Kuwait

<p>Kuwait has been ruled by the AL-SABAH dynasty since the 18th century. The threat of Ottoman invasion in 1899 prompted Amir Mubarak AL-SABAH to seek protection from Britain, ceding foreign and defense responsibility to Britain until 1961, when the country attained its independence. Iraq attacked and overran Kuwait in 1990. After several weeks of aerial bombardment, a US-led UN coalition began a ground assault in 1991 that liberated Kuwait in four days. In 1992, the Amir reconstituted the parliament that he had dissolved in 1986. Amid the 2010-11 uprisings and protests across the Arab world, stateless Arabs known as Bidoon staged small protests demanding citizenship, jobs, and other benefits available to Kuwaiti nationals. Other demographic groups, notably Islamists and Kuwaitis from tribal backgrounds, soon joined the growing protest movements, which culminated with the resignation of the prime minister amid allegations of corruption. Demonstrations renewed in 2012 in response to a decree amending the electoral law that lessened the voting power of the tribal blocs. <br><br>An opposition coalition of Sunni Islamists, tribal populists, and some liberals largely boycotted legislative elections in 2012 and 2013, which ushered in a legislature more amenable to the government's agenda. Faced with the prospect of painful subsidy cuts, oppositionists and independents actively participated in the 2016 election, winning nearly half the seats, but the opposition became increasingly factionalized. Between 2006 and his death in 2020, the Amir dissolved the National Assembly on seven occasions and shuffled the cabinet over a dozen times, usually citing political stagnation and gridlock between the legislature and the government. <br><br>The current Amir, who assumed his role in 2020, launched a "National Dialogue" in 2021 meant to resolve political gridlock. As part of this initiative, the Amir pardoned several opposition figures who had been living in exile, and they returned to Kuwait. Legislative challenges remain, and the cabinet has been reshuffled six times since 2020. </p>

Land

17,818 sq km

Total

17,818 sq km

Water

0 sq km

slightly smaller than New Jersey

dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

499 km

Asia

Highest point

3.6 km W. of Al-Salmi Border Post 300 m

Lowest point

Persian Gulf 0 m

Mean elevation

108 m

29 30 N, 45 45 E

strategic location at head of Persian Gulf

100 sq km (2015)

Border countries

Iraq 254 km; Saudi Arabia 221 km

number of neighbors

2

Total

475 km

Agricultural land

8.4% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 0.4% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.3% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 7.6% (2023 est.)

arable land

0.45%

Forest

0.4% (2023 est.)

Other

91.2% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

0.34%

No

Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iraq and Saudi Arabia

Arabian Aquifer System

Indian Ocean drainage

<em>(Persian Gulf)</em> Tigris and Euphrates (918,044 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/aqr3aNQjS1BAvksJ7

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/305099

Middle East

Territorial sea

12 nm

sudden cloudbursts are common from October to April and bring heavy rain, which can damage roads and houses; sandstorms and dust storms occur throughout the year but are most common between March and August

petroleum, fish, shrimp, natural gas

densest settlement is along the Persian Gulf, particularly in Kuwait City and on Bubiyan Island; significant population threads extend south and west along highways that radiate from the capital, particularly in the southern half of the country

Western Asia

flat to slightly undulating desert plain

UTC+03:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

23% (male 376,415/female 346,190)

15-64 years

73.4% (male 1,386,349/female 917,465)

65 years and over

3.6% (2024 est.) (male 47,778/female 64,158)

Beer

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

17.36 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

3.2%

2.8% (2023 est.)

2.3 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

28 per 1,000

adult male

52 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

5.1 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio

19.7 (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio

36 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

30.9 (2025 est.)

improved total

100%

Improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

6.4% of GDP (2024 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

13.8% national budget (2025 est.)

6 % of GDP

Kuwaiti 30.4%, other Arab 27.4%, Asian 40.3%, African 1%, other 0.9% (includes European, North American, South American, and Australian) (2018 est.)

1.07 (2025 est.)

5 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

5.8% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

9.4% of national budget (2022 est.)

2.4 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Female

6.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

7.4 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

5 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

7 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Major-language sample(s)

<br>كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

number of languages

1

Female

81.1 years

Male

78.1 years

Total population

79.6 years (2024 est.)

Female

95.3% (2020 est.)

Male

97.1% (2020 est.)

Total population

96.5% (2020 est.)

3.298 million KUWAIT (capital) (2023)

8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

28.9 years

Male

31.1 years

Total

30.4 years (2025 est.)

2 births/1,000 women 15-19

Adjective

Kuwaiti

Noun

Kuwaiti(s)

-4.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

37.9% (2016)

2.27 physicians/1,000 population (2020)

Female

1,345,237

Male

1,827,274

Total

3,172,511 (2025 est.)

1.07% (2025 est.)

Muslim (official) 74.6%, Christian 18.2%, other and unspecified 7.2% (2013 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> data represent the total population; about 72% of the population consists of immigrants

improved total

100%

Improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Female

16 years (2015 est.)

Male

13 years (2015 est.)

Total

15 years (2015 est.)

0-14 years

1.09 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.51 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.74 male(s)/female

At birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total population

1.36 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

1.9% (2025 est.)

Male

34.9% (2025 est.)

Total

22.4% (2025 est.)

2.19 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

1.35% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

100% of total population (2023)

measles

98%

6 governorates (<em>muhafazat</em>, singular - <em>muhafazah</em>); Al Ahmadi, Al 'Asimah, Al Farwaniyah, Al Jahra', Hawalli, Mubarak al Kabir

Etymology

the name comes from the Arabic <em>al-kuwayt</em>, a diminutive of the Hindustani term <em>kut</em>, meaning a fortress-like house

Geographic coordinates

29 22 N, 47 58 E

Name

Kuwait City

Time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Kuwait

Dual citizenship recognized

no

Residency requirement for naturalization

not specified

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/kw.svg

Amendment process

proposed by the amir or supported by at least one third of the National Assembly; passage requires two-thirds consent of the Assembly membership and promulgation by the amir; constitutional articles on the initiation, approval, and promulgation of general legislation cannot be amended

History

approved and promulgated 11 November 1962; suspended 1976 to 1981 (4 articles); 1986 to 1991; May to July 1999

Note

<strong>note:</strong> in May 2024, Amir Sheikh MISHAL al-Ahmad al-Sabah dissolved the National Assembly and suspended several articles of the constitution for up to four years

alternative spellings

KW, State of Kuwait, Dawlat al-Kuwait

Conventional long form

State of Kuwait

Conventional short form

Kuwait

Etymology

the name derives from the capital city, which comes from the Arabic <em>al-kuwayt</em>, itself a diminutive of the Hindustani term <em>kut</em>, meaning a fortress-like house

FIFA code

KUW

Local long form

Dawlat al Kuwayt

local long form (ara)

دولة الكويت

Local short form

Al Kuwayt

Chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Steven R. BUTLER (since July 2025)

Email address and website

<br>KuwaitACS@state.gov<br><br>https://kw.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

P.O. Box 77, Safat 13001

FAX

[00] (965) 2538-0282

Mailing address

6200 Kuwait Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-6200

Telephone

[00] (965) 2259-1001

Chancery

2940 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

Chief of mission

Ambassador AL-ZAIN Sabah Naser Saud Al-Sabah (since 19 April 2023)

Consulate(s) general

Beverly Hills (CA), New York

Email address and website

<br>info@kuwaitembassy.us<br><br>https://www.kuwaitembassy.us/

FAX

[1] (202) 966-8468

Telephone

[1] (202) 966-0702

Cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister, approved by the amir

Chief of state

Amir MISHAL al-Ahmad al-Jabir al-Sabah (since 16 December 2023)

Election/appointment process

amir chosen from within the ruling family, confirmed by the National Assembly; prime minister appointed by the amir

Head of government

Prime Minister AHMAD ABDULLAH Al-Ahmad al Sabah (since 15 May 2024)

<strong>description:</strong> three equal horizontal bands of green (top), white, and red, with a black trapezoid based on the left side<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> green stands for fertile fields, white for purity, red for blood on Kuwaiti swords, and black for defeating the enemy<br><br><strong>history:</strong> colors and design are based on the Arab Revolt flag of World War I

The flag of Kuwait is composed of three equal horizontal bands of green, white and red, with a black trapezium superimposed on the hoist side of the field. This trapezium has its base on the hoist end and spans about one-fourth the width of the field.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/kw.svg

constitutional monarchy (emirate)

19 June 1961 (from the UK)

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

ABEDA, AfDB (nonregional member), AFESD, AMF, BDEAC, CAEU, CD, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, Paris Club (associate), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Highest court(s)

Constitutional Court (consists of 5 judges); Supreme Court or Court of Cassation (organized into several circuits, each with 5 judges)

Judge selection and term of office

all Kuwaiti judges appointed by the Amir on recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council, a consultative body comprised of Kuwaiti judges and Ministry of Justice officials

Subordinate courts

High Court of Appeal; Court of First Instance; Summary Court

mixed system consisting of English common law, French civil law, and Islamic sharia law

Expected date of next election

April 2028

Note

<strong>note:</strong> the unicameral National Assembly was dissolved on 10 May 2024 by Emir Sheikh Meshal al-Ahmad AL-SABAH for a period of up to four years; the Emir and cabinet officials have assumed the role of the parliament

green, white, red, black

National Day, 25 February (1950)

golden falcon

none; the government does not recognize any political parties or allow their formation, although no formal law bans political parties

Sunday

21 years of age and at least 20-year citizenship

Yes

dates, eggs, milk, tomatoes, chicken, lamb/mutton, cucumbers/gherkins, vegetables, maize, eggplants (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

On alcohol and tobacco

0.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On food

19.2% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Expenditures

$59.584 billion (2015 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants and social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$44.254 billion (2015 est.)

code

KWD

name

Kuwaiti dinar (KWD) [د.ك]

$46.7 billion

Current account balance 2022

$63.078 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$51.396 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

$46.703 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

small, high-income, oil-based Middle East economy; renewable energy proponent; regional finance and investment leader; maintains oldest sovereign wealth fund; emerging space and tourism industries; mid-way through 25-year development program

Currency

Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

0.306 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

0.302 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

0.306 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

0.307 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

0.307 (2024 est.)

$95.48 billion

Exports 2022

$110.923 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$95.476 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$89.71 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

crude petroleum, refined petroleum, natural gas, hydrocarbons, plastics (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

China 25%, India 13%, Japan 13%, Taiwan 7%, UK 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$614.58 million

Exports of goods and services

60.4% (2022 est.)

Government consumption

20.7% (2022 est.)

Household consumption

32.6% (2022 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-30.5% (2022 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

16.1% (2022 est.)

Investment in inventories

0.8% (2022 est.)

Note

<strong>note:</strong> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

0.5% (2024 est.)

Industry

57.1% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

55.9% (2024 est.)

$160.227 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$32,718

$193.31 billion

$40,770

18 % of GDP

$63.42 billion

Imports 2022

$55.909 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$63.43 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$61.521 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

cars, natural gas, garments, broadcasting equipment, packaged medicine (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

China 18%, UAE 10%, USA 9%, Saudi Arabia 6%, Japan 6% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

-5.2% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

petroleum, petrochemicals, cement, shipbuilding and repair, water desalination, food processing, construction materials

2.9%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

4% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.6% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.9% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

3.003 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

3 million persons

agriculture

1.89%

industry

24.61%

services

73.5%

Public debt 2016

9.9% of GDP (2016 est.)

$256.83 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$235.815 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$231.884 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$225.947 billion (2024 est.)

-2.56%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

6.8% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

-1.7% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

-2.6% (2024 est.)

$52,444

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$51,400 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$47,800 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$45,400 (2024 est.)

$20.39 million

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

0% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

0% of GDP (2024 est.)

$50.73 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$52.462 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$52.619 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$50.728 billion (2024 est.)

2.18%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

2.2% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

2.2% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

2.2% (2024 est.)

Female

28.9% (2024 est.)

Male

9.3% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

15.4% (2024 est.)

Consumption

60,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

11 metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

152,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

78.047 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

16,571 kWh

Installed generating capacity

20.294 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

7.516 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Fossil fuels

97.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

0%

nuclear

0%

renewable

0.27%

Solar

0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

9,130 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

389.848 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

26.296 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Imports

8.433 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

19.207 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

1.784 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves

101.5 billion barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

430,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Total petroleum production

2.91 million bbl/day (2023 est.)

0.1%

per 100 inhabitants

1 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

1 (2023 est.)

Total

49,000 (2023 est.)

state-owned TV broadcaster operates 4 networks and a satellite channel; several private TV broadcasters; satellite TV available, and pan-Arab TV stations are especially popular; state-owned Radio Kuwait broadcasts on a number of channels in Arabic and English; first private radio station in 2005; transmissions of at least 2 international radio broadcasters are available (2019)

.kw

Percent of population

100% (2023 est.)

#####

+965

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

12 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions

573,000 (2023 est.)

subscriptions per 100

168 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

168 (2023 est.)

Total subscriptions

8.11 million (2023 est.)

passengers carried

9.5 million passengers

registered carrier departures

68,356 departures

6 (2025)

9K

Right

20 (2025)

By type

general cargo 15, oil tanker 28, other 133

Total

176 (2023)

Key ports

Al Kuwayt, Doha Harbor, Mina Abd Allah, Mina Al Ahmadi, Mina Ash Shuaybah, Mina Az Zawr

Large

0

Medium

2

Ports with oil terminals

4

Small

1

Total ports

6 (2024)

Very small

3

KWT

armored vehicles

tanks

the Kuwaiti Armed Forces (KAF) are responsible for defending Kuwait's sovereignty and territory; Kuwait’s security concerns include regional threats from state and non-state actors, maritime security, and terrorism; the KAF participates in bilateral and multilateral exercises, as well as a limited number of multinational security operations such as maritime patrols in the Persian Gulf; it also provided a few fighter aircraft to the Saudi-led coalition intervention in Yemen in 2015; the KAF is part of the Peninsula Shield Forces, a joint military force established by the GCC countries with the aim of maintaining security and stability in the region<br><br>Kuwait's key security partner since the 1991 Gulf War has been the US; the US maintains thousands of military personnel as well as logistics and training facilities in Kuwait as part of mutual cooperation agreements signed in 1991 and 2013; the KAF conducts bilateral exercises with the US military and would look to US assistance in the event of an external attack; Kuwait has Major Non-NATO Ally status with the US, a designation under US law that provides foreign partners with certain benefits in the areas of defense trade and security cooperation (2025)

Kuwait Armed Forces (KAF): Kuwait Army (aka Kuwait Land Forces, KLF), Kuwait Navy (aka Kuwait Naval Force), Kuwait Air Force; Kuwait National Guard (KNG)<br><br>Ministry of Interior: Kuwait Police, State Security, Kuwait Coast Guard (2025)

active duty personnel

25,000

note

<strong>note 1:</strong> the Emiri Guard Authority and the 25th Commando Brigade are special units within the KAF that exercise independent command authority, although activities such as training and equipment procurement are often coordinated with the other services; the 25th Commando Brigade is Kuwait's leading special forces unit; the Emiri Guard Authority (aka Emiri Guard Brigade) is responsible for protecting Kuwait's heads of state<br><br><strong>note 2:</strong> the National Guard reports directly to the prime minister and the amir and possesses an independent command structure, equipment inventory, and logistics corps separate from the Ministry of Defense, the regular armed services, and the Ministry of Interior; it is responsible for protecting critical infrastructure and providing support for the Ministries of Interior and Defense as required

percent of total labor force

1.03 %

approximately 17,000 active Kuwait Armed Forces; approximately 7,000 National Guard (2025)

the military's inventory consists of armaments from Western Europe, Russia, and particularly the US (2025)

5 % of GDP

current USD

$7,792,925,566

Military Expenditures 2020

6.3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

6.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

4.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

4.9% of GDP (2024 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

9.68 %

percent of GDP

4.84 % of GDP

18 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 12-month compulsory service for men aged 18-35; mandatory service is divided into two phases – 4 months for training and 8 months for military service (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> the National Guard is restricted to citizens, but in 2018, the Army began allowing non-Kuwaitis to join on contract or as non-commissioned officers; that same year, it also began allowing stateless people (Bidoon) to join

PowerIndex score

1.7161

Refugees

1,271 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

92,000 (2024 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke

149,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

51.587 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

48.723 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

100.459 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

limited natural freshwater resources; air and water pollution; desertification; loss of biodiversity

Party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified

Marine Dumping-London Convention

Agriculture

7.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Energy

819.9 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Other

0.9 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste

256.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)

54.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

12 % of total land area

0 % of total

20 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Agricultural

778.4 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Industrial

23.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal

448.3 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

1.75 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

15.4% (2022 est.)