (2009) 2,130 (2008)

Exports

$45.57 billion (2012 est.) $40.93 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs

Exports - partners

Russia 35.4%, Netherlands 16.4%, Ukraine 12.1%, Latvia 7.1% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

46.7% 14.6% 32.8% 1.6% 81.6% -77.1% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

81.6%

government consumption

14.6%

household consumption

46.7%

imports of goods and services

-77.1%

investment in fixed capital

32.8%

investment in inventories

1.6%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

9.1% 46.3% 44.5% (2012 est.)

agriculture

9.1%

industry

46.3%

services

44.5% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$15,500 (2012 est.) $15,200 (2011 est.) $14,300 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

1.5% (2012 est.) 5.5% (2011 est.) 7.7% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$62.4 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$145.3 billion (2012 est.) $143.1 billion (2011 est.) $135.6 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

31.8% of GDP (2012 est.) 29.2% of GDP (2011 est.) 26.2% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.8% 21.9% (2008)

highest 10%

21.9% (2008)

lowest 10%

3.8%

Imports

$45.01 billion (2012 est.) $44.39 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals

Imports - partners

Russia 59.4%, Germany 5.9%, China 5.1%, Ukraine 5% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

2% (2012 est.)

Industries

metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

59.1% (2012 est.) 53.3% (2011 est.)

Labor force

5 million (2009)

Labor force - by occupation

9.4% 45.9% 44.7% (2005 est.)

agriculture

9.4%

industry

45.9%

services

44.7% (2005 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

27.1% (2003 est.)

Public debt

31.5% of GDP (2012 est.) 48.5% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$5.809 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $6.011 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$13.32 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $16.75 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$19.82 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $13.29 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$4.018 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.436 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

35.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

1% (2009 est.) 1.6% (2005) official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

67.16 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

294,800 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

32,070 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

198 million bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

31.74 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

5.067 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

99.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

7.767 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

8.032 million kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

32.82 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

21.82 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

21.02 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

220 million cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

2.832 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

188,800 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

224,200 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

43,240 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

346,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

4 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 3 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2007)

Internet country code

.by

Internet hosts

295,217 (2012)

Internet users

2.643 million (2009)

Telephone system

Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; modernization of the network progressing with roughly two-thirds of switching equipment now digital state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2008)

domestic

state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cellular teledensity now exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons

general assessment

Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; modernization of the network progressing with roughly two-thirds of switching equipment now digital

international

country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwide service is available to Belarus through this infrastructure; additional analog lines to Russia; Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik earth stations (2008)

Telephones - main lines in use

4.407 million (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

10.675 million (2012)

Airports

65 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

7 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

4

2,438 to 3,047 m

20

914 to 1,523 m

1

over 3,047 m

1

total

33

under 914 m

7 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

28 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

2

over 3,047 m

1

total

32

Heliports

1 (2013)

Pipelines

gas 5,386 km; oil 1,589 km; refined products 1,730 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Mazyr (Prypyats')

river port(s)

Mazyr (Prypyats')

Railways

5,537 km 5,512 km 1.520-m gauge (874 km electrified) 25 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)

standard gauge

25 km 1.435-m gauge (2008)

total

5,537 km

Roadways

86,392 km 74,651 km 11,741 km (2010)

total

86,392 km

unpaved

11,741 km (2010)

Waterways

2,500 km (use limited by its location on the perimeter of the country and by its shallowness) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

2,401,785 2,429,653 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

2,429,653 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

2,401,785

Manpower fit for military service

1,693,626 2,012,401 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

2,012,401 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,693,626

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

51,855 48,760 (2010 est.)

female

48,760 (2010 est.)

male

51,855

Military branches

Belarus Armed Forces: Land Force, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force (2013)

Belarus Armed Forces

Land Force, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force (2013)

Military expenditures

1.4% of GDP (2005 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)

Disputes - international

boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; Poland seeks enhanced demarcation and security along this Schengen hard border with financial assistance from the EU

Illicit drugs

limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008; few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities (2008)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

6,969 (2012)

stateless persons

6,969 (2012)

Trafficking in persons

Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and children are trafficked to European and Middle Eastern countries and within Belarus for sexual exploitation; Belarusian men, women, and children are found in forced labor in the construction industry and other sectors in Russia and Belarus; Belarusian men seeking work abroad are increasingly subjected to forced labor Tier 2 Watch List - Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government demonstrates decreased law enforcement efforts, conducting fewer trafficking investigations and convicting only one trafficking offender; while two new anti-trafficking laws were passed, they have not been fully implemented and government services to victims remain very limited; the government continues its efforts to prevent trafficking through public awareness campaigns and NGO-operated anti-trafficking hotlines (2013)

current situation

Belarus is a source, transit, and destination country for women, men, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; women and children are trafficked to European and Middle Eastern countries and within Belarus for sexual exploitation; Belarusian men, women, and children are found in forced labor in the construction industry and other sectors in Russia and Belarus; Belarusian men seeking work abroad are increasingly subjected to forced labor

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Belarus does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government demonstrates decreased law enforcement efforts, conducting fewer trafficking investigations and convicting only one trafficking offender; while two new anti-trafficking laws were passed, they have not been fully implemented and government services to victims remain very limited; the government continues its efforts to prevent trafficking through public awareness campaigns and NGO-operated anti-trafficking hotlines (2013)