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Introduction
| Field |
Japan |
India |
China |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | <p>In 1603, after decades of civil warfare, the Tokugawa shogunate (a military-led, dynastic government) ushered in a long period of relative political stability and isolation from foreign influence. For more than two centuries, this policy enabled Japan to enjoy a flowering of its indigenous cultur... | <p>The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd millennia B.C. and extended into northwestern India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the cla... | China's historical civilization dates to at least the 13th century B.C., first under the Shang (to 1046 B.C.) and then the Zhou (1046-221 B.C.) dynasties. The imperial era of China began in 221 B.C. under the Qin Dynasty and lasted until the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. During this period, Chin... |
Geography
| Field |
Japan |
India |
China |
|---|---|---|---|
| Location | Eastern Asia, island chain between the North Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan, east of the Korean Peninsula | Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan | Eastern Asia, bordering the East China Sea, Korea Bay, Yellow Sea, and South China Sea, between North Korea and Vietnam |
| Area | 377,915 sq km | 3,287,263 sq km | 9,596,960 sq km |
| Climate | varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north | varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north | extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north |
| Terrain | mostly rugged and mountainous | upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north | mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in east |
| Natural resources | negligible mineral resources, fish | coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), antimony, iron ore, lead, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth elements, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land | coal, iron ore, helium, petroleum, natural gas, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, cadmium, ferrosilicon, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, lithium, mercury, tantalum, tellurium, tin, titanium, tungsten, antimony, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum, selenium, strontium, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, ... |
| Elevation | Mount Fuji 3,776 m | Kanchenjunga 8,586 m | Mount Everest (highest peak in Asia and highest point on earth above sea level) 8,849 m |
People and Society
| Field |
Japan |
India |
China |
|---|---|---|---|
| Population | 123,201,945 (2024 est.) | 1,419,316,933 (2025 est.) | 1,407,181,209 (2025 est.) |
| Languages | 1 | Hindi 43.6%, Bengali 8%, Marathi 6.9%, Telugu 6.7%, Tamil 5.7%, Gujarati 4.6%, Urdu 4.2%, Kannada 3.6%, Odia 3.1%, Malayalam 2.9%, Punjabi 2.7%, Assamese 1.3%, Maithili 1.1%, other 5.6%; English is the subsidiary official language but is the most important one for national, political, and comm... | 1 |
| Religions | Shintoism 48.6%, Buddhism 46.4%, Christianity 1.1%, other 4% (2021 est.) | Hindu 79.8%, Muslim 14.2%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.7%, other and unspecified 2% (2011 est.) | folk religion 21.9%, Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, Hindu < 0.1%, Jewish < 0.1%, other 0.7% (includes Daoist (Taoist)), unaffiliated 52.1% (2021 est.) |
| Age structure | 12.1% (male 7,701,196/female 7,239,389) | 24.5% (male 181,115,052/female 163,647,028) | 16.3% (male 122,644,111/female 107,926,176) |
| Median age | 50.2 years (2025 est.) | 30.1 years (2025 est.) | 40.8 years (2025 est.) |
| Population growth rate | -0.45% (2025 est.) | 0.72% (2025 est.) | -0.08% (2025 est.) |
| Birth rate | 6.84 births/1,000 population (2025 est.) | 15.91 births/1,000 population (2025 est.) | 7.28 births/1,000 population (2025 est.) |
| Death rate | 12.04 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.) | 8.7 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.) | 7.97 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth | 85.2 years (2024 est.) | 68.2 years (2024 est.) | 78.7 years (2024 est.) |
| Literacy | — | 81.7% (2023 est.) | 96.7% (2020 est.) |
Government
| Field |
Japan |
India |
China |
|---|---|---|---|
| Government type | parliamentary constitutional monarchy | federal parliamentary republic | communist party-led state |
| Capital | Tokyo | New Delhi | Beijing |
| Independence | 3 May 1947 (current constitution adopted as amendment to Meiji Constitution); notable earlier dates: 11 February 660 B.C. (mythological date of Emperor JIMMU founding the nation); 29 November 1890 (Meiji Constitution provides for constitutional monarchy) | 15 August 1947 (from the UK) | 1 October 1949 (People's Republic of China established); notable earlier dates: 221 B.C. (unification under the Qin Dynasty); 1 January 1912 (Qing Dynasty replaced by the Republic of China) |
| Constitution | previous 1890; latest approved 6 October 1946, adopted 3 November 1946, effective 3 May 1947 | previous 1935 (pre-independence); latest draft completed 4 November 1949, adopted 26 November 1949, effective 26 January 1950 | several previous; latest promulgated 4 December 1982 |
| Legal system | civil law system based on German model; also reflects Anglo-American influence and Japanese traditions; Supreme Court reviews legislative acts | common law system based on the English model; separate personal law codes apply to Muslims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of legislative acts | civil law influenced by Soviet and continental European civil law systems; legislature retains power to interpret statutes |
Economy
| Field |
Japan |
India |
China |
|---|---|---|---|
| GDP (purchasing power parity) | — | — | — |
| GDP - per capita (PPP) | — | — | — |
| GDP - real growth rate | — | — | — |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices) | 2.74% | 4.95% | 0.22% |
| Unemployment rate | 2.45% | 4.22% | 4.62% |
| Industries | motor vehicles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and nonferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles, processed foods | textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals | world leader in gross value of industrial output; mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizer; consumer products (including footwear, toys, and electronics); food processing; tra... |
| Agriculture - products | — | — | — |
| Exports | $917.04 billion | $827.41 billion | $3.75 trillion |
| Imports | $952.04 billion | $918.33 billion | $3.22 trillion |
| Public debt | 215.9% of GDP (2022 est.) | 46.5% of GDP (2018 est.) | 47% of GDP (2017 est.) |
Communications
| Field |
Japan |
India |
China |
|---|---|---|---|
| Telephones - mobile cellular | 219 million (2023 est.) | 1.15 billion (2024 est.) | 128 per 100 |
| Internet users | 87% (2023 est.) | 56% (2022 est.) | 78% (2023 est.) |
Military and Security
| Field |
Japan |
India |
China |
|---|---|---|---|
| Military expenditures | 1 % of GDP | 2 % of GDP | 2 % of GDP |
| Military and security forces | Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF): Ground Self-Defense Force (Rikujou Jieitai, GSDF; includes aviation), Maritime Self-Defense Force (Kaijou Jieitai, MSDF; includes naval aviation), Air Self-Defense Force (Koukuu Jieitai, ASDF) (2025) | Indian Armed Forces (IAF): Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard<br><br>Ministry of Home Affairs: Central Police Organization, Central Armed Police Forces (includes Assam Rifles, Border Security Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, National... | People's Liberation Army (PLA): Ground Forces or People's Liberation Army Army (PLAA), Navy (PLAN, includes Marine Corps (PLANMC)), Air Force (PLAAF), Rocket Force (PLARF), Aerospace Force (ASF), Cyberspace Force (CSF), Information Support Force (ISF), Joint Logistics Support Force (JLSF); People's ... |
Transportation
| Field |
Japan |
India |
China |
|---|---|---|---|
| Airports | 280 (2025) | 315 (2025) | 552 (2025) |
| Railways | 27,311 km (2015) | 65,554 km (2014) | 150,000 km (2021) 1.435-m gauge (100,000 km electrified); 104,0000 traditional, 40,000 high-speed |
| Roadways | — | — | — |