1981 Edition

Area

1,906,240 km*; 12% small holdings and estates, 64% forests, 24% inland water, waste, urban, and other

475,369 km8

406,630 km2; 2% under crops, 24% meadow and pasture, 52% forested, 22% urban, waste, and other

Coastline

54,716 km

about 5,152 km

Land boundaries

2,736 km

966 km

3,444 km

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

under an archipelago theory, claim is 12 nm, measured seaward from straight baselines connecting the outermost islands (fishing 200 nm, economic zone 200 nm)

12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)

Ethnic divisions

majority of Malay stock comprising 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26% other

predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and Polynesian

95% mestizo, 5% white and Indian

Labor force

60 million; 64% agriculture, 12% trade, 7% industry, 17% other (1980 est.)

1.44 million (1979); agriculture, forestry, fishing employ 85% of labor force; 200,000 (1979 est.) in salaried employment

1,003,000 (1980); 52.6% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 28.2% services; 19.2% manufacturing and mining (1970); unemployment rate 3.3% (1980)

Language

Indonesian (modified form of Malay) official; English and Dutch leading foreign languages

715 indigenous languages; pidgin English in much of the country and Motu in Papua region are linguae francae; English spoken by 1% to 2% of population

Spanish and Guarani

Literacy

60% (est.); 72% in 6-16 age group

15%; in English, 0.1%

officially estimated at 74% above age 10, but probably much lower (40%)

Nationality

noun — Indonesian(s); adjective — Indonesian

noun — Papua New Guinean(s); adjective — Papua New Guinean

noun — Paraguayan(s); adjective — Paraguayan

Organized labor

10% of labor force

about 5% of labor force

Population

157,595,000, including East Timor and West Irian Jaya (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%

3,126,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%

3,347,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4%

Religion

90% Muslim, 5% Christian, 3% Hindu, 2% other

over one-half of population nominally Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder animist

97% Roman Catholic

Branches

executive headed by President who is chief of state and head of Cabinet; Cabinet selected by President; unicameral legislature (DPR, or parliament), of 460 members (96 appointed, 364 elected); second and larger body (MPR, or congress) of 920 members includes the legislature and 460 other members (chosen by several processes, but not directly elected) elects President and Vice President, and theoretically determines national policy; judicial, Supreme Court is highest court

executive — National Executive Council; legislature— House of Assembly (109 members); judiciary — court system consists of Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and various inferior courts (district courts, local courts, children's courts, wardens' courts)

President heads executive; bicameral legislature; judiciary headed by Supreme Court

Capital

Jakarta

Port Moresby

Asuncion

Communists

Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength est. at 1,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre-October 1965 hardcore membership has been estimated at 1.5 million

no significant strength

Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est. 3,000 to 4,000 party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard core; party in exile is small and deeply divided

Elections

preferential-type elections for 109-member House of Assembly every five years, next held in June 1982

President and Congress elected together every five years; last election held in February 1978 Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramon Chavez; Liberal Party, Fulvio Hugo Celauro; Febrerista Party, Alarico Quinones Cabral; Radical Liberal Party, German Acosta Caballero; Christian Democratic Party, R6mulo Perina Voting strength (February 1978 general election): 90% Colorado Party, 5% Radical Liberal Party, 3% Liberal Party, Febrerista Party boycotted elections

Government leader

President, Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (reelected by Congress, March 1978)

President Gen. Alfredo STROESSNER PARAGUAY (Continued)

Government leaders

Governor General Sir Tore LOKOLOKO; Prime Minister Sir Julius CHAN

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of INDONESIA (Continued) government; legal education at University of Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on English common law

based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; constitution promulgated 1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education at National University of Asuncion and Catholic University of Our Lady of the Assumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ADB, CIPEC (associate), Commonwealth, ESCAP (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, South Pacific Commission, South Pacific Forum, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO (associate)

FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August

Independence Day, 16 September

Independence Day, 14 May

Official name

Republic of Indonesia

Papua New Guinea

Republic of Paraguay

Other political or pressure groups

Popular Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by Epifanio Mendez, in exile; National Accord includes MoPoCo and Febrerista, Radical Liberal, and Christian Democratic Parties

Political parties

Pangu Party, People's Progress Party, United Party, Papua Besena, National Party, Melanesian Alliance

Political subdivisions

27 first-level administrative subdivisions or provinces, which are further subdivided into 282 second-level areas

19 administrative districts (15 in New Guinea, 4 in Papua)

19 departments and the national capital

Suffrage

universal over age 17 and married persons regardless of age Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-official "party" based on functional groups), Amir Moertono; Indonesia Democracy Party (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Sunawar Sukowati; Unity Development Party (federation of former Islamic parties), John Naro Voting strength (1977 election): Golkar 232 seats, Indonesia Democracy 29, Unity Development 99

universal adult suffrage

universal; compulsory between ages of 18-60

Type

republic

independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state

republic; under authoritarian rule

Agriculture

subsistence food production, and smallholder and plantation production for export; main crops — rice, rubber, copra, other tropical products; food shortages — rice, wheat

main crops — coffee, cocoa, coconuts, timber, tea

main crops — oilseeds, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most foods; caloric intake, 2,824 calories per day per capita (1977)

Aid

economic — Australia, $1,158 million committed (1976-81); World Bank group (1968-September 1969), $14.8 million committed; US, Ex-Im bank loans (FY70-73), $32.5 million extended

economic bilateral commitments, US (FY70-80) $74 million, other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79) $176 million; military commitments (FY70-80), US $18 million

Budget

(1980-81) expenditures, $16.8 billion; receipts, $14.4 billion domestic, $2.4 billion foreign

(1979) $759 million

(1980 est.) $405 million in revenues, $432 million in expenditures

Electric power

4,754,000 kW capacity (1980); 14.606 billion kWh produced (1980), 96 kWh per capita

425,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.275 billion kWh produced (1980), 398 kWh per capita

400,000 kW capacity (1981); 825 million kWh produced (1981), 258 kWh per capita

Exports

$22.4 billion (f.o.b., FY80/81); petroleum and LNG ($16.7 billion; 1.2 million b/d), timber, rubber, coffee, tin, palm oil, tea, copper

$960.0 million (f.o.b., 1979); copper, coconut products, coffee beans, cocoa, copra, timber

$310 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber, coffee, essential oils, tung oil

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March

calendar year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 1.6 million tons (1978); exports $181 million (1980), imports $8 million (1977)

GDP

$4.4 billion (1980, at current prices), $1,375 per capita; 6% public consumption; 82% private consumption, 30% gross domestic investment, —18% net foreign balance (1980); real growth rate 1980, 11.4%

GNP

$67 billion (1980), about $450 per capita; real average annual growth, (1973-78) 6.8%, (1980) 9.6%

$2.05 billion (FY79 est.), $650 per capita; real growth (1979) 3% est.

Imports

$15.6 billion (FY80/81); rice, wheat, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel products, machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables

$935.5 million (c.i.f., 1979)

$517 million (f.o.b., 1980); fuels and lubricants, machinery and motors, motor vehicles, beverages and tobacco, foodstuffs

Major industries

petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer production, timber

sawmilling and timber processing, copper mining (Bougainville)

meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light consumer goods, cement

Major trade partners

(1980) exports — 49% Japan, 20% US, 11% Singapore; imports— 31% Japan, 13% US, 9% Saudi Arabia, 6% West Germany

Australia, UK, Japan

exports — 15% Netherlands, 6% US, 17% Argentina, 15% West Germany, 5% Japan, 7% Switzerland, 9% Brazil; imports — 22% Brazil, 17% Argentina, 12% US, 7% West Germany, 8% Japan, 6% UK (1979)

Monetary conversion rate

642 rupiah=US$l (December 1981)

Kina $1=US$1.5 (December 1980)

126 guaranies=US$l (official rate, October 1979)

Airfields

403 total, 392 usable; 86 with permanentsurface runways; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 70 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

535 total, 433 usable; 18 with permanentsurface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

955 total, 818 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

approximately 120 major transport aircraft

about 15 major transport aircraft

14 major transport aircraft

Highways

93,063 km total; 26,583 km paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone, 24,959 km improved or unimproved earth

19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth

13,460 km total; 1,370 km paved, 12,090 km gravel or earth

Inland waterways

21,579 km; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Jaya 4,587 km

10,940 km

3,100 km

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $2.76 billion; about 12.4% of central government budget

for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $33.6 million; 3.0% of central government budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $87.6 million; 16.2% of central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 38,679,000; 22,868,000 fit for military service; about 1,798,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 748,000; about 413,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 775,000; 615,000 fit for military service; 40,000 reach military age (17) annually

Ports

15 ocean ports

5 principal, 9 minor PARAGUAY PAPUA NEW GUINEA (Continued)

1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river)

Railroads

6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; government owned

none

970 km total; 440 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 60 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)

Supply

dependent on Australia

Telecommunications

interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 392,563 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, and 14 TV stations; 1 international ground satellite station (1 Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pacific Ocean antenna), and a domestic satellite communications system DEFENSE FORCES

Papua New Guinea telecom services are adequate and are being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio and international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend from Madang to Australia and Guam; 45,274 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 31 AM, no FM and no TV stations DEFENSE FORCES

principal center in Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net; 51,600 telephones (1.5 per 100 pop!.); 33 AM, 14 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES