2013 Edition

Background

Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1912, but was conquered by Italy in 1939. Communist partisans took over the country in 1944. Albania allied itself first with the USSR (until 1960), and then with China (to 1978). In the early 1990s, Albania ended 46 years of xenophobic communist rule and established a multiparty democracy. The transition has proven challenging as successive governments have tried to deal with high unemployment, widespread corruption, dilapidated infrastructure, powerful organized crime networks, and combative political opponents. Albania has made progress in its democratic development since first holding multiparty elections in 1991, but deficiencies remain. International observers judged elections to be largely free and fair since the restoration of political stability following the collapse of pyramid schemes in 1997; however, each of Albania's post-communist elections have been marred by claims of electoral fraud. The 2009 general elections resulted in a coalition government, the first such in the country's history. Albania joined NATO in April 2009 and is a potential candidate for EU accession. Although Albania's economy continues to grow, the country is still one of the poorest in Europe, hampered by a large informal economy and an inadequate energy and transportation infrastructure.

Area

28,748 sq km 27,398 sq km 1,350 sq km

total

28,748 sq km

water

1,350 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter

Coastline

362 km

Elevation extremes

Adriatic Sea 0 m Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m

highest point

Maja e Korabit (Golem Korab) 2,764 m

lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution from industrial and domestic effluents

Environment - international agreements

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands none of the selected agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

1.31 cu km/yr (43%/18%/39%) 413.6 cu m/yr (2006)

per capita

413.6 cu m/yr (2006)

total

1.31 cu km/yr (43%/18%/39%)

Geographic coordinates

41 00 N, 20 00 E

Geography - note

strategic location along Strait of Otranto (links Adriatic Sea to Ionian Sea and Mediterranean Sea)

Irrigated land

1,884 sq km (2006)

Land boundaries

717 km Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km

border countries

Greece 282 km, Macedonia 151 km, Montenegro 172 km, Kosovo 112 km

total

717 km

Land use

21.63% 2.57% 75.79% (2011)

arable land

21.63%

other

75.79% (2011)

permanent crops

2.57%

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea and Ionian Sea, between Greece in the south and Montenegro and Kosovo to the north

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

12 nm 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

continental shelf

200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes; tsunamis occur along southwestern coast; floods; drought

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, coal, bauxite, chromite, copper, iron ore, nickel, salt, timber, hydropower

Terrain

mostly mountains and hills; small plains along coast

Total renewable water resources

41.7 cu km (2011)

Age structure

19.9% (male 316,240/female 282,958) 19.6% (male 300,977/female 287,976) 39.7% (male 568,330/female 626,949) 10% (male 150,665/female 151,068) 10.8% (male 153,818/female 172,424) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

19.9% (male 316,240/female 282,958)

15-24 years

19.6% (male 300,977/female 287,976)

25-54 years

39.7% (male 568,330/female 626,949)

55-64 years

10% (male 150,665/female 151,068)

65 years and over

10.8% (male 153,818/female 172,424) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

12.57 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

72,818 12 % (2005 est.)

percentage

12 % (2005 est.)

total number

72,818

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

6.3% (2009)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

69.3% (2008/09)

Death rate

6.36 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

45.7 % 30.1 % 15.6 % 6.4 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

15.6 %

potential support ratio

6.4 (2013)

total dependency ratio

45.7 %

youth dependency ratio

30.1 %

Drinking water source

urban: 96% of population rural: 94% of population total: 95% of population urban: 4% of population rural: 6% of population total: 5% of population (2010 est.)

rural

6% of population

total

5% of population (2010 est.)

urban

4% of population

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.) in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Health expenditures

6.3% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths

NA

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

NA

Hospital bed density

2.4 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

13.65 deaths/1,000 live births 15.18 deaths/1,000 live births 11.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

11.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

13.65 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects

Life expectancy at birth

77.77 years 75.16 years 80.67 years (2013 est.)

female

80.67 years (2013 est.)

total population

77.77 years

Literacy

age 9 and over can read and write 96.8% 98% 95.7% (2011 est.)

definition

age 9 and over can read and write

female

95.7% (2011 est.)

male

98%

total population

96.8%

Major urban areas - population

TIRANA (capital) 419,000 (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

31.2 years 29.9 years 32.4 years (2013 est.)

female

32.4 years (2013 est.)

male

29.9 years

total

31.2 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

23.9 Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2009 est.)

Nationality

Albanian(s) Albanian

adjective

Albanian

noun

Albanian(s)

Net migration rate

-3.32 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

21.3% (2008)

Physicians density

1.11 physicians/1,000 population (2011)

Population

3,011,405 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

0.29% (2013 est.)

Religions

Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% percentages are estimates; there are no available current statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice

Sanitation facility access

urban: 95% of population rural: 93% of population total: 94% of population urban: 5% of population rural: 7% of population total: 6% of population (2010 est.)

rural

7% of population

total

6% of population (2010 est.)

urban

5% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

11 years 11 years 11 years (2003)

female

11 years (2003)

male

11 years

total

11 years

Sex ratio

1.11 male(s)/female 1.12 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 0.91 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.89 male(s)/female 0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.12 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.91 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.89 male(s)/female

at birth

1.11 male(s)/female

total population

0.98 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.49 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

27.2% 26.2% 28.3% (2009)

female

28.3% (2009)

total

27.2%

Urbanization

52% of total population (2010) 2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.3% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

52% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder, Tirane, Vlore

Capital

Tirana (Tirane) 41 19 N, 19 49 E UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

41 19 N, 19 49 E

name

Tirana (Tirane)

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest approved by parliament 21 October 1998, adopted by popular referendum 22 November 1998, promulgated 28 November 1998; amended 2008, 2012 (2012)

Country name

Republic of Albania Albania Republika e Shqiperise Shqiperia People's Socialist Republic of Albania

conventional long form

Republic of Albania

conventional short form

Albania

former

People's Socialist Republic of Albania

local long form

Republika e Shqiperise

local short form

Shqiperia

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Alexander ARVIZU (since 10 November 2010) Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510 [355] (4) 2247285 [355] (4) 2232222

chief of mission

Ambassador Alexander ARVIZU (since 10 November 2010)

embassy

Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana

FAX

[355] (4) 2232222

mailing address

US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189-9510

telephone

[355] (4) 2247285

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Gilbert GALANXHI (since 5 January 2011) 1312 18th Street NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20036 [1] (202) 223-4942 [1] (202) 628-7342 New York

chancery

1312 18th Street NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Gilbert GALANXHI (since 5 January 2011)

consulate(s) general

New York

FAX

[1] (202) 628-7342

telephone

[1] (202) 223-4942

Executive branch

President of the Republic Bujar NISHANI (since 24 July 2012) Prime Minister Edi Rama (since 10 September 2013) Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by parliament president is elected by the Assembly for a five-year term and is eligible for a second term (a candidate needs a three-fifths majority of the Assembly's 140 votes (84 votes) in one of the first three rounds of voting or a simple majority in round four or five to become president; up to five rounds of voting are held, if necessary); four election rounds held between 30 May and 11 June 2012 (next election to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the party or coalition of parties that has the majority of seats in the Assembly Bujar NISHANI elected president on fourth round of voting; Assembly vote (for first three rounds three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required; fourth round, a simple majority of votes is required): Bujar NISHANI 73 votes; note - NISHANI took office 24 July 2012

cabinet

Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by parliament

chief of state

President of the Republic Bujar NISHANI (since 24 July 2012)

election results

Bujar NISHANI elected president on fourth round of voting; Assembly vote (for first three rounds three-fifths majority, 84 votes, required; fourth round, a simple majority of votes is required): Bujar NISHANI 73 votes; note - NISHANI took office 24 July 2012

elections

president is elected by the Assembly for a five-year term and is eligible for a second term (a candidate needs a three-fifths majority of the Assembly's 140 votes (84 votes) in one of the first three rounds of voting or a simple majority in round four or five to become president; up to five rounds of voting are held, if necessary); four election rounds held between 30 May and 11 June 2012 (next election to be held in 2017); prime minister appointed by the president on the proposal of the party or coalition of parties that has the majority of seats in the Assembly

head of government

Prime Minister Edi Rama (since 10 September 2013)

Flag description

red with a black two-headed eagle in the center; the design is claimed to be that of 15th-century hero George Castriota SKANDERBEG, who led a successful uprising against the Turks that resulted in a short-lived independence for some Albanian regions (1443-78); an unsubstantiated explanation for the eagle symbol is the tradition that Albanians see themselves as descendants of the eagle; they refer to themselves as "Shkypetars," which translates as "sons of the eagle"

Government type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EITI (candidate country), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including a chairman); Court of Cassation (consists of 14 judges, including the chief justice) Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms; chairman elected by the People's Assembly for single 3-year term; Court of Cassation judges, including the chairman, appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single, 9-year terms) Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance

highest court(s)

Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges, including a chairman); Court of Cassation (consists of 14 judges, including the chief justice)

judge selection and term of office

Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single 9-year terms; chairman elected by the People's Assembly for single 3-year term; Court of Cassation judges, including the chairman, appointed by the president with the consent of the Assembly to serve single, 9-year terms)

subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal; Courts of First Instance

Legal system

civil law system except in the northern rural areas where customary law known as the "Code of Leke" prevails

Legislative branch

unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 deputies; 100 deputies elected directly in single member electoral zones with an approximate number of voters; 40 deputies elected from multi-name lists of parties or party coalitions according to their respective order; elected for a four-year term) last held on 23 June 2013 (next to be held in 2017) percent of vote by party- PS 41.12%, PD 30.41%, LSI 10.44%, PR 3.04%, PDIU 2.59%, other 12.4%; seats by party- PS 66, PD 49, LSI 16, PDIU 4, PR 3, other 2

election results

percent of vote by party- PS 41.12%, PD 30.41%, LSI 10.44%, PR 3.04%, PDIU 2.59%, other 12.4%; seats by party- PS 66, PD 49, LSI 16, PDIU 4, PR 3, other 2

elections

last held on 23 June 2013 (next to be held in 2017)

National anthem

"Hymni i Flamurit" (Hymn to the Flag) Aleksander Stavre DRENOVA/Ciprian PORUMBESCU adopted 1912

lyrics/music

Aleksander Stavre DRENOVA/Ciprian PORUMBESCU

name

"Hymni i Flamurit" (Hymn to the Flag)

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 November (1912) also known as Flag Day

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA] New Democracy Party or PDR [Genc POLLO] Party for Justice, Integration and Unity or PDIU [Shpetim IDRIZI] Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU] Social Democracy Party or PDS [Paskel MILO] Social Democratic Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI] Socialist Movement for Integration or LSI [Ilir META] Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA] Unity for Human Rights Party or PBDNJ [Vangjel DULE] New Democratic Spirit or FRD [Bamir TOPI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Red and Black Alliance [Kreshnik SPAHIU] Front for Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI] Mjaft Movement [Elton KACIDHJA] Omonia [Vasil BOLLANO] Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy products; sheep

Budget

$3.054 billion $3.477 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$3.477 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$3.054 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.4% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

5% (31 December 2010 est.) 5.25% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

10.88% (31 December 2012 est.) 12.43% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-1.314 billion (2012 est.) $-1.65 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$5.838 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $5.938 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

34.5 (2008) 26.7 (2005)

Economy - overview

Albania, a formerly closed, centrally-planned state, is making the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. Macroeconomic growth averaged around 6% between 2004-08, but declined to about 3% in 2009-11, and 0.5% in 2012. Inflation is low and stable. The government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment. Remittances, a significant catalyst for economic growth declined from 12-15% of GDP before the 2008 financial crisis to 8% of GDP in 2010, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy. The agricultural sector, which accounts for almost half of employment but only about one-fifth of GDP, is limited primarily to small family operations and subsistence farming because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages because of a reliance on hydropower - 98% of the electrical power produced in Albania - and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment and lack of success in attracting new foreign investment needed to expand the country's export base. FDI is among the lowest in the region, but the government has embarked on an ambitious program to improve the business climate through fiscal and legislative reforms. The completion of a new thermal power plant near Vlore has helped diversify generation capacity, and plans to upgrade transmission lines between Albania and Montenegro and Kosovo would help relieve the energy shortages. Also, with help from EU funds, the government is taking steps to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. The country will continue to face challenges from increasing public debt, having slightly exceeded its former statutory limit of 60% of GDP in 2012. Strong trade, remittance, and banking sector ties with Greece and Italy make Albania vulnerable to spillover effects of the global financial crisis.

Exchange rates

leke (ALL) per US dollar - 108.19 (2012 est.) 100.9 (2011 est.) 103.94 (2010 est.) 94.98 (2009) 79.55 (2008)

Exports

$1.123 billion (2012 est.) $962.1 million (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Exports - partners

Italy 51.1%, Spain 9.2%, Turkey 6.3%, Greece 4.4% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

87.3% 8.1% 24.9% 0% 34.4% -54.6% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

34.4%

government consumption

8.1%

household consumption

87.3%

imports of goods and services

-54.6%

investment in fixed capital

24.9%

investment in inventories

0%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

18% 15.4% 66.5% (2012 est.)

agriculture

18%

industry

15.4%

services

66.5%

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$8,000 (2012 est.) $7,900 (2011 est.) $7,700 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

1.6% (2012 est.) 2.8% (2011 est.) 3.8% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$12.38 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$25.93 billion (2012 est.) $25.52 billion (2011 est.) $24.83 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars Albania has an informal, and unreported, sector that may be as large as 50% of official GDP

Gross national saving

14.4% of GDP (2012 est.) 12.6% of GDP (2011 est.) 14.4% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.5% 29% (2008)

highest 10%

29% (2008)

lowest 10%

3.5%

Imports

$3.984 billion (2012 est.) $4.461 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals

Imports - partners

Italy 31.9%, Greece 9.5%, China 6.4%, Germany 6%, Turkey 5.7% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

5% (2012 est.)

Industries

perfumes and cosmetic products, food and tobacco products; textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2% (2012 est.) 3.5% (2011 est.)

Labor force

1.098 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

47.8% 23% 29.2% (September 2010 es)

agriculture

47.8%

industry

23%

services

29.2%

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

12.5% (2008 est.)

Public debt

58.8% of GDP (2012 est.) 58.7% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$2.6 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.473 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$9.951 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $9.426 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$8.591 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $8.408 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$2.657 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.575 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

24.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

13% (2012 est.) 13.4% (2011 est.) these are official rates, but actual rates may exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence farming

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

4.183 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

8,997 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

16,870 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

172.4 million bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

4.669 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

301 million kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

9.9% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

90.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

3.475 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.621 million kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

7.481 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

10 million cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

10 million cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

849.5 million cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

38,390 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

67.56 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

22,810 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

3,121 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

3 public TV networks, one of which transmits by satellite to Albanian-language communities in neighboring countries; more than 60 private TV stations; many viewers can pick up Italian and Greek TV broadcasts via terrestrial reception; cable TV service is available; 2 public radio networks and roughly 25 private radio stations; several international broadcasters are available (2010)

Internet country code

.al

Internet hosts

15,528 (2012)

Internet users

1.3 million (2009)

Telephone system

despite new investment in fixed lines, teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011 multiple companies were providing mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005 but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2011)

domestic

offsetting the shortage of fixed line capacity, mobile-cellular phone service has been available since 1996; by 2011 multiple companies were providing mobile services and mobile teledensity had reached 100 per 100 persons; Internet broadband services initiated in 2005 but growth has been slow; Internet cafes are popular in Tirana and have started to spread outside the capital

general assessment

despite new investment in fixed lines, teledensity remains low with roughly 10 fixed lines per 100 people; mobile-cellular telephone use is widespread and generally effective

international

country code - 355; submarine cable provides connectivity to Italy, Croatia, and Greece; the Trans-Balkan Line, a combination submarine cable and land fiber-optic system, provides additional connectivity to Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Turkey; international traffic carried by fiber-optic cable and, when necessary, by microwave radio relay from the Tirana exchange to Italy and Greece (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

312,000 (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

3.5 million (2012)

Airports

4 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1 (2013)

2,438 to 3,047 m

3

total

4

Airports - with unpaved runways

1 (2012)

914 to 1,523 m

1 (2012)

total

1

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

cargo 16, roll on/roll off 1 1 (Turkey 1) 5 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Panama 4) (2010)

foreign-owned

1 (Turkey 1)

registered in other countries

5 (Antigua and Barbuda 1, Panama 4) (2010)

total

17

Pipelines

gas 331 km; oil 249 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

major seaport(s)

Durres, Sarande, Shengjin, Vlore

Railways

339 km 339 km 1.435-m gauge (2009)

total

339 km

Roadways

18,000 km 7,020 km 10,980 km (2002)

total

18,000 km

unpaved

10,980 km (2002)

Waterways

41 km (on the Bojana River) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

731,111 780,216 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

780,216 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

731,111

Manpower fit for military service

622,379 660,715 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

660,715 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

622,379

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

31,986 29,533 (2010 est.)

female

29,533 (2010 est.)

male

31,986

Military branches

Land Forces Command, Navy Force Command, Air Forces Command (2013)

Military expenditures

1.49% of GDP (2005 est.)

Military service age and obligation

19 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; 18 is the legal minimum age in case of general/partial compulsory mobilization (2012)

Disputes - international

none

Illicit drugs

increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens

Refugees and internally displaced persons

7,443 (2012)

stateless persons

7,443 (2012)

Trafficking in persons

Albania is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Albanian victims of sexual exploitation are trafficked within Albania and in Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Kosovo, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, and the UK; some Albanian women become sex trafficking victims after accepting offers of legitimate jobs; Albanian children are forced to beg or perform other forms of forced labor; Filipino victims of labor trafficking were identified in Albania during 2012 Tier 2 Watch List - Albania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government decreased its trafficking investigations, prosecutions, and convictions over the last year and, because of inconsistent implementation of operating procedures, continues to punish victims for unlawful acts that are a direct result of being subjected to sex trafficking; the high turnover rate of law enforcement personnel prevents progress at the local level in identifying and protecting trafficking victims; removal of the national anti-trafficking coordinator hinders efforts to implement the 2011 national action plan against trafficking; the government provides limited funding to NGO shelters (2013)

current situation

Albania is a source country for men, women, and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; Albanian victims of sexual exploitation are trafficked within Albania and in Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Kosovo, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, and the UK; some Albanian women become sex trafficking victims after accepting offers of legitimate jobs; Albanian children are forced to beg or perform other forms of forced labor; Filipino victims of labor trafficking were identified in Albania during 2012

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List - Albania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government decreased its trafficking investigations, prosecutions, and convictions over the last year and, because of inconsistent implementation of operating procedures, continues to punish victims for unlawful acts that are a direct result of being subjected to sex trafficking; the high turnover rate of law enforcement personnel prevents progress at the local level in identifying and protecting trafficking victims; removal of the national anti-trafficking coordinator hinders efforts to implement the 2011 national action plan against trafficking; the government provides limited funding to NGO shelters (2013)