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The piled
World
Factbook
1987
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CPAS WF 87-001
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PREX 3.1%:
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The
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Factbook
1987
The World Factbookis |. vi .
by the Directorate of 1k_———————
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Contents
Page
Notes, Definitions, and Abbreviations - ix
Afghanistan = 2a = 1
Albania — = © = . 2
Algeria 5 3
Andorra ue 5
Angola : 6
Anguilla Se 7
Antigua and Barbuda _ 8
Argentina a)
Aruba - ll
Australia - ae 12
Austria —_ -£ 13
Bahamas, The aaa 15
Bahrain 16
Bangladesh a 17
Barbados 19
Belgium : ; 7. 20
Belize — 22
Benin 23
Bermuda : 25
Bhutan 7 _ 26
Bolivia 27
Botswana s 28
Brazil - 30
British Indian Ocean Territory 31
British Virgin Islands _ 32
Brunei 33
Bulgaria ee. |
Burkina 36
Burma 37
Burundi 38
Cambodia 40
Cameroon ——— 41
Canada 7 - 42
Cape Verde _ 44
Cayman Islands a =D
Central African Republic __ a 46
Chad 47
Chile 7 ; —- 49
China (Taiwan entry on page 274) 50
Christmas Island _ __ 62
Colombia _ 5 — =s * 53
Comoros 54
iii
Page
French Guiana
French Polynesia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Gaza Strip (see West Bank and Gaza Strip entry on page 276)
German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
Congo 55
Cook Islands 57
Costa Rica 58
Cuba 59
Cyprus 61
Czechoslovakia 62
Denmark 64
Djibouti 65
Dominica 66
Dominican Republic 67
Ecuador 69
Egypt 70
EI Salvador 72
Equatorial Guinea 74
Ethiopia 75
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 76
Faroe Islands 77
Fiji 78
Finland 79
France 81
83
84
85
87
Germany, Federal Republic of (West Germany) 90
Ghana 91
Gibraltar 93
Greece 94
Greenland 95
Grenada 96
Guadeloupe 98
Guatemala 99
Guernsey 101
Guinea 102
Guinea-Bissau 103
Guyana 104
Haiti 105
Honduras 107
Hong Kong 108
Hungary 110
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel (West Bank and Gaza Strip entry on page 276)
Italy
Ivory Coast (Céte d'Ivoire)
Jamaica
Japan
Jersey
Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip entry on page 276)
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, North
Korea, South
Kuwait
Laos
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Macau
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Man, Isle of
Martinique
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico
Monaco
Mongolia
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
N Namibia 171
Nauru 172
Nepal 173 :
Netherlands 174
Netherlands Antilles 176
New Caledonia 177
New Zealand 178
Nicaragua 180 _
Niger 182
Nigeria 183
Niue 184
Norfolk Island 185,
Norway 186 — .
O Oman 188
P Pakistan 189
Panama 191
Papua New Guinea 193
Paraguay 194 |
Peru 195
Philippines WT
Pitcairn Islands 198
Poland 199 i
Portugal 2000
Q Qatar 202 -
R Reunion 203 7
Romania 205
Rwanda 206 x
S St. Christopher and Nevis 207
St. Helena 208 -
St. Lucia 209 ;
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 210 © =
San Marino Pt :
Sao Tome and Principe 213
Saudi Arabia 214
Senegal 215
Seychelles 216
Sierra Leone 218 =
Singapore 219
Solomon Islands 220
Somalia 221 :
South Africa 223
Soviet Union 224
Spain 226
Page
Sri Lanka 228
Sudan 230
Suriname 231
Swaziland 232
Sweden 234
Switzerland 235
Syria 237
Taiwan (see Taiwan entry on page 274)
Tanzania 238
Thailand 240
Togo 241
Tokelau 242
Tonga 243
Trinidad and Tobago 244
Tunisia 246
Turkey 247
Turks and Caicos Islands 249
Tuvalu 250
Uganda 251
United Arab Emirates 252
United Kingdom 253
United States 255
Uruguay 257
Vanuatu 259
Vatican City 260
Venezuela 261
Vietnam 262
Wallis and Futuna 263
West Bank (see West Bank and Gaza Strip entry on page 276)
Western Sahara 264
Western Samoa 265
Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 266
Yemen, People’s Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) 267
Yugoslavia 269
Zaire 270
Zambia 272
Zimbabwe 273
Taiwan 274
West Bank and Gaza Strip 276
vii
Page
Appendixes
A. The United Nations System 278 | =,
B. International Organizations 279
C. Country Membership in International Organizations 282
D. Mathematical Conversions 290
Maps
I. The World (Guide to Regional Maps)
Il. North America
IV. South America
V. Europe
VI. Middle East
VII. Africa :
VIIL. Soviet Union, East and South Asia
IX. Southeast Asia
X. Oceania
_ XI. Arctic Region
XII. Antarctic Region
XIII. Standard Time Zones of the World
viii
Notes, Definitions,
and Abbreviations
There have been some significant changes in this edition. A new
Geography section has replaced the former Land and Water sections.
Entries in the new section include area (total and land), comparative
area, land boundaries, coastline, maritime claims, boundary disputes,
climate, terrain, land use, environment, and special notes. In the
Government section, a new entry on dependent areas has also been
added.
Area: Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by
international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate
of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines,
excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Comparative
areas are based on total area equivalents.
Boundary disputes: Every international land boundary in dispute
from the “Guide to International Boundaries” published by the
Department of State is included; the absence of this entry or
“none” indicates no boundaries are in dispute. Additional information
may follow that is border- or frontier-relevant, such as maritime
disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues. However, inclu-
sion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or recognition
by the US Government.
Contributors: The data are provided by the Central Intelligence
Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Bureau of the Census,
and the Department of State.
Country abbreviations:
CAR Central African Republic
FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany)
GDR ~— German Democratic Republic (East Germany)
PDRY People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen (South
Yemen)
UAE United Arab Emirates
UK United Kingdom
US United States
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union)
YAR Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen)
Dates of information: In general, information available as of 1
January 1987 was used in the preparation of this edition, with the
following exceptions: population figures are projected for 1 July 1987,
with the average annual population growth rates estimated for mid-
1986 through mid-1987; major political events have been updated
through 26 March 1987; military age figures are projected for
1987-91.
Notes, Definitions,
and Abbreviations (continued)
Economic abbreviations:
ave. average
bbl barrel (159 liters, 42 gallons)
b/d barrel(s) per day
cif cost, insurance, and freight
est. estimate
Ex-Im Export-Import Bank of the United States
f.o.b. free on board
GDP gross domestic product
GNP gross national product
kw kilowatt
kWh kilowatt-hour
ODA official development assistance
OOF other official lows
proj. projected
International organization abbreviations: see Appendix B
Land use abbreviations:
NA% data not available
NEGL% negligible (magnitude of data is less than 0.5%)
0% none (a determined value, not the absence of data)
Maritime claims: Inclusion of a claim does not necessarily constitute
official acceptance or recognition by the US Government. Also, the
proximity of neighboring states may prevent some national claims
from being fully extended.
Money: All money figures are in US dollars unless otherwise
indicated.
Political entities: Some of the countries, entities, dependencies, areas
of special sovereignty, and governments included in this publication
are not independent, and others are not officially recognized by the
US Government.
Years: All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless
indicated as fiscal year (FY) or otherwise.
Afghanistan
300 km
Morare”
“*K ondiz
Shadt
KABUL
* © Jalalabad
See regional map VIEE
Geography
Total area: 647,500 km?; land area:
647,500 km?
Comparative area: about the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 5,510 km total
Boundary disputes: none; Pushtunistan
and Baluchistan questions with Pakistan;
periodic disputes with lran over Helmand
water rights
Climate: arid to semiarid; cold winters
and hot summers
Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; plains
in north and southwest
Land use: 12% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 46% meadows and
pastures; 3% forest and woodland; 39%
other; includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: damaging earthquakes
occur in Hindu Kush mountains; soil
degradation, desertification, overgrazing,
deforestation, pollution
Special notes: landlocked; narrow and
strategic Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor) pro-
vides direct access to China and separates
Pakistan from USSR
People
Population: 14,183,671 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.44%; these esti-
mates include an adjustment for emigra-
tion to Pakistan and Iran during recent
years, but do not take into account other
demographic consequences of the Soviet
intervention in Afghanistan
Nationality: noun—Afghar(s); adjective—
Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pushtun, 25% Tajik,
9% Uzbek, 9% Hazara; minor ethnic
groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen,
Baluch, and others
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 25% Shi'a
Muslim, 1% other
Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan
Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages
(primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 4% thirty
minor languages (primarily Baluchi and
Pashai); much bilingualism
Life expectancy: men 42.53, women 40.87
(1986)
Literacy: 12%
Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est.);
67.8% agriculture aud animal husbandry,
10.2% industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0%
commerce, 7.7% services and other; cur-
rent figures unavailable because of fighting
(1986)
Organized labor: government-controlled
unions are being established
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of
Afghanistan
Type: Communist regime backed by
multidivisional Soviet force
Capital; Kabul
Administrative divisions: 29 provinces
with centrally appointed governors
Legal system: not established; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as
legislature and final court of appeal;
Chairman of Council acts as chief of state;
Cabinet and judiciary responsible to Coun-
cil; Presidium chosen by Council has full
authority when Council not in session;
Loya Jirga (Grand National Assembly)
supposed to convene eventually and ap-
prove permanent constitution
Government leaders: NAJIB, General
Secretary, People’s Democratic Party of
Afghanistan (since May 1986); Haji
Mohammad CHAMKANI, Acting Chair-
man of the Revolutionary Council (since
November 1986); Soltan Ali
KESHTMAND, Prime Minister (since June
1981)
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Political parties and leaders: the ruling
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan
(PDPA) has two factions—the Parchami
faction has been in power since December
1979; members of the deposed Khalai
faction continue to hold some important
posts
Communists: the PDPA claims 160,000
members (1986)
Other political or pressure groups: the
military and other brauches of internal
security are being rebuilt by the Soviets;
insurgency continues throughout the coun-
try; widespread opposition on religious
grounds; widespread anti-Soviet sentiment
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from OIC
in January 1980
Economy
GNP: $3.52 billion, $250 per capita (1985);
real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79); current
growth rate figures uot available (1986)
Natural resources: natural gas, oil, coal,
copper, talc, barites, sulphur, lead, zinc,
iron, salt, precious and semiprecious stones
Agriculture: subsistence farming and
animal husbandry; main crops—wheat,
fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton; an
illegal producer of opium poppy and
cannabis for the international drug trade
Major industries: small-scale production
of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer,
and cement for domestic use; handwoven
carpets for export
Electric power: 476,000 kW capacity;
1,390 million kWh produc. d, 90 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $778 million (f.0.b., 1985); mostly
fruits aud nuts, natural gas, and carpets
Imports: $902 million (c.i-f., 1985); mostly
food supplies and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports—mostly
USSR aud other Eastern bloc countries;
imports—mostly USSR and other Eastern
bloc countries
Afghanistan (continued)
Budget: current expenditure Af42.6 bil-
lion, capital expenditure Af16.0 billion
(FY86 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 50.6
afghanis=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
Communications
Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-
meter gauge, spur of Soviet line from
Kushka (USSR) to Towraghondf and from
Termez (USSR) to Kheyrabad tranship-
ment point (15 km) on south bank of Amu
Darya; government owned
Highways: 21,000 km total (1984); 2,800
km hard surface, 1,650 km bituminous
treated gravel and improved earth, 16,550
unimproved earth and tracks
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200
km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles
steamers up to about 500 metric tons
Pipelines: natura] gas, 180 km
Ports: 3 minor river ports (Shir Khan is
largest)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 34 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone,
telegraph, and radiobroadcast services;
television introduced in 1980; 31,200
telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and
no FM stations, 1 TV station, 1 earth
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Air and Defense
Forces, border guard forces, Defense of
the Revolution Force, National Police
Force—operational battalions, Ministry for
State Security (WAD), People’s Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
8,483,000; 1,868,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 144,000 reach military age (22)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20
March 1984, $210 million, about 63% of
central government budget
Albania
75 km
lonian See
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 28,750 km?; land area: 27,400
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Maryland
Land boundaries: 716 km total
Coastline: 362 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 15 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Kosovo question
with Yugoslavia; Northern Epirus question
with Greece
Climate: mild temperate; cool, cloudy,
wet winters ; hot, clear, dry summers;
interior is cooler and wetter
Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; small
plains along coast
Land use: 21% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 15% meadows and pastures; 38%
forest and woodland; 22% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: subject to destructive earth-
quakes; tsunami occur along southwestern
coast; deforestation
Special notes: strategic location on Strait
of Otranto linking Adriatic Sea to Mediter-
ranean Sea
People
Population: 3,085,985 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.03%
Nationality: noun—Albanian(s); adjec-
tive—Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian; remain-
ing 4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs,
and Bulgarians
Religion: Albania claims to be the world’s
first atheist state; all churches and mosques
were closed in 1967 and religious obser-
vances prohibited; pre-1967 estimates of
religious affiliation—70% Muslim, 20%
Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catholic
Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dia-
lect), Greek
Infant mortality rate: 86.8/1,000 (1971)
Life expectancy: 69
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 584,000 (1978); about 22%
agriculture, 40% industry and commerce,
38% other (1978)
Government
Official name: People’s Socialist Republic
of Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirané
Administrative divisions: 26 rrethet
(districts)
Legal system: based on constitution
adopted in 1976; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts only in the Presidium of the
People’s Assembly, which is not a true
court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29
November
Branches: legislature (People’s Assembly),
Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: Ramiz ALIA, Chair-
man, Presidium of the People’s Assembly
(chief of state, since November 1982); Adil
CARCANI, Chairman, Council of Minis-
ters (premier, since November 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: national elections held every
four years; last elections 1 February 1987
Political parties and leaders: Albanian
Workers Party only; First Secretary,
Ramiz Alia (since April 1985)
Communists: 147,000 party members
(November 1986); 4.9% of population
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO; has not participated in CEMA
since rift with USSR in 1961; officially
withdrew from Warsaw Pact 13 Septem-
ber 1968
Economy
GNP: $2.7-2.9 billion (1986); about $930
per capita (1986)
Natural resources: oil, gas, coal, chro-
mium
Agriculture: corn, wheat, potatoes, to-
bacco, sugar beets, cotton
Major industries: agricultural products
and processing, textiles and clothing,
lumber, and extractive industries (chrome
and oil)
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and
equipment, some food products and con-
sumer goods
Electric power: 1,840,000 kW capacity;
4,900 million kWh produced, 1,610 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $345 million (1985 est.); asphalt,
bitumen, petroleum products, metals and
metallic ores, electricity, oil, vegetables,
fruits, and tobacco
Imports: $335 million (1985 est.); machin-
ery, machine tools, iron and steel products,
textiles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports—Yugosla-
via, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, Po-
land, France; imports—Yugoslavia, Czech-
oslovakia, FRG, Romania, Poland, Italy,
Greece, France
Budget: revenues $2.24 billion, expendi-
tures $2.23 billion; state investment $1.1
billion (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.14
leks=US$1 (1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 437 km—425 1.435-meter
standard gauge, single track, government
owned; 12 km narrow gauge, single track
(1986); line connecting Titograd (Yugosla-
via) and Shkodér (Albania) completed
August 1986
Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km
paved, 1,609 km crushed stone and/or
gravel, 2,093 km improved or unimproved
earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian
sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and
Lake Prespa (1979)
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined
products, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km
Freight carried: total freight—85.75
million metric tons; 1.946 billion metric
tons/km; highways 1.298 billion metric
tons/km; railways 618.8 million metric
tons/km; internal waterways 29.2 million
metric tons/km (1983)
Ports: | major (Durrés), 3 minor
Civil air: none
Airfields: 10 total; 6 with runways 2,500
m or longer
Telecommunications: 14 AM, 4 FM, 9 TV
stations; 50,000 TV sets; 210,000 receiver
sets
Defense Forces
Branches: Albanian People’s Army, Fron-
tier Troops, Interior Troops, Albanian
Coastal Defense Command, Air and Air
Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 830,000;
687,000 fit for military service; 34,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 81 December 1986, 1 billion leks;
10.6% of total budget
Algeria
500 km Mediterranean See
ALGIERS ‘Conatentine
arn
See regional map Vil
Geography
Total area: 2,381,740 km?; land area:
2,381,740 km?
Comparative area: more than three times
the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 6,260 km total
Coastline: 998 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: arid to semiarid; mild, wet
winters with hot, dry summers along coast;
drier with cold winters and hot summers
on high plateau; sirocco is a hot,
dust/sand-laden wind especially common
in summer
Terrain: mostly high plateau and desert;
some mountains; narrow, discontinuous
coastal plain
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 13% meadows and pastures;
2% forest and woodland; 82% other; in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: mountainous areas subject
to severe earthquakes; desertification
Special notes: second largest country in
Africa (after Sudan)
People
Population: 23,460,614 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.10%
Nationality: noun—Algerian(s); adjec-
tive—Algerian
Algeria (continued)
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berber, less
than 1% European
Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state reli-
gion); 1% Christian and Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber
dialects
Infant mortality rate: 106/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 60
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: 3.7 million (1984); 40%
industry and commerce, 30% agriculture,
17% government, 10% services; at least
11% of urban Jabor unemployed
Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force
claimed; General Union of Algerian Work-
ers (UGTA) is the only labor organization
and is subordinate to the National Libera-
tion Front
Government
Official name: Democratic and Popular
Republic of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Administrative divisions: 31 wilayas
(departments or provinces); 160 dairat
(administrative districts), 691 communes
Legal system: based on French and Is-
lamic law, with socialist principles; new
constitution adopted by referendum No-
vember 1976; judicial review of legislative
acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council
composed of various public officials, in-
cluding several Supreme Court justices;
Supreme Court divided into four cham-
bers; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the
Revolution, 1 November
Branches: executive; unicameral legisla-
ture (National People’s Assembly); judi-
ciary
Government leaders: Col. Chadli
BENDJEDID, President (since February
1979); Abdelhamid BRAHIMI, Prime
Minister (since January 1984)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: presidential, 12 January 1984;
departmental] assemblies, 2 June 1974;
local assemblies, 30 March 1975; legisla-
tive, 5 March 1982
Political parties and leaders: National
Liberation Front (FLN), Secretary General
Chadli Bendiedid
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party
illegal (banned 1962)
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, 1LO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC,
ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO :
Economy
GDP: $57 billion (1985 est.), $2,420 per
capita; inflation rate about 15% (1986)
Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas,
iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc,
mercury
Agriculture: wheat, barley, oats, grapes,
olives, citrus, fruits, dates, vegetables;
sheep, cattle
Major industries: petroleum, light indus-
tries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical,
electrical, automotive plants (under con-
struction), and food processing
Crude steel: 842,000 metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 3,148,000 kW capacity;
12,410 million kWh produced, 540 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $7.0 billion (f.0.b., 1986); petro-
leum and gas account for 98.0% of exports;
US 39.0%, France 23.0% (1984)
Imports: $6.0 billion (f.0.b., 1986); major
items—capital goods 35.0%, semifinished
goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 18.0%; France
25.7%, US 6.0%
Major trade partners: US, FRG, France,
Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada
Budget: $20 billion revenue, $20 billion
expenditure (1984)
Monetary conversion rate; 4.81 Algerian
dinars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,146 km total; 2,632 km stan-
dard gauge (1.435 m), 1,258 km 1.055-
meter gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge;
300 km electrified; 345 km double track
Highways: 80,000 km total; 60,000 km
concrete or bituminous, 20,000 km gravel,
crushed stone, unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined
products, 298 km; natural gas, 2,948 km
Ports: 6 major, 6 secondary, 11 minor
Civil air: 40 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 154 total, 146 usable; 55 with
permanent-surface runways; 28 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m; 74 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 17 AM, 0 FM, and
1 TV stations; 1,445,000 TV sets; 3,500,000
receiver sets; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Army, Navy,
Air Force, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,257,000; 3,249,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 269,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Andorra
5km
"£1 Serrat
.
Encamp
* Les Escatdos
Sant Julia
ede Loria
See regional map ¥
Geography
Total area: 450 km?; land area: 450 km?
Comparative area: about two and one-
half times the size of Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: 105 km total
Climate: temperate; snowy, cold winters
with cool, dry summers
Terrain: rugged mountains dissected by
narrow valleys
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 56% meadows and pastures; 22%
forest and woodland; 20% other
Environment: deforestation, overgrazing
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 47,973 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.19%
Nationality: noun—Andorran(s); adjec-
tive—Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61%
Spanish, 30% Andorran, 6% French, 3%
other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan (official); many also
speak some French and Castilian
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: largely shepherds and farm-
ers
Government
Official name: Principality of Andorra
Type: unique co-principality under formal
sovereignty of President of France and
Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are
represented locally by officials called
verguers
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Administrative divisions: 7 districts
Legal system: based on French and Span-
ish civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted
1866 serves as constitution; no judicial
review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative (General Council of
the Valleys) consisting of 28 members;
executive—syndic (manager) and a deputy
subsyndic chosen by General Council,
judiciary chosen by Co-Princes who ap-
point two civil judges, a judge of appeals,
and two battles (court prosecutors); final
appeal to the Supreme Court of Andorra
at Perpignan, France, or to the Ecclesiasti-
cal Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel,
Spain
Government leaders: head of state—
French Co-Prince Francois MITTER-
RAND (President of France since 1981)
and Spanish Episcopal Co-Prince Mer.
Juan MARTI y Alanis (Bishop of Seo de
Urgel, Spain, since 1971); Syndic—Fran-
cesc CERQUEDA Pasauet (since 1982);
Subsyndic—Antoni GARRALLA Rossell
(since 1986); head of government—Josep
PINTAT Solans (Chief Executive since
1984; re-elected 1986)
Suffrage: those of 21 or over who are
third-generation Andorrans can vote for
General Council members
Elections: 28-member General Council
chosen every four years; last election
December 1985
Political parties and leaders: political
parties not yet legally recognized; tradi-
tionally no political parties but partisans
for particular independent candidates for
the General Council on the basis of com-
petence, personality, and orientation
toward Spain or France; various small
pressure groups developed in 1972; first
formal political party, Andorran Demo-
cratic Association, was formed in 1976 and
reorganized in 1979 as Andorran Demo-
cratic Party
Communists: negligible
Member of: UNESCO
Economy
Natural resources: hydroelectric power,
mineral water
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities
of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and
some vegetables
Major industries: tourism (particularly
skiing), sheep, timber, tobacco, and smug-
gling
Electric power: 35,000 kW capacity; 140
million kWh produced, 2,860 kWh per
capita (1986); power is mainly exported to
Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
Monetary conversion rate: 6.62 French
francs=US$1, 136.13 Spanish
pesetas= US$1 (November 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international land-
line circuits to Spain and France; 1 AM
station; about 12,800 telephones (43.5 per
100 popl.) (1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Spain and
France
Angola
<¢ 300 km
Cabinda
South
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 1,246,700 km?; land area:
1,246,700 km?
Comparative area: almost twice the size
of Texas
Land boundaries: 5,070 km total
Coastline: 1,600 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 20 nm
Climate: semiarid in south and along coast
to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May
to October) and hot, rainy season (Novem-
ber to April)
Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises
abruptly to vast interior plateau
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 23% meadows and pastures;
43% forest and woodland; 31% other
Environment: locally heavy rainfall causes
periodic flooding on plateau; desertification
Special notes: Cabinda is separated from
rest of country by Zaire
People
Population: 7,950,244 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.86%; includes Cabi-
nda 109,802, average annual growth rate
6.64%
Nationality: noun—Angolan(s), adjective—
Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 37% Ovimbundu, 25%
Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico, 1%
European
Religion: 68% Roman Catholic, 20%
Protestant, about 12% indigenous beliefs
Language: Portuguese (official); various
Bantu dialects
Infant mortality rate: 148/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 40.6, women 42.9
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 2,783,000 economically
active (mid-1985 est.); 85% agriculture,
15% industry
Organized labor: about 450,695 (1980)
Government
Official name: People’s Republic of An-
gola
Type: Marxist people’s republic
Capital: Luanda
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces
Legal system: formerly based on Portu-
guese civil law system and customary law;
being modified along socialist model
National holiday: Independence Day, 11
November
Branches: the official party is the supreme
political institution; legislative—National
People’s Assembly
Government leader: José Eduardo dos
SANTOS, President (since September 1979)
Suffrage: to be determined
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Angola -
Labor Party (MPLA - Labor Party), led by
dos Santos, is the only legal party; National
Union for the Total Independence of
Angola (UNITA), lost to the MPLA in
immediate postindependence struggle, now
carrying out insurgency
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, 1MO,
INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC,
UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $3.0 billion, $390 per capita, 0%
real growth (1986 est.)
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds,
iron, phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold,
bauxite, uranium
Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, sisal, corn
cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food
crops—cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains
bananas, and other local foodstuffs; disrup-
tions caused by civil war require food
imports
Fishing: catch 112,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds),
fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar
processing, textiles, cement, food process-
ing plants, building construction
Electric power: 540,000 kW capacity; 851
million kWh produced, 100 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $1.2 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.) oil,
coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish prod-
ucts, timber, and cotton
Imports: $1.4 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
capital equipment (machinery and electri-
cal equipment), food, vehicles and spare
parts, textiles and clothing, medicines;
substantial military deliveries
Major trade partners: US, USSR, Cuba,
Portugal, and Brazil
Budget: total expenditures $2.7 billion
(1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: official rate
80.214 kwanza=US$1; black market rate
reportedly 1,200-1,500 kwanza=US$1
(December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067
meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km
bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km
crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth,
remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable
Ports: 8 major (Luanda, Lobito, Namibe),
5 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 349 total, 252 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 12 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7] with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: fair system of wire,
radio-relay, and troposcatter routes; high
frequency used extensively for military /
Cuban links; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
stations; 40,300 telephones (0.5 per 100
popl.); 16 AM, 13 FM, 2 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air
Defense; paramilitary forces—People’s
Defense Organization and Territorial
Troops, Frontier Guard, Popular Vigilance
Brigades
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,933,000; 972,000 fit for military service;
85,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $587 million; 25% of
central government budget
Anguilla
° ‘ombrero
Caribbean
Sea
Scrub island
?
THE VALLEY;
Blowing Point
Anguilla
Prickly Pear Ca YSy
See regional map II
Geography
Total area: 9] km?; land area: 91 km?
Comparative area: about one-half the size
of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: about 6] km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast
trade winds
Terrain: flat and low-lying island of coral
and limestone
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% perma-
nent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other;
mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few
trees, some commercial salt ponds
Environment: frequent hurricanes, other
tropical storms (July to October)
Special notes: northernmost of Leeward
Islands
People
Population: 6,828 (1987), average annual
growth rate 0.69%
Nationality: noun—Anguillan(s); adjec-
tive—Anguillan
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African
descent
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, and Catho-
lic
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 2,000 Anguillans living
overseas send remittances home; 26.4%
unemployed (1984)
Government
Official name: Anguilla
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: The Valley
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution came into effect on 1
April 1982
Branches: 11-member House of Assembly,
seven-member Executive Council
Government leaders: Allistair BAILLE,
Governor and President of Executive
Council (since 1983)
Suffrage: native born, resident before
separation from St. Christopher and Nevis,
or 15 years residence for belonger status
Elections: general election, March 1984
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla
National Alliance (ANA), Emile Gumbs;
Anguillan People’s Party (APP), Ronald
Webster
Voting strength: ANA, 4 seats; APP, 2
seats; 1 independent
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
GDP: $6 million, $6,000 per capita (1983
est.)
Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet
potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry
Fishing: inshore and reef fishing
Major industries: tourism, lobster exports,
salt, fishing
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity; 9
million kWh produced, 1,320 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: lobsters
Budget: revenues, $4.8 million; expendi-
tures, $5.8 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East
Caribbean dollars=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Anguilla (continued)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 60 km surfaced
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Road Bay), 1 minor (Blow-
ing Point)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m
(Wallblake Airport)
Telecommunications: modern internal
telephone system; 890 telephones (13.6 per
100 popl.); 1 FM and 8 AM stations; radio-
relay link to St. Martin’s Island
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of United
Kingdom
Branches: Police
Antigua and Barbuda
20 km
i
Barbuda
Caribbean Saa
ST. JOHN’ se ;
i
9 Redonds
See regional map {11
Geography
Total area: 440 km?; land area: 440 km?
Comparative area: about two and one-
half times the size of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 153 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal
temperature variation
Terrain: mostly low-lying with some
higher volcanic areas
Land use: 18% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 7% meadows and pastures; 16%
forest and woodland; 59% other
Environment: subject to hurricanes and
tropical storms (June to October); insuffi-
cient freshwater resources; deeply in-
dented coastline provides many natural
harbors
Special notes: about 650 km from Puerto
Rico
People
Population: 69,280 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.47%
Nationality: noun—Antiguan(s); adjec-
tive—Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely of black
African origin; some of British, Portuguese,
Lebanese, and Syrian origin
Religion: Anglican (predominant), other
Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic
Language: English (official), local dialects
Infant mortality rate: 31.5/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 70
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 30,000; 20% unemployment
(1983); agriculture 11%, industry 7%, and
commerce and services 82%
Government
Official name: Antigua and Barbuda
Type: independent state recognizing Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. John’s
Administrative divisions: 6 parishes, 2
dependencies (Barbuda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English common
law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal
has exclusive original jurisdiction and an
appellate jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral legislative,
17-member popularly elected House of
Representatives and 17-member Senate;
executive, Prime Minister and Cabinet;
judiciary, Court of Appeals
Government leaders: Vere Cornwall
BIRD, Sr., Prime Minister (since 1976);
Lester BIRD, Deputy Prime Minister
(since 1976); Sir Wilfred Ebenezer
JACOBS, Governor General (since 1967)
Suffrage: universal suffrage at age 18
Elections: every five years; last general
election 17 April 1984
Political parties and leaders: Antigua
Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr.,
Lester Bird; United National Democratic
Party (UNDP), Dr. Ivor Heath
Voting strength: (1984 election) House of
Representatives—ALP, 16 seats; indepen-
dent, 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: An-
tigua Caribbean Liberation Movement
(ACLM), a small leftist nationalist group
led by Leonard (Tim) Hector
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ISO,
OAS, UN, UNESCO, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $158 million (1984), $1,980 per
capita; inflation rate 4.0% (1985)
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: cotton (main crop), sugar,
livestock
Major industries: tourism 15.2%, construc-
tion 7.7%, manufacturing 0.5%
Electric power: 29,000 kW capacity; 63.8
million kWh produced, 780 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $41 million (f.0.b., 1984); cloth-
ing, rum, lobsters
Imports: $134 million (f.0.b., 1984); fuel,
food, machinery
Major trade partners: exports—47%
Trinidad and Tobago, 8% Barbados, 1%
US; imports—49% US, 13% UK, 4% Ja-
maica, 2% Trinidad and Tobago (1983)
Aid: bilateral commitments, ODA and
OOF (1970-80) from Western (non-US)
countries, $20 million
Budget: (current) revenues, $40 million;
expenditures, $44 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East
Caribbean (EC) dollars=US$1 (November
1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 64 km 0.760-meter narrow
gauge, 13 km 0.610-meter gauge, em-
ployed almost exclusively for handling
cane
Highways: 240 km main
Ports: | major (St. John’s), 1 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: good automatic
telephone system; 6,700 telephones (9.2 per
100 popl.); tropospheric scatter links with
Saba and Guadeloupe; 6 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV
stations; I coaxial submarine cable; 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Antigua and Barbuda Defense
Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police
Force
Argentina
1000 km
San Miguef
de Tucuman
BUENOS AIRES
Mar del Plata
San Carlos
da Barilocha South Atlantic
Ocean
Comodoro Rivadavia
Boundary representation 1s
not necessarily authoritative
Ushuaia
See regional map 1V
Geography
Total area: 2,766,890 km?; land area:
2,736,690 km?
Comparative area: about four times the
size of Texas
Land boundaries: 9,414 km total
Coastline: 4,989 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and
navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
Boundary disputes: Uruguay; short section
with Chile is indefinite; claims Falkland
Islands (Islas Malvinas) which are adminis-
tered by UK; territorial claim in Antarc-
tica
Climate: mostly temperate; arid in south-
east; subantarctic in southwest
Terrain: rich plains of the Pampas in
northern half, flat to rolling plateau of
Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along
western border
Land use: 9% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 52% meadows and pastures; 22%
forest and woodland; 13% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: Tucuman and Mendoza
areas in Andes subject to earthquakes;
pamperos are violent windstorms that can
strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil
degradation; desertification
Special notes: second Jargest country in
South America (after Brazil); strategic
9
location relative to sea lanes between
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of
Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)
People
Population: 31,144,775 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.27%
Nationality: noun—Argentine(s); adjec-
tive—Argentine
Ethnic divisions: 85% white, 15% mestizo,
Indian, or other nonwhite groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic
(less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant,
2% Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish (official), English,
Italian, German, French
Infant mortality rate: 36/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: 94%
Labor force: 16.8 million (1984 est.);
15.9% agriculture, 24.3% manufacturing,
13.2% commerce, 11.5% transport and
communications, 7.7% finance and bank-
ing, 4.4% utilities, 3.6% construction, 2.7%
mining, 16.7% services and other; 6.3%
unemployment (April 1985)
Organized labor: 3 million; about 33% of
labor force
Government
Official name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Buenos Aires
Administrative divisions: 22 provinces, 1
district (Federal Capital), and | territory
Legal system: mixture of US and West
European legal systems; constitution
adopted 1853 is in effect; has not accepted
compulsory IC] jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
May
Branches: executive (President, Vice
President, Cabinet); legislative (National
Congress—Senate, Chamber of Deputies);
national judiciary
Government leaders: Ral ALFONSIN,
President (since December [983); Victor
MARTINEZ, Vice President (since Decem-
ber 1983)
Argentina (continued)
Elections: general elections held 80 Octo-
ber 1983; Senate elections held November
1986; Gubernatorial and Congressional
elections scheduled for 1987; next general
election 1989
Political parties: operate under statute
passed in 1983 that sets out criteria for
participation in national elections; Radical
Civic Union (UCR}—moderately left of
center; Justicialist Party (JP)—Peronist
umbrella political organization; Intransi-
gent Party (Pl)—leftist party; Union of the
Democratic Center—conservative party);
several provincial parties
Communists: some 70,000 members in
various party organizations, including a
small nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups:
Peronist-dominated labor movement,
General Confederation of Labor (Peronist-
leaning umbrella labor organization),
Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers’
association), Argentine Rural Society (large
landowners’ association), business organiza-
tions, students, the Catholic Church, the
Armed Forces
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, 1HO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission,
IWC—International Wheat Council,
LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $63.3 billion at average official
exchange rate (1985), $2,090 per capita;
80% consumption, 15% investment; 5% net
exports; 4.4% real GDP decline (1985);
economic activity grew by 2-3% in 1986
Natural resources: pampas, lead, zinc, tin,
copper, iron, manganese, oil, uranium
Agriculture: main products—cereals,
oilseed, livestock products; major world
exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 377,200 metric tons; exports
$127.4 million (1985)
Major industries: food processing (espe-
cially meat packing), motor vehicles,
consumer durables, textiles, chemicals,
printing, and metallurgy
Steel: 2.9 million metric tons produced, 95
kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 15,300,000 kW capacity;
42,790 million kWh produced, 1,370 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $8.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); wheat,
corn, oilseed, hides, wool
Imports: $4.1 billion (f.0.b., 1985); chemi-
cal products, machinery, metallurgical
products, fuel and lubricants
Major trade partners: exports—20%
USSR, 13% US, 9% Netherlands, 5% Bra-
zil, 5% Italy, 5% Japan, 4% FRG; im-
ports—18% US, 16% Brazil, 14% FRG, 9%
Bolivia, 7% Japan, 6% France (1985)
Budget: (1986) general government reve-
nues $26.4 billion; current and capital
expenditures $31.3 billion at average
official exchange rate for 1986
Monetary conversion rate: 1.25
australes=US$1 (31 December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 39,738 km total; 3,086 km
1.435-meter standard gauge, 22,788 km
1.676-meter broad gauge, 13,461 km
1.000-meter gauge, 403 km 0.750-meter
gauge; of total in country, 142 km are
electrified
Highways: 208,350 km total, of which
47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel,
101,000 km improved earth, 20,300 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km
refined products; 9,918 km natural gas
Ports: 7 major, 30 minor
Civil air; 54 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,849 total, 1,689 usable; 126
with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runways over 3,695 m, 29 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 334 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
10
Telecommunications: extensive modern
system; 2.45 million telephones (7.9 per
100 popl.), radio relay widely used; 2
satellite stations with 3 Atlantic Ocean
antennas; 163 AM, 10 shortwave, 196 TV
stations; 30-station domestic satellite net-
work
Defense Forces
Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the
Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,
National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval
Prefecture, National Aeronautical Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
7,500,000; 6,084,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 256,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $1.1 billion; 7.3% of
central government budget
Aruba
Caribbean
Sea
ORANJESTAO
Sint
Nicotaaa
10 km
See regional map 111
Geography
Total area: 193 km?; land area: 193 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Washington, D.C.
Coastline: about 72 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine; little seasonal
temperature variation
Terrain: flat with a few hills; scant vegeta-
tion
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: lies outside the Caribbean
hurricane belt
Special notes: 28 km from Venezuela
People
Population: 62,125 (1987 est.), average
annual growth rate 0.34%
Nationality: noun—Aruban(s); adjective—
Aruban
Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African;
remainder Carib Indian, European, Latin,
and Oriental
Religion: 82% Roman Catholic, 8% Protes-
tant; also small Hindu, Muslim, Confucian,
and Jewish minority
Language: Dutch (official), Papiamento (a
Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dia-
lect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 30% oil refining; 10% unem-
ployment
Government
Official name: Aruba
Capital: Oranjestad
Type: self-governing until complete inde-
pendence from the Netherlands is granted
in 1996
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law
system, with some English common law
influence
Government leaders: Acting Governor
Maximo CROES; Henny EMAN, Prime
Minister (since January 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: People’s
Electoral Movement (MEP), Nel Oduber,
acting leader; Aruban Patriotic Party
(PPA), Benny Nisbet; Aruban People’s
Party (AVP), Henny Eman; Democratic
Party of Aruba (PDA), Dr. Leo Berlinski;
National Democratic Action Party (ADN),
Pedro Kelly; governing coalition includes
the AVP, former PPA and PDA dissidents,
and the ADN (Berlinski, originally a mem-
ber of the coalition government, was
forced out of the Cabinet because of
corruption charges in 1986; a faction of his
PDA continues to support the coalition,
calling itself the Democratic Action Party
AD-86)
Economy
GNP: $461.4 million, $6,885 per capita;
real growth rate - 5.8% (1984)
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petrochemicals, oil
refining, petroleum transshipment facili-
ties, tourism, light manufacturing
Electric power: 310,000 kW capacity, 945
million kWh produced, 1,410 kWh per
capita (1986)
Budget: revenues, $100 million; expendi-
tures $150 million (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Aruban
florins=US$1 (1986)
Communications
Ports: 2 (Oranjestad, Sint Nicolaas)
1}
Airfield: government-owned airport east of
Oranjestad
Telecommunications: facilities, which
include extensive interisland radio-relay
links, are generally adequate; 49,600
telephones; 3 AM and 3 FM stations; 1 TV
station
Defense
Defense is the responsibility of the Nether-
Jands until 1996
Australia
Timor Sea
Darwin?
Ocaan
*
Austrelien * CANBERRA
Bight "Melbourne
e
4 Tesmen
Tasmania\ See
1000 km_
indian Ocean
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 7,686,850 km?; land area:
7,617,930 km?
Comparative area: almost as large as
conterminous US
Coastline: 25,760 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Indonesia; territorial claim in
Antarctica (Australian Antarctic Territory)
Climate: generally arid to semiarid; tem-
perate in south and east; tropical in north
Terrain: mostly low plateau with deserts;
fertile plain in southeast
Land use: 6% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 58% meadows and pastures;
14% forest and woodland; 22% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: subject to severe droughts
and floods; cyclones along coast; limited
freshwater availability; irrigated soil degra-
dation; regular, tropical, invigorating, sea
breeze known as the doctor occurs along
west coast in summer; desertification
Special notes: world’s smallest continent
but sixth largest country
People
Population: 16,072,986 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.21%
Nationality: noun—Australian(s); adjec-
tive—Australian
Ethnie divisions: 96% Caucasian, 4%
Asian, Aboriginal, and other
Religion: 26.1% Anglican, 26.0% Roman
Catholic, 24.3% other Christian
Language: English, native languages
Infant mortality rate: 10/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy; men 72.1, women 78.7
(1983)
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 7.6 million (November 1986);
26.9 manufacturing and industry; 22.4
public and community services; 20.0
wholesale and retail trade; 18.1 finance
and services; 6.0% agriculture; 8.2% unem-
ployment (January 1987)
Organized labor: 62% of total employees
(1986)
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Austra-
lia
Type: federal parliamentary state recog-
nizing Elizabeth II as sovereign or head of
state
Capital; Canberra
Administrative divisions: 6 states and 2
territories
Dependent areas: Ashmore and Cartier
Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling)
Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island
and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution adopted 1900; High
Court has jurisdiction over cases involving
interpretation of the constitution; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Australia Day, 26
January
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Parliament—Senate and House of Repre-
sentatives); Prime Minister and Cabinet
responsible to House; independent judi-
ciary
12
Government leaders: Sir Ninian
STEPHEN, Governor General (since July
1982); Robert HAWKE, Prime Minister
(since March 1983)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: held at three-year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election 1 December 1984
Political parties and leaders: govern-
ment—Australian Labor Party (Robert
Hawke); opposition—Liberal Party (John
Howard), National Party (lan Sinclair),
Australian Democratic Party (Janine
Haines), Nuclear Disarmament Party
(Michael Denborough)
Voting strength: (1984 parliamentary
election) House of Representatives—Labor
Party 82 seats, Liberal-National coalition
66 seats; Senate—Labor Party 34 seats,
Liberal-National coalition 33 seats, Austra-
lian Democratic Party 7 seats, indepen-
dents 2 seats
Communists: 4,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Aus-
tralian Democratic Labor Party (anti-
Communist Labor Party splinter group);
Peace and Nuclear Disarmament Action
(Nuclear Disarmament Party splinter
group)
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS,
CIPEC (associate), Colombo Plan, Com-
monwealth, DAC, ELDO, ESCAP, FAO,
GATT, 1AEFA, IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, 1CO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, 1OOC, IPU, IRC, 1SO, ITC,
ITU, 1WC—International Whaling Com-
mission, |WC—International Wheat Coun-
cil, OECD, SPF, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $153.0 billion (1985), $9,760 per
capita; 60% private consumption, 22%
investment, 17.1% government expendi-
ture; 1.25% average annual real growth
rate (1986); inflation rate 8.9% (October
1986)
Natural resources: bauxite, coal, iron ore,
copper, tin, silver, uranium, nickel, tung-
sten, mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds,
natural gas, oil
Agriculture: large areas devoted to graz-
ing; 60% of area used for crops is planted
in wheat; major products—wool, lamb,
beef, wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-
sufficient in food
Major industries: mining, industrial and
transportation equipment, food processing,
chemicals
Crude steel]: 6.6 million metric tons pro-
duced, 420 kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 34,616,000 kW capacity;
125,000 million kWh produced, 7,810
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $22.9 billion (f.0.b., 1985); princi-
pal products—wheat, barley, beef, lamb,
dairy products, wool, coal, iron ore
Imports: $26.0 billion (c.i-f., 1985) princi-
pal products—manufactured raw materi-
als, capital equipment, consumer goods
Major trade partners: (1983-84) exports—
26% Japan, 11% US, 6% New Zealand, 4%
North Korea, 4% Singapore, 3% USSR;
imports—22% US, 22% Japan, 7% UK, 6%
FRG, 4% New Zealand
Aid; donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $7 billion
Budget: (FY86-87 proj.) expenditures,
$49.3 billion; revenues, $47.0 billion;
deficit, $2.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1.55 Australian
dollars=US$1 (14 January 1987)
Fiscal year: 1 July-80 June
Communications
Railroads: 40,661 km total (1985); 7,970
km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130
km electrified; government owned (except
for a few hundred kilometers of privately
owned track)
Highways: 837,872 km total; 243,750 km
paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone,
or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by
small, shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,475 km; refined
products, 500 km; natural gas, 5,600 km
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Civil air; around 150 major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 1,014 total, 973 usable; 228 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 20 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 486 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 8.7 million
telephones (55 per 100 popl.); 258 AM, 67
FM, 134 TV stations; 3 international earth
satellite stations; submarine cables to New
Zealand and Papua New Guinea; domestic
satellite service
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Australian Navy, Austra-
lian Army, Royal Australian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,317,000; 3,792,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 137,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $4.6 billion; about 9.9% of total
central government budget
13
Austria
150 km
2fansbruck
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 83,850 km?; land area: 82,730
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Maine
Land boundaries: 2,582 km total
Boundary disputes: none; South Tyrol
question with Italy
Climate: temperate; continental, cloudy;
cold winters with frequent rain in low-
lands and snow in mountains; cool sum-
mers with occasional showers
Terrain: mostly mountains with Alps in
west and south; low local relief and gentle
slopes along eastern and northern margins
Land use: 17% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 24% meadows and pastures; 39%
forest and woodland; 19% other; includes
NEGL® irrigated
Environment: due to steep slopes, poor
soils, and cold temperatures, population is
concentrated on eastern lowlands
Special notes: landlocked; strategic loca-
tion at the crossroads of central Europe
with many easily traversable Alpine passes
and valleys
People
Population: 7,569,283 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.09%
Nationality: noun—Austrian(s); adjective—
Austrian
Austria (continued)
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% German, 0.3%
Croatian, 0.2% Slovene, 0.1% other
Religion: 88% Roman Catholic, 6% Protes-
tant, 6% none or other
Language: German
Infant mortality rate: 16/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2.9 million (est. 1985);
41.10% industry and crafts, 57.55% ser-
vices, 1.35% agriculture and forestry; 4.8%
unemployed (est. 1985); an estimated
200,000 Austrians are employed in other
European countries; foreign laborers in
Austria number 138,700, about 5.4% of
labor force (1984)
Organized labor: 1,672,820 members of
Austrian Trade Union Federation (1984)
Government
Official name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Administrative divisions: 9 states (lander)
Legal system: civil law system with Ro-
man law origin; constitution adopted 1920,
repromulgated 1945; judicial review of
legislative acts by a Constitutional Court;
separate administrative and civil/penal
supreme courts; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 26 October
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Assembly—Federal Council, National
Council), directly elected President whose
functions are largely representational,
independent federal judiciary
Government leaders: Kurt WALDHEIM,
President (since July 1986); Franz
VRANITZKY, Chancellor (since June
1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compul-
sory for presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every six years
(next 1992); parliamentary, every four
years (next 1990)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist
Party of Austria (SPO), Fred Sinowatz,
chairman; Austrian People’s Party (OVP),
Alois Mock, chairman; Freedom Party of
Austria (FPO), Jorg Haider, chairman;
Communist Party (KPO), Franz Muhri,
chairman; Green Alternative List (GAL),
Freda Meissner-Blau
Voting strength: 1986 parliamentary
election—SPO 43.1%, OVP 41.3%, FPO
9.7%, GAL 4.8%, KPO .7%, other .32%;
1986 presidential election—(53.9% of 4.7
million votes cast) SPO 80 seats, OVP 77
seats, FPO 18 seats, GAL 8 seats
Communists: membership 15,000 est.;
activists 7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Fed-
eral Chamber of Commerce and Industry;
Austrian Trade Union Federation (prima-
rily Socialist); three composite leagues of
the Austrian People’s Party (OVP) repre-
senting business, labor, and farmers; OVP-
oriented League of Austrian Industrialists;
Roman Catholic Church, including its
chief lay organization, Catholic Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe,
DAC, ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (ob-
server), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IDB—Inter-
American Development Bank, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
IWC—International Wheat Council,
OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GDP; $66.26 billion, $8,888 per capita;
57% private consumption, 22% investment,
19% public consumption; real GNP growth
rate, 2.9%; 3.3% inflation rate (1985)
Natural resources: iron ore, petroleum,
timber, magnesite, aluminum, coal, lignite,
cement, copper
Agriculture: livestock, forest products,
cereals, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-
sufficient
Major industries: foods, iron and steel,
machinery, textiles, chemicals, electrical,
paper and pulp
Crude steel: 5.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984)
Electric power: 15,846,000 kW capacity;
46,460 million kWh produced, 6,160 kWh
per capita (1986)
14
Exports: $17.1 billion (f.0.b., 1985); iron
and steel products, machinery and equip-
ment, lumber, textiles, paper products,
chemicals
Imports: $20.8 billion (c.i.f., 1984); ma-
chinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles
and clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs, vehi-
cles, office machines, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: (1984) imports—
41% FRG, 8.2% Italy, 7.3% East Europe
(excluding USSR), 4.5% Switzerland, 4.4%
USSR, 3.7% US; exports—30.1% FRG,
9.6% East Europe (excluding USSR), 9.0%
Italy, 6.7% Switzerland, 6.0% OPEC, 4.7%
US
Aid; donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $1.4 billion
Budget: expenditures, $22.10 billion;
revenues, $18.80 billion; deficit, $3.3
billion (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 14.26
schillings=US$I (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,497 km total; 5.857 km gov-
ernment owned; 5,403 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge of which 3,017 km electri-
fied and 1,520 km double tracked; 454 km
0.760-meter narrow gauge of which 91 km
electrified; 640 km privately owned J.435-
and ].000-meter gauge
Highways: 95,412 km total; 34,612 are the
classified network (including 1,012 km of
autobahn, 10,400 km of federal, and
23,200 km of provincial roads); of this
number, 21,812 km are paved and 12,800
km are unpaved; additionally, there are
60,800 km of communal roads (mostly
gravel, crushed stone, earth)
Inland waterways: 446 km
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km
natural gas; 17] km refined products
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 54 usable; 19 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed
and efficient; extensive TV and
radiobroadcast systems with 6 AM, 693
FM, 910 TV stations; 1 INTELSAT (for
Atlantic and Indian regions); 3.72 million
telephones (45.9 per 100 popl.)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Flying Division
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,964,000; 1,655,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 57,000 reach military age (19) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $1.18 billion; about 4.2%
of the proposed federal budget
The Bahamas
200 ken
Meaton, By North
- @Great Abaco Atlantic
i ‘ Ocean
NASSAU& “x Eleuthers
ay
" : _.qCat Island
Cay Sal andros 2 me \
aa island ¢ " ‘ >
a eo
fre Long Island
North a ” oxy
Atlantic Lee ne
Ocean ‘ .
°
Great inagua
See regional map fl!
Geography
Total area: 13,940 km?; land area: 10,070
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Connecticut
Coastline: 3,542 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical marine; moderated by
warm waters of Gulf Stream
Terrain: long, flat, coral formations with
some low, rounded hills
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; NEGL% meadows and
pastures; 32% forest and woodland; 67%
other
Environment: subject to hurricanes and
other tropical storms; archipelago of about
700 islands and keys
Special notes: strategic location adjacent
to US and Cuba
People
Population: 238,817 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.75%
Nationality: noun—Bahamian(s); adjec-
tive—Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 85% black, 15% white
15
Religion: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%,
Roman Catholic 22%, smaller groups of
other Protestants, Greek Orthodox, and
Jews
Language: English; some Creole among
Haitian immigrants
Infant mortality rate: 20.20/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64, women 70
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: 82,000 (1982); 30% govern-
ment, 25% hotels and restaurants, 10%
business services, 5% agriculture; 30%
unemployment (1983)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
Government
Official name: The Commonwealth of
The Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth recog-
nizing Elizabeth I] as Chief of State
Capital: Nassau
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
July
Branches: bicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment—]6-member appointed Senate,
43-member elected House of Assembly);
executive (Prime Minister and Cabinet);
judiciary
Government leaders: Sir Lynden Oscar
PINDLING, Prime Minister (since 1969);
Sir Gerald C. CASH, Governor General
(since 1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly (June 1982);
next election constitutionally due in five
years
Political parties and leaders: Progressive
Liberal Party (PLP), Sir Lynden O. Pind-
ling; Free National Movement (FNM),
Kendal Isaacs
Voting strength: 73,309 registered voters
(July 1977); (1982 election) House of As-
sembly—PLP 32 seats, FNM 1] seats,
others 0 seats
Communists: none known
The Bahamas (continued)
Other political or pressure groups: Van-
guard Nationalist and Socialist Party
(VNSP), a small leftist party headed by
Lionel Carey; Trade Union Congress
(TUC), headed by Leonard Archer
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDB—Inter-American De-
velopment Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.1 billion, $8,950 per capita; real
growth rate 2% (1986 est.); inflation rate
4.0% (1985)
Natural resources: salt, aragonite, timber
Agriculture: food importer; produces
vegetables, tomatoes, pineapples, bananas,
citrus fruits; pigs, sheep
Major industries: banking, tourism, ce-
ment, oil refining and transshipment,
lumber, salt production, rum, aragonite,
pharmaceuticals, spiral weld, and steel
pipe
Electric power: 850,000 kW capacity; 885
million kWh produced, 3,770 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $296 million (f.0.b., 1985); phar-
maceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish
Imports: $891 million (f.0.b., 1985); food-
stuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels
Major trade partners: exports—US 90%,
UK 10%; imports—Iran 30%, Nigeria 20%,
US 10%, EC 10%, Gabon 10% (1981)
Aid: US economic commitments, including
Ex-Im (1970-80), from US, $42 million;
ODA and OOF economic commitments
(1970-84), $168 million
Budget: (June 1986 est.) revenues, $422.4
million; expenditures, $414.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.175 Baha-
mian dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,400 km total; 1,350 km
paved, 1,050 km gravel
Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 59 total, 56 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
including 84,000 telephones (37.9 per 100
popl.) in totally automatic system; tropo-
spheric scatter and cable links with Flor-
ida; 8 AM, 2 FM, and 1 TV stations; 3
coaxial submarine cables; satellite ground
station under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Roya! Bahamas Defense Force
(a coast guard element only), Royal Baha-
mas Police Force
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985 $12.7 million, about 3% of
the total budget
16
Bahrain
Perel
ersian Gulf Al Muharra
. MANAMA
Hawar Islands are
disputed between
Bahrain and Qatar
Gulf of
Bahrain
10 km
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 620 km?; land area: 620 km?
Comparative area: about three times the
size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 161 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Boundary disputes: none; territorial dis-
pute with Qatar over the island of Hawar
and its ring of islets
Climate: arid; mild, pleasant winters; very
hot, humid summers
Terrain: mostly low desert plain rising
gently to low central escarpment
Land use: 2% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 6% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 90% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: subsurface water sources
being rapidly depleted (requires develop-
ment of desalination facilities); dust storms;
desertification
Special notes: close proximity to primary
Middle East crude oil sources and strategic
location in Persian Gulf through which
much of western world’s crude oil must
transit to reach open ocean
People
Population: 464,102 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.54%
Nationality: noun—Bahraini(s); adjec-
tive—Bahraini
Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahraini, 18%
Asian, 10% other Arab, 8% Iranian, 6%
other
Religion: Muslim (70% Shi'a, 80% Sunni)
Language: Arabic (official); English also
widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 140,000 (1982); 42% of labor
force is Bahraini; 85% industry and com-
merce, 5% agriculture, 5% services, 3%
government
Government
Official name: State of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy; independent
since 1971
Capital; Manama
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
English common law; constitution went
into effect in December 1973
National holiday: 16 December
Branches: Amir rules with help of a
Cabinet led by Prime Minister; Amir
dissolved the National Assembly in August
1975 and suspended the constitutional
provision for election of the Assembly;
independent judiciary
Government leader: Isa bin Sulman Al
KHALIFA, Amir (since November 1961)
Suffrage: none
Political parties and pressure groups:
political parties prohibited; several small,
clandestine leftist and Shi‘a fundamentalist
groups are active
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
[DB—Islamic Development Bank, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO
Economy
GDP: $4.6 billion, $11,190 per capita; real
growth rate 7.5% (1984 est.)
Natural resources: oil, associated and
nonassociated natural gas, fish
Agriculture: not self-sufficient in food
production; produces some fruit and
vegetables; engages in dairy and poultry
farming and in shrimping and fishing
Major industries: petroleum processing
and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore
banking, ship repairing
Electric power: 1,552,000 kW capacity;
6.800 million kWh produced, 16,110 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $2.8 billion (f.0.b., 1985); nonoil
exports $400 million; oil exports $2.4
billion (1985)
Imports: $2.8 billion (f.0.b., 1985); nonoil
imports $1.4 billion; oil imports $1.0
billion (1985)
Major trade partners: UK, Japan, US,
Saudi Arabia
Budget: $952 million current expenditures,
$510 million capital expenditures (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.38 Bahrain
dinar=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 225 km bituminous surfaced;
undetermined kilometers of natural sur-
face tracks; 25 km bridge-causeway to
Saudi Arabia opened in November 1986
Ports: ] major (Mina’ Sulman), 1 minor
(Mina’ al Mandmah), | petroleum, oil, and
lubricant terminal (Sitrah)
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined prod-
ucts, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional telecommunications; adequate
domestic services; 98,000 telephones (23.2
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean, | Indian Ocean,
and 1 ARABSAT satellite stations; tropo-
spheric scatter and microwave to Qatar,
United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia;
submarine cable to Qatar and United Arab
Emirates
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Wing, Air Wing
Military manpower: males 15-49, 168,000;
95,000 fit for military service
17
Bangladesh
150 km
Boundary representation ts
not necessarily authoritative.
“ae 8 Chittagong
Bay of Bengal
See regional map VIII
Geography
Total area: 144,000 km?; land area:
133,910 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Wisconsin
Land boundaries: 2,535 km total
Coastline: 580 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 18 nm
Continental shelf: up to outer limits of
continental margin
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: India
Climate: tropical; cool, dry winter (Octo-
ber to March); hot, humid summer (March
to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to
October)
Terrain: mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in
southeast
Land use: 67% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 16%
forest and woodland; 11% other; includes
14% irrigated
Environment: vulnerable to droughts;
much of country routinely flooded during
summer monsoon season; overpopulation;
deforestation
Special notes: almost completely sur-
rounded by India; Joint River Commission
on water sharing with upstream riparian
India
Bangladesh (continued)
People
Population: 107,087,586 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 2.70%
Nationality: noun—Bangladeshi(s); adjec-
tive—Bangladesh :
Ethnic divisions: 98% Bengali; 250,000
Biharis and fewer than one million tribals
Religion: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu,
less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and other
Language: Bangla (official), English widely
used ;
Infant mortality rate: 119.4/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 53.9
Literacy: 23% (81% men, 16% women)
Labor force: 35.1 million (FY86); extensive
export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE,
Oman, and Kuwait; 74% of labor force is
in agriculture, 15% services, 11% industry
and commerce; unemployment and under-
employment 40% (est.)
Government
Official name: People’s Republic of Ban-
gladesh
Type: republic; martial law lifted 10
November 1986
Capital: Dhaka
Administrative divisions: 4 divisions, 21
regions, 64 districts, 495 thanas (rural
townships consisting of 4,472 unions or
village groupings)
Legal system: civilian legal system sus-
pended; traditionally based on English
common law; constitution adopted Decem-
ber 1972, amended January 1975 to more
authoritarian presidential system, and
changed by proclamation in April 1977 to
reflect Islamic character of nation; further
change, by proclamation in December
1978, provided for the appointment of the
Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister,
and other Cabinet-rank ministers and
defined the powers of the President
National holiday: National Day, 26
March; Victory Day, 16 December
Branches: constitution provides for uni-
cameral legislature (Parliament), strong
President; independent judiciary; President
has substantial control over the judiciary
Government leaders: Hussain Mohammad
ERSHAD, President (since December
1983, elected in October 1986); Mizanur
Rahman CHOUDHURY, Prime Minister
(since July 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: some local elections held in
December 1983; higher local elections held
in May 1985; last parliamentary elections
held in May 1986; last presidential election
held in October 1986 electing President to
a full five-year term
Political parties and leaders: Jatiyo Party,
Hussain Mohammad Ershad; Bangladesh
Nationalist Party, Begum Ziaur Rahman;
Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wazed;
United People’s Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed;
Democratic League, Khondakar Musht-
aque Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A.
Sabur; Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (National
Socialist Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh
Communist Party (pro-Soviet), Mohammad
Farhad; numerous small parties; political
activity banned following March 1982
coup; ban lifted in March 1984, reimposed
in March 1985, and lifted again in January
1986
Voting strength: May 1986 parliamentary
elections—Jatiya Party (progovernment)
206 seats, Awami League 80 seats, Awami
League Allies 21 seats, Jamaat-E-Islami 10
seats, Independents 5 seats, Muslim
League 4 seats, JSD (Socialist) 4 seats
Communists: 2,500 members (est.)
Member of: ADB, Afro-Asian People’s
Solidarity Organization, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
10C, IRC, ITU, NAM, OIC, SAARC, UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WFTU, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $13.9 billion (FY85, current prices),
$140 per capita; 4.5% real growth (FY86);
11% inflation rate (FY86)
Natural resources: natural gas, uranium
Agriculture: large-scale subsistence farm-
ing, heavily dependent on monsoon rain-
18
fall; main crops are jute, tea, and rice;
grain, cotton, and oilseed shortages
Fishing: production 751,000 metric tons
(1984)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food
processing, and cotton textiles
Electric power: 1,212,000 kW capacity;
4,590 million kWh produced, 40 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $934 million (f.0.b., FY85); raw
and manufactured jute, leather, tea
Imports: $2.6 billion (c.i.f., FY85); food-
grains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, manu-
factured products
Major trade partners: exports—Middle
East 19%, US 18%, Japan 7%, UK 5%,
Italy 4.7%; imports—US 13.7%, Western
Europe 11.5%, Middle East 11%, Japan 7%
(FY85)
Budget: (FY87) current expenditures,
$1.25 billion; capital expenditures, $1.59
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 30.48
takas=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: ] July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 2,892 km total (1986); 1,914 km
meter gauge, 978 km meter gauge; govern-
ment owned
Highways: 7,240 km total (1985); 3,840
km paved, 3,400 km unpaved
Inland waterways: 5,150-8,046 km navi-
gable waterways (includes 2,575-3,058 km
main cargo routes)
Ports: 2 sea (Chittagong, Chalna), 7 inland
Pipelines: 650 km natural gas
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 18 total, 13 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radio communications and landline
service; fair domestic wire and microwave
service; fair broadcast service; 182,000
telephones (0.18 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6
FM, 11 TV stations; 2 satellite ground
stations
Barbados
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; para-
military forces—Bangladesh Rifles, Ban-
gladesh Ansars, Armed Police Reserve,
Coastal Police
North
Atlantic
Military manpower: males 15-49,
25,768,000; 15,327,000 fit for military
service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1987, $218 million; about 18% of
central government budget The Crane
Caribbean
Sea
See regional map 111
Geography
Total area: 430 km?; land area: 430 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 97 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea; 12 nm
Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to
November)
Terrain: relatively flat; rises gently to
central highland region
Land use: 77% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 9% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 14% other
Environment: subject to hurricanes (espe-
cially June to November)
Special notes: easternmost Caribbean
island
People
Population: 323,839 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.04%
Nationality: noun—Barbadian(s); adjec-
tive—Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 16%
mixed, 4% European
Religion: 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4%
Roman Catholic, 17% other, including
Moravian
Language: English
Infant mortality rate: 26.8/1,000 (1984)
19
Life expectancy: 70.8
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 112,800 (1985 est.); 37%
services and government; 22% commerce;
22% manufacturing and construction; 9%
transportation, storage, communications,
and financial institutions; 8% agriculture;
and 2% utilities
Organized labor: 32%
Government
Official name: Barbados
Type: independent sovereign state within
the Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth
ll as Chief of State
Capital: Bridgetown
Administrative divisions: 11 parishes and
city of Bridgetown
Legal system: English common law;
constitution came into effect upon inde-
pendence in 1966; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compul-
sory IC) jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
November
Branches: bicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment—21-member appointed Senate and
27-member elected House of Assembly),
Cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: Errol BARROW,
Prime Minister (since May 1986), Sir Hugh
SPRINGER, Governor General (since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members
have terms no longer than five years; last
general election held 28 May 1986
Political parties and leaders: Barbados
Labor Party (BLP), Henry Forde; Demo-
cratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow
Voting strength: (1981 election) BLP,
52.4%; DLP, 46.8%; independent, negligi-
ble; House of Assembly seats—BLP 24,
DLP 8
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups:
People’s Progressive Movement, Bobby
Clarke; People’s Pressure Movement, Eric
Sealy; Workers’ Party of Barbados, Dr.
George Bell
Barbados (continued)
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAQ,
IDB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, 1SO, ITU, IWC—Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1,151.7 million (1984), $4,560 per
capita; real GDP growth rate 2.5% (1986
est.) inflation rate 7.0% (1985)
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: main products—-sugarcane,
subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling,
light manufacturing, component assembly
for export
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity; 389
million kWh produced, 1,540 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $352 million (f.o.b., 1985); sugar
and sugarcane byproducts, electrical parts,
clothing
Imports: $552 million (f.0.b., 1985); food-
stuffs, consumer durables, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: exports—42% US,
22% CARICOM, 7% UK; imports—48%
US, 12% CARICOM, 8% UK, 6% Canada
(1984)
Aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $14
million; ODA and OOF commitments
from other Western countries (1970-84),
$125 million
Budget: (FY84) revenues, $288 million;
expenditures, $323 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.01 Barbados
dollars=US$I (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,570 km total; 1,475 km
paved, 95 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: islandwide auto-
matic telephone system with 75,000 tele-
phones (30.0 per 100 popl.); tropospheric
scatter link to Trinidad and St. Lucia; 2
AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV stations; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Barbados Defense Force, Royal
Barbados Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000;
63,000 fit for military service, no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year 1986,
$10.1 million; 3% of central government
budget
20
Belgium
_ 50 km
North
Sea
Antwerp
*® RUSSELS
=
Liege
Mons
* Charteroi
Bastogne,
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 30,510 km?; land area: 30,230
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Maryland
Land boundaries: 1,377 km total
Coastline: 64 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: temperate; mild winters, cool
summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Terrain: flat coastal plains in northwest,
central rolling hills, rugged mountains of
Ardennes Forest in southeast
Land use: 24% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 20% meadows and pastures; 21%
forest and woodland; 34% other; includes
NEGL®% irrigated
Environment: air and water pollution
Special notes: majority of West European
capitals within 1,000 km of Brussels;
crossroads of Western Europe
People
Population: 9,873,066 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.07%
Nationality: noun—Belgian(s); adiective—
Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33%
Walloon, 12% mixed or other
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic; remainder
Protestant, none, or other
Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32%
French, 1% German; 11% legally bilingual;
divided along ethnic lines
Infant mortality rate: 11.15/1,000 (1979)
Life expectancy: men 68.6, women 75.1
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4 million; 58% services, 37%
industry, 5% agriculture; 13.6% unem-
ployed (1985)
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital; Brussels
Administrative divisions: nine provinces;
as of 1 October 1980, Wallonia and Flan-
ders have regional subgovernments with
elected regional councils and executive
officials; those regional authorities have
limited powers over revenues and certain
areas of economic, urban, environmental,
and housing policy; Wallonia also has a
separate Walloon Cultural Council
Legal system: civil law system influenced
by English constitutional theory; constitu-
tion adopted 1831, since amended; fudicial
review of legislative acts; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 21 July
Branches: executive branch consists of
King and Cabinet; Cabinet responsible to
bicameral parliament (Senate and Cham-
ber of Representatives); independent
judiciary; coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: BAUDOUIN I, King
(since August 1950); Wilfried MARTENS,
Prime Minister (since April 1979, with a
10-month interruption in 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at least once every four
years; last held 13 October 1985
Political parties and leaders: Flemish
Social Christian (CVP), Frank Swaelen,
president; Walloon Social Christian (PSC),
Gérard Deprez, president; Flemish Social-
ist (SP), Karel van Miert, president; Wal-
loon Socialist (PS), Guy Spitaels, president,
Flemish Liberal (PVV), Annemie Neyts-
Uyttebroeck, president; Walloon Liberal
(PRL), Louis Michel, president; Fran-
cophone Democratic Front (FDF), Georges
Clerfayt, president; Volksunie (VU), Jaak
Gabriels, president; Communist Party
(PCB), Louis van Geyt, president; Walloon
Rally (RW), Fernand Massart; Ecologist
Party (ECOLO-AGALEV), loosely orga-
nized with no president; Anti-Tax Party
(UDRT-RAD), Robert Hendrick, president;
Vlaams Blok (VB), Karel Dillen
Voting strength: (1985 election) 212-seat
Chamber of Representatives—CVP 49
seats, PS 35 seats, PVV 22 seats, SP 32
seats, PRL 24 seats, VU 16 seats, PSC 20
seats, FDF 3, ECOLO-AGALEV 9 seats,
UDRT-RAD 1 seat, VB 1
Communists: under 5,000 members (De-
cember 1985 est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Chris-
tian and Socialist Trade Unions; Federa-
tion of Belgian Industries; numerous other
associations representing bankers, manu-
facturers, middle-class artisans, and the
legal and medical professions; various
organizations represent the cultural inter-
ests of Flanders and Wallonia; various
peace groups such as Flemish Action
Committee Against Nuclear Weapons and
Pax Christi
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Coun-
cil of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC,
EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO,
1DA, 1DB—Inter-American Development
Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU,
ITC, 1TU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $79.9 billion (1985), $8,100 per
capita; 65.3% private consumption, 17.9%
government consumption, 15.6% invest-
ment, 1.2% net foreign balance (1983);
1.1% real growth rate (1985); average
exchange rate 59.378 Belgian francs=
US$1 (1985)
21
Natural resources: coal
Agriculture: livestock production predomi-
nates; main crops—egrains, sugar beets, flax,
potatoes, other vegetables, fruits
Fishing: catch 44,308 metric tons (1985);
exports $83.52 million, imports $300.12
million
Major industries: engineering and metal
products, processed food and beverages,
chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass,
petroleum
Crude steel: 14.6 million metric tons
capacity; 10.7 million metric tons pro-
duced, 1,086 kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 16,921,000 kW capacity;
57,450 million kWh produced, 5,820 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union) $53.8 billion (f.o.b., 1985); iron and
steel products (cars), petroleum products,
chemicals
Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union) $55.8 billion (c.i-f., 1985); fuels,
foodstuffs, chemicals
Major trade partners:
(Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union,
1985) exports—69.1% EC (19.0% France,
18.7% FRG, 14.8% Netherlands, 9.7% UK),
6.3% US, 2.8% Communist countries;
imports—68.9% EC (21.1% FRG, 18.7%
Netherlands, 15.2% France, 9.0% UK),
5.7% US, 3.4% Communist countries
Aid: ODA and OOF economic aid com-
mitments (1970-84), $3.8 billion
Budget: revenues, $23.3 billion; expendi-
tures, $32.5 billion; deficit, $9.2 billion
(1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 40.17 Belgian
francs=US$1 (8 January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Belgian National Railways
(SNCB) operates 8,741 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, government owned; 2,563
km double track; 1,969 km electrified; 191
km 1.000-meter gauge, government owned
and operated
Belgium (continued)
Highways: 103,396 km total; 1,317 km
limited access, divided autoroute; 11,717
km national highway; 1,862 km provincial
road; about 38,000 km other paved; about
51,000 km unpaved rural
Inland waterways: 2,048 km (1,528 km in
regular commercial use)
Ports: 6 major, ] minor
Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km;
crude, 161 km; natural gas, 3,300 km
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 44 total, 43 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 14 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international telephone and telegraph
facilities; 4.22 million telephones (42.8 per
100 popl.); 6 AM, 39 FM, 32 TV stations,
6 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT stations; 2 EUTELSAT anten-
nas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,500,000; 2,114,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 80,000 reach military age (19) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $3.4 billion; 8.8% of the
central government budget
Belize
75 km
“Caribbean
i S$ee
Sw
Punta Gorda
See regional map 111
Geography
Total area: 22,960 km?; land area: 22,800
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Massachusetts
Land boundaries: 515 km total
Coastline: 386 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Boundary disputes: none; claimed by
Guatemala
Climate: tropical; very hot and humid;
rainy season (May to February)
Terrain: flat, swampy coastal plain; low
mountains in south
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 2% meadows and pastures;
44% forest and woodland; 52% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: frequent devastating hurri-
canes (September to December) and
coastal flooding (especially in south); defor-
estation
Special notes: national capital moved 80
km inland from Belize City to Belmopan
because of hurricanes; only country in
Central America without a coastline on the
Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 168,204 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.95%
22
Nationality: noun—Belizean(s); adiec-
tive—Belizean
Ethnic divisions: 51% black, 22% mestizo,
19% Amerindian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Seventh-Day Adventist, Methodist, Baptist,
Jehovah’s Witnesses, Mennonite
Language: English (official), Spanish Maya,
Carib
Infant mortality rate: 56/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 66
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 51,500 (1985); 30.0% agricul-
ture, 16.0% services, 15.4% government,
11.2% commerce, 10.3% manufacturing;
shortage of skilled labor and all types of
technical personnel; over 14% are unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 15% of labor force; 7 of
16 registered unions currently active
Government
Official name: Belize
Type: parliamentary; independent state; a
member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Belmopan
Administrative divisions: 6 districts
Legal system: English law
Branches: bicameral legislature (National
Assembly—electoral redistricting in Octo-
ber 1984 expanded House of Representa-
tives from 18 to 28 seats; eight-member
appointed Senate; either house may choose
its speaker or president, respectively, from
outside its membership); Cabinet; judiciary
Government leaders: Manuel A.
ESQUIVEL, Prime Minister (since Decem-
ber 1984); Dr. Elmira Minita GORDON,
Governor General (since December 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: parliamentary elections held
December 1984; municipal elections held
December 1986 '
Political parties and leaders: United
Democratic Party (UDP), Manuel
Esquivel, Curl Thompson, Dean Lindo,
People’s United Party (PUP), George Price,
Florencio Marin, Said Musa; Belize Popu-
lar Party (BPP), Louis Sylvestre
Voting strength: (December 1984) Na-
tional Assembly—UDP 2] seats (25,785—
54.1%), PUP 7 seats (20,971—44.0%);
before redistricting, PUP held 13 seats,
UDP 4 seats, and independents 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: United
Workers Union, which is connected with
PUP
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, FAO, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, G-77, ISO, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $193 million (1985), $1,190 per
capita; real growth rate 1.5% (1984)
Natural resources: arable land, timber,
fish
Agriculture: main products—sugarcane,
citrus fruits, corn, molasses, rice, beans,
bananas, livestock products, honey; net
importer of food; an illegal producer of
cannabis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 1,349 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: sugar refining, garments,
timber and forest products, furniture, rum,
soap, beverages, cigarettes
Electric power: 34,340 kW capacity; 71
million kWh produced, 420 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $90.1 million (1985 est.); sugar,
garments, seafood, molasses, citrus fruits,
wood and wood products
Imports: $128 million (1985 est.); machin-
ery and transportation equipment, food,
manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports—US 36%,
UK 22%, Trinidad and Tobago 11%,
Canada 10%; imports—US 55%, UK 17%,
Netherlands Antilles 8%, Mexico 7% (1983)
Aid: US economic commitments, including
Ex-lm (FY70-85), $56 million; ODA and
OOF commitments from Western (non-
US) countries (1970-84), $174 million
Budget: revenues, $49 million; expendi-
tures, $90 million (FY84/85)
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize
dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: } April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved,
1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth,
and 310 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 825 km river network
used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally
navigable
Ports: 2 major (Belize City, Belize City
Southwest), 6 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 40 total, 35 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: 8,650 telephones
(4.5 per 100 popl.), above average system
based on radio-relay; 6 AM, 5 FM stations;
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: British Forces Belize, Belize
Defense Force, Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 37,000;
22,000 fit for military service; 1,800 reach
military age (18) annually; the nucleus of
the Belize Defense Force (BDF) is the
former Special Force of the Belize Police,
which was transferred intact to the new
organization; the bulk of the early recruits
were drawn from the Belize Volunteer
Guard, a home guard force that had
previously acted as a police reserve; the
BDF currently consists of full-time soldiers
known as the Regulars and an essentially
reserve group, which has maintained the
Volunteer Guard name; recruitment is
voluntary and the terms of service vary
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986, $3.5 million; 3.3% of central
government budget
23
Benin
150 km
Natitingou
PORTO-NOVO
Bight of Benin
See regional map Vil
Geography
Total area: 112,620 km?; land area:
110,620 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Pennsylvania
Land boundaries: 1,963 km total
Coastline: 121 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south;
arid in north
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plain;
some hills and low mountains
Land use: 12% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 35%
forest and woodland; 45% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan
wind may affect north in winter; defores-
tation; desertification
Special notes: recent droughts have se-
verely affected marginal agriculture in
north; no natural harbors
People
Population: 4,339,096 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.52%
Nationality: noun—Beninese (sing., pl.);
adiective—Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic
groups, most important being Fon, Adia,
Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans
Benin (continued)
Religion: 70% indigenous beliefs, 15%
Muslim, 15% Christian
Language: French (official); Fon and
Yoruba most common vernaculars in
south; at least six major tribal languages in
north
Infant mortality rate: 45/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 46.9
Literacy: 11%
Labor force: 1.5 million (1982); 60% of
labor force employed in agriculture; less
than 2% of the labor force work in the
industrial sector, and the remainder are
employed in transport, commerce, and
public services
Organized labor: about 75% of wage
earners (two major and several minor
unions)
Government
Official name: People’s Republic of Benin
Type: Soviet-modeled civilian government
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de
facto)
Administrative divisions: 6 provinces, 84
districts
Legal system: based on French civil law
and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: Revolutionary National Assem-
bly, National Executive Council
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Mathieu
KEREKOU, President and Chief of State
(since 1972)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Assembly elections
were held in November 1979; Assembly
then formally elected Kérékou President in
February 1980
Political parties: People’s Revolutionary
Party of Benin (PRPB) is sole party
Communists: PRPB espouses Marxism-
Leninism
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $974.2 million (1984 est.), $250 per
capita (1983); 1.6% growth (1984)
Natural resources: small offshore oil
deposits; no other known minerals in
commercial quantity
Agriculture: major cash crop is palm oil;
peanuts, cotton, coffee, shea nuts, and
tobacco also produced commercially; main
food crops—corn, cassava, yams, rice,
sorghum, millet; livestock, fish
Fishing: catch 21,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: palm oil and palm
kernel oil processing, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 28,000 kW capacity; 24
million kWh produced, 5 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $172.5 million (f.0.b., 1984 est.);
palm products, cotton, other agricultural
products
Imports: $225.4 million (f.0.b. 1984 est.);
thread, cloth, clothing and other consumer
goods, construction materials, iron, steel,
fuels, foodstuffs, machinery, and transport
equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC, france
zone; preferential tariffs to EC and franc
zone countries
Budget: revenues $119 million; expendi-
tures, $119 million (1985 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 331.24 Com-
munauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 580 km, all 1.000-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 8,550 km total; 828 km paved,
5,722 km improved earth
Inland waterways: small sections, only
important locally
Ports: I major (Cotonou)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
24
Airfields: 9 total, 8 usable; I with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways I,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire and radio relay; 16,200 telephones
(0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 1 TV
stations; I Atlantic Ocean satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
1,738,000; of the 805,000 males 15-49,
412,000 are fit for military service; of the
933,000 females 15-49, 471,000 are fit for
military service; about 54,000 males and
52,000 females reach military age (18)
annually; both sexes are liable for military
service
Bermuda
Skm
North Atlantic Ocaan
See regional map It
Geography
Total area: 50 km?; land area: 50 km?
Comparative area: about one-third the
size of Washington, D.C.
Coastline; 103 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: subtropical; mild, humid; gales,
strong winds common in winter
Terrain: low hills separated by fertile
depressions
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 20%
forest and woodland; 80% other; includes
11% leased for military bases
Environment: ample rainfall, but no rivers
or freshwater lakes; consists of about 360
small coral islands
Special notes: 1,050 km east of North
Carolina; some reclaimed land leased by
US Government
People
Population: 58,033 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.18%
Nationality: noun—Bermudian(s); adjec-
tive—Bermudian
Ethnic divisions: 61% black, 39% white
and other
Religion: 37% Anglican, 14% Roman
Catholic, 10% African Methodist Episcopal
(Zion), 6% Methodist, 5% Seventh-Day
Adventist, 28% other
Language: English
Infant mortality rate: 7.1/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 76
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 32,000 employed (1984); 25%
clerical, 22% services, 21% laborers, 13%
professional and technical, 10% adminis-
trative and managerial, 7% sales, 2%
agriculture and fishing
Organized labor: 8,573 members (1985);
largest union is Bermuda [ndustrial Union
Government
Official name: Bermuda
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Hamilton
Administrative divisions: 9 parishes, 2
municipalities
Legal system: English law
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet)
appointed by governor, led by government
leader; bicameral legislature with an
appointed Senate and a 40-member di-
rectly elected House of Assembly; Su-
preme Court
Government leaders: Viscount DUNROS-
SIL, Governor (since 1983); John William
David SWAN, Premier (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 21
Elections: at east once every five years;
last general election October 1985
Political parties and leaders: United
Bermuda Party (UBP), John W. D. Swan;
Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Frederick
Wade; National Liberal Party, Gilbert
Darrell
Voting strength: 1985 elections—40 seats
total—UBP 31 House of Assembly seats;
PLP, 7; National Liberal Party, 2
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Ber-
muda Industrial Union (BIU), headed by
Ottiwell Simmons
Member of: INTERPOL, WHO
25
Economy
GDP: $1,148.1 million (1985-86), $19,800
per capita—factor cost (1984-85); real
growth rate 1.1% (1983-84); average infla-
tion rate 3.8% (1984-85)
Natural resources: limestone (used prima-
rily for building)
Agriculture: main products—bananas,
vegetables, Easter lilies, dairy products,
citrus fruits
Major industries: tourism (33%), finance,
structural concrete products, paints, per-
fumes, furniture
Electric power: 118,000 kW capacity; 378
million kWh produced, 6,410 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $38 million (1984); semitropical
produce, light manufactures
Imports: $404 million (1984); fuel, food-
stuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: 56% US, 11%
Caribbean countries, 8% UK, 6% Canada,
19% other; tourists, 90% US
Aid: bilateral commitments, including
Ex-Im (FY70-81), from US $34 million;
from Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $265 million
Budget: revenues, $208 million; expendi-
tures, $218 million (FY85/86 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda
dollar=US$1 (September 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 210 km public roads, all paved
(about 400 km of private roads)
Ports: 3 major
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern telecom
system, includes fully automatic telephone
system with 46,290 sets (84.6 per 100
popl.); 4 AM, 3 FM, 2 TV stations; 3
submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite antennas
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of United
Kingdom
Branches: The Bermuda Regiment
Bhutan
75 km
Tongse
ZHIMPHU {Dzong Tashi ©
* Paro Drang pay
Samprup
Phunchholing Jongkher +
See regional map VIII
Geography
Total area: 47,000 km?; land area: 47,000
km?
Comparative area: the size of Vermont
and New Hampshire combined
Land boundaries: 870 km total
Climate: varies; tropical in southern
plains; cool winters and hot summers in
central valleys; severe winters and cool
summers in Himalayas
Terrain: mostly mountainous with some
fertile valleys and savanna
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 5% meadows and pastures;
70% forest and woodland; 23% other
Environment: violent storms coming down
from the Himalayas were the source of the
country name which translates as Land of
the Thunder Dragon
Special notes: landlocked; strategic loca-
tion between China and India; controls
several key Himalayan mountain passes
People
Population: 1,472,911 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.03%
Nationality: noun—Bhutanese (sing., pl.);
adiective—Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic
Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant
tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25%
Indian- and Nepalese-influenced Hinduism
Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan
dialects—most widely spoken dialect is
Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various
Nepalese dialects
Infant mortality rate: 162/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 43
Literacy: 5%
Labor force: 95% agriculture, 1% industry
and commerce (1983); massive lack of
skilled labor
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relation-
ship with India
Capital: Thimphu; Paro is the administra-
tive capital
Administrative divisions: 4 regions (east,
central, west, south) divided into 18 dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on Indian law and
English common law; in 1907 the monarch
assumed full power—no written constitu-
tion or bill of rights; in 1968-69 a separate
judiciary that provided for local, district,
and national courts with appellate jurisdic-
tion was established; has not accepted
compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 17 December
Branches: appointed ministers;
150-member indirectly elected National
Assembly consisting of 110 village elders
or heads of family, 10 monastic represen-
tatives, and 30 senior government adminis-
trators
Government leader: Jigme Singye
WANGCHUCK, King (since 1974)
Suffrage: each family has one vate
Elections: popular elections on village
level held every three years
Political parties: no legal parties
Communists: no overt Communist pres-
ence
Other political or pressure groups: Bud-
dhist clergy, Indian merchant community,
ethnic Nepalese organizations
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF,
NAM, SAARC, UNESCO, UPU, UN,
WHO
26
Economy
GDP: $300 million, $210 per capita; 6.7%
real GDP growth (FY84/85)
Natural resources: timber, hydroelectric
power
Agriculture: rice, corn, barley, wheat,
potatoes, fruit, spices
Major industries: cement, chemical prod-
ucts, mining, distilling, food processing,
handicrafts
Electric power: 352,000 kW capacity;
1,950 million kWh produced, 13 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $15.1 million (FY84/85); agricul-
tural and forestry products, coal
Imports: total imports $69.4 million
(FY84/85); imports from India $61.0
million; textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels,
machinery
Major trade partner: India
Budget: total receipts, $59.168 million;
expenditures, $66.86] million (FY85/86
est.)
Monetary conversion rate: both ngul-
trums and Indian rupees are legal tender;
12.88 ngultrums=12.88 Indian
rupees=US$1 (October 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km sur-
faced, 515 km improved, 371 km unim-
proved earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities inade-
quate; 1,300 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.);
11,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM
stations; no TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bhutan Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 362,000;
194,000 fit for military service; 16,000
reach military age (18) annually
Bolivia
400 km
«
Trinidad
Lago Titicaca
Soe
LA PAZ cochabamba
“Santa Cruz
e
Orura
Sucra
a
?
Potost
“Tarija
See regional map 1V
Geography
Total area: 1,098,580 km: land area:
1,084,390 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
California and Texas combined
Land boundaries: 6,083 km total
Boundary disputes: none; has wanted a
sovereign corridor to the Pacific Ocean
since Atacama area was lost to Chile in
1884; dispute with Chile over Rio Lauca
water rights
Climate: varies with altitude; humid and
tropical to cold and semiarid
Terrain: high plateau, hills, lowland plains
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 25% meadows and pastures;
52% forest and woodland; 20% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: cold, thin air of high pla-
teau makes physical activity very difficult;
overgrazing; soi] erosion; desertification
Special notes: landlocked; shares control
of Lago Titicaca, world’s highest navigable
lake, with Peru
People
Population: 6,309,642 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.19%
Nationality: noun—Bolivian(s); adjective
Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25%
Aymara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic; active
Protestant minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara
(all official)
Infant mortality rate: 142/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 49
Literacy: 63%
Labor force: 1.7 million (1983); 50%
agriculture, 26% services and utilities, 10%
manufacturing, 4% mining, 10% other
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, con-
centrated in mining, industry, construc-
tion, and transportation; mostly organized
under Bolivian Workers’ Central (COB)
labor federation
Government
Official name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic
Capital; La Paz (seat of government);
Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Administrative divisions: nine depart-
ments with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and
Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967;
constitution in force except where contrary
to dispositions dictated by governments
since 1969; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
August
Branches: executive; bicameral legislature
(National Congress—Senate and Chamber
of Deputies); Congress began meeting
again in October 1982; judiciary
Government leader: Victor PAZ Estens-
soro, President (since August 1985)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age
18 if married, 21 if single
Elections: presidential election on 14 July
1985 did not produce the required major-
ity for any of the three leading candidates;
Victor Paz Estenssoro, center-left leader of
the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
(MNR), placed second in the popular vote
to center-right Hugo Banzer, head of the
Nationalist Democratic Action (ADN);
however, the MNR won 94 congressional
seats compared to the ADN’s 5]; as a
27
result, the Bolivian Congress on 5 August
chose Paz Estenssoro to head the govern-
ment; he was inaugurated on 6 August
Political parties and leaders: the two
parties that garnered the most votes in the
1985 elections, the Nationalist Revolution-
ary Movement (MNR) and the Nationalist
Democratic Action (ADN), continue to
have a tactical alliance; MNR, Victor Paz
Estenssoro; ADN, Hugo Banzer; Movement
of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime
Paz Zamora; Nationalist Revolutionary
Movement of the Left (MNRI), Hernan
Siles Zuazo; Bolivian Socialist Falange
(FSB), Mario Gutiérrez; Authentic Revolu-
tionary Party (PRA), Walter Guevara;
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ben-
jamin Miguel; Nationalist Revolutionary
Party of the Left, Juan Lechin Oquendo
Voting strength: (1985 election) ADN
28.11%, MNR 26.66%; MIR 8.86%
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ISO, ITC, ITU, [WC—International
Wheat Council, LAIA and Andean Sub-
Regional Group (created in May 1969
within LAIA, formerly LAFTA), NAM,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.79 billion (1986 est.), $610 per
capita; 79.2% private consumption, 16.6%
public consumption, 12.0% gross domestic
investment; - 11.0% current account bal-
ance (1983); real growth rate - 3.7% (1986)
Natural resources: tin, natural gas, petro-
leum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver, iron
ore
Agriculture: main crops—potatoes, corn,
rice, sugarcane, yucca, bananas, coffee;
imports significant quantities of wheat; an
illegal producer of coca for the interna-
tional drug trade
Major industries: mining, smelting, petro-
leum refining, food processing, textiles,
and clothing
Electric power: 508,000 kW capacity;
2,080 million kWh produced, 330 kWh
per capita (1986)
Bolivia (continued)
Exports: $673 million (f.0.b., 1985); tin,
natural gas, silver, tungsten, zinc, anti-
mony, lead, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar,
cotton
Imports: $582 million (c.i.f., 1985); food-
stuffs, chemicals, capital goods, pharma-
ceuticals, transportation
Major trade partners: exports—Argentina
44%, US 24%, EC 19%, FRG 6%, UK 4%;
imports—Brazil 22%, US 16%, EC 16%,
Argentina 14%, Japan 138%, FRG 4% (1984)
Budget: revenues, $476.9 million; expendi-
tures, $669.8 million (1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1,923,000
pesos=US$1 (December 1986); currency
changed to boliviano on 1 January 1987
with a one-year transition period; 1.92
bolivianos=US$1 (1 January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,675 km total; 3,538 km 1.000-
meter gauge and 32 km 0.760-meter
gauge, all government owned, single track;
105 km 1,000-meter gauge, privately
owned
Highways: 38,836 km total; 1,300 km
paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km im-
proved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to
be 10,000 km of commercially navigable
waterways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined
products, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through
Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matar-
ani, Peru)
Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 711 total, 643 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 7 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 130 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: radio-relay system
being expanded; improved international
services; 144,300 telephones (2.6 per 100
popl.); 129 AM, 62 shortwave, 38 TV
stations; 1] Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
station
Defense Forces
Botswana
200 km
Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy,
Bolivian Air Force (literally, the Army of
the Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the
Air Force of the Nation)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,510,000; 984,000 fit for military service;
65,000 reach military age (19) annually
Tshabong Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map Vil
Geography
Total area: 600,370 km?; land area:
585,370 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Land boundaries: 3,774 km total
Boundary disputes: short section with
Namibia is indefinite
Climate: tropical; warm winters and hot
summers
Terrain: predominately flat to gently
rolling tableland
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 75% meadows and pastures; 2%
forest and woodland; 21% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: continuing drought severely
affecting important cattle industry; over-
grazing; desertification
Special notes: landlocked; very long
boundary with South Africa
People
Population: 1,149,141 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.48%
Nationality: noun—Motswana (sing.),
Botswana (pl.); adjective—Botswana
Ethnic divisions: 95% Batswana; about 4%
Kalanga, Basarwa, and Kgalagadi; about
1% white
Religion: 50% indigenous beliefs, 50%
Christian
Language: English (official), Setswana
28
Infant mortality rate: about 63/1,000
(1985)
Life expectancy: 63.5 (1985)
Literacy: about 24% in English; about 35%
in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school
graduates
Labor force: about 400,000 total; 110,000
formal sector employees (1984); most
others are engaged in cattle raising and
subsistence agriculture; 40,000 formal
sector employees spend at least six to nine
months per year as wage earners in South
Africa (1980); 17% unemployment (1983)
Organized labor: 16 trade unions orga-
nized
Government
Official name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic; independent
member of Commonwealth
Capital: Gaborone
Administrative divisions: ]0 administra-
tive districts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and local customary law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review limited to
matters of interpretation; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Botswana Day, 30
September
Branches: executive—President appoints
and presides over the Cabinet, which is
responsible to National Assembly; bicam-
eral legislature (National Assembly with 34
popularly elected members and four
members elected by the 34 representatives;
House of Chiefs with deliberative powers
only); judicial—local courts administer
customary law, High Court and subordi-
nate courts have criminal jurisdiction over
all residents, Court of Appeal has appellate
jurisdiction
Government leader: Dr. Quett K. J.
MASIRE, President (since July 1980)
Suffrage: universa) adult at age 21
Elections: general elections held 8 Sep-
tember 1984
Politica) parties and leaders: Botswana
Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire;
Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth
Koma; Botswana People’s Party (BPP);
Botswana Independence Party (BIP),
Motsamai Mpho
Voting strength: (September 1984 election)
Legislative Assembly—BDP, 28 seats;
BNF, 5 seats; BPP, } seat
Communists: no known Communist orga-
nization; Koma of BNF has long history of
Communist contacts
Member of: Af{DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, Southern African Cus-
toms Union, SADCC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $905 million, $880 per capita;
average annual real growth 2% (FY83/84)
Natural resources: diamonds, copper,
nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal
Agriculture: principal crops are corn,
sorghum, millet, cowpeas; livestock raised
and exported; heavy dependence on im-
ported food
Major industries: livestock processing;
mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal,
salt, soda ash, potash; tourism
Electric power: 174,000 kW capacity; 583
million kWh produced, 480 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $653 million (f.0.b. 1985); dia-
monds, cattle, animal products, copper,
nickel
Imports: $535 million (c.i.f., 1985); food-
stuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products
Major trade partners: Switzerland, US,
UK, other EC members of Southern Afri-
can Customs Union
Budget: revenues, $433 million; expendi-
tures, $35] million (FY84/85 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.88
pula=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: ] April-31 March
29
Communications
Railroads: 726 km 1.0 67-meter gauge
Highways: 11,514 km total; 1,600 km
paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel,
5,177 km improved earth, 3,037 km unim-
proved earth
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 105 total, 97 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 24 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the small system is
a combination of open-wire lines, radio-
relay links, and a few radiocommunication
stations; 17,900 telephones (1.7 per 100
popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Wing, Botswana
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 215,000;
113,000 fit for military service; 13,000
reach military age (18) annually
Brazil
North Atlentic
Meneus
id
rio Branco
Cuiehs
ane BRASILIA
Belo Hori: ‘onte
Corumbés ,
Rig de Janeiro
Séo Paulo
Boundary representation is
nol necessarily authonlatwe z
South Atlentic
Ocean
—o00km= Pérto Alegre
See cegiona! map IV
Geography
Total area: 8,511,970 km?; land area:
8,456,510 km?
Comparative area: larger than contermi-
nous US
Land boundaries: 13,076 km total
Coastline: 7,491 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Boundary disputes: Paraguay (Rio Parana
area), Uruguay; claims a Zone of Interest
in Antarctica
Climate: mostly tropical, but temperate in
south
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling lowlands in
north; some plains, hills, mountains, and
narrow coastal belt
Land use: 7% arable Jand; 1% permanent
crops; 19% meadows and pastures; 67%
forest and woodland; 6% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recurrent droughts in north-
east; floods and frost in south; deforestation
in Amazon basin
Special notes: largest country in South
America; shares common boundaries with
every South American country except
Chile and Ecuador
People
Population: 147,094,739 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 2.45%
Nationality: noun—Brazilian(s); adjec-
tive—Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian,
German, Japanese, black, Amerindian;
55% white, 38% mixed, 6% black, 1%
other
Religion: (1980) 89% Roman Catholic
(nominal)
Language: Portuguese (official), English
Infant mortality rate: 70/1,000 (1986)
Life expectancy: 62.8
Literacy: 76%
Labor force: 50 million in 1984; 40%
services, 35% agriculture, 25% industry
Organized labor: about 25 million (1986)
Government
Official name: Federative Republic of
Brazil
Type: federal republic; democratically
elected president since March 1985
Capital: Brasilia
Administrative divisions: 23 states, 3
territories, 1 federal district
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual
system of courts, state and federal; consti-
tution adopted in 1967 and extensively
amended in 1969; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 7
September
Branches: strong executive with very
broad powers; bicameral legislature (Na-
tional Congress) with growing powers,
comprised of Senate and Chamber of
Deputies that will combine to form a
Constituent Assembly in 1987 to draft a
new constitution; 11-man Supreme Court
Government leader: José SARNEY Costa,
President (since April 1985)
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18
Elections: Tancredo Neves indirectly
elected by an electoral college composed
of members of congress and delegates
from the state legislatures, ending 20 years
of military rule; died before assuming
30
office; municipal elections held November
1985; congressional and gubernatorial
elections held November 1986; constitu-
tional convention February 1987
Political parties and leaders: Brazilian
Democratic Movement Party (PMDB),
Ulysses Guimaraes, president; Liberal
Front Party of President Sarney’s govern-
ment coalition, Mauricio Campos, presi-
dent; other parties—Workers Party (PT),
Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Democratic
Workers Party (PDT), and Social Demo-
cratic Party (PDS); Communist parties
legalized in March 1985—Brazilian Com-
munist Party (PCB) and Communist Party
of Brazil (PCdoB)
Voting strength: (November 1986 Con-
gressional elections) 77% government
coalition (PMDB and PFL), 7% PDS, 10%
leftist opposition parties (PT, PDT, PCB)
Communists: about 30,000
Other political or pressure groups: left
wing of the Catholic Church and labor
unions allied to leftist Worker’s Party are
critical of military government's social and
economic policies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
1DB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, 1HO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $250 billion, $1,740 per capita (1986
est.); 83% consumption, 16% gross invest-
ment, 2% net foreign balance (1984 est.);
real growth rate 8.38% (1985); inflation rate
about 70% (1986)
Natural resources: iron ore, manganese,
bauxite, nickel, uranium, tin, gemstones,
hydroelectric power
Agriculture: main products—coffee, rice,
corn, sugarcane, cocoa, soybeans, cotton,
manioc, oranges; nearly self-sufficient
except for wheat; an illegal producer of
coca and cannabis for the international
drug trade
Fishing: catch 958,908 metric tons (1984);
exports, $174 million (f.0.b., 1984); im-
ports, $36 million (f.0.b., 1984)
Major industries: textiles and other con-
sumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber,
iron ore, steel, motor vehicles, other metal-
working industries, capital goods, tin
Crude steel: 20.0 million metric tons
capacity; 17.5 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985); 125 kg per capita
Electric power: 42,945,000 kW capacity;
1,680,000 million kWh produced, 1,170
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $25.1 billion (f.0.b., 1985); soy-
beans, coffee, transport equipment, iron
ore, steel products, chemicals, machinery,
orange juice, shoes, sugar
Imports: $12.7 billion (f.0.b., 1985); petro-
leum, machinery, chemicals, fertilizers,
wheat, copper
Major trade partners: exports—27% US,
27% EC, 9% Latin America, 5% Japan,
32% other (1985); imports—35% Middle
East and Africa, 20% US, 12% Latin
America, 15% EC, 4% Japan, 14% other
(1985)
Budget: public sector—revenues, 92,529
million cruzados; current expenditures,
75,541 million cruzados; capital expendi-
tures, 35,070 million cruzados (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 14.11
cruzados=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 29,781 km total; 25,155 km
1.000-meter gauge, 4,339 km 1.600-meter
gauge, 200 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 87 km 0.760-meter gauge; 1,915 km
electrified
Highways: 1,498,000 km total; 48,000 km
paved, 1,400,000 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined
products, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km
Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4,470 total, 3,615 usable; 332
with permanent-surface runways; 1 with
runways over 3,659 m; 23 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 489 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: good telecom sys-
tem; extensive radio-relay facilities, 2
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations with
total of 3 antennas; 64 domestic satellite
stations; 9.86 million telephones (7.3 per
100 popl.); 1,141 AM, 171 shortwave, 200
TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil,
Brazilian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
87,002,000; 25,022,000 fit for military
service; 1,579,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $4.3 billion;
7.2% of central government budget
31
British Indian Ocean
Territory
kn (oan F
ee “Salomon Islands
Peros Banhos”
Chagos
Archipelago
‘Eagle Islands
‘
“= Egmont Islands
Indian Ocean
ea Garcia
See regional map 1
Geography
Total area: 80 km?; land area: 80 km?
Comparative area: less than one-half the
size of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: about 120 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Diego Garcia
claimed by Mauritius
Climate: tropical marine; hot, humid,
moderated by trade winds
Terrain: flat and low (up to 4 meters in
elevation)
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: consists of 2,300 islands
Special notes: Diego Garcia, largest and
southernmost island, occupies strategic
location in central Indian Ocean
People
Population: no permanent civilian popula-
tion; formerly about 3,000 islanders
Ethnic divisions: civilian inhabitants,
known as the Ilois, evacuated to Mauritius _
before construction of UK and US defense
facilities
Government
Official name: British Indian Ocean Terri-
tory
British Indian Ocean
Territory (continued)
Type: colony administered by United
Kingdom
Capital: none
Government leaders: W. Marsden, Com-
missioner (since 1986; resident in UK); T.
C. Stitt, Administrator (since 1986)
Economy
Electric power: provided by US military
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: short stretch of paved road
between port and airfield on Diego Garcia
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Diego Garcia)
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable with
permanent-surface runways over 3,659 m
on Diego Garcia
Telecommunications: minimal telecom-
munications facilities; US Navy operates 1
AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV stations
Defense Forces
United Kingdom and United States de-
fense facilities
British Virgin Islands
—lokm
North Anegada y
Atlantic
Ocean
Jost YY
Van w~® % oe 18 Lon
Oy ke Gorda
Oo <A. ic 3
@ ROAD TOW! B®
CFs .
Tortola .
ra
Caribbean Sea
See regional map Ill
Geography
Total area: 150 km?; land area: 150 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Washington, D. C.
Coastline; 80 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Climate: subtropical; humid; temperatures
moderated by trade winds
Terrain: coral islands relatively flat; volca-
nic islands steep, hilly
Land use: 20% arable land; 7% permanent
crops; 838% meadows and pastures; 7%
forest and woodland; 33% other
Environment: subject to hurricanes and
tropical storms
Special notes: strong ties to nearby US
Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico
People
Population: 12,374 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.12%
Nationality: noun—Virgin Islander(s);
adjective—Virgin Islander
Ethnic divisions: over 90% black, remain-
der of white and Asian origin
Religion: majority Methodist; others in-
clude Anglican, Church of God, Seventh-
Day Adventist, Baptist, and Roman
Catholic
82
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 98.3%
Work force: 4,911 (1980)
Government
Official name: British Virgin Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital; Road Town
Administrative divisions: 9 electoral
districts
Legal system: English law; justice is ad-
ministered by the Eastern Caribbean
Supreme Court and Courts of Summary
Jurisdiction and Magistrates; there is a
resident puisne judge on the islands; new
constitution in 1977
National holiday: Territory Day, 1 July
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet)
consists of the Governor as chairman, four
ministers of the legislature, and an ex
officio member who is the attorney gen-
eral; Legislative Council consists of the
Speaker (elected from outside the Council),
nine elected members, and an ex officio
member who is the attorney general
Government leaders: Mark HERDMAN,
Governor and Chairman of the Executive
Council (since 1986); H. Lavitty STOUTT,
Chief Minister (since 1986)
Suffrage: universal adult over 18
Elections: at least once every five years;
last general election held 30 September
1986
Political parties and leaders: United
Party (UP), Conrad Maduro; Virgin Islands
Party (VIP), H. Lavitty Stoutt; Indepen-
dent, C. B. Romney
Voting strength: 1986 elections—UP 2
seats; VIP 5 seats; Independents 2 seats
Communists: probably none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
GDP: $77.1 million (1983)
Agriculture: limited—livestock (including
poultry), fish, fruit, and vegetables
Fishing: 293 metric tons fish, 25 metric
tons crustaceans (1975)
Major industries: tourism (over 45%),
construction, rum, concrete block
Electric power: 7,500 kW capacity; 33
million kWh produced, 2,750 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $2.0 million (1981); fresh fish,
gravel, sand, fruits, and vegetables
Imports: $49.8 million (1981); building
materials, automobiles, foodstuffs, machin-
ery
Major trade partners: mostly with neigh-
boring US Virgin Islands
Budget: revenues, $19.79 million; expendi-
tures, $19.0 million (1984 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: official cur-
rency is the US dollar
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 106 km motorable roads (1983)
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Road Town)
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones—
worldwide external telephone service and
cable communication links; 1 AM and |
TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Brunei
25. km_
South China
Sea
Kuala
Belait
See regional map 1X
Geography
Total area: 5,770 km?; land area: 5,270
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Delaware
Land boundary: 381 km with Malaysia
Coastline: 161 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; possible territo-
rial claim in complex dispute over Spratly
Islands involving China, Malaysia, Philip-
pines, Taiwan, and Vietnam
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Terrain: flat coastal plain rises to moun-
tains in east; hilly lowland in west
Land use: 1% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 79%
forest and woodland; 18% other; includes
NEGL®% irrigated
Environment: typhoons, earthquakes, and
severe flooding are rare
Special notes: close to vital sea lanes
through South China Sea linking Indian
and Pacific Oceans; two parts physically
separated by Malaysia; almost an enclave
of Malaysia
People
Population: 249,961 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.67%
83
Nationality: noun—Bruneian(s); adjec-
tive—Bruneian
Ethnic divisions: 64% Malay, 20% Chi-
nese, 16% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (official); 8% Chris-
tian; 32% Buddhist and indigenous beliefs
Language: Malay (official), English, and
Chinese
Life expectancy: 73.7
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 68,128 (includes members of
the Army); 50.4% production of oil, natu-
ral gas, and construction; 47.6% trade,
services, and other; 2.0% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing (1984)
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Government
Official name: State of Brunei Darussalam
Type: constitutional sultanate; became a
sovereign state and fully independent from
United Kingdom on 1 January 1984
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
National holiday: National Day, 23 Feb-
ruary
Administrative divisions: four administra-
tive districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; con-
stitution promulgated by the Sultan in
1959
Branches: chief of state is Sultan (advised
by appointed Privy Council), who appoints
Executive Council and Legislative Council
Government leader: Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah, Sultan and Prime Minister (since
August 1968)
Suffrage: universal at 21; three-tiered
system of indirect elections; popular vote
cast for lowest level (district councilors)
Elections: last elections—March 1965;
further elections postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: Brunei
National Democratic Party (established on
18 September 1985, the first legal political
party), Abdul Latif bin Abdul Hamid,
Chairman; Brunei National United Party
(established on 4 February 1986), Anak
Hasanuddin, chairman
Communists: probably none
Brunei (continued)
Member of: ASEAN, ESCAP (associate
member), IMO, INTERPOL, O1C, UN
Economy
GDP: $3.422 billion, $14,750 per capita
(1985)
Natural resources: oil, natura! gas
Agriculture: rice, pepper; imports most
food
Major industry: crude petroleum, lique-
fied natural gas, construction
Electric power: 163,000 kW capacity; 470
million kWh produced, 2,000 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $3.1 billion (1985); 98-99% crude
oil, liquefied natural gas, and petroleum
products
Imports: $640 million (1985); includes
machinery and transport equipment,
manufactured goods, food, beverages,
tobacco, and other; most consumer goods
imported
Major trade partners: exports—{erude
petroleum and liquefied natural gas)
roughly two-thirds to Japan; imports—
Singapore 24%, Japan 20%, US 16% (1985)
Budget: revenues, $2,109 million; expendi-
tures, $1,219 million; surplus $890 million
(1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.16 Brunei
dollars=US$1 (March 1986) inflation under
2.0% (1985/86)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow-
gauge private line
Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved
(bituminous treated) and another 52 km
under construction, 720 km gravel or
unimproved
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by
craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
Ports: 1 major (Muara), 4 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined
products, 418 km; natural gas, 920 km
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service throughout
country is adequate for present needs;
international service good to adjacent
Sabah and Sarawak; radiobroadcast cover-
age good; 27,000 telephones (11.0 per 100
popl.); Radio Brunei broadcasts from 4
AM/FM stations and 1 TV station; 52,000
radio receivers; 1 satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces,
including air wing, navy, and ground
forces; British Gurkha Battalion; Royal
Brunei Police; Gurkha Reserve Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49, 61,000;
37,000 fit for military service; about 3,300
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $197.6 million; about 17%
of central government budget
34
Bulgaria
125 km
Stara
pSOFIA Zagora,
Piovdiv
- Blagoevgrad
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 110,910 km?; land area:
110,550 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Ohio
Land boundaries: 1,883 km total
Coastline: 354 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Macedonia
question with Greece and Yugoslavia
Climate: temperate; cold, damp winters,
hot, dry summers
Terrain: mostly mountains with lowlands
in north and south
Land use: 34% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 35%
forest and woodland; 10% other; includes
11% irrigated
Environment: subject to earthquakes,
landslides; deforestation
Special notes: strategic location near
Turkish Straits; controls key land routes
from Europe to Middle Fast and Asia
People
Population: 8,960,749 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.08%
Nationality: noun—Bulgarian(s); adjec-
tive—Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarian, 8.5%
Turk, 2.6% Gypsy, 2.5% Macedonian, 0.3%
Armenian, 0.2% Russian, 0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; relig-
ious background of population is 85%
Bulgarian Orthodox, 18% Muslim, 0.8%
Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protes-
tant, Gregorian-Armenian, and other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages
closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Infant mortality rate: 20.2/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 74
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 4,113,546 (1983); 34% indus-
try, 22% agriculture, 44% other
Government
Official name: People’s Republic of Bul-
garia
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofia
Administrative divisions: 27 okrugs (dis-
tricts); capital city of Sofia has equivalent
status
Legal system: based on civil law system,
with Soviet law influence; new constitution
adopted in 1971; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in the State Council; has accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation
Day, 9 September
Branches: legislative (National Assembly);
judiciary, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Todor Khristov
ZHIVKOV, Chairman, State Council
(President and Chief of State; since July
1971); Georgi Ivanov ATANASOV, Chair-
man, Council of Ministers (Premier; since
March 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: held every five years for Na-
tional Assembly; last election held in June
1986; more than 99% of electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian
Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, General
Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian
Union, a puppet party, Petur Tanchev,
secretary of Permanent Board
Communists: 932,055 party members
(April 1986)
Mass organizations and front groups:
Fatherland Front, Dimitrov Communist
Youth Union, Central Council of Trade
Unions, National Committee for Defense
of Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fas-
cism and Capitalism, Committee of Bul-
garian Women, All-National Committee
for Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMO, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO; Warsaw Pact, International
Organization of Journalists, International
Medical Association, International Radio
and Television Organization
Economy
GNP: $57.8 billion, $6,460 per capita; real
growth rate, — 0.8% (1985)
Natural resources: bauxite, copper, lead,
zinc, coal, lignite, lumber
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main
crops—grain, tobacco, fruits, vegetables,
sheep, hogs, poultry, cheese, sunflower
seeds
Fishing: catch 121,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: food processing, ma-
chine and metal building, electronics,
chemicals
Shortages: some raw materials; scattered
energy and food shortages in 1985
Crude steel: 2.9 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 324 kg per capita
Electric power: 11,298,000 kW capacity;
45,000 million kWh produced, 4,956 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $ 13.8 billion (f.o.b., 1986 est.);
54% machinery and equipment; 19%
agricultural products; 10% fuels, mineral
raw materials, and metals; 10% manufac-
tured consumer goods; 7% other
Imports: $14.1 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
47% fuels and minerals, 33% machinery
and equipment, 5% chemicals, 4% manu-
factured consumer goods, 11% other (1982)
35
Major trade partners: 56% USSR, 19%
other Communist countries, 25% non-
Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 0.95
leva=US$1 (July 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,278 km total; all government
owned (1984); about 4,083 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 823
km double track; 2,053 km electrified
Highways: 36,336 km total; 33,042 km
hard surface (including 211 km superhigh-
ways); 3,294 km earth roads (1984)
Inland waterways: 471 km (1981)
Pipelines: crude, 193 km; refined product,
418 km; natural gas, 1,400 km
Freight carried: rail—82.9 million metric
tons, 18.1 billion metric tons/km; high-
way—914 million metric tons, 17.1 billion
metric tons/km; waterway—4.0 million
metric tons, 2.0 billion metric tons/km
(1985)
Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West,
Burgas), 6 minor; principal river ports are
Ruse and Lom
Civil air: 65 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 380 total; 15 with runways 2,500
m or longer
Telecommunications: 15 AM, 14 FM, 13
TV stations; 1 Soviet TV relay; 2,002,000
TV sets; 2,100,000 receiver sets; at least 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Bulgarian People’s Army, Fron-
tier Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces,
Bulgarian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,156,000; 1,808,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 65,000 reach military age (19) annu-
ally
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending
831 December 1986, 1.2 billion leva; 6.0%
of total budget
Burkina
200km
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 274,200 km?; land area:
273,800 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Colorado
Land boundaries: 3,307 km total
Climate: tropical; warm, dry winters; hot,
wet summers
Terrain: mostly flat to dissected, undulat-
ing plains; hills in south
Land use: 10% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 87% meadows and
pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 27%
other; includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recent droughts and deserti-
fication severely affecting marginal agri-
cultural activities, population distribution,
economy; overgrazing; deforestation
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 8,276,272 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.42%
Nationality: noun—Burkinabe; adjective—
Burkinabe
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes;
principal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million);
other important groups are Gurunsi, Se-
nufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, about
25% Muslim, 10% Christian (mainly Cath-
olic)
Language: French (official); tribal lan-
guages belong to Sudanic family, spoken
by 50% of the population
Infant mortality rate: 182/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 42
Literacy: 7%
Labor force: 90% agriculture; 10% indus-
try, commerce, services, and government;
about 30,000 are wage earners; about 20%
of male labor force migrates annually to
neighboring countries for seasonal employ-
ment
Organized labor: four principal trade
union groups represent less than 1% of
population
Government
Official name: Burkina Faso (since August
1984)
Type: military; established by coup on 4
August 1983
Capital: Ouagadougou
Administrative divisions: 30 provinces;
250 departments
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
August
Branches: President is an army officer;
military council of unknown number;
21-member military and civilian Cabinet;
judiciary
Government leaders: Cdr. Thomas
SANKARA, President (since August 1983)
Suffrage: none
Elections: political process suspended; no
talk of returning to constitutional rule
Politica] parties and leaders: all political
parties banned following November 1980
coup
Communists: small Communist party
front group; some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: com-
mittees for the defense of the revolution,
watchdog/ political action groups estab-
lished by current regime throughout the
country in both organizations and commu-
nities
36
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, GATT,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission,
OAU, OCAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.1 billion, $170 per capita; real
growth, - 1.3% (1983)
Natural resources: manganese, limestone,
marble, gold, antimony, copper, nickel,
bauxite, lead, phosphates
Agriculture: cash crops—peanuts, shea
nuts, sesame, cotton; food crops—sorghum,
millet, corn, rice; livestock; food deficiency
Fishing: catch 7,000 metric tons (1983 est.)
Major industries: agricultural processing
plants, brewery, bottling, and brick plants;
a few other light industries
Electric power: 73,000 kW capacity; 159
million kWh produced, 22 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $110 million (f.o.b., 1983); live-
stock (on the hoof), peanuts, shea nut
products, cotton, sesame
Imports: $230 million (f.0.b., 1983); tex-
tiles, food, and other consumer goods,
transport equipment, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners; lvory Coast and
Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France
and other EC countries; preferential tariff
to EC and franc zone countries
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $1.8 billion; US autho-
rized, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $223
million; Communist countries (1970-85),
$64 million
Budget: revenues, $220 million; current
expenditures, $148 million; development
expenditures, $16] million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: about 331.24
Communauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km Ouagadougou to
Abidjan (Ivory Coast line); 516 km 1.000-
meter gauge, single track in Burkina
Highways: 16,500 km total; 1,300 km
paved, 7,400 km improved, 7,800 km
unimproved
Civil] air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 51 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services only
fair; radio-relay, wire, radio communica-
tion stations in use; 13,900 telephones
(under 0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, 2
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,772,000; 905,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $26.9 million; about
18.1% of central government budget
Burma
500 km
Andaman
Sea
See regional map VIIl and 1X
Geography
Total area: 676,550 km?; land area:
657,740 km?
Comparative area: nearly as large as
Texas
Land boundaries: 5,850 km total
Coastline: 3,060 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy,
hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon,
June to September); less cloudy, scant
rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humid-
ity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)
Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep,
tugged highlands
Land use: 15% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 49%
forest and woodland; 34% other; includes
2% irrigated
Environment: subject to destructive earth-
quakes and cyclones; flooding and land-
slides common during rainy season (June
to September); deforestation
Special notes: strategic location near
major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
37
People
Population: 38,822,484 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.08%
Nationality: noun—Burmese; adjective—
Burmese
Ethnic divisions: 68% Burman, 9% Shan,
7% Karen, 4% Raljome, 3% Chinese, 2%
Indian, 7% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% indigenous
beliefs, Muslim, Christian, or other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic
groups have their own languages
Infant mortality rate: 96/1,000 (1986)
Life expectancy: 57
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 14.8 million (est. 1985/86);
66.1% agriculture, 12.0% industry, 10.6%
government, 9.7% trade, 1.6% other
Organized labor: Workers’ Asiayone or
association (1.8 million members) and
Peasants’ Asiayone (7.6 million members)
integrated into the country’s sole political
party
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of the
Union of Burma
Type: republic
Capital: Rangoon
Administrative divisions: seven divisions
(predominantly Burman population) and
seven states (based on ethnic minorities),
subdivided into townships, village-tracts
(rural), and wards (urban)
Legal system: People’s Justice system and
People's Courts instituted under 1974
constitution; has not accepted compulsory
1CJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
January
Branches: Council of State rules through a
Council of Ministers; National Assembly
(Pyithu Hluttaw or People’s Congress) has
legislative power
Government leader: U SAN YU, President
and Chairman of Council of State (since
November 1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Burma (continued)
Elections: National Assembly and local
People’s Councils elected in 1985
Political parties and leaders: government-
sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party
only legal party; U Ne Win, party chair-
man
Communists: est. 15,000 (primarily as an
insurgent group on the northeast frontier)
Other political or pressure groups:
Kachin Independence Army; Karen Na-
tionalist Union, several Shan factions (all
insurgent groups)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT, 1AEA, IBRD, 1CAO,
IDA, IFC, THO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $7.05 billion (in current prices),
$190 per capita; real growth rate 6.2%; 7%
inflation rate (FY85/86)
Natural resources: oil, timber, tin, copper,
tungsten, lead, asbestos, some marble,
limestone, precious stones; possibly chro-
mium, gypsum
Agriculture: accounts for 64% of total
employment and about 27% of GDP; main
crops—paddy, beans, pulses, maize, oil-
seeds, sugarcane, peanuts; almost 100%
self-sufficient; most rice grown in deltaic
land; an illegal producer of opium poppy
and cannabis for the international drug
trade
Fishing: catch 585,800 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: agricultural processing;
textiles and footwear; wood and wood
products; petroleum refining; mining of
copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction
materials
Electric power: 826,000 kW capacity;
1,750 million kWh produced, 50 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $317.27 million (f.0.b., FY85/86);
teak and hardwoods, rice, pulses and
beans, base metals, ores, marine products,
rubber
Imports: $602.32 million (f.0.b., FY85/86);
machinery and transportation equipment,
building materials, oil industry equipment
Major trade partners: exports—Singapore,
Western Enrope, China, UK, Japan; im-
ports—Japan, Western Europe, Singapore,
UK
Budget: revenues, $3,754 million; expendi-
tures, $4,381 million (FY85/86 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.18
kyats=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,353 km total; all government
owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113
km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km
double track
Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km
bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth or
gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km
navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines: crude, 1,117 km; natural gas,
830 km
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
(including 3 helicopters)
Airfields: 89 total, 83 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 37 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: meets minimum
requirements for local and intercity ser-
vice; international service is good;
radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the
most populous areas; 49,597 telephones
(1982/83; 1 per 1,000 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM,
and 1 TV stations (1985); 1 satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
18,940,000; of the 9,439,000 males 15-49,
5,069,000 are fit for military service; of
the 9,501,000 females 15-49, 5,091,000 are
fit for military service; 413,000 males and
403,000 females reach military age (18)
annually; both sexes are liable for military
service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1987, $249.48 million; about 21.7%
of central government budget
38
Burundi
50 km
Muyinga,
cS itega
Laka 4
Tanganyika _Bururi
See regional map VUl
Geography
Total area: 27,830 km; land area: 25,650
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Maryland
Land boundaries: 974 km total
Climate: temperate; warm; occasional frost
in uplands
Terrain: mostly rolling to hilly highland;
some plains
Land use: 43% arable land; 8% permanent
crops; 35% meadows and pastures; 2%
forest and woodland; 12% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: soil exhaustion; soil erosion;
deforestation
Special notes: landlocked; straddles crest
of the Nile-Congo watershed
People
Population: 5,005,504 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.92%
Nationality; noun—Burundian(s); adjec-
tive—Burundi
Ethnic divisions: Africans—85% Hutu
(Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1% Twa
(Pygmy); other Africans include around
70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and
Zairians; non-Africans include about 3,000
Europeans and 2,000 South Asians
Religion: abont 67% Christian (62% Ro-
man Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indige-
nous beliefs, 1% Muslim
Language: Kirundi and French (official);
Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the
Bujumbura area)
Infant mortality rate: 121/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 42.3
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: about 1.9 million (1983);
93.0% agriculture, 4.0% government, 1.5%
industry and commerce, 1.5% services
Organized labor: sole group is the Union
of Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter,
membership is extended to all Burundi
workers (informally), figures denoting
active membership unobtainable
Government
Official name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic
Capital; Bujumbura
Administrative divisions: 15 provinces,
subdivided into arrondissements and
communes according to a 1982 redistrict-
ing
Legal system: based on German and
French civil codes and customary law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
July
Branches: executive (President and Cabi-
net); judicial; legislature (National Assem-
bly) reestablished in 1982
Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste
BAGAZA, President and Head of State
(since 1976)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: new constitution approved by
national referendum in November 1981;
election to National Assembly held in
October 1982
Political parties and leaders: National
Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a
Tutsi-led party, declared sole legitimate
party in 1966; second national party con-
gress held in 1984; Col. Jean-Baptiste
Bagaza confirmed as party president for
five-year term
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, EAMA, ECA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNE SCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $963 million (1984 est.), $217 per
capita (1985); 3% real growth rate (1983)
Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare
earth oxide, peat, cobalt, copper, platinum
(not yet exploited)
Agriculture: major cash crops—coffee,
cotton, tea; main food crops—manioc,
yams, peas, corn, sorghum, bananas, hari-
cot beans
Major industries: light consumer goods
such as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of
imports; public works construction; food
processing
Electric power: 34,000 kW capacity; 44
million kWh produced, 9 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $83.5 million (1984); coffee (87%),
tea, cotton, hides and skins
Imports: $158 million (1984); textiles,
foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Budget: revenues, $121.4 million; expendi-
tures, $146.4 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 121.7 Burundi
francs=US$ 1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,900 km total; 400 km paved,
2,500 km gravel or laterite, 3,000 km
improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika; 1
lake port, at Bujumbura, connects to
transportation systems of Zaire and Tanza-
nia
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
39
Telecommunications: sparse system of
wire and low-capacity radio-relay links;
about 6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.);
2 AM, 2 FM, and 1 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (including naval and air
units); paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,108,000; 580,000 fit for military service;
56,000 reach military age (16) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $39.3 million; about 18%
of central government budget
Cambodia
& Stoon:
Siémréab « Teng
8 démbang
Qe “se Krachéh
e
PHNOM Eon
Gulf of
Thailand
See regional map 1X
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authontatiwe
Geography
Total area: 181,040 km?; land area:
176,520 km?
Comparative area: the size of Missouri
Land boundaries: 2,438 km total
Coastline: 443 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Terrttortal sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: Vietnam (three areas);
occupied by Vietnam
Climate: tropical; rainy, monsoon season
(May to October); dry season (December to
March); little seasonal temperature varia-
tion
Terrain: mostly low, flat plains; mountains
in southwest and north
Land use: 16% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 3% meadows and pastures; 76%
forest and woodland; 4% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: a land of paddies and
forests dominated by Mekong River and
Tonle Sap
Special notes: buffer between Thailand
and Vietnam
People
Population: 6,536,079 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.26%.
Nationality: noun—Cambodian(s); adjec-
tive—Cambodian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Cambo-
dian), 5% Chinese, 5% other minorities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5%
other
Language: Khmer (official), French
Life expectancy: men 42, women 44.9
Literacy: 48%
Government
Official name: People’s Republic of Kam-
puchea (PRK; pro-Vietnamese, in Phnom
Penh); the three resistance groups function
collectively as the Coalition Government
of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK)
Type: PRK is Communist; CGDK is na-
tionalist coalition of one Communist and
two non-Communist factions
Capital; Phnom Penh
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces
Legal system: no information
National holiday: 17 April for both re-
gimes
Branches: PRK—unicameral legislature
(National Assembly); highest authority of
the land is technically the Council of
State, whose chairman serves as the
country’s president; Council of Ministers
oversees implementation of party poli-
cies—chairman is equivalent of premier
Government leaders: PRK—HENG
SAMRIN, President (since January 1979),
HUN SEN, Prime Minister; CGDK—
Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, Presi-
dent (since July 1982); SON SANN, Prime
Minister (since July 1982); KHIEU SAM-
PHAN, Vice President (since July 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: PRK—
Kampuchean Peoples Revolutionary Party,
the Communist party installed by Vietnam
in 1979; CGDK—an umbrella organization
for three resistance groups, including
Democratic Kampuchea under Khieu
Samphan, Khmer People’s National Liber-
ation Front (KPNLF) under Son Sann, and
National United Front for an Independent,
Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cam-
bodia under Prince Norodom Sihanouk
40
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IRC, 1TU, Mekong Commit-
tee (inactive), NAM, UN, UNE SCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO for CGDK;
none for PRK
Economy
Natural resources: timber, gemstones,
some iron ore, manganese, phosphates,
hydroelectric power (potential)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for
rubber plantations; main crops—rice,
rubber, corn; food shortages—rice, meat,
vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing,
wood and wood products, rubber
Shortages: fossil fuels
Electric power: 125,000 kW capacity; 142
million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: probably less than $10 million
(1983 est.); natural rubber, rice, pepper,
wood
Imports: probably less than $30 million
(1983); international food aid; Soviet bloc
economic development aid (post-1979)
Trade partners: Vietnam, USSR, Eastern
Europe, Japan, India
Aid: US (FY70-85), $715 million; other
Western (1970-84), $265 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-82), $1.2
billion
Monetary conversion rate; 4 riels=US$1
(1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge;
government owned
Highways: 13,35) km total; 2,622 km
bituminous, 7,105 km crushed stone,
gravel, or improved earth; and 3,624 km
unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all
year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km
navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters
Ports: 2 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 26 total, 18 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service barely
adequate for government requirements
and virtually nonexistent for general
public; international service limited to
Vietnam and other adjacent countries;
earth satellite station scheduled for early
1987; radiobroadcasts limited to 1 station;
1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: PRK—People’s Republic of
Kampuchea Armed Forces; resistance
forces are the National Army of Demo-
cratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge), Khmer
People’s National Liberation Armed
Forces, and Sihanoukist National Army
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,782,000; 988,000 fit for military service;
about 73,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Cameroon
300 km
Ngaounderé
>
-bafoussam rf
Bertoua
» e
Dovele Yaounde
Gulf of Guinea
See regional map V1l
Geography
Total area: 475,440 km?; land area:
469,440 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
California
Land boundaries: 4,554 km total
Coastline: 402 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Territorial sea: 50 nm
Boundary disputes: none; sporadic border
dispute with Nigeria
Climate: varies with terrain from tropical
along coast to semiarid and hot in north
Terrain: diverse with coasta] plain in
southwest, dissected plateau in center,
mountains in west, plains in north
Land use: 13% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 54%
forest and woodland; 13% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recent volcanic activity
with release of poisonous gases; deforesta-
tion; overgrazing; desertification
Special notes: sometimes referred to as
the hinge of Africa
People
Population: 10,255,332 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.66%
Nationality: noun—Cameroonian(s); adjec-
tive—Cameroonian
4l
Ethnic divisions: over 200 tribes of widely
differing background; 31% Cameroon
Highlanders, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11%
Kirdi, 10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern
Bantu, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 18% other
African, less than 1% non-African
Religion: 51% indigenous beliefs, 33%
Christian, 16% Muslim
Language: English and French (official),
24 major African language groups
Infant mortality rate: 113/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 44
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: (1983) 74.4% agriculture,
11.4% industry and transport, 14.2% other
services
Organized labor: under 45% of wage
labor force
Government
Official name: United Republic of
Cameroon
Type: unitary republic; one-party presi-
dential regime
Capital: Yaoundé
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces
divided into departments, arrondissements,
districts, led by provincial governors ap-
pointed by President
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, with common law influence; uni-
tary constitution adopted 1972; judicial
review by Supreme Court when a question
of constitutionality is referred to it by the
President; has not accepted compulsory
1C] jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 20 May
Branches: executive (President), legislative
(National Assembly), and judicial (Supreme
Court)
Government leader: Paul BIYA, President
(since November 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21]
Elections: parliamentary elections held
May 1983; presidential elections held
January 1984
Cameroon (continued)
Political parties and leaders: Cameroon
People’s Democratic Movement (known as
the Cameroon People’s National Union
during 1966-85), Paul Biya, President
Communists: no Communist party or
significant number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups:
Cameroon People’s Union (UPC), remains
an illegal group with its factional leaders
in exile
Member of: AfBD, EAMA, ECA, EIB
(associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commis-
sion, NAM, Niger River Commission,
OAU, OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.3 billion (1983-84), about $770
per capita; average annual growth rate
6.5% (1984); average inflation rate 15%
(1984)
Natural resources: oil, natural gas, baux-
ite, iron ore, timber
Agriculture: commercial and food crops—
coffee, cocoa, timber, cotton, rubber,
bananas, peanuts, palm oil and palm
kernels; root starches, livestock, millet,
sorghum, and rice
Fishing: 75,000 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: crude oil production,
small aluminum plant, food processing,
light consumer goods industries; sawmills
Electric power: 604,000 kW capacity;
4,200 million kWh produced, 2,540 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $855.2 million (f.o.b., 1984);
crude oil, cocoa, coffee, timber, aluminum,
cotton, natural rubber, bananas, peanuts,
tobacco, tea, mineral products, food,
alcohol, metal and metal products, textiles,
wood products
Imports: $1.101 billion (f.o.b., 1984);
consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, alumina for refining, petro-
leum products, food, beverages, electrical
equipment, chemical products
Major trade partners: most trade with
France, other EC countries, and the US
Budget: revenues, $1.6 billion; current
expenditures, $2.3 billion (1986-87 pro-
jected)
Monetary conversion rate: 331.24 Com-
munauté Financiére Africaine
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: | July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: about 65,000 km total; includes
2,682 km bituminous, 30,000 km unim-
proved earth, 32,318 km gravel, earth, and
improved earth
Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreas-
ing importance
Ports: 1 major (Douala), 8 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 58 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 25 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: good system of
open wire and radio-relay; 26,000 tele-
phones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1 FM,
and | TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; para-
military Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,345,000; 1,181,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 111,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1987, $153.6 million; 6.5% of central
government budget
42
Canada
1200 km
Arctic Ocean
eines
Qs Battin
Sgr > Bay
cs PNR fe
=
Labrador
*whitshorse
Churchill
Vancouver Catgary
Winnipeg
Leake Superior
Lake Huron
See regional map 11
Geography
Total area: 9,976,140 km?; land area:
9,220,970 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than US
Land boundaries: 9,010 km total
Coastline: 243,791 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
putes with France, US
Climate: varies from temperate in south to
subarctic and arctic in north
Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in
west and lowlands in southeast
Land use: 5% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
35% forest and woodland; 57% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: 80% of population concen-
trated within 160 km of US border; con-
tinuous permafrost in north a serious
obstacle to development
Special notes: second largest country in
world; strategic location between USSR
and US via polar route
People
Population: 25,857,943 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.91%
Nationality: noun—Canadian(s); adjec-
tive—Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 45% British Isles origin,
29% French origin, 23% other European,
1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo
Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 16%
United Church, 10% Anglican
Language: English and French (official)
Infant mortality rate: 9.1/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 71.9, women 79
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 12.88 million (1986 average);
68% services (37% government, 23% trade
and finance, 8% transportation), 18%
manufacturing, 6% construction, 3.8%
agriculture, 4.2% other; 9.6% unemploy-
ment (1986 average)
Organized labor: 80.6% of labor force;
39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers
Government
Official name: Canada
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth
II as sovereign
Capital: Ottawa
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces
and 2 territories
Legal system: based on English common
law, except in Quebec, where civil law
system based on French law prevails;
constitution as of 1982 (formerly British
North America Act of 1867 and various
amendments); accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July
Branches: federal executive power vested
in cabinet collectively responsible to House
of Commons and headed by Prime Minis-
ter; federal legislative authority resides in
Parliament (282 seats) consisting of Queen
represented by Governor General, Senate,
and House of Commons; judges appointed
by Governor General on the advice of the
government; Supreme Court is highest
tribunal
Government leaders: Brian MULRONEY,
Prime Minister (since September 1984);
Jeanne SAUVE, Governor General (since
May 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legal limit of five years but in
practice usually held within four years;
last election September 1984; 75% voter
turnout
Political parties and leaders: Liberal,
John Turner; Progressive Conservative,
Brian Mulroney; New Democratic,
Edward Broadbent
Voting strength: (1984 election) Progres-
sive Conservative, 50%; Liberal, 28%; New
Democratic Party, 19%; parliamentary
seats as of December 1986—Progressive
Conservative 209, Liberal 40, New Demo-
cratic Party 30, vacant 3
Communists: 2,000
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Com-
monwealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA,
IDB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC,
1TU, 1WC—International Whaling Com-
mission, 1WC—International Wheat Coun-
cil, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD,
PAHO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $366.0 billion, $14,280 per capita;
61.4% consumption, 19.7% investment,
17.2% government, 0.8% net foreign trade;
no change in inventories (1986); real
growth rate 3.0% (1985-86); inflation rate
4.2% (1986)
Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper,
gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver,
fish, forests, wildlife
Agriculture: livestock, grains (principally
wheat), dairy products, feedgrains, oil-
seeds, tobacco; food shortages—fresh fruits
and vegetables
Fishing; catch 1.25 million metric tons
(1984)
Major industries: processed and unproc-
essed minerals, food products, wood and
paper products, transportation equipment,
chemicals, fish products, petroleum and
natural gas
Shortages: rubber, fruits, precision instru-
ments
Crude steel: 15.0 million metric tons
produced (1985); 590 kg per capita
43
Electric power: 99,298,000 kW capacity;
448,840 million kWh produced, 17,500
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $88.1 billion (f.0.b., 1985); princi-
pal items—transportation equipment;
wood and wood products, including paper;
ferrous and nonferrous ores; crude petro-
leum; wheat; Canada is a major food
exporter
Imports: $75.3 billion (f.0.b., 1985); princi-
pal items—transportation equipment,
machinery, crude petroleum, communica-
tion equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated
metals, office machines, fruits and vege-
tables
Major trade partners: imports—71.6% US,
5.9% Japan, 3.0% UK; exports—78.5% US,
4.9% Japan, 2.0% UK, 1.3% USSR (1985)
Aid: US, including Ex-Im Bank (FY70-84),
$1.9 billion; ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $18.5 billion
Budget: total revenues $61.32 billion;
current expenditures $84.91 billion; budget
deficit $23.59 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: C$1.873=US$1
(8 January 1987)
Fiseal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 81,088 km total; 79,917 km
1.435-meter standard gauge, 129 km
electrified; 1,171 km 1.067-meter gauge (in
Newfoundland); 178 km 0.915-meter
gange (unused)
Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km
surfaced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km
earth
Inland waterways: 3,000 km, including St.
Lawrence Seaway
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and
refined; natural gas, 74,980 km
Ports: over 250 ports of which 25 are
sizeable deep water ports
Civil air: 636 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,407 total, 1,076 usable; 412
with permanent-surface runways; 4 with
runways over 3,659 m, 30 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 306 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Canada (continued)
Telecommunications: excellent service
provided by modern telecom media; 18.0
million telephones (66.4 per 100 popl.);
countrywide AM, FM, and TV coverage,
including 900 AM, 80 FM, 1,100 TV
stations; 6 coaxial submarine cables; 3
satellite stations with a total of 5 antennas
and 300 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime
Command, Air Command, Communica-
tions Command, Canadian Forces Europe,
Training Command
Military manpower: males 15-49,
7,036,000; 6,183,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 189,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986, $8.0 billion; about 10.3% of
central government budget
Cape Verde
&... Antéo — 75 km
“bs
Mindelo 5.
Senta % Sal
Sto © Luzis %,
Vicente *. ip
555 ,
Sto ’o
TIED Boe Vista
North Atlantic Ocean
tavento
thas do S0 a”
Fi
ae PRAIA
BraveQ S@o Tiago
See regional map VIl
Geography
Total area: 4,030 km?; land area: 4,030
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Rhode Island
Coastline; 965 km
Maritime claim: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: temperate; warm, dry, summer
precipitation very erratic
Terrain: steep, rugged, rocky, volcanic
Land use: 9% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 6% meadows and pastures;
NEGL% forest and woodland; 85% other;
includes 1% irrigated
Environment: subject to prolonged
droughts; harmattan wind can obscure
visibility; volcanically and seismically
active; deforestation; overgrazing
Special notes: strategic location 500 km
from African coast near major north-south
sea routes; important communications
station; important sea and air refueling site
People
Population: 344,282 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.61%
Nationality: noun—Cape Verdean(s);
adjective—Cape Verdean
Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole
(mulatto), 28% African, 1% European
44
Religion: Catholicism fused with indige-
nous beliefs
Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a
blend of Portuguese and West African
words
Infant mortality rate: 60/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 61
Literacy: 837%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged
in subsistence agriculture
Government
Official name: Republic of Cape Verde
Type: republic
Capital: Praia
Administrative divisions: 2 distritos
subdivided into 14 concelhos
Legal system: based on constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 5
July
Branches: 56-member National People’s
Assembly; the official party is the supreme
political organization
Government leaders: Aristides PEREIRA,
President (since July 1975); Pedro PIRES,
Prime Minister (since July 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: National Assembly election held
December 1985, the second since indepen-
dence
Political parties and leaders: only legal
party, African Party for Independence of
Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides
Pereira, secretary general; PAICV estab-
lished in January 198] to replace the
former ruling party in both Cape Verde
and Guinea-Bissau, the African Party for
the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and
Cape Verde (PAIGC), in protest of the
November 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau
Communists: a few Communists and some
sympathizers
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $110 million, $320 per capita (1983)
Natural resources: salt, basalt rock, pozzo-
lana, limestone, kaolin
Agriculture: main crops—bananas, coffee,
sugarcane, corn, beans
Fishing: catch 13,205 metric tons (1983);
largely undeveloped but provides major
source of export earnings
Major industries: salt mining
Electric power: 14,000 kW capacity; 18
million kWh produced, 56 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $1.6 million (f.0.b., 1983); fish,
bananas, salt, flour
Imports: $68.1 million (c.i.f., 1983); petro-
leum products, corn, rice, machinery,
textiles
Major trade partners: Portugal, UK,
Japan, Angola, Zaire
Budget: public revenues, $20.4 million;
current expenditures, $26.7 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 89.21
escudos=US$1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Ports: 2 major (Mindelo and Praia), 2
minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
],220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: interisland radio-
relay system, high frequency radio to
mainland Portugal and Guinea-Bissau;
about 1,740 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.);
2 FM, 5 AM stations; 1 small TV station; 2
coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: People’s Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air
Force are separate components of FARP
Military manpower: males 15-49, 64,000,
$8,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of
central government budget
Cayman Islands
—5okm_
Caribbean Sea
Little?
Cayman
Grand Cayman
GEORGE TOWN
Caribbean Sea
See regional map 111
Geography
Total area: 260 km2; land area: 260 km?
Comparative area: less than twice the size
of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 160 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical marine with warm
summers and cool winters
Terrain: low lying limestone base sur-
rounded by coral reefs
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 8% meadows and pastures; 23%
forest and woodland; 69% other
Environment: within the Caribbean hurri-
cane belt, but rarely affected
Special notes: important location between
Cuba and Central America
People
Population: 23,192 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.46%
Nationality: noun—Caymanian(s); adjec-
tive—Caymanian
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed, 20% white,
20% black, 20% expatriates of various
ethnic groups
Religion: United Church (Presbyterian
and Congregational), Anglican, Baptist,
Roman Catholic, Church of God, other
Protestant denominations
Language: English
45
Literacy: 97.5%
Labor force: 8,061; 18.7% service workers,
18.6% clerical, 12.5% construction, 6.7%
finance and investment, 5.9% directors and
business managers (1979)
Organized labor: Global Seaman’s Union;
Cayman All Trade Union
Government
Official name: Cayman Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: George Town
Administrative divisions: 8 electoral
districts
Legal system: British common law and
local statutes
National holiday: Constitution Day, 8 July
Branches: executive—Governor and Exec-
utive Council (3 appointed official mem-
bers and 4 elected members chosen by the
Legislative Assembly from its elected
members); legislative—unicameral Legisla-
tive Assembly (12 elected members and 3
appointed by Governor), judicial—Sum-
mary Court, Grand Court, Cayman Islands
Court of Appeal, Her Majesty's Privy
Council
Government leader: George Peter
LLOYD, Governor and President of the
Executive Council (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: elections held every four years
Political parties and leaders: no formal
political parties
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
GDP: $225.0 million, $10,227 per capita
(1982)
Agriculture: minor production of vegeta-
bles and livestock, turtle farming
Major industries: tourism, banking, insur-
ance and finance, real estate and construc-
tion
Electric power: 29,000 kW capacity; 90
million kWh produced, 4,090 kWh per
capita (1986)
Cayman Islands (continued)
Exports: $2.4 million (1983); turtle prod-
ucts
Imports: $140.4 million (1983)
Major trade partners: exports—mostly
US; imports—US, Trinidad and Tobago,
UK, Netherlands Antilles
Budget: current revenues, $41.6 million;
current expenditures, $31 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: .833 Cayman
dollar=US$1 (1985)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 160 km of main roads
Ports: 1 major (George Town), 1 minor
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone system
links islands and to worldwide services via
submarine coaxial cable and satellite
ground station; 2 AM and 2 FM radio
stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Branches: police force
Central African Republic
400 km
See regional map Vil
Geography
Total area: 622,980 km?; land area:
622,980 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Land boundaries: 4,981 km total
Climate: tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to
hot, humid, wet summers
Terrain: vast, flat to rolling, monotonous
plateau; scattered hills in northeast and
southwest
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 5% meadows and pastures;
64% forest and woodland; 28% other
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan
winds affect northern areas; poaching has
diminished reputation as one of last great
wildlife refuges; desertification
Special notes: landlocked; almost the
precise center of Africa
People
Population: 2,669,293 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.44%
Nationality: noun—Central African(s),
adjective—Central African
Ethnic divisions: about 80 ethnic groups,
the majority of which have related ethnic
and linguistic characteristics; 34% Baya,
27% Banda, 10% Sara, 21% Mandiia, 4%
Mboum, 4% M’Baka; 6,500 Europeans, of
whom 3,600 are French
46
Religion: 24% indigenous beliefs, 25%
Protestant, 25% Roman Catholic, 15%
Muslim; animistic beliefs and practices
strongly influence the Christian majority
Language: French (official); Sangho (lingua
franca and national language); Arabic,
Hunsa, Swahili
Infant mortality rate: 134/1,000 (1986)
Life expectancy: 44
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 775,413 (1986 est.); 85%
agriculture, 8.9% commerce and services,
2.9% industry, 3% government; about
64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
Government
Official name: Central African Republic
Type: republic, under military rule since
September 1981
Capital: Bangui
Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures,
47 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French law;
constitution (approved in a November
1986 referendum); judiciary, Supreme
Court, court of appeals, criminal court,
and numerous lower courts
National holiday: Independence Day, 13
August; National Day, 1 December
Branches: Chief of State; a national legis-
lature; separate judiciary; assembly called
on Gen. André Dieudonné Kolingba to
form 44-member provisional council to
oversee party activities until special con-
vention elects ruling board
Government leader: Gen.
André-Dieudonné KOLINGBA is Chief of
State, chairman of the Centrafrican Demo-
cratic Rally Party, and head of govern-
ment since 1981
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties and leaders: political
parties banned in September 1981; Cen-
trafrican Democratic Rally Party created
in February 1987 during National Conven-
tion is the only political party
Communists: no Communist party; small
number of Communist sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, CFA (Franc Zone),
Conference of East and Central African
States, EAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, iCO, IDA, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $764 million, $300 per capita,
—8.7% real growth; 4% inflation rate
(1984)
Natural resources: diamonds, uranium,
timber, gold, oil
Agriculture: commercial—cotton, coffee,
peanuts, sesame, tobacco, timber; main
food crops manioc, corn, millet, sorghum,
peanuts, rice, potatoes; livestock
Major industries: sawmills, breweries,
diamond mining, textiles, soap, footwear
Electric power: 35,000 kW capacity; 61
million kWh produced, 22 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $145.2 million (f.0.b., 1984);
diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco
Imports: $139.6 million (f.0.b., 1984 est.);
textiles, petroleum products, machinery,
electrical equipment, motor vehicles,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports—France,
Belgium, Japan, US; imports—France and
other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugo-
slavia
Budget: (1984) revenues $93.3 million;
current expenditures $90.8 million; official
foreign debt $223 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 331.24 Com-
munauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 20,800 km total; 454 km bitu-
minous, 7,656 km improved earth, 12,690
' unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km; traditional
trade carried on by means of shallow-draft
dugonts
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 68 total, 61 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are mea-
ger; network is composed of low-capacity,
low-powered radiocommunication stations
and radio-relay links; 6,000 telephones (0.2
per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 592,000,
309,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983; $12.2 million; about
14.5% of central government budget
47
Chad
400 km
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 1,284,000 km?; land area:
1,259,200 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Texas and California combined
Land boundaries: 5,987 km total
Boundary disputes: none; Libya claims
Aozou Strip in far north; Libyan troops
occupy northern Chad
Climate: tropical in south gradually be-
coming dry desert in north
Terrain: broad, arid plains in center,
desert in north, mountains in northwest,
lowlands in south
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 36% meadows and pastures;
11% forest and woodland; 51% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan
winds occur in north; recent drought and
desertification adversely affecting south
Special notes: landlocked; Lake Chad
most significant water body in Sahel
People
Population: 4,646,054 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.44%
Nationality: noun—Chadian(s); adjec-
tive—Chadian
Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic
groups, most of whom are Muslims (Arabs,
Toubou, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanem-
bou, Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the
Chad (continued)
north and center and non-Muslims (Sara,
Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moudang,
Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000
nonindigenous, of whom 1,000 are French
Religion: 44% Muslim, 23% indigenous
beliefs, 33% Christian
Language: French and Arabic (official);
Sara and Sango in south; more than 100
different languages and dialects are spoken
Infant mortality rate: 142/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 42.0, women 45.0
Literacy: about 17%
Labor force: 85% agriculture (engaged in
unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic
Capital: N'Djamena
Administrative divisions: 14 prefectures,
54 subprefectures, 27 administrative posts,
9 municipalities
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and Chadian customary law; con-
stitution adopted in 1962; constitution
suspended and National Assembly dis-
solved in April 1975; Fundamental Act, a
quasi-constitution decreed in October
1982, provides juridical framework
whereby decrees are promulgated by the
President; has not accepted compulsory
IC] jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 11
August
Branches: presidency; Council of Minis-
ters; National Consultative Council, Court
of Appeal, and several lower courts
Government leaders: Hissein HABRE,
President (since June 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: National
Union for Independence and Revolution
(UNIR) established June 1984 with Habré
as President; numerous dissident groups
(several have returned to the government
since mid-]986)
Communists: no front organizations or
underground party; probably a few Com-
munists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: the
development of a stable government
continues to be hampered by prolonged
tribal and regional antagonisms; one rebel
group (with Libyan backing) occupies the
northern third of Chad (Aozou Strip)
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, Conference of
East and Central African States, EAMA,
ECA, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, 1DA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, 1LO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Lake Chad
Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
During the last decade droughts and
plagues of locusts have caused widespread
food shortages, and years of civil war have
devastated the economy.
GDP: $405.7 million, $90 per capita (1985
est.); real annual growth rate —2.8%
(1960-82 est.)
Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited
but exploration beginning), uranium,
natron, kaolin
Agriculture: commercial—cotton, gum
arabic, livestock, peanuts, fish; food
crops—millet, sorghum, rice, sweet pota-
toes, yams, cassava, dates; imports food
Fishing: catch 110,000 metric tons (1983
est.)
Major industries: agricultural and live-
stock processing plants (cotton textile mills,
slaughterhouses, brewery), natron
Electric power: 38,000 kW capacity; 66
million kWh produced, 12 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $113.15 million (f.0.b., 1984);
cotton (80%), meat, fish, animal products
Imports: $114.38 million (f.0.b., 1984);
cement, petroleum, flour, sugar, tea, ma-
chinery, textiles, motor vehicles
48
Major trade partners: France and Central
African Customs and Economic Union
countries
Budget: total revenues, $57.4 million; total
expenditures $76.5 million (1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 331.24 Com-
munauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 31,322 km total; 32 km
bituminous, 7,300 km gravel and laterite,
remainder unimproved
Inland waterways: about 2,000 km navi-
gable
Civi) air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 82 total, 7] usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
radiocommunication stations for intercity
links; 5,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.);
1 FM, 3 AM stations; many facilities,
including satellite ground station, inopera-
tive
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, Presidential Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,087,000; 565,000 fit for military service;
47,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 3]
December 1986, $27.1 million; about 35%
of total budget
Chile
1000 km
South
Pacific
Ocean
Easter and Sala y
Gomez islands are
not shown,
a
Punta Arenasg¢
Boundary representation is
See regional map 1v not necessarily authoritative
Geography
Total area: 756,950 km?; land area:
748,800 km?
Comparative area: larger than Texas
Land boundaries: 6,325 km total
Coastline: 6,485 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: short section with
Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia has wanted
a sovereign corridor to Pacific Ocean since
_ Atacama area was lost to Chile in 1884;
dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water
rights; territorial claim in Antarctica
(Chilean Antarctic Territory)
Climate: temperate; desert in north; cool
and damp in south
Terrain: low coastal mountains; fertile
central valley; rugged Andes in west
Land use: 7% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 16% meadows and pastures;
21% forest and woodland; 56% other;
includes 2% irrigated
Environment: subject to severe earth-
quakes, active volcanism, tsunami; At-
acama Desert one of world’s driest regions;
desertification
Special notes: strategic location relative to
sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans (Strait of Magellan, Beagle Chan-
nel, Drake Passage)
People
Population: 12,448,008 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.54%
Nationality: noun—Chilean(s); adjective—
Chilean
Ethnic divisions: 95% European and
European-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11%
Protestant, and small Jewish population
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 20/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 63.8, women 70.4
Literacy: 94%
Labor force: 3.84 million; 38.6% services
(including government—12%), 31.3%
industry and commerce; 15.9% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing; 8.7% mining; 4.4%
construction (1985); unemployed 13.9%
(1984)
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
organized into labor unions (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Administrative divisions: 12 regions plus
Santiago metropolitan region, 41 provincial
subdivisions
Legal system: based on Code of 1857
derived from Spanish law and subsequent
codes influenced by French and Austrian
law; current constitution came into effect
in March 1981; the constitution provides
for continued direct rule unti] 1989, with a
phased return to full civilian rule by 1997;
judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
September
Branches: four-man Military Junta, which
exercises constituent and legislative powers
and has delegated executive powers to
President; the President has announced a
plan for transition from military to civilian
rule pursuant to Constitution; state of siege
49
lifted January 1986; National Congress
(Senate, House of Representatives) dis-
solved; civilian judiciary remains
Government leaders: Gen. Angusto PINO-
CHET Ugarte, President (since September
1973); Adm. José Toribio MERINO Castro
(since September 1978), Air Force Gen.
Fernando MATTHEI Aubel (since July
1978), Army Lt. Gen. Humberto
GORDON Rubio (since December 1986),
Gen. Rodolfo STANGE Oecklers (since
August 1985), Junta members
Elections: none; voters are being regis-
tered for constitutionally mandated presi-
dential plebiscite in 1989 and congres-
sional election in 1990
Political parties and Jeaders: all political
parties are officially recessed or outlawed
but have been allowed to function on a
very limited basis since 1982 (a law allow-
ing political parties to renew restricted
activities has been approved by the Junta
and is slated for enactment in March
1987); National Renovation (RN), Ricardo
Rivadeneira; Radical Party (PR), Enrique
Silva Cimma; Social Democratic Party
(PSD), Rene Abeliuk; Christian Democratic
Party (PDC), Gabriel Valdés; Republican
Right, Hugo Zepeda; Socialist Party, Ri-
cardo Nujfiez; the PR, PSD, PDC, Republi-
can Right, and one faction of the Socialist
Party form the Democratic Alliance (AD);
Movement of Unitary Popular Action
(MAPU); Movement of Unitary Popular
Action—Workers/Peasants (MAPU-OC),
Oscar Garreton Purcell (in exile); Christian
Left (IC), Luis Maira; Communist Party of
Chile (PCCh), Luis Corvalan Leppe (in
exile); Socialist Party—Almeyda faction
(PSCh/Alm), Clodomiro Almeyda (in
exile); Socialist Party—Altamirano faction
(PSCh/Alt), Carlos Altamirano (in exile);
Movement of the Revolutionary Left
(MIR), Andrés Pascal Allende (in exile); the
MIR, PSCh/Alm, and PCCh form the
leftist Popular Democratic Movement
(MDP)
Voting strength: (1970 presidential elec-
tion) 36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.8%
conservative independent, 28.1% Christian
Democrat; (1973 congressional election)
56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and
Chile (continued)
PN), 44% Popular Unity coalition (socialists
and Communists)
Communists: 120,000 when PCCh was
legal in 1978; active militants now esti-
mated at about 20,000-50,000
Other political or pressure groups: revi-
talized university student federations at all
major universities dominated by political
groups; labor—National Workers Com-
mand (CNT) includes trade unionists from
the country’s five largest labor confedera-
tions; Roman Catholic Church
Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, 1DB—Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP; $16.1 billion, $1,330 per capita;
51.6% private consumption, 26.9% govern-
ment consumption; 13.7% gross invest-
ment; real growth rate 2.4% (1985)
Natural resources: copper, timber, iron
ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum
Agriculture: main crops—wheat, potatoes,
corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net
agricultural importer
Fishing: catch 4 million metric tons
(1983); exports $275.5 million (1984)
Major industries: copper, other minerals,
foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel,
pulp, paper, and forestry products
Crude steel: 765,000 metric tons capacity
(1980), 684,000 metric tons produced
(1985), 55 ke per capita
Electric power: 3,315,000 kW capacity;
13,950 million kWh produced, 1,100 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $3.7 billion (f.0.b., 1985); copper,
molybdenum, iron ore, paper products,
steel products, fishmeal, fruits, wood
products
Imports: $3.0 billion (f.0.b., 1985); petro-
leum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles
Major trade partners: exports—26% US,
11% Japan, 10% FRG, 6.2% Brazil, 5.4%
UK (1984); imports—21.5% US, 9% Japan,
8.5% Brazil, 7.2% Venezuela, 6.2% FRG
(1983)
Budget: revenues, $4.6 billion; expendi-
tures, $5.1 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 202
pesos=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,613 km total; 4,257 km 1.676-
meter gauge, 185 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter gauge; elec-
trification, 1,578 km 1.676-meter gauge, 76
km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 79,065 km total; 9,865 km
paved, 37,700 km gravel, 32,000 km
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined
products, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km
Ports: 10 major, 13 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 893 total, 856 usable; 47 with
permanent-surface runways; 13 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 52 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telephone
system based on extensive radio-relay
facilities; 629,000 telephones (5.4 per 100
popl.); 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas;
8 domestic satellite stations; 154 AM, 119
TV, 14 shortwave stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Nation, National
Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabin-
eros of Chile
Military manpower: males 15-49,
8,321,000; 2,490,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 117,000 reach military age (19)
annually
50
China
(Taiwan entry on page 274)
1200 km
Boundary representation 1a
not necesaarily euthoritetive
Ururhai
een
a” clae
Chineall ry Lanzhou, Xen
tine of °
control
Lhasa e
“ Chengdu Wuhan Sea
Hainan
O20 ~ South China
See regional map VII! Sea
Geography
Total area: 9,596,960 km?; land area:
9,326,410 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
conterminous US
Land boundaries: 24,000 km total
Coastline: 14,500 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: India, USSR (Pamir,
Argun, Amur, and Khabarovsk areas); short
section with North Korea is indefinite;
British colony of Hong Kong will become
a Special Administrative Region in 1997;
Portuguese territory of Macau will become
a Special Administrative Region in 1999;
sporadic border clashes with Vietnam;
involved in complex dispute over Spratly
Islands with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan,
Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime
dispute with Vietnam; dispute with Viet-
nam over Paracel Islands
Climate: extremely diverse; tropical in
south to subarctic in north
Terrain: mostly mountains, high plateaus,
deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills in
east
Land use: 10% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 31% meadows and
pastures; 14% forest and woodland; 45%
other; includes 5% irrigated
Environment: frequent typhoons (about
five times per year along southern and
eastern coasts), damaging floods, earth-
quakes; deforestation; soil erosion; indus-
trial pollution; water pollution; desertifica-
tion
Special notes: world’s third largest coun-
try (after USSR and Canada)
People
Population: I ,064,147,038 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 0.99%
Nationality: noun—Chinese (sing., pl.);
adjective—Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 93.8% Han Chinese;
6.7% Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan,
Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and
numerous lesser nationalities
Religion: officially atheist, but traditionally
pragmatic and eclectic; most important
elements of religion are Confucianism,
Taoism, and Buddhism; about 2-3% Mus-
lim, 1% Christian
Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua)
or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect);
also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese),
Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-
Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects,
and minority languages (see ethnic divi-
sions)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: over 75%
Labor force: 476 million (1984 est.); 68.2%
agriculture and forestry, 18.2% industry
and commerce, 3.9% construction and
mining, 3.7% social services, 6% other
Organized labor: All-China Federation of
Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leader-
ship of the Chinese Communist Party;
membership over 80 million (about 65% of
the urban work force) (1985)
Government
Official name: People’s Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies
with Communist Party’s Politburo; the
National People’s Congress, in theory the
highest organ of government, usually
ratifies the party’s programs; the State
Council actually directs the government
Capital: Beijing
Administrative divisions: 22 provinces, 3
centrally governed municipalities, 5 auton-
omous regions
Legal system: a complex amalgam of
custom and statute, largely criminal; little
ostensible development of uniform code of
administrative and civil law; highest judi-
cial organ is Supreme People’s Court,
which reviews lower court decisions; laws
and legal procedure subordinate to priori-
ties of party policy; regime has attempted
to write civil and Communist codes; new
legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980;
party and state constitutions revised in
September and November 1982, respec-
tively; continuing efforts are being made
to improve civil and commercial law
National holiday: National Day, 1 Octo-
ber
Branches: control is exercised by Chinese
Communist Party, through State Council,
which supervises ministries, commissions,
bureaus, etc., all technically under the
Standing Committee of the National
People’s Congress
Government leaders: ZHAO Ziyang,
Premier of State Council (since September
1980); LI Xiannian, President (since June
1983); PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC
Standing Committee (since June 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections held for People’s
Coneress representatives at county level
Political parties and leaders; Chinese
Communist Party (CCP), headed by Zhao
Ziyang as Acting General Secretary of
Central Committee
Communists: about 45 million party
members (1986)
Other political or pressure groups: such
opposition as exists consists of loose coali-
tions that vary by issue rather than orga-
nized groups
Member of: ADB, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, HO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $262 billion, $250 per capita (1986
est.)
Natural resources: coal, iron, petroleum,
mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manga-
nese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite,
aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, hydroelec-
tric power (world’s largest potential)
51
Agriculture: main crops—rice, wheat,
other grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture
mainly subsistence; grain imports 5.4
million metric tons; grain exports (mostly
corn) 9 million metric tons (1985)
Major industries: iron, steel, coal, ma-
chine building, armaments, textiles, petro-
leum
Shortages: complex machinery and equip-
ment, highly skilled scientists and techni-
cians, energy, and transport
Crude steel: 46.6 million metric tons
produced, 45 kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 91,300,000 kW capacity;
430,000 million kWh produced, 410 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $31.3 billion (f.0.b., 1985); manu-
factured goods, agricultural products, oil,
minerals
Imports: $39.5 billion (f.0.b., 1985); grain,
chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw
materials, machinery, equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong,
US, FRG, Singapore, USSR, Italy, Brazil
(1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.7] renminbi
yuan=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: total about 52,500 km common
carrier lines; 600 km 1.000-meter gange;
rest 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single
track except 9,500 km double track on
standard gauge lines; 4,200 km electrified;
10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range
from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)
Highways: about 930,000 km all types
roads; about 240,000 km unimproved
natural earth roads and tracks, 540,000 km
improved earth roads, 150,000 km paved
roads
Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about
109,300 km navigable
Pipelines: crude, 6,500 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,100 km; natural gas, 4,200 km
Ports: 15 major, about 180 minor
Airfields: 325 total; 266 with permanent-
surface runways; 11 with runways 3,500 m
and over; 80 with runways 2,500 to 3,499
m; 208 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 28
with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 sea-
China (continued)
plane stations; 4 heliports, 5 airfields under
construction
Telecommunications: domestic and inter-
national services exist primarily for official
purposes; unevenly distributed internal
system serves principal cities, industrial
centers, and most townships; services in
interior and border regions limited; nearly
4 million telephone exchange lines, includ-
ing 40,000 long-distance telephone ex-
change lines with direct, automatic service
to over 24 cities; 6.0 million telephones
(3-5 telephones per 100 popl. in large
cities, 1 telephone per 170 popl. national
average); 53,000 post and telegraph offices
with about 700 main telegraph centers
capable of general message service at the
county level and above; subscriber tele-
printer exchange (telex) services available
in 25 main metropolitan areas; unknown
number of facsimile and data transmission
points; domestic audio radiobroadcast
coverage provided by 122 main AM cen-
ters and about 525 transmitter relay sta-
tions; unknown number of FM radio and
wired rebroadcast stations with 215 million
receivers; 2 domestic telecommunications
satellites, 5 ground stations, over 2,000 TV
receiving stations; at least 202 TV centers;
over 400 local and network TV relay
transmitter stations; 7,000 supplementary
video recorder and redistribution facilities;
50 million monochrome and 10 million
color TV receiver sets (domestically pro-
duced); 2 major international switching
centers; satellite communications, long-
haul point-to-point radio circuits, regional
cable and wire landlines, directional radio-
relay, and seabed coaxial telephone cable
(damaged) permit linkage with most coun-
tries; direct voice and message communi-
cations with 46 countries and regions; TV
exchange to major cities on 5 continents
through INTELSAT Pacific and Indian
Ocean earth satellite; AM radio broadcasts
in 38 languages to 140 countries and
regions
Defense Forces
Branches: Chinese People’s Liberation
Army (CPLA), CPLA Navy (including
marines), CPLA Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
810,258,000; 173,945,000 fit for military
service; 13,317,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Christmas Island
5km Indian Ocean
THE SETTLEMENT
Indian Ocean
See regional map 1X
Geography
Total area: 130 km?; land area: 130 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Washington, D.C.
Coastline: about 54 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical; heat and humidity
moderated by trade winds
Terrain: steep cliffs along coast rise
abruptly to central plateau
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: almost completely sur-
rounded by a reef
Special notes: located along maior sea
lanes of Indian Ocean
People
Population: 2,243 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate -0.76%
Nationality: noun—Christmas Islander(s),
adjective—Christmas Island
Ethnic divisions: 61% Chinese, 25%
Malay, 11% European, 3% other; no indig-
enous population
Language: English
52
Labor force: all workers are employees of
the Phosphate Mining Company of Christ-
mas Island, Ltd.
Government
Official name: Territory of Christmas
Island
Type: Australian territory
Capita}: The Settlement
Legal system: Australian territory since 10
October 1958; administrator appointed by
Governor General of Australia; Supreme
Court; legislative, judicial, and administra-
tive system regulated by the Christmas
Island Act of 1958
Branches: Advisory Council advises ap-
pointed administrator
Government leader: T. F. PATERSON,
Administrator
Communists: none
Economy
National resources: phosphates
Major industries: phosphate extraction
(near depletion)
Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity; 38
million kWh produced, 12,670 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: about 1.2 million metric tons of
phosphate exported to Australia, New
Zealand, and some Asian nations
Major trade partners: Australia, New
Zealand
Monetary conversion rate: 1.55 Australian
dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: ] July-80 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Ports: Flying Fish Cove
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runway ],220-2,4389
Telecommunications: 4,000 radio receiv-
ers (1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Australia
Colombia
Caribbean
,Medeltin
Puerto
North 4 Carreno
Pacific Minizalés * oo
Ocean
°
ati
San Felipe
Providencia, Malpelo, and
San Andrés islands are
not shown.
See regional map 11] and 1V Leticia
Geography
Total area: 1,138,910 km: land area:
1,038,700 km?
Comparative area: about the size of New
Mexico and Texas combined
Land boundaries: 6,342 km total
Coastline: 3,208 km total (1,448 km Pa-
cific Ocean; 1,760 Caribbean Sea)
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Venezuela; territorial dispute
with Nicaragua over San Andres and
Providencia Archipelago
Climate: tropical along coast and eastern
plains; cooler in highlands
Terrain: mixture of flat coastal lowlands,
plains in east, central highlands, some high
mountains
Land use: 4% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 29% meadows and pastures; 49%
forest and woodland; 16% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: highlands subject to volea-
nic eruptions; deforestation
Special notes: only South American coun-
try with coastlines on both Pacific Ocean
and Caribbean Sea
People
Population: 30,660,504 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.07%
Nationality: noun—Colombian(s); adjec-
tive—Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% white,
14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed black-
Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 56/1,000 (1985);
Indians about 233/1,000
Life expectancy: 65 (1985); Indians about
34
Literacy: 87.8% (1985 est.); Indians about
40%
Labor force: 11 million (1986); 53% ser-
vices, 26% agriculture, 21% industry
(1981); 14% official unemployment (1985)
Organized labor: 900,000 members (1986),
about 8 percent of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch domi-
nates government structure
Capital: Bogota
Administrative divisions: 23 departments,
4 intendancies, 5 commissariats, Bogota
Special District
Legal system: based on Spanish law;
religious courts regulate marriage and
divorce; constitution decreed in 1886, with
amendments codified in 1946 and 1968;
judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 20
July
Branches: President, bicameral legislature
(Congress—Senate, House of Representa-
tives), judiciary
Government leader: Virgilio BARCO
Vargas, President (since August 1986);
term ends 1990
Suffrage: age 18 and over
53
Elections: every fourth year; presidential
election held May 1986; congressional
election held March 1986; municipal and
departmental elections every two years,
next elections scheduled 1988
Political parties and leaders: Liberal
Party—Virgilio Barco Vargas, Alfonso
Lopez Michelsen; New Liberal faction is
headed by Luis Carlos Galan; Conservative
Party—Alvaro Gomez Hurtado, Misael
Pastrana Borrero; Belisario Betancur leads
a small faction; Communist Party (PCC),
Gilberto Vieira White; Communist
Party /Marxist-Leninist (PCC/ML), Maaist
orientation; Patriotic Union, (UP), political
movement formed by Revolutionary
Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and
PCC, Braulio Herrera (Jaime Pardo Leal
was 1986 presidential candidate)
Voting strength: (1986 presidentia! elec-
tion) Virgilio Barco Vargas 59%, Alvaro
Gomez Hurtado 36%, Jaime Pardo Leal
4%, others 1%
Communists: 18,000 members est., includ-
ing Communist Party Youth Organization
(JUCO)
Other political or pressure groups: Com-
munist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira
White; PCC/ML, Chinese Line Commu-
nist Party; Revolutionary Armed Forces of
Colombia’s Patriotic Union Party (FARC-
UP)
Member of: Contadora Group, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, 1CO, IDA, 1DB—Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
1LO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IRC, 1SO, ITU, LAIA and Andean Sub-
Regional Group, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $31 billion; $1,129 per capita (1986
est.); 73% private consumption, 19% gross
investment, 11% public consumption
(1984); growth rate 5% (1986); 21.0%
inflation rate (1986)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural
gas, coal, iron ore, nickel, gold, copper,
emeralds
Colombia (continued)
Agriculture: main crops—coffee, rice,
corn, sugarcane, plantains, bananas, cotton,
tobacco; an illegal producer of coca and
cannabis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 75,351 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
clothing and footwear, beverages, chemi-
cals, metal products, cement; mining—
gold, coal, emeraJds, iron, nickel, silver,
salt
Crude steel: 498,600 metric tons produced
(1984), 18 kg per capita
Electric power: 8,488,000 kW capacity;
29,580 million kWh produced, 990 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $3.6 billion (f.0.b., 1985); coffee,
coal, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, tex-
tiles, cattle and hides, bananas, fresh cut
flowers
Imports: $4.1 billion (c.i.f., 1985); trans-
portation equipment, machinery, industrial
metals and raw materials, chemicals and
pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper
and paper products, foodstuffs, beverages
Major trade partners: exports—40% US,
14% FRG, 4% UK, 4% Netherlands, 4%
Japan, 3% Italy; imports—33% US, 11%
Japan, 8% Venezuela, 7% FRG, 4%
France, 3% Canada, 3% UK, 3% Spain, 3%
Brazil, 3% Italy (1985)
Budget: revenues, $5.1 billion; expendi-
tures, $5.6 billion (1987 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 212.56
pesos=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,568 km, all 0.914-meter
gauge, single track
Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km
paved, 66,100 km earth and gravel sur-
faces
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable
by river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined
products, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km;
natural gas liquids, 125 km
Ports: 6 major (Barranquilla, Buenaven-
tura, Cartagena, San Andrés, Santa Marta,
Tumaco)
Civil air: 106 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 636 total, 620 usable; 65 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 10 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 96 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide radio-
relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station with 2 antennas and 1] domestic
satellite stations; 1.89 million telephones
(6.5 per 100 popl.); 404 AM, 85 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (Ejercito Nacional), Air
Force (Fuerza Aerea de Colombia), Navy
(Armada Nacional)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
8,049,000; 5,483,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 364,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending
1987, $340.3 million; 7% of the central
government budget
54
Comoros
§0 km
Indian Ocean
MORONI
Niazidja
Mutsamud: Nzwani
Fomboni Domoni
Mwali -.-
°
Mayotte
. Ay
Mozambique Administered by France.
claimed by Comoros
Channel
See regional map V11
Geography
Total area: 2,170 km?; land area: 2,170
km?
Comparative area: about half the size of
Delaware
Coastline: 340 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; claims French-
administered Mayotte
Climate: tropical marine; rainy season
(November to May)
Terrain: interiors vary from steep moun-
tains to low hills
Land use: 35% arable land; 8% permanent
crops; 7% meadows and pastures; 16%
forest and woodland; 34% other
Environment: soil degradation and ero-
sion; deforestation; cyclones possible dur-
ing rainy season
Special notes: important location at north-
ern end of Mozambique Channel
People
Population: 415,220 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.82%
Nationality: noun—Comoran(s); adjec-
tive—Comoran
Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Cafre, Makoa,
Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Religion: 86% Sunni Muslim, 14% Roman
Catholic
Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect),
Malagasy, French
Infant mortality rate: 92.3/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 48.8
Literacy: 15%
Labor force: 140,000 (1982); 80% agricul-
ture, 3% government; significant unem-
ployment
Government
Official name: Federal Islamic Republic
of the Comoros
Type: independent republic
Capital: Moroni
Administrative divisions: each of the
three main islands is an administrative
unit under a governor appointed by the
President, three separate municipalities
(Moroni, Mutsamudu, Domoni)
Legal system: French and Muslim law in
a new consolidated code
Branches: presidency; 38-member legisla-
ture (Federal Assembly)
Government leader: Ahmed ABDALLAH
ABDEREMANE, President (since October
1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: Abdallah Abderemane won
1984 presidential election with 99% major-
ity; Federal Assembly elected in March
1982
Political party: sole legal political party is
Comoran Union for Progress (UCP)
Voting strength: UCP holds 37 seats in the
Federal Assembly
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, IBRD,
IDA, IDB—Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, HO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $114 million, about $290 per capita
(1985 est.)
Agriculture: food crops—rice, manioc,
maize, fruits, vegetables, coconuts, cinna-
mon, yams; export crops—essential oils for
perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla,
copra, cloves
Major industry: perfume distillation
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity; 5
million kWh produced, 1) kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $15 million (f.0.b., 1985 est.);
perfume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves
Imports: $25 million (f.0.b., 1985 est.); rice
and other foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemi-
cals, textiles
Major trade partners: exports—France,
FRG, US; imports—France, Kenya, Re-
union
Budget: domestic revenues, $11 million;
external grants, $29 million; current ex-
penditures, $14 million; capital expendi-
tures, $7 million; extrabudgetary expendi-
tures, $44 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 331 Commun-
auté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (September 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,110 km total; about 400 km
bituminous, remainder crushed stone or
gravel
Ports: ) major (Mutsamudu); 2 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of
radio-relay and high frequency radio
communication stations for interisland and
external communications to Madagascar
and Reunion; 1,800 telephones (0.4 per
100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, no
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Presidential Guard,
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 86,000;
51,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16%
of the central government budget
55
Congo
200 km
Loubomo BRAZZAVILLE
Gulf of :
Guinea Pointe- Boundary representaton is
Noirs not necessarily authoritative
See regional map V11
Geography
Total area: 342,000 km?; land area:
341,500 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Montana
Land boundaries: 4,514 km total
Coastline: 169 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Boundary disputes: section with Zaire is
indefinite
Climate: tropical; rainy season (March to
June); dry season (June to October); con-
stantly high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the
Equator
Terrain: coastal plain, southern basin,
central plateau, northern basin
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 29% meadows and pastures;
62% forest and woodland; 7% other
Environment: deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 2,082,154 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.38%
Nationality: noun—Congolese (sing., pl.);
adjective—Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups
divided into some 75 tribes, almost all
Bantu; most important ethnic groups are
Kongo (48%) in the south, Sangha (20%)
Congo (continued)
and M’Bochi (12%) in the north, Teke
(17%) in the center; about 8,500 Europe-
ans, mostly French
Religion: 42% animist, 50% Christian, 2%
Muslim
Language: French (official); many African
languages with Lingala and Kikongo most
widely used
Infant mortality rate: 200/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 46.5
Literacy: over 80%
Labor force: about 40% of population
economically active (1985); 75% agricul-
ture, 25% commerce, industry, govern-
ment; 79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000
unemployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
(1979 est.)
Government
Official name: People’s Republic of the
Congo
Type: people's republic
Capital: Brazzaville
Administrative divisions: nine regions,
divided into districts, and capital district
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 8 July 1979
National holiday: National Day, 15 Au-
gust
Branches: presidential executive, Council
of State; judiciary; all policy made by
Congolese Labor Party Central Committee
and Politburo
Government leaders: Col. Denis SASSOU-
NGUESSO, President and party chairman
(since 1979); Ange Edouard POUNGUI,
Prime Minister (since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for local and regional
organs and the National Assembly were
held in July 1979—the first elections since
June 1973
Political parties and leaders: Congolese
Labor Party (PCT) is the only legal party;
Party Congress held in July 1984—Sassou
unanimously elected to another five-year
term as President and party chairman
Communists: unknown number of Com-
munists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union
of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Con-
golese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revo-
lutionary Union of Congolese Women
(URFC), General Union of Congolese
Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
Member of: Af{DB, Conference of East
and Central African States, EAMA, ECA,
EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UEAC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: about $1.8 billion, $1,140 per capita;
real growth rate 2.5% per year (1984); 80%
of economy is private sector, predomi-
nantly French owned and operated
Natural resources: petroleum, wood,
potash, lead, zinc, uranium, phosphates,
natural gas
Agriculture: cash crops—sugarcane, wood,
coffee, cocoa beans, palm kernels, bananas,
peanuts, tobacco; food crops—root crops,
rice, corn, bananas, manioc, fish, goats,
chickens
Fishing: catch 31,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: crude oil, cement,
sawmills, brewery, sugar mill, palm oil,
soap, cigarettes
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity; 262
million kWh produced, 140 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $1.3 billion (f.0.b., 1984); oil
(90%), lumber, tobacco, veneer, plywood,
coffee, cocoa, sugar
Imports: $618 million (f.0.b., 1984); ma-
chinery, transport equipment, manufac-
tured consumer goods, iron and steel,
foodstuffs, chemical products,
Major trade partners: France, Italy, FRG,
US
Budget: revenues, $721 million; current
expenditures, $508 million; development
expenditures, $241 million (1984)
56
Monetary conversion rate: 331.24 Com-
munauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 727 km, 1.067-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 11,970 km total; 555 km bitu-
minous surface treated; 848 km gravel,
laterite, 5,347 km improved earth, and
5,220 km unimproved roads
Inland waterways: the Congo and Ubangi
Rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially
navigable water transport; the remainder
of the inland waterways are used for loca!
traffic only
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 51 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: services adequate
for government use; primary network is
composed of radio-relay routes and coaxial
cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-
Noire, and Loubomo; 18,100 telephones
(1.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 1 FM, 4 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military National People’s Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 426,000;
215,000 fit for military service; about
20,000 reach military age (20) annually
Cook Islands
Rakshenge, Panrhyn
Lee, “Menihiki
“Nassau
Island
.
Suwerraw
South Pacific Ocean
Palmerston,
Aitutaki Mantes
. -Mitiara
“‘Meuks
+-xAVARUA
Tekutae
400 km .
Rerotonga
See regional map X Mangeia
Geography
Total area: 230 km?; land area: 230 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 120 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or edge
of continental margin
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade
winds
Terrain: low coral atolls in north; volcanic,
hilly islands in south
Land use: 4% arable land; 22% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 74% other
Environment: subject to typhoons from
November to March
Special notes: none
People
Population: 17,898 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.55%
Nationality: noun—Cook Islander(s);
adjective—Cook Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full
blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European,
7.7% Polynesian and other, 2.4% Euro-
pean, 0.9% other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace
members of Cook Islands Christian Church
Language: English
Government
Official name: Cook Islands
Type: self-governing in free association
with New Zealand; Cook Islands Govern-
ment fully responsible for internal affairs
and has the right at any time to move to
full independence by unilateral action;
New Zealand retains responsibility for
external affairs, in consultation with the
Cook Islands Government
Capital: Avarua
Branches: New Zealand Governor General
appoints Representative to Cook Islands,
who represents the Queen and the New
Zealand Government; Representative
appoints the Prime Minister; popularly
elected 24-member Parliament;
15-member House of Arikis (chiefs), ap-
pointed by Representative, is an advisory
body only
Government leader: Sir Thomas DAVIS,
Prime Minister (since July 1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years, latest in No-
vember 1983
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Party, Sir Thomas Davis; Cook Islands
Party, Geoffrey Henry
Voting strength: (1983) Parliament—
Democratic Party, 18 seats; Cook Islands
Party, 11 seats
Member of: ADB, IDA, IFC, IMF, SPF,
SPEC, ESCAP (associate member)
Economy
GDP: $21.0 million, $1,170 per capita
(1983)
Agriculture: export crops include copra,
citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and
bananas, with subsistence crops of yams
and taro
Major industry: fruit processing, tourism
Electric power: 4,750 kW capacity; 15
million kWh produced, 880 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $4.20 million (1983); copra, fresh
and canned fruit
Imports: $24.36 million (1983); foodstuffs,
textiles, fuels
57
Major trade partners: (1970) exports—
98% New Zealand; imports—76% New
Zealand, 7% Japan
Aid: $9.34 million (1983) New Zealand,
Australia, and Western sources
Budget: $121 million (1977)
Monetary conversion rate: $1.94 New
Zealand=US$1 (November 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km
paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved
earth, 33 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 5 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2 AM, no FM, no
TV stations; 10,000 radio receivers; 2,052
telephones; 1 satellite station
Costa Rica
—100 km
Cabo Gracias
2 Dios,
Caribbean
Sea
North Pacific Ocaan
tsla dat Coco
ta not shown,
See regional map Ill
Geography
Total area: 50,700 km?; land area: 50,660
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
West Virginia
Land boundaries: 670 km total
Coastline: 1,290 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Nicaraguan
interruption of transit in the Rio San Juan
(the international boundary) is an occa-
sional source of friction
Climate: tropical; dry season (December to
April); rainy season (May to November)
Terrain: coastal plains separated by rugged
mountains
Land use: 6% arable land; 7% permanent
crops; 43% meadows and pastures; 32%
forest and woodland; 12% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: subject to occasional earth-
quakes, hurricanes along Atlantic coast;
frequent flooding of Jowlands at onset of
rainy season; active volcanoes; deforesta-
tion; soil erosion
Special notes: none
People
Population: 2,811,652 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.78%
Nationality: noun—Costa Rican(s); adjec-
tive—Costa Rican
Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including
mestizo), 3% black, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), with Jamai-
can dialect of English spoken around
Puerto Limon
Infant mortality rate: 18.8/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 67.5, women 71.9
Literacy: 93%
Labor force: 868,300 (1985 est.); 34%
industry and commerce, 27% agriculture,
21% government and services, 8% other;
10% unemployment (1985 est.)
Organized labor: about 15.1% of labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: democratic republic
Capital: San José
Administrative divisions: 7 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law
system; constitution adopted in 1949;
judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: executive—President (head of
government and chief of state), elected for
a single four-year term; two vice presi-
dents; legislative—57-delegate unicameral
Legislative Assembly elected at four-year
intervals; judiciary—Supreme Court of
Justice (17 magistrates elected by Legisla-
tive Assembly at eight-year intervals)
Government leader: Oscar ARIAS San-
chez, President (since May 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18
and over
Elections: every four years; last held in
February 1986
Political parties and leaders: National
Liberation Party (PLN), José (Fepe)
Figueres, Luis Alberto Monge, Daniel
Oduber, Oscar Arias Sanchez; the Social
Christian Unity Party (PUSC) comprises
58
the four Unity Coalition (UNIDAD) par-
ties—Republican Calderonista Party
(PRC), Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier;
Democratic Renovation Party (PRD),
leader unknown; Christian Democratic
Party (PDC), Rafael Grillo Rivera; Popular
Unity Party (PUP), Christian Tattenbach
Iglesias; the Popular Alliance (PA) is a
coalition comprising two parties—Marxist
Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Humberto
Vargas Carbonell, and Leftist Broad Dem-
ocratic Front (FAD), Rodrigo Gutiérrez;
the United People (PU) is a leftist coalition
comprising four parties—New Republic
Movement (MNR), Sergio Erick Ardén;
Socialist Party (PS), Alvaro Montero Mejia;
People’s Party of Costa Rica (PPC),
Manuel Mora Valverde; and Radical
Democratic Party (PRD), Juan José Echev-
erria Brealey
Voting strength: (1986 election) PLN, 29
seats; UNIDAD, 25 seats; PVP, 1 seat;
PPC, 1 seat; other, I seat
Communists: 7,500 members and sympa-
thizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa
Rican Confederation of Democratic Work-
ers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate),
Confederated Union of Workers (CUT;
Communist Party affiliate), Authentic
Confederation of Democratic Workers
(CATD; Communist Party affiliate), Cham-
ber of Coffee Growers, National Associa-
tion for Economic Development (ANFE),
Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL;
rightwing militants), National Association
of Educators (ANDE)
Member of: CACM, Central American
Democratic Community, FAO, G-77,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
[DB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, 1WC—Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.7 billion (1985 est.), $1,427 per
capita; 62% private consumption, 16%
public consumption, 23% gross domestic
investment, —1% net foreign balance; 2%
real growth rate (1986)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power
Agriculture: main products—coffee, ba-
nanas, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, live-
stock products; an illegal producer of
cannabis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 10,902 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textiles
and clothing, construction materials, fertil-
izer
Electric power: 820,000 kW capacity;
2,770 million kWh produced, 1,020 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $994 million (f.0.b., 1985); coffee,
bananas, beef, sugar, cocoa
Imports: $1,126 million (c.i.f., 1985);
manufactured products, machinery, trans-
portation equipment, chemicals, fuels,
foodstuffs, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—47% US,
18% CACM, 9% FRG; imports—40% US,
12% Japan, 11% CACM, 4% FRG (1983)
Aid: bilateral commitments—US autho-
rized (FY70-85), including Ex-Im, $823
million, other Western countries ODA and
OOF (1970-85), $401 million, Communist
countries (1971-85), $27 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $32
million
Budget: consolidated public sector—total
revenues, $1,009 million; total expendi-
tures, including debt amortization, $1,058
million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 58
colones=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 800 km total, all 1.067-meter
gauge; 243 km electrified
Highways: 15,400 km total; 7,030 km
paved, 7,010 km gravel, 1,360 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: about 730 km, season-
ally navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 95 km
Ports: 1 major (Puerto Limon), 4 second-
ary (Caldera, Golfito, Moin, Puntarenas)
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 199 total, 188 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: very good domestic
telephone service; 292,000 telephones (11.8
per 100 popl.); connection into Central
American microwave net; 62 AM, 17 TV
stations; 1] Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 741,000;
502,000 fit for military service; 29,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $19.6 million for Ministry
of Public Security, including the Civil
Guard; about 2.8% of total central govern-
ment budget; $8.0 million for Rural
Guard; 1.1% of total central government
budget
59
Cuba
Straits
of Florida
North Atlantic
Isla de la
Juventud
5 Santiago U.S.
Caribbaan Sea de Cuba ted
Se
See regional map Ill
Geography
Total area: 110,860 km?; land area:
110,860 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Pennsylvania
Land boundary: 29.1 km with Guantan-
amo (US Naval Base)
Coastline: 3,735 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Guantanamo
(US Naval Base) leased to US
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade
winds; dry season (November to April);
rainy season (May to November)
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains with
some hills and mountains
Land use: 23% arable land; 6% permanent
crops; 23% meadows and pastures; 17%
forest and woodland; 31% other; includes
10% irrigated
Environment: averages one hurricane
every other year
Special notes: largest country in Carib-
bean; 145 km south of Florida
People
Population: 10,259,473 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.90%
Nationality: noun—Cuban(s); adjective—
Cuban
Cuba (continued)
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white,
11% black, 1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman
Catholic before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 15/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 74
Literacy: 96%
Labor force: 3.0 million; 47% industry and
commerce, 28% services and government,
25% agriculture (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces
and 169 municipalities
Legal system: based on Spanish and
American law, with large elements of
Communist legal theory; new constitution
2 December 1976; does not accept com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the
Revolution, 1 January
Branches: executive; legislature (National
Assembly of the People’s Power); con-
trolled judiciary
Government leader: Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
President (since January 1959)
Suffrage: universal but not compulsory
over age 16
Elections: National People’s Assembly
(indirect election) every five years; last
election held December 1986
Political parties and leaders: Cuban
Communist Party (PCC), First Secretary
Fidel] Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Ranl
Castro Ruz
Communists: about 500,000 party mem-
bers
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), JAEA,
ICAO, IFAD, ICO, IHO, [LO, IMO, IRC,
ISO, ITU, [WC—International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAS (nonparticipant),
PAHO, Permanent Court of Arbitration,
Postal Union of the Americas and Spain,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
GNP; $18.0 billion in 1974 dollars; $1,757
per capita in 1974 dollars; real growth rate
2.3% (1986 est.)
Natural resources: cobalt, nickel, iron,
copper, manganese, salt, forests
Agriculture: sugar, tobacco, rice, potatoes,
tubers, citrus, coffee
Fishing: catch 198,400 metric tons (1984);
exports $102 million (1984 est.)
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum
refining, food and tobacco processing,
textiles, chemicals, paper and wood prod-
ucts, metals, cement
Shortages: spare parts for transportation —
and industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 412,900 metric tons produced
(1985); 40 kg per capita
Electric power: 3,461,000 kW capacity;
14,030 million kWh produced, 1,370 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $6.5 billion (f.0.b., 1985); sugar,
nickel, shellfish, tobacco, coffee, citrus
Imports: $8.6 billion (c.i.f., 1985); capital
goods, industrial raw materials, food,
petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—72%
USSR, 17% other Communist countries;
imports—66% USSR, 18% other Commu-
nist countries (1984)
Budget: $15.1 billion (1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.93
peso=US$1 (December 1986 official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,925 km total; Cuban Na-
tional Railways operates 5,295 km of
].485-meter gauge track; 199 km electri-
fied; 9,630 km of sugar plantation lines of
0.914-1.485-meter gauge
Highways: about 21,000 km total; 9,000
km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth
surfaced
60
Inland waterways: 240 km
Ports: 10 major, 26 secondary, 34 minor
Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 202 total, 186 usable; 66 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: 143 AM, 5 FM, 52
TV stations; 1,525,000 TV sets; 2,140,000
receiver sets; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces,
Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air
and Air Defense Force, Ministry of Inte-
rior Special Troops, Border Guard Troops,
Territorial Militia Troops, Youth Labor
Army
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
5,765,000; of the 2,893,000 males 15-49,
1,819,000 are fit for military service; of
the 2,871,000 females 15-49, 1,802,000 are
fit for military service; 112,000 males and
108,000 females reach military age (17)
annually
Cyprus
50 km
Mediterranean Sea
Rizokarpas:
Famagusta
Area controled by Cyprus
Government {Greek area}
Larnaca
Vasilikos
Limassol
Mediterranean Sea
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 9,250 km?; land area: 9,240
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Connecticut
Coastline: 648 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; has been di-
vided de facto into two autonomous areas
since 1974 hostilities—one controlled by
the Cyprus Government or Greek area
(60%) and the other administered by
Turkish Cypriots (85%); those areas are
separated by a UN buffer zone and two
UK sovereign base areas (5%)
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers;
cool, rainy winters
Terrain: central plain with mountains to
north and south
Land use: 40% arable land; 7% permanent
crops; 10% meadows and pastures; 18%
forest and woodland; 25% other; includes
10% irrigated
Environment: moderate earthquake activ-
ity; water resource problems (no natural
reservoir catchments and seasonal disparity
in rainfall)
Special notes: occupies important location
in eastern Mediterranean, gateway to the
Middle East
People
Population: 683,651 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.26%
Nationality: noun—Cypriot(s); adjective—
Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turk-
ish; 4% Armenian, Maronite, and other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox; 18%
Muslim; 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apos-
tolic, and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Infant mortality rate: 17/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 72.8, women 76.0
(1981)
Literacy: about 99%
Greek Sector labor force: 251,406; 42%
services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture;
3.4% unemployed (1986)
Government
Official name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two
ethnic communities inhabiting the island
began after the outbreak of communal
strife in 1963; this separation was further
solidified following the Turkish invasion of
the island in July 1974, which gave the
Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the
north; Greek Cypriots control the only
internationally recognized government; on
15 November 1983 Turkish Cypriot Presi-
dent Rauf Denktash declared indepen-
dence and the formation of a Turkish
Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has
been recognized only by Turkey; both
sides publicly call for the resolution of
intercommunal differences and creation of
a new federal system of government
Capital: Nicosia
Administrative divisions: 6 administrative
districts
Legal system: based on common law, with
civil law modifications; negotiations to
create the basis for a new or revised con-
stitution to govern the island and relations
between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have
been held intermittently
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
October
Branches: currently the Government of
Cyprus has effective authority over only
the Greek Cypriot community; headed by
61
President of the Republic and comprising
Council of Ministers, House of Representa-
tives, and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypri-
ots declared their own constitution and
governing bodies within the Turkish Fed-
erated State of Cyprus in 1975; state
renamed Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus in 1983; new constitution for the
Turkish sector passed by referendum in
May 1985
Government leaders: Spyros
KYPRIANOU, President (since 1977);
Turkish Sector—Rauf DENKTASH, Presi-
dent (since 1975)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: officially every five years (last
presidential election held in February
1988); parliamentary elections held in
December 1985; Turkish sector presiden-
tial elections last held in June 1985; assem-
bly elections held in June 1985
Political parties and leaders: Greek
Cypriot—Progressive Party of the Work-
ing People (AKEL; Communist Party),
Ezekias Papaioannou; Democratic Rally
(DESY), Glafkos Clerides; Democratic
Party (DEKO), Spyros Kyprianou; United
Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK),
Vassos Lyssarides; Turkish sector—Na-
tional Unity Party (NUP), Dervis Eroglu;
Communal Liberation Party (CLP), Ismail
Bozkurt; Republican Turkish Party (RTP),
Ozker Ozgur; New Birth Party (NBP),
Aytac Besheshler
Voting strength: in the 1983 presidential
election, incumbent Spyros Kyprianou
retained his position by winning 56% of
the vote; in the 1985 parliamentary elec-
tion, the pro-Western Democratic Rally
received 19 of the 56 seats; Kyprianou’s
center-right Democratic Party won 16
seats; Communist AKEL secured 15 seats;
and socialist EDEK won 6 seats; in 1985
presidential elections in the Turkish Cyp-
riot sector, Ranf Denktash won with 70
percent of the vote; in the 1985 assembly
elections the conservative National Unity
Party won 24 of 50 seats; the Communist
Republican Turkish Party received 12
seats; center-right Communal Liberation
Party secured 10 seats; and the rightwing
New Birth Party received 4 seats
Communists: about 12,000
Cyprus (continued)
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Youth Organization (EDON;
Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus
Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled);
Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; pro-West);
Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO;
Communist controlled); Confederation of
Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro- West); Federa-
tion of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions
(Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolution-
ary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of
Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO; Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus OIC (observer)
Economy
GDP: $2.4 billion (1984), $3,609 per cap-
ita; real growth rate 1.3% (1984 est.):
Turkish sector—$205.9 million, $1,344 per
capita (1983)
Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbes-
tos, gypsum, lumber, salt, marble, clay
earth pigment
Agriculture: potatoes and other vegetables,
grapes, citrus, wheat, carob beans, olives
Major industries: mining (iron pyrites,
gypsum, asbestos), manufactures princi-
pally for local consumption—beverages,
footwear, clothing, cement
Electric power: 620,000 kW capacity;
1,520 million kWh produced, 2,260 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $561.2 million (f.0.b., 1985);
principal items—food and beverages,
including citrus, raisins, potatoes, wine;
also cement and clothing; Turkish sector—
$48.8 million (f.o.b., 1984); principal
items—citrus, potatoes, metal pipes, py-
rites
Imports: $1,469.7 million (c.i.f., 1985);
principal items manufactured goods,
machinery and transport equipment, fuels,
food; Turkish sector—$170 million (c.i.f.,
1984); principal items—foodstuffs, raw
materials, fuels, machinery
Major trade partners: imports (1984)—
12.1% UK, 12% Japan, 10.5% Italy, 8.3%
FRG, 5.2% lraq; exports (1984)—17% UK,
14.1% Lebanon, 11.4% Libya, 7.5% Saudi
Arabia, 3.4% USSR; Turkish sector—
imports (1984)—46% Turkey, 36% EC,
17% Arab countries; exports (1984)—61%
EC, 22% Turkey, 16% Arab countries
Budget: revenues, $663.2 million; expendi-
tures, $804.9 million; deficit, $141.7 mil-
lion (1984); Turkish sector—revenues,
$46.3 million; expenditures, $110.9 million;
deficit, $64.6 million (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: .52 Cyprus
pound=US$1 (January 1987); Turkish
sector—755 Turkish liras=US$1 (January
1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 10,780 km total; 5,170 km
bituminous surface treated; 5,610 km
gravel, crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 8 major (Famagusta, Larnaca,
Limassol), 2 secondary (Vasilikos, Kyrenia),
11 minor; Famagusta and Kyrenia under
Turkish-Cypriot control
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 14 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: moderately good
telecommunication systems in both Greek
and Turkish sectors; 185,000 telephones
(25 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 14 FM, 29 TV
stations; tropospheric scatter circuits to
Greece and Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial
cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite antenna
and 1 Indian Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Cyprus National Guard; Turk-
ish sector—Turkish Cypriot Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 176,000;
122,000 fit for military service; about
5,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $60 million; 11.6% of
central government budget
62
Czechoslovakia
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 127,870 km?; land area:
125,460 km?
Comparative area: about the size of New
York State
Land boundaries: 3,540 km total
Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold,
cloudy, humid winters
Terrain: mixture of hills and mountains
separated by plains and basins
Land use: 40% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 37%
forest and woodland; 9% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: infrequent earthquakes;
acid rain; water pollution
Special notes: landlocked; strategically
located astride some of oldest and most
significant land routes in Europe; Morav-
ian Gate is a traditional military corridor
between northern Europe and Danube
People
Population: 15,581,993 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.26%
Nationality: noun—Czechoslovak(s); adjec-
tive—Czechoslovak
Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czech, 30.5%
Slovak, 3.8% Hungarian, 0.4% German,
0.4% Polish, 0.3% Ukrainian, 0.1% Russian,
0.2% other (Jewish, Gypsy)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20%
Protestant, 2% Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Czech and Slovak (official),
Hungarian
Infant mortality rate: 16/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 71.6 (1985)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 7.6 million (1985); 38.1%
industry; 12.5% agriculture; 49.4% con-
struction, communications, and other
(1982)
Government
Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist
Republic (CSSR)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Administrative divisions: 2 ostensibly
separate and nominally autonomous repub-
lics (Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak
Socialist Republic); 7 regions (kraj) in
Czech lands, 3 regions in Slovakia; repub-
lic capitals of Prague and Bratislava have
regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on
Austro-Hungarian codes, modified by
Communist legal theory; revised constitu-
tion adopted 1960, and amended in 1968
and 1970; no judicial review of legislative
acts; has not accepted compulsory [CJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May
Branches: executive—President (elected
by Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed
by President); legislative (Federal Assem-
bly; elected directly—Chamber of Nations,
Chamber of the People), Czech and Slovak
National Councils (also elected directly)
legislate on limited area of regional mat-
ters; judiciary, Supreme Court (elected by
Federal Assembly); entire governmental
structure dominated by Communist Party
Government leaders: Gustav HUSAK,
President (since 1975); Lubomir
STROUGAL, Premier (since 1970)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies and presi-
dent every five years; last election June
1986
Dominant political party and leader:
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC),
Gustév Husdk, General Secretary (since
1969); Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS)
has status of provincial KSC organization
Voting strength: (1986 election) 99.96%
for Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.6 million party members
(August 1984)
Other political groups: puppet parties—
Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak
People’s Party, Slovak Freedom Party,
Slovak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAO, ICO, ILO, International Lead and
Zine Study Group, IMO, I[PU, ISO, ITC,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $135.6 billion in 1985 (in 1985
dollars), $8,700 per capita; 1985 real
growth rate 1.6%
Natural resources: coal, coke, timber,
lignite, uranium, magnesite
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main
crops—wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley,
potatoes, sugar beets, hogs, cattle, horses;
net food importer—meat, wheat, vegetable
oils, fresh fruits and vegetables
Major industries: iron and steel, machin-
ery and equipment, cement, sheet glass,
motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals,
ceramics, wood, paper products
Shortages: ores, crude oil
Crude steel: 15.0 million metric tons
produced (1985), 965 kg per capita
Electric power: 21,445,000 kW capacity;
83,000 million kWh produced, 5,260 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $17.84 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 54.8%
machinery and equipment; 16.2% manu-
factured consumer goods; 14.2% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 6.7% agricultural
and forestry products, 8.1% other products
(1984 est.)
Imports: $17.94 billion (f.0.b., 1985);
41.1% fuels, minerals, and metals; 33.2%
machinery and equipment; 12.1% agricul-
tural and forestry products; 5.7% manufac-
tured consumer goods; 7.9% other products
(1984)
63
Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Po-
land, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria,
Bulgaria, Romania; 80% with Communist
countries, 20% with non-Communist
countries (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.875
koronas=US$1 (1985 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 13,114 km total; 12,866 km
1.435-meter standard gauge, 102 km
1.524-meter broad gauge, 146 km 0.750-
and 0.760-meter narrow gauge; 2,868 km
double track; 3,307 km electrified; govern-
ment owned (1984)
Highways: 74,891 km total; including 450
km superhighway (1984)
Inland waterways: 475 km (1984)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined
products, 1,500 km; natural gas, 8,000 km
Freight carried: rail—298.8 million metric
tons, 74 billion metric tons/km; highway—
1,258 million metric tons, 20.90 billion
metric tons/km; waterway—13.40 million
metric tons, 4.4 billion metric tons/km
(excluding international transit traffic)
(1984)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are
Gdynia, Gdarisk, and Szczecin in Poland;
Rijeka and Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg,
FRG; Rostock, GDR; principal river ports
are Prague, Dééin, Komarno, Bratislava
Civil air: 40 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 135 total; 18 with runways 2,500
m or longer
Telecommunications: 54 AM, 14 FM, 45
TV stations; 11 Soviet TV relays; 4,360,000
TV sets; 4,208,538 receiver sets; at least 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Czechoslovak People’s Army,
Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense
Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
8,867,000; 2,969,000 ft for military ser-
vice; 121,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, 28.3 billion
koronas, 7.5% of total budget
Denmark
Skagerrak 120 km
F
Skagen Seale wa ceearee
e entries.
Kattegat
3 .
COPENHAGEN
Sjacitand
e
Gente Gomrhislri
Meén
1a Baltic
Lollan Falster Sea
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 43,070 km?; land area: 42,370
km? (excluding Greenland and Faroe
Islands)
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Massachusetts
Land boundaries: 68 km total
Coastline: 3,379 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 4 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Rockall conti-
nental shelf dispute involving Iceland,
Ireland, and UK
Climate: temperate; humid and overcast;
mild winters and cool summers
Terrain: low and flat to gently rolling
plains
Land use: 61% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 6% meadows and pas-
tures; 12% forest and woodland; 21%
other; includes 9% irrigated
Environment: air and water pollution
Special notes: controls Danish Straits
linking Baltic and North Seas
People
Population: 5,121,766 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.07%
Nationality: noun—Dane(s); adjective—
Danish
Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo,
. Faroese, German
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic
(an Eskimo dialect); small German-
speaking minority
Infant mortality rate: 7.7/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 71.5, women 77.5
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2,779,000 (1985); 33.2%
government; 20.7% manufacturing; 13.2%
commerce; 2.0% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 5.9% construction; 7.5% banking
and business services; 7.2% transportation;
10.8% unemployment rate
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital; Copenhagen
Administrative divisions: 14 counties, 275
communes (88 towns are included in
communes)
Dependent areas: Faroe Islands, Green-
land
Legal system: civil law system; constitu-
tion adopted 1953; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: birthday of the Queen,
16 April
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Folketing);
executive power vested in Crown but
exercised by Cabinet responsible to parlia-
ment; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts,
106 lower courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Poul SCHLU-
TER, Prime Minister (since September
1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at
least every four years; last election 10
January 1984
64
Political parties and leaders: Social Dem-
ocratic, Anker Jorgensen; Liberal, Uffe
Ellemann-Jensen; Conservative, Poul
Schlter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg
Petersen; Socialist People’s, Gert Petersen;
Communist, Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist,
Preben Wilnjelm; Center Democratic,
Erhard Jakobsen; Christian People’s, Chris-
tian Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard
Kristiansen; Trade and Industry Party,
Asger J. Lindinger; Free Democratic
Party, Mogens Glistrup; Socialist Workers
Party, no chairman; Communist Workers’
Party (KAP), Benito Scocozza
Voting strength: (1984 election) 31.6%
Social Democratic, 23.4% Conservative,
12.1% Liberal, 11.5% Socialist People’s,
5.5% Radical Liberal, 4.6% Center Demo-
cratic, 3.6% Progress, 2.7% Christian
People’s, 2.6% Left Socialist, 1.5% Justice,
0.7% Communist, 0.2% others
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe,
DAC, EC, ELDO (observer), EMS, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB, Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, NATO,
Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $38.4 billion, $7,533 per capita;
56.3% private consumption, 20.0% private
investment, 26.4% government consump-
tion, investment; —3.7% net exports of
goods and services; 1% increase in stocks;
growth rate, 2.7% (1985)
Natural resources: oil, gas, fish
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in
dairying and animal husbandry; main
crops—cereals, root crops; food imports—
oilseed, grain, animal feedstuffs
Fishing: catch 1.67 million metric tons,
exports $842 million, imports $360 million
(1985)
Major industries: food processing, ma-
chinery and equipment, textiles and cloth-
ing, chemical products, electronics, con-
struction, furniture, and other wood prod-
ucts
Crude steel: 0.5 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 100 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,973,000 kW capacity;
28,290 million kWh produced, 5,550 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $17.1 billion (f.0.b., 1985); princi-
pal items—meat, dairy products, industrial
machinery and equipment, textiles and
clothing, chemical products, transport
equipment, fish, furs, furniture
Imports: $18.2 billion (c.if., 1985); princi-
pal items—industrial machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and
yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals,
grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper
Major trade partners: 1985 exports—
42.3% EC, 15.4% FRG, 12.2% Sweden,
12.0% UK, 10.1% US, 6.8% Norway
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84) $3.6 billion
Budget: expenditures, $32.55 billion;
revenues, $32.56 billion (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.64
kroner=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,770 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) oper-
ate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121
km rail ferry services); 97 km electrified,
730 km double tracked; 650 km of
standard-gauge lines are privately owned
and operated
Highways: 66,482 km total; 64,551 km
concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931
km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 110 km; refined
products, 508 km; natural gas, 640 km
Ports: 4 major, 15 secondary, 41 minor
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 182 total, 117 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: excellent telephone,
telegraph, and broadcast services; 4.0
million telephones (78.3 per 100 popl.); 2
AM, 46 FM, 85 TV stations; 13 submarine
coaxial cables; 7 satellite earth stations for
domestic service
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal
Danish Navy, Royal Danish Air Force
Military manpower; males 15-49,
1,351,000; 1,173,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 38,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $1.7 billion; 7.3% of
central government budget
65
Djibouti
tae Asai(y
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 22,000 km?; land area: 21,980
km?
Comparative area: about the size of New
Hampshire
Land boundaries: 517 km total
Coastline: 314 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; possible claim
by Somalia based on unification of ethnic
Somalis
Climate: desert; torrid, dry
Terrain: coastal plain and plateau sepa-
rated by central mountains
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 9% meadows and pastures; NEGL%
forest and woodland; 91% other
Environment: vast wasteland with impor-
tant geothermal resources
Special notes: strategic location near
world’s busiest shipping lanes and close to
Arabian oilfields
People
Population: 312,405 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.538%
Nationality: noun—Djiboutian(s); adjec-
tive—Diiboutian
Djibouti (continued)
Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa); 35%
Afar, 5% French, Arab, Ethiopian, and
Italian
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: French (official); Arabic, So-
mali, and Afar widely used
Infant mortality rate: 140/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 50
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: a small number of semi-
skilled laborers at port; 3,000 railway
workers
Organized labor: 3,000 railway workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Djibouti
National holiday: 27 June
Type: republic
Capital: Djibouti
Administrative divisions: 5 cercles (dis-
tricts)
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, traditional practices, and Islamic
law; partial constitution ratified January
1981 by National Assembly
Branches: legislative—65-member parlia-
ment (National Assembly), executive,
judiciary
Government leader: Hassan GOULED
Aptidon, President (since June 1977)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: parliament elected May 1982
Political party and leader: Peoples
Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled
Aptidon; sole legal party
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OIC, UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $344 million; per capita income
$1,130 (1986 est.)
Natural resources: none
Agriculture: livestock; limited commercial
crops, including fruit and vegetables
Major industries: transit trade, port,
railway, services; live cattle and sheep
exports to Saudi Arabia; secondary services
to French military
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity; 140
million kWh produced, 460 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $96 million (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
hides and skins and transit of coffee; a
large portion consists of reexports to for-
eign residents of Djibouti
Imports: $197 million (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
almost all domestically needed goods—
foods, machinery, transport equipment
Budget: estimated in percent of GDP—
revenues 30.7%, grants 4.0%, expenditures
45.7% (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 176.14
Djibouti francs=US$1 (average January-
September 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad
extends for 97 km through Djibouti
Highways: 2,800 km total; 279 km bitumi-
nous surface, 229 km improved earth,
2,292 km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Djibouti)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 10 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-8,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of urban
facilities in Djibouti and radio-relay sta-
tions at outlying places; 7,800 telephones
(2.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV
stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground
station, 1 ARABSAT station, 1 submarine
cable to Saudi Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; para-
military National Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
84,000; about 49,000 fit for military ser-
vice
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $29.9 million; 23% of
central government budget
66
Dominica
10 km
Caribbean Caribbean
See See
See regional map Ul
Geography
Total area: 750 km?; land area: 750 km?
Comparative area: about one-fourth the
size of Rhode Island
Coastline: 148 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by northeast
trade winds; heavy rainfall
Terrain: rugged mountains of volcanic
origin
Land use: 9% arable land; 13% permanent
crops; 8% meadows and pastures; 41%
forest and woodland; 34% other
Environment: flash floods a constant
hazard; occasional hurricanes
Special notes: northernmost and largest of
Windward Islands
People
Population: 94,191 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.80%
Nationality: noun—Dominican(s); adjec-
tive—Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some
Carib-Indians
Religion: 80% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Methodist
Language: English (official); French patois
widely spoken
Infant mortality rate: 24.1/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: men 57, women 59.
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 25,000; 40% agriculture, 32%
industry and commerce, 28% services;
15-20% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Domin-
ica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth
Capital: Roseau
Administrative divisions: 10 parishs
Legal system: based on English common
law; three local magistrate courts and the
British Caribbean Court of Appeals
Branches: legislative, 51-member bicam-
eral House of Assembly (1 ex-officio mem-
ber, 9 appointed members, and 21 popu-
larly elected members; executive, Cabinet
headed by Prime Minister; judicial,
magistrate’s courts and regional court of
appeals
Government leaders: (Mary) Eugenia
CHARLES, Prime Minister (since July
1980); Sir Clarence SEIGNORET, Presi-
dent (since December 1983)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage at age 18
Elections: every five years; last held 2 July
1985
Political parties and leaders: Labor Party
of Dominica (DLP, a leftist-dominated
coalition), Michael Douglas; Dominica
Freedom Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia
Charles
Voting strength: (1985 election) House of
Assembly seats—DFP 15, LPD 5, indepen-
dent 1
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups:
Dominica Liberation Movement (DLM), a
small leftist group
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $85.4 million (1984 est.), $1,034 per
capita; real growth rate 1.2% (1986 est.)
Natural resources: timber
Agriculture: bananas, citrus, coconuts,
cocoa, essential oils
Major industries: agricultural processing,
tourism, soap and other coconut-based
products, cigars
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity; 16
million kWh produced, 220 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $28.7 million (f.o.b., 1985); ba-
nanas, coconuts, lime juice and oil, cocoa,
reexports
Imports: $57.0 million (f.0.b., 1985); ma-
chinery and equipment, foodstuffs, manu-
factured articles, cement
Major trade partners: (1984) exports—
46% UK, 16% Jamaica, 15% Trinidad and
Tobago, 2% US, 0.8% other EC; imports—
27% US, 13% UK, 8% Trinidad and To-
bago, 6% other EC
Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF (1970-80),
from Western (non-US) countries, $22.6
million
Budget: revenues, $33.4 million; expendi-
tures, $38.5 million (FY84)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East
Caribbean dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 750 km total; 370 km paved,
880 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Roseau), 1 minor (Port-
smouth)
Civil air: unknown number of major
transport aircraft
Airfields; 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in
fully automatic network (5.6 per 100
popl.); VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia;
new SHF links to Martinique and Guad-
eloupe; 3 AM, 1 FM, 1 cable TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Commonwealth of Dominica
Police Force
Military budget: for fiscal year 1986, $2.9
million; 4.6% of the central government
budget
67
Dominican Republic
100 km
North Atlantic Ocean
Bahia da Samana
Higuey,
San Padro*
da Macoria
Caribbean Sea
See regional map lll
Geography
Total area: 48,730 km?; land area: 48,380
km?
Comparative area: about the size of New
Hampshire and Vermont combined
Land boundary 361 km with Haiti
Coastline: 1,288 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: outer edge of conti-
nental margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 6 nm
Climate: tropical maritime; little seasonal
temperature variation
Terrain: rugged highlands and mountains
Land use: 23% arable land; 7% permanent
crops; 43% meadows and pastures; 138%
forest and woodland; 14% other; includes
4% irrigated
Environment: subject to occasional hurri-
canes; deforestation
Special notes: shares island of Hispaniola
with Haiti
People
Population: 6,960,743 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.49%
Nationality: noun—Dominican(s); adjec-
tive—Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white,
11% black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Dominican Republic (continued)
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 63/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 60
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: over 2 million (1986); 45%
agriculture, 34% industry, 16% services
Organized labor: between 200,000 and
250,000 (1986); 10-15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital; Santo Domingo
Administrative divisions: 29 provinces
and the National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes;
1966 constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
February
Branches: President popularly elected for
a four-year term; bicameral legislature
(National Congress—30-seat Senate and
120-seat Chamber of Deputies elected for
four-year terms); Supreme Court
Government leader: Joaquin BALAGUER
Ricardo, President (since August 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over
age 18 or married, except members of the
armed forces and police, who cannot vote
Elections: ast national election 16 May
1986; next election 16 May 1990
Political parties and leaders: Dominican
Revolutionary Party (PRD), Salvador Jorge
Blanco, Jacobo Majluta, and José Francisco
Pefia Gomez; Social Christian Reformist
Party (PRSC), Joaquin Balaguer Ricardo
(formed in 1984 by merger of Reformist
Party and Social Christian Revolutionary
Party); Dominican Liberation Party (PLD),
Juan Bosch Gavino; The Structure (LE),
Andres Van Der Horst; Democratic
Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y
Wessin; Constitutional Action Party (PAC),
Luis Arzeno Rodriguez; National Progres-
sive Force (FNP), Marino Vinicio Castillo;
Popular Christian Party (PPC), Rogelio
Delgado Bogaert; Dominican Communist
Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde; Anti-
Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan
Rodriguez; in 1983 several leftist parties,
including the PCD, joined to form the
Dominican Leftist Front (FID); however
they still retain individual party structures
Voting strength: (1986 election) 72% voter
turnout; 40.6% PRSC, 33.5% PRD, 18.3%
PLD; 5.8% LE; 2.3% minor parties
Communists: an estimated 8,000 to 10,000
members in several legal and illegal fac-
tions; effectiveness limited by ideological
differences and organizational inadequa-
cies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC,
ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
_ Economy
GDP: $14.9 billion, $858 per capita; real
GDP growth 2.0% (1986 est.)
Natural resources: nickel, bauxite, gold,
silver
Agriculture: sugarcane, coffee, cocoa,
tobacco, rice, corn
Major industries: tourism, sugar process-
ing, nickel mining, gold mining, textiles,
cement
Electric power: 1,332,000 kW capacity;
8,800 million kWh produced, 560 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $735 million (f.0.b., 1985); sugar,
nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, gold, silver
Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); food-
stuffs, petroleum, industrial raw materials,
capital equipment
Major trade partners: exports—77% US,
including Puerto Rico (1984 est.); im-
ports—45% US, including Puerto Rico
(1980)
Aid: US economic commitments, including
Ex-Im (FY70-85), from US, $868 million;
ODA and OOF from other Western coun-
tries (1970-84), $330 million
Military transfers: US (1970-85), $48
million
Budget: revenues, $828 million; expendi-
tures, $750 million (1985 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.05
pesos=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
68
Communications
Railroads: 1,655 km total in numerous
segments; 4 different gauges from .558 m
to 1.435 m
Highways: 12,000 km total; 5,800 km
paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved
earth, 600 km unimproved
Pipelines: crude oil, 96 km; refined prod-
ucts, 8 km
Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Haina, San
Pedro de Macoris, Puerto Plata), 17 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 46 total, 34 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: relatively efficient
domestic system based on islandwide
radio-relay network; 190,000 telephones (3
per 100 popl.); 123 AM, 18 TV stations; I
coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,782,000; 1,129,000 fit for military
service; 84,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ecuador
Boundary representation is
not neceasarily authortlative
Pecific
Ocean
istends not shown in tree
geogrephicel position.
Golfo f£
le
Guayaquil
See regional map1V Galapagos Islands
Geography
Total area: 283,560 km?: land area:
276,840 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Colorado
Land boundaries: 1,931 km total
Coastline: 2,237 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Boundary disputes: Peru (two areas)
Climate: tropical along coast becoming
cooler inland
Terrain: coastal plain (Costa), Andes
Mountains and central highlands (Sierra),
flat to rolling eastern jungle (Oriente)
Land use: 6% arable land; 8% permanent
crops; 17% meadows and pastures; 51%
forest and woodland; 23% other; includes
2% irrigated
Environment: subject to frequent earth-
quakes, landslides, volcanic activity, tsuna-
mis; deforestation; desertification; soil
erosion
Special notes: Cotopaxi in Andes is high-
est active volcano in world
People
Population: 9,954,609 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.80%
Nationality: noun—Ecuadorean(s); adjec-
tive—Ecuadorean
Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo (mixed
Indian and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10%
Spanish, 10% black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority
nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish (official); Indian lan-
guages, especially Quechua
Infant mortality rate: 68.4/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 64 (1984)
Literacy: 85% (1981)
Labor force: (1983) 2.8 million; 52%
agriculture, 18% manufacturing, 7% com-
merce, 4% construction, 4% public admin-
istration, 16% other services and activities
Organized labor; less than 15% of labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Ecuador
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
August
Type: republic
Capital: Quito
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces
including Galapagos Islands
Legal system: based on civil law system;
progressive new constitution passed in
January 1978 referendum; came into effect
following the installation of a new civilian
government in August 1979; has not ac-
cepted compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; unicameral legisla-
ture (Chamber of Representatives); inde-
pendent judiciary
Government leader: Le6n FEBRES-
CORDERO Ribadeneyra, President (since
August 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compul-
sory for literate
Elections: parliamentary and presidential
elections held January 1984; second-stage
presidential election held May 1984;
government and legislature took office in
August 1984; an amendment to the consti-
tution in August 1983 changed the term of
office for the President from five to four
years; the 59 deputies elected by the
provinces serve for two years; the 12
at-large deputies serve for four years; next
presidential election scheduled for 1988
69
Political parties and leaders: Social Chris-
tian Party (PSC, the party of President
Leon Febres-Cordero), center-right; Popu-
lar Democracy (DP), Osvaldo Hurtado;
Christian Democratic, Julio César Trujillo;
Democratic Left (1D), Xavier Ledesma;
Social Democratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical
Alfarist Front (FRA), Cecilia Calderén de
Castro, populist; Democratic Party (PD),
Francisco Huerta, center-left; Radical
Liberal Party, Eudoro Loor Rivadeneira,
center-right; Conservative Party, José
Teran, center-right; Concentration of
Popular Forces (CFP), Averroes Bucaram,
populist; People, Change, and Democracy
(PCD), Aquiles Rigail Santistevan, center-
left; Democratic Popular Movement
(MPD), Jaime Hurtado, Communist; Revo-
lutionary Nationalist Party (PNR), Carlos
Julio Arosemena, center-right; Broad
Leftist Front (FADI), René Mangé, pro-
Moscow Communist
Voting strength: results of May 1984
presidential runoff election—Le6én Febres-
Cordero of the Social Christian Party, who
headed the coalition National Reconstruc-
tion Front, 52.2%; Rodrigo Borja of the
Democratic Left, 47.8%
Communists: Communist Party of Ecua-
dor (PCE, pro-Moscow, René Maugé—
secretary general), 6,000 members; Com-
munist Party of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist
(PCMLE, Maoist), 6,000 members; Revolu-
tionary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE,
pro-Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated
5,000 sympathizers
Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC,
FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, 1LO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU,
LAIA, NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $10.7 billion (1985), $1,140 per
capita; 66% private consumption, 21%
gross investment, 12% public consumption,
27% foreign (1984); real growth rate 3.2%
(1985); inflation rate 24.5% (1986)
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, timber
Ecuador (continued)
Agriculture: main crops—bananas, coffee,
cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice; an
illegal producer of coca for the interna-
tional drug trade
Fishing: catch 307,300 metric tons (1983);
shrimp production 36,230 metric tons
(1985); exports $260 million (1985), imports
negligible
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
chemicals, fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 1,791,000 kW capacity;
4,540 million kWh produced, 470 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $2.1 billion (f.0.b., 1986); petro-
leum, shrimp, fish products, coffee, ba-
nanas, cocoa
Imports: $1.7 billion (f.0.b., 1986); agricul-
tural and industrial machinery, industrial
raw materials, building supplies, chemical
products, transportation and communica-
tion equipment
Major trade partners: exports—54% US,
10% Latin America and Caribbean, 4%
EC, 2% Japan; imports—33% US, 16%
Latin America and Caribbean, 23% EC,
12% Japan (1985)
Aid: Western (non-US) ODA and OOF
commitments (1970-84), $721 million; US
economic (FY70-85), $330 million; Com-
munist countries (1970-85), $64 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85) $71
million
Budget: revenues, $1,718 million; expendi-
tures, $1,876 million (1987)
Monetary conversion rate: 146
sucres=US$1 (1 January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 965 km total; all 1.067-meter
gauge single track
Highways: 28,000 km total; 3,600 km
paved, 17,400 km gravel and improved
earth, 7,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; refined
products, 1,358 km
Ports: 4 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto
Bolivar, Esmeraldas), 6 minor
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 176 total, 174 usable; 32 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 2] with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station; 318,000 telephones (3.9
per 100 popl.); 285 AM, 24 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ecuadorean Army (Ejercito
Ecuatoriano), Ecuadorean Air Force
(Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana), Ecuadorean
Navy (Armada Ecuatoriana)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,399,000; 1,628,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 108,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $242 million;
about 10.9% of the central government
budget
70
Egypt
Mediterranean 200 km
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map V1 and Vil
Geography
Total area: 1,001,450 km?; land area:
995,450 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Oregon and Texas combined
Land boundaries: 2,580 km total
Coastline: 2,450 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 18 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; disputes with
Israel over Taba area and precise location
of some individual boundary markers;
Administrative Boundary and international
boundary with Sudan; West Bank and
Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status
to be determined
Climate: desert; hot, dry summers with
moderate winters
Terrain: vast desert plateau interrupted by
Nile valley and delta
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
NEGL% forest and woodland; 98% other;
includes 2% irrigated
Environment: Nile is only perennial water
source; increasing soil salinization below
Aswan High Dam; hot, driving windstorm
called khamsins occurs in spring; water
pollution; desertification
Special notes: controls Sinai Peninsula,
only land bridge between Africa and
remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls
Suez Canal, shortest sea link between
Indian Ocean and Mediterranean; size and
juxtaposition to Israel establishes its major
role in Middle East geopolitics
People
Population: 51,929,962 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.74%
Nationality: noun—Egyptian(s); adjec-
tive—Egyptian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic
stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim
(mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and
other
Language: Arabic (official), English and
French widely understood by educated
classes
Infant mortality rate: 94/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 60
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: about 13.0 million (1985);
40-45% agriculture, 36% government (local
and national), public sector enterprises,
and armed forces; 20% privately owned
service and manufacturing enterprises
(1984); shortage of skilled labor; unemploy-
ment about 7% (official estimate); esti-
mated 2.0 million Egyptians work abroad,
mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states
(1986)
Organized labor: about 2.5 million
Government
Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic
Capital: Cairo
Administrative divisions: 26 governorates
Legal system: based on English common
law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes;
permanent constitution written in 1971;
judicial review of limited nature in Su-
preme Court, also in Council of State,
which oversees validity of administrative
decisions; accepts compulsory [CJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 23 July
Branches: executive power vested in
President, who appoints Cabinet; People’s
Assembly is principal legislative body, with
Shura Council having consultative role;
independent judiciary administered by
Minister of Justice
Government leaders: Mohammed Hosni
MUBARAK, President (since 1981); “Atif
SIDQI (since November 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: regular elections to People’s
Assembly every five years (next slated for
April 1987); two-thirds of Shura Council is
elected for six-year term (first elections
were in September 1980) with remaining
members appointed by President; presi-
dential election every six years; last held
October 1981
Political parties and leaders: formation of
political parties must be approved by
government; National Democratic Party,
led by Mubarak, is the dominant party;
legal opposition parties are Socialist Lib-
eral Party, Kamal Murad; Socialist Labor
Party, Ibrahim Shukri; National Progres-
sive Unionist Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-al-
Din; Umma Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and
New Wafd Party, Fu’ad Siraj al-Din
Communists: about 500 party members
Other political or pressure groups: Is-
lamic groups are illegal, but the largest
one, the Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated
by the government; trade unions and
professional associations are officially
sanctioned
Member of: AAPSO, AfDB, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, LOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU,
1WC—lInternational Wheat Council,
NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO,
Egypt suspended from Arab League and
OAPEC in April 1979
Economy
GDP: $21.2 billion, $430 per capita; 3.5%
real growth (1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
iron ore, phosphates, manganese, lime-
stone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
7)
Agriculture: main cash crop—cotton; other
crops—rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit,
wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement
Electric power: 8,427,000 kW capacity;
40,600 million kWh produced, 800 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $3.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985/86 est.);
crude petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn,
fabric
Imports: $9.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985/86 est.);
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment,
fertilizers, woods
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Monetary conversion rate; official rate
0.70 Egyptian pound=US$1; commercial
bank rate 1.35 Egyptian pounds=US$1,
free market rate 1.95 Egyptian
pounds=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiseal year: 1 July-30 June
Communicalions
Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double
track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435-
meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter
gauge
Highways: 28,500 km total; 15,000 km
surfaced, 13,500 km unsurfaced
Inland waterways: 3,360 km (including
the Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-
Cairo Waterway, the Ismailia Canal, and
numerous smaller canals in the Delta);
Suez Canal, 162 km long, used by ocean-
going vessels drawing up to 16.1 meters of
water
Freight carried: Suez Canal—257.6 mil-
lion metric tons, of which 94 million
metric tons were petroleums, oils, and
lubricants (1985)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,107 km; refined
products, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km
Ports: 4 major (Alexandria, Port Said,
Suez, Bur Safajah); 15 minor; 9 petroleum,
oil, and lubricant terminals
Civil air: 42 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 102 total, 86 usable; 64 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 45 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Egypt (continued)
Telecommunications: system is large but
still inadequate for needs; principal centers
are Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansdrah,
Ismailia, and Tanta; intercity connections
by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive
upgrading in progress; est. 600,000 tele-
phones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM,
47 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1
Indian Ocean INTELSAT station; 3 sub-
marine coaxial cables; tropospheric scatter
to Sudan; radio-relay to Libya
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air
Defense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,203,000; 7,949,000 fit for military
service; 513,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: operating expenditures
for fiscal year ending 30 June 1985, $3.7
billion; 18% of central government budget
EI] Salvador
Boundary representation is
not neceasarily authoritative
Chalatenango
Santa Ana
SAN SALVADOR
eeoaas * San Vicente
North Pacific Ocean
See regional map IIL
Geography
Total area: 21,040 km?; land area: 20,720
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Massachusetts
Land boundaries: 515 km total
Coastline: 307 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and
navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
Boundary disputes: Honduras
Climate: tropical; rainy season (May to
October); dry season (November to April)
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow
coastal belt and central plateau
Land use: 27% arable land; 8% permanent
crops; 29% meadows and pastures; 6%
forest and woodland; 30% other; includes
5% irrigated
Environment: The Land of Volcanoes;
subject to frequent and sometimes very
destructive earthquakes; deforestation; soil
erosion; water pollution
Special notes: smallest Central American
country and only one without a coastline
on Caribbean Sea
People
Population: 5,260,478 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.37%
Nationality: noun—Salvadoran(s); adjec-
tive—Salvadoran
72
Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% In-
dian, 1% white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic, with
activity by Protestant groups throughout
the country
Language: Spanish, Nahua (among some
Indians)
Infant mortality rate: 41/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 62.6, women 66.3
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 40%
agriculture, 16% manufacturing, 16%
commerce, 13% government, 9% financial
services, 6% transportation (1984 est.);
shortage of skilled labor and large pool of
unskilled labor, but manpower training
programs improving situation; significant
unemployment and underemployment
Organized labor: 8% total labor force;
10% agricultural labor force; 7% urban
labor force (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Administrative divisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with
traces of common law; new constitution
enacted in December 1983; judicial review
of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: Legislative Assembly (60 seats),
Executive, Supreme Court
Government leaders: José Napoleén
DUARTE, President (since June 1984);
Rodolfo CASTILLO Claramount, Vice
President (since June 1984); Abraham
RODRIGUEZ, First Presidential Designate
(since September 1984); René FORTIN,
Magafia, Second Presidential Designate
(since September 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Legislative Assembly (formerly
Constituent Assembly), 28 March 1982;
presidential election, 25 March 1984;
presidential runoff election, 6 May 1984
(next scheduled for 1989); Legislative
Assembly election, 31 March 1985
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (PDC), José Antonio
Morales Erlich; National Conciliation
Party (PCN), Hugo Carrillo; Democratic
Action (AD), Ricardo Gonzdlez Camacho;
Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco
Quifiénez; National Republican Alliance
(ARENA), Alfredo Cristiani; Salvadoran
Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA),
Roberto Escobar Garcia; Social Democratic
Party (PSD), Mario René Roldan; Patria
Libre, Hugo Barrera
Voting strength: Legislative Assembly—
PDC, 33 seats; ARENA, 13 seats; PAISA, 1
seat; PCN, 12 seats; independent, } seat
Other political or pressure groups: leftist
revolutionary movement—Unified Revolu-
tionary Directorate (DRU) and Farabundo
Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN),
leadership bodies of the insurgency; Popu-
lar Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces
of National Resistance (FARN), People’s
Revolutionary Army (ERP), Salvadoran
Communist Party/Armed Forces of Liber-
ation (PCES/FAL), and Central American
Workers’ Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/
Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARLP); militant front organiza-
tions—Revolutionary Coordinator of
Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups),
Popular Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified
Popular Action Front (FAPU), Popular
Leagues of 28 February (LP-28), National
Democratic Union (UDN), and Popular
Liberation Movement (MLP); Revolution-
ary Democratic Front (FDR), coalition of
CRM and Democratic Front (FD), con-
trolled by DRU; FD consists of moderate
leftist groups—Independent Movement of
Professionals and Technicians of El Salva-
dor (MIPTES), National Revolutionary
Movement (MNR), and Popular Social
Christian Movement (MPSC); extreme
rightist vigilante organizations or death
squads—Secret Anti-Communist Army
(ESA); Maximiliano Hernandez Brigade;
Organization for Liberation From Com-
munism (OLC)
Labor organizations: Federation of Con-
struction and Transport Workers Unions
(FESINCONSTRANS), independent;
Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS),
peasant association; Unitary Federation of
Salvadoran Unions (FUSS), leftist; National
Federation of Salvadoran Workers (FE-
NASTRAS), leftist; Democratic Workers
Central (CTD), moderate; General Confed-
eration of Workers (CGT), moderate;
Popular Democratic Unity (UPD), moder-
ate labor coalition which includes FESIN-
CONSTRANS, and other democratic labor
organizations
Business organizations: National Associa-
tion of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conser-
vative; Productive Alliance (AP), conserva-
tive; National Federation of Salvadoran
Small Businessmen (FENAPES), conserva-
tive
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, L[ADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, !WC—International
Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.36 billion, $870 per capita (1985
est.)
Natural resources: hydroelectric and
geothermal power
Agriculture: coffee, cotton, corn, sugar,
beans, rice, sorghum, wheat
Fishing: catch 10,500 metric tons (1984
est.)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 705,000 kW capacity;
1,710 billion kWh produced, 340 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $772 million (f.0.b., 1985); coffee,
cotton, sugar, shrimp
Imports: $1,052 million (c.i-f., 1985);
machinery, intermediate goods, petroleum,
construction materials, fertilizers, food-
stuffs
73
Major trade partners: exports—33% US,
15% FRG, 12% Guatemala; imports—39%
US, 18% Guatemala, 9% Mexico
Aid: authorized from US, including Ex-Im
(FY70-85), $1.3 billion; ODA and OOF
commitments by other Western countries
(1970-84), $170 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $548
million
Budget: government revenues, $502 mil-
lion; expenditures, $582 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.0
colones=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km
paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km im-
proved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Rio Lempa partially
navigable
Ports: 2 major (Acajutla, La Unién), 1
minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 161] total, 135 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; ] with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk
radio-relay system; connection into Central
American microwave net; 116,000 tele-
phones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 77 AM, 2
shortwave, 5 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Na-
tional Guard, National Police, Treasury
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,223,000; 780,000 fit for military service;
63,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $166.8 million;
about 24.6% of the central government
budget
Equatorial Guinea
ALABO —ikn
Bioko
Gulf of Guinea
Bate
RIO MUNI
‘sland not
shown in true
geographical
position,
—
¢
Annobon Acalayong
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 28,050 km?; land area: 28,050
km?
Comparative area; about the size of
Maryland
Land boundaries: 539 km total
Coastline: 296 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Gabon
Climate: tropical; always hot, humid
Terrain: coastal plains rise to interior hills
Land use: 5% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 61%
forest and woodland; 26% other
Environment: subject to violent wind-
storms
Special notes: none
People
Population: 340,434 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.83%; includes Rio
Muni 265,281, average annual growth rate
1.83%, and Bioko 75,153, average annual
growth rate 1.83%
Nationality: noun—Equatorial Guinean(s):
adjective-—Equatorial Guinean
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of
Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos,
Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000
Europeans, mostly Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian
and predominantly Roman Catholic; some
pagan practices retained
Language: Spanish (official), pidgin En-
glish, Fang
Infant mortality rate: 142.9/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 44, women 48
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: most involved in subsistence
agriculture; labor shortages on plantations
Government
Official] name: Republic of Equatorial
Guinea
Type: republic
Capital; Malabo
Administrative divisions: 6 provinces with
appointed governors
Legal system: in transition; constitution
approved 15 August 1982 by popular
referendum; in part based on Spanish civil
law and custom
National holiday: 12 October
Branches: constitution provides for presi-
dent with broad powers, prime minister,
unicameral legislature (House of Represen-
tatives of the People), and free judiciary
Government leader: Col. Teodoro
OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, Presi-
dent (since August 1979)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: parliamentary elections held
October 1983
Political parties and leaders: political
parties suspended; before coup of 3 August
1979, National Unity Party of Workers
(PUNT) was the sole legal party
Communists: no significant number of
Communists but some sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, Conference of East
and Central African States, ECA, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO
Economy
GNP: $75 million, $420 per capita (1983);
economy destroyed during regime of
former President Masie Nguema
Natural resources: timber, petroleum
minerals, agriculture
74
Agriculture: major cash crops—Rio Muni,
timber, coffee; Bioko, cocoa; main food
products—rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil
palm nuts, manioc, livestock
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity; 17
million kWh produced, 47 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $16.9 million (1982 est.); cocoa,
coffee, wood
Imports: $41.5 million (1982 est.); food-
stuffs, chemicals and chemical products,
textiles
Major trade partner: Spain
Budget: receipts, $17.67 million; expendi-
tures $16.96 million (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: ekuele re-
placed by Communauté Financiére
Africaine (CFA) franc in 1985; 415 CFA
francs=US$1 (1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni—2,460 km, includ-
ing 185 km bituminous, remainder gravel
and earth; Bioko—300 km, including 146
km bituminous, remainder gravel and
earth
Inland waterways: no significant water-
ways
Ports: 1 major (Malabo), 3 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: poor system with
adequate government services; interna-
tional communications from Bata and
Malabo to African and European coun-
tries; 2,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.);
2 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations
Defense Forces ,
Branches: Army, Navy, and possibly Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 72,000;
36,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central
government budget
Ethiopia
400 km
+ Red Sea
Mits'iway
i A Boundary representation is
Asmara
not necessarily authoritalive
Aseb
Gonder
Ci tane Hayk
Djré Dawa,
ADDIS ,
AGABA
Jima + . Awase
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: ],221,900 km?; land area:
1,101,000 km?
Comparative area: four-fifths the size of
Alaska
Land boundaries: 5,198 km total
Coastline: 1,094 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: southern half of
boundary with Somalia is a Provisional
Administrative Line; possible claim by
Somalia based on unification of ethnic
Somalis; territorial dispute with Somalia
over the Ogaden
Climate: tropical monsoon with wide
topographic-induced variation
Terrain: high plateau with central moun-
tain range divided by Great Rift Valley
Land use: 12% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 41% meadows and pastures; 24%
forest and woodland; 22% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: geologically active Great
Rift Valley susceptible to earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions; deforestation; overgraz-
ing; soil erosion; desertification
Special notes: strategic geopolitical posi-
tion along world’s busiest shipping lanes
and close to Arabian oilfields
People
Population: 46,706,229 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.69%
Nationality: noun—Ethiopian(s); adjec-
tive—Ethiopian
Ethnic divisions: 40% Oromo, 32%
Amhara and Tigrean, 9% Sidamo, 6%
Shankella, 6% Somali, 4% Afar, 2%
Gurage, 1% other
Religion: 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethio-
pian Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic (official), Tigrinya,
Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign
language taught in schools)
Infant mortality rate: 145/),000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 38
Literacy: about 35%
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal
husbandry; 10% government, military, and
quasi-government
Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade
Union formed by the government in
January 1977 to represent 273,000 regis-
tered trade union members
Government
Official name: Socialist Ethiopia
Type: under military rule since September
1974; monarchy abolished in March 1975,
republic to be formed in 1987
Capital: Addis Ababa
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: complex structure with
civil, Islamic, coramon, and customary law
influences; constitution suspended Septem-
ber 1974—military leaders have promised
a referendum on a new constitution in
early 1987; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Popular Revolution
Commemoration Day, 12 September
Branches: executive power exercised by
the Provisional Military Administrative
Council (PMAC), dominated by its chair-
man and small circle of associates; pre-
dominantly civilian Cabinet holds office at
sufferance of military; legislature dissolved
September 1974; judiciary at higher levels
based on Western pattern, at lower levels
on traditional pattern, without jury system
in either
75
Government leader: Lt. Col. MENGISTU
Haile-Mariam, Chairman of the Provi-
sional Military Administrative Council
(since February 1977)
Suffrage: none
Elections: referendum on new constitution
promised for early 1987 to be followed by
elections for president and National As-
sembly
Political party and leader: Ethiopian
Workers Party (WPE), Mengistu Haile-
Mariam
Communists: government is officially
Marxist-Leninist
Other political or pressure groups: impor-
tant dissident groups include Eritrean
Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People’s
Liberation Front (EPLF) in Eritrea;
Tigrean People’s Liberation Front (TPLF)
in Tigray and Welo Provinces; Western
Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) in the
Ogaden region
Member of: AfDB, ECA, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.0 billion, $120 per capita
(1983/84 est.)
Natural resources: potash, salt, gold,
copper, platinum
Agriculture: main crop—coffee; also
cereals, pulses, oilseeds, meat, hides and
skins
Major industries: cement, sugar refining,
cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery
Electric power: 330,000 kW capacity; 722
million kWh produced, 14 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $520 million (f.0.b., 1985/86 est.);
75% coffee
Imports: $1,037 million (c.if., 1985/86)
Major trade partners: exports—US, FRG,
Djibouti, Japan, Saudi Arabia, France,
Italy; imports—USSR, Italy, FRG, Japan,
UK, US
Budget: as shares of GDP—revenues,
25.1%; expenditures, 31.8%; deficit, 6.7%
(1986)
Ethiopia (continued)
External debt: $1.7 billion, 1985; total
debt service as a share of exports of goods
and services 22% (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian
birr=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
Communications
Railroads: 1,089 km total; 782 km 1.000-
meter gauge, of which 97 km are in
Djibouti; 307 km 0.950-meter gauge
Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,888 km
bituminous, 8,344 km gravel, 2,456 km
improved earth, 29,612 km unimproved
earth
Ports: 2 major (Aseb, Mits’iwa)
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 171 total, 186 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 10 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 50 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: 4 AM, 0 FM, and 1]
TV stations; 40,000 TV sets; 2,000,000
receiver sets; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air
Defense; paramilitary Emergency Strike
Force Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
10,351,000; 5,846,000 fit for military
service; 500,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 7
July 1986, $433.2 million; 20.4% of central
government budget
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
South Sandwich Islands,
South Georgia. Shag. and $9 km
Clerke Rocks are not shown
wa South Atlantic Ocean
Falkland @ East Falkland
-
Administered by U.K.
claimad by Argentine
Scotie Sea
See regional map 1V
Geography
Total area: 12,170 km?; land area: 12,170
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Connecticut
Coastline: 1,288 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm (enfore-
ing only to 150 nm, 1 February 1987)
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Boundary disputes: none; territorial dis-
pute—islands administered by UK,
claimed by Argentina
Climate: cold marine; strong westerly
winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more
than half of days in year; occasional snow
all year, does not accumulate
Terrain: rocky, hilly, mountainous with
some boggy, undulating plains
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 99% meadows and pastures; 0%
forest and woodland; 1% other
Environment: some smaller islands in
dependencies are voleanically active
Special notes: deeply indented coastline
provides good natural harbors
People
Population; 1,821 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.00%; population may
be declining slightly each year
76
Nationality: noun—Falkland Islander(s);
adjective—Falkland Island
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Anglican
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age
14
Labor force: 1,100 (est.); about 95% in
agriculture, mostly sheepherding
Government
Official name: Colony of the Falkland
Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Stanley
Administrative divisions: Falkland, South
Georgia, and South Sandwich Islands (the
latter two are administered from Stanley)
Legal system: English common law
Branches: under the 1985 Constitution an
Executive Council was established; it
consists of three elected members from the
eight-member popularly elected Legisla-
tive Counil
Government leaders: Gordon W.
JEWKES, Governor (since 1985); Rear
Admiral Christopher CAYMAN, Com-
mander of the British Armed Forces (since
1986)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Economy
Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming
Major industry: wool processing
Electric power: 3,500 kW capacity; 6
million kWh produced, 3,050 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: to UK, $21.9 million (1986); wool,
hides and skins, and other
Imports: from UK, $17.9 million (1986);
food, clothing, fuels, and machinery
Major trade partners: exports—nearly all
to the UK, some to the Netherlands and
Japan; imports—Curacao, Japan, and UK
Aid: (1970-79) Western (non-US) countries,
ODA and OOF, $24 million
Budget: revenues, $5 million; expendi-
tures, $4.8 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.70 Falkland
Island pound=0.70 pound sterling=US$1
(November 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80
km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth
Ports: | major (Port Stanley), 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run-
ways 2,440-8,659 m
Telecommunications: government-
operated radiotelephone networks provid-
ing effective service to almost all points on
both islands; about 590 telephones (24.2
per 100 popl.); | AM, 1 FM, and 1 Atlan-
tic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Faroe Islands
25 km ©
Sseinoy
Straymoy|
Bordhoy
Mykines ee
vége? TORSHAVN
x 4
Norwegien
WW See
Sandoy
North Skdvoy®
Atlantic ry
Ocean -
Sudhuroy
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 1,400 km?; land area: 1,400
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Rhode Island
Coastline: 764 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 4 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: mild winters, cool summers;
usually overcast; foggy, windy
Terrain: rugged, rocky, some low peaks;
cliffs along most of coast
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadews and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 98% other
Environment: precipitous terrain limits
habitation to small coastal lowlands; archi-
pelago consists of 18 inhabited islands and
a few uninhabited islets
Special notes: strategically located along
important sea lanes in northeastern Atlan-
tic about midway between Iceland and
Shetland Islands
People
Population: 46,429 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.91%
Nationality: noun—Faroese (sing., pl.);
adjective—Faroese
ae
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white
population
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Faroese (derived from Old
Norse), Danish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 17,585; largely engaged in
fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and
commerce
Government
Official name: Faroe Islands
Type: self-governing province within the
Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in
Danish parliament
Capital: Torshavn on the island of
Streymoy
Administrative divisions: 7 districts, 49
communes, 1 town
Legal system: based on Danish law; Home
Rule Act enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown, acting through appointed
High Commissioner, and 32-member
provincial parliament (Lagting) in matters
of strictly Faroese concern; executive
power vested in Crown, acting through
High Commissioner, but exercised by
provincial cabinet responsible to provincial
parliament
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Atli DAM,
Lagmand, Prime Minister (since December
1984); Niels BENTSEN, Danish Governor
(since 1981)
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 2]
Elections: held every four years; most
recent, 8 November 1984
Political parties and leaders: four-party
ruling coalition—Social Democratic, Atli
Dam; Republican, Erlendur Patursson;
Home Rule, Tgbijern Poulsen; Peoples,
Jogvan Sundstéi.i
Voting strength! (January 1985) four-party
coalition—17 of 32 seats
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
Faroe Islands (continued)
Economy
GDP: $369.3 million, about $8,800 per
capita (1980)
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
Fishing: catch 329,900 metric tons (1983);
exports, $162.3 million (1980)
Major industry: fishing
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity; 225
million kWh produced, 4,890 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $178.7 million (f.0.b., 1980);
mostly fish and fish products
Imports: $222.1 million (c.i.f., 1980);
machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum and petroleum products, food
products
Major trade partners: exports 21.3%
Denmark, 13.4% UK, 12.4% FRG, 11.7%
US (1980)
Budget: expenditures, $98.8 million; reve-
nues, $98.8 million (FY8])
Monetary conversion rate: 7.37 Danish
kroner=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 200 km
Ports: 2 major, 8 minor
Airfields: I total, I usable with
permanent-surface runways I,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
communications; fair domestic facilities;
27,900 telephones (61.0 per 100 popl.); I
AM, 3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine
cables
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Denmark
Military manpower: included with Den-
mark
«* Rotums
South Pacific Ocean
Vanua Levu
a a
ne 2 Ee
oe Ge NM we
Viti Levu“ SUVA os
na
Kandevu
2 100 km
Cave-i-Ra
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 18,270 km?; land area: 18,270
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Massachusetts
Coastline: 1,129 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine; only slight
seasonal temperature variation
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic
origin
Land use: 8% arable land; 5% permanent
crops; 3% meadows and pastures; 65%
forest and woodland; 19% other; includes
NEGL4% irrigated
Environment: subject to hurricanes from
November to January
Special notes: none
People
Population: 727,902 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.25%
Nationality: noun—Fijian(s), adjective—
Fijian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Indian, 45% Fijian;
5% European, other Pacific Islanders,
overseas Chinese, and others
Religion: Fijians are mainly Christian,
Indians are Hindu with a Muslim minority
78
Language: English (official); Fijian;
Hindustani
Infant mortality rate: 29/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 72
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 176,000 (1979); 40% of total
work force paid employees, remainder
involved in subsistence agriculture; 43.4%
agriculture, 15.6% industry
Organized labor: about 45,000 employees
belong to some 46 trade unions, which are
organized along lines of work and ethnic
origin (1983)
Government
Official name: Fiji
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recog-
nized as chief of state
Capital: Suva
Administrative divisions: 4 divisions
Legal system: based on British system
National holiday: Fiji Day, 10 October
Branches: executive—Prime Minister and
Cabinet; legislative—52-member House of
Representatives; 22-member appointed
Senate; judicial—Supreme Court, Court of
Appeal, Magistrate’s Courts
Government leader: Ratu Sir Kamisese
MARA, Prime Minister (since 1966; was
Chief Minister before independence)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years unless House
dissolves earlier; last held July 1982
Political parties: Alliance, primarily
Fijian, headed by Ratu Mara; National
Federation, primarily Indian, headed by
Siddiq Koya; Western United Front,
Fijian, Ratu Osea Gavidi; Fiji Labor Party
(founded in mid-1985), headed by Dr.
Timoci Bavadra
Voting strength: (July 1982) House of
Representatives—Alliance Party 28 seats,
National Federation Party/Western United
Front coalition 24 seats
Communists: some
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Com-
monwealth, EC (associate), ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, SPF,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.099 billion (1986 est.), $1,254 per
capita; annual growth rate, 2.5% (1986)
Natural resources: timber, fish, gold,
copper
Agriculture: sugar, copra, ginger, rice;
major, deficiency, grains
Major industries: sugar refining, tourism,
gold, lumber, small industries
Electric power: 213,000 kW capacity; 220
million kWh produced, 310 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $240 million (f.o.b., 1985); 70%
sugar; also copra
Imports: $447 million (c.i.f., 1985); 24%
manufactured goods, 20.0% machinery,
16.3% foodstuffs, 16% fuels
Major trade partners: Australia, New
Zealand, Japan, UK, Singapore, US
Aid; Western (non-US) countries (1980-84),
$527 million
Budget: revenues, $323 million; expendi-
tures, $402 million (1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.16 Fiji
dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 644 km 0.610-meter narrow
gauge, belonging to the government-owned
Fiji Sugar Corporation
Highways: 3,300 km total (1984)—390 km
paved; 1200 km bituminous surface treat-
ment; 1,290 km gravel, crushed stone, or
stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km
navigable by motorized craft and 200-
metric-ton barges
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 1 DC-8 and 1 light aircraft
Airfields; 27 total, 27 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: modern local,
interisland, and international (wire/radio
integrated) public and special-purpose
telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter
facilities; regional radio center; important
COMPAC cable link between US/Canada
and New Zealand/Australia; 49,540 tele-
phones (6.9 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 1 FM ,
no TV stations; | satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: integrated ground and naval
forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 187,000;
104,000 fit for military service; 7,000
reach military age (18) annually
79
Finland
Gulf of
Bothnia
Aland
Islands
ay
See regionatmap v HELSINKI
Geography
Total area: 337,030 km?; land area:
305,470 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Montana
Land boundaries: 2,534 km total
Coastline: 1,126 km excluding islands and
coastal indentations
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 6 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm
Territorial sea: 4 nm
Climate: cold temperate, potentially
subarctic, but comparatively mild because
of moderating influence of Gulf Stream,
Baltic Sea, more than 60,000 lakes
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains
interspersed with low hills
Land use: 8% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; NEGL% meadows and pastures;
76% forest and woodland; 16% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: permanently wet ground
covers about 30% of land; population
concentrated on small southwestern coastal
plain
Special notes: long boundary with USSR;
Helsinki is northernmost national capital
on European continent
Finland (continued)
People
Population: 4,939,880 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.86%
Nationality: noun—Finn(s); adjective—
Finnish
Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp,
Gypsy, Tatar
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2%
Greek Orthodox, 1.8% other
Language: 93.5% Finnish, 6.8% Swedish
(both official); small Lapp- and Russian-
speaking minorities
Infant mortality rate: 6.2/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 70.1, women 78.1
Literacy: almost 100%
Labor force: 2.487 million (1985); 24.5%
mining and manufacturing; 27.9% services;
20.9% commerce; 11.5% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing; 7.3% construction;
7.6% transportation and communications;
6.2% unemployed (1985 average)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Administrative divisions: 12 provinces,
377 communes, 84 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on
Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919;
Supreme Court may request legislation
interpreting or modifying laws; accepts
compulsory IC) jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
December
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with President and unicameral legislature
(Eduskunta); executive power vested in
President and exercised through coalition
Cabinet responsible to parliament; Su-
preme Court, four superior courts, 193
lower courts
Government leaders: Dr. Mauno
KOIVISTO, President (since January
1982); Kalevi SORSA, Prime Minister
(since February 1982)
Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not
compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every four years
(next in March, 1991); presidential, every
six years (next in 1988)
Political parties and leaders: Social Dem-
ocratic Party, Kalevi Sorsa; Center Party,
Paavo Vayrynen; People’s Democratic
League (majority Communist front), Esko
Helle; Nationa! Coalition (Conservative)
Party, Ilkka Suominen; Liberal People’s
Party, Kyésti Lallukka; Swedish People’s
Party, Christoffer Taxell; Rural Party,
Pekka Vennamo; Finnish Communist
Party (majority Communist faction), Arvo
Aalto; Finnish Communist Party-Unity
(minority faction), Taisto Sinisalo; Demo-
cratic Alternative (minority Communist
front), Kristiina Halkola; Finnish Christian
League, Esko Almgren; Constitutional
Rightist Party, Georg Ehrnrooth; Finnish
Pensioners Party; Greens
Voting strength: (1987 parliamentary
election) 24.8% Social Democratic (56
seats), 23.9% Conservative (58 seats), 18.6%
Center-Liberal (40 seats), 9.4% People’s
Democratic League (16 seats), 6.8% Rural
(9 seats), 5.3% Swedish Peoples (18 seats),
4.3% Democratic Alternative (4 seats),
4.0% Greens (4 seats), 2.6% Christian
League (5 seats), 1.2% Pensioners (no seats),
0.1% Constitutional Rightist (no seats)
Communists: 28,000 registered members;
an additional 45,000 persons belong to
People’s Democratic League
Member of: ADB, CEMA (special cooper-
ation agreement), DAC, EC (free trade
agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES,
ICO, IDA, 1DB—Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, 1LO, Inter-
national Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
IWC—Internationa] Wheat Council,
Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $54.4 billion (1985), $11,100 per
capita; 55.6% private consumption, 23.4%
gross fixed capital formation; 20.2% gov-
ernment consumption; 0.8% net exports of
80
goods and services; 1985 growth rate 2.9%
(1980 prices)
Natural resources: forests, copper, zinc,
iron, farmland
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially
dairying, predominates; forestry important
secondary occupation for rural population;
main crops—cereals, sugar beets, potatoes;
85% self-sufficient; shortages—food and
fodder grains
Fishing: catch 157,100 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: metal manufacturing
and shipbuilding, forestry and wood pro-
cessing (pulp, paper), copper refining,
foodstuffs, textiles, clothing
Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw
materials (except wood, iron ore)
Crude steel: 2.5 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 580 kg per capita
Electric power: 12,389,000 kW capacity;
45,590 million kWh produced, 9,250 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $13.54 billion (f.0.b., 1985); tim-
ber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery,
clothing and footwear
Imports: $13.14 billion (c.i-f., 1985); food-
stuffs, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, transport equipment, iron and
steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics
Major trade partners: (1985) exports—
35.2% EC (10.6% UK, 9.0% FRG), 21.4%
USSR, 13.1% Sweden, 6.2% US; imports—
86.9% EC (14.9% FRG, 7.2% UK), 20.6%
USSR, 11.7% Sweden, 5.4% US
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $998 million
Budget: expenditures, $16.3 billion; reve-
nues, $14.4 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.206 Finn-
marks (Fim)=US$I (830 December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,071 km total; Finnish State
Railways (VR) operate a total of 6,010 km
1.524-meter gauge, of which 480 km are
multiple track and 1,257 km are electrified
Highways: about 103,000 km total, includ-
ing 35,000 km paved (bituminous, con-
crete, bituminous-treated surface) and
$8,000 km unpaved (stabilized gravel,
gravel, earth); additional 30,000 km of
private (state subsidized) roads
Inland waterways: 6,675 km total (includ-
ing Saimaa Canal), 3,700 km suitable for
steamers
Pipelines: natural gas, 16) km
Ports: 1] major, 34 minor
Civil air; 39 major transport
Airfields: 163 total, 160 usable; 47 with
permanent-surface runways; 22 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good service from
cable and radio-relay network; 2.95 mil-
lion telephones (57 per 100 popl.); 6 AM,
105 FM, 235 TV stations; 3 submarine
cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,315,000; 1,102,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 31,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $1.08 billion; 5.7% of
central government budget
France
English Channel
Biscay
Nice
Merseille
Corsica
Mediterranean
Sea
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 547,030 km?; land area:
545,630 km?
Comparative area: four-fifths the size of
Texas
Land boundaries: 2,888 km total
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644
km)
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Canada; Madagascar claims
Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso
Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Trome-
lin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte;
Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; Seychel-
les claims Tromelin Island; Suriname
claims part of French Guiana; territorial
claim in Antarctica (Adélie Land)
Climate: generally cool winters and mild
summers, but mild winters and hot sum-
mers along the Mediterranean
Terrain: mostly flat plains or gently rolling
hills; rest is mountainous
Land use: 32% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 23% meadows and pastures; 27%
forest and woodland; 16% other; includes
2% irrigated
81
Environment: most of large urban areas
and industrial centers in Rhéne, Garonne,
Seine, or Loire river basins; occasional
warm tropical wind known as mistral
Special] notes: largest West European
nation
People
Population: 55,596,030 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.38%
Nationality: noun—Frenchman(men);
adjective—French
Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with
Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indo-
chinese, and Basque minorities
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 2% Protes-
tant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North Afri-
can workers), 6% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population);
rapidly declining regional dialects (Proven-
eal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan,
Basque, Flemish)
Infant mortality rate: 9/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 75
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 23.98 million; 60.8% services,
24.0% industry, 7.6% agriculture, 7.6%
other; 10.6% unemployed (1986)
Organized labor: about 20% of labor force
Government
Official name: French Republic
Type: republic, with President whose
previously wide powers have been some-
what curtailed by current power-sharing
arrangement with Prime Minister
Capital: Paris
Administrative divisions: 22 regions with
96 metropolitan departments
Dependent areas: Bassas da India, Clip-
perton Island, Europa Island, French
Guiana, French Polynesia, French South-
ern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martin-
ique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion,
St. Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island,
Wallis and Futuna Island
France (continued)
Legal system: civil law system with indig-
enous concepts; new constitution adopted
1958, amended concerning election of
President in 1962; judicial review of ad-
ministrative but not legislative acts
National holiday: National Day, 14 July
Branches: presidentially appointed Prime
Minister heads Council of Ministers, which
is formally responsible to National Assem-
bly; bicameral legislature—National As-
sembly (577 members), Senate (317 mem-
bers)—restricted by a delaying action;
judiciary independent in principle
Government leaders: Francois MITTER-
RAND, President (since May 1981);
Jacques CHIRAC, Prime Minister (since
March 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; not com-
pulsory
Elections: National Assembly—every five
years, last election March 1986, two-round
majority system enacted in October 1986;
Senate—indirect collegiate system for nine
years, renewable by one-third every three
years, last election September 1986; Presi-
dent, direct, universal suffrage every seven
years, two ballots, last election May 1981
Political parties and leaders: majority
coalition—Rally for the Republic (RPR,
formerly UDR), Jacques Chirac; Union for
French Democracy (UDF, federation of
PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean Lecanuet;
Republicans (PR), Francois Léotard; Cen-
ter for Social Democrats (CDS), Pierre
Méhaignerie; Radical (RAD), André Rossi-
not; left opposition—Socialist Party (PS),
Lionel Jospin; Left Radical Movement
(MRG), Francois Doubin; Communist
Party (PCF), Georges Marchais; extreme
right party National Front (FN), Jean-
Marie Le Pen
Voting strength: (1986 election)
UDF/RPR/CNIP, 44.9%; PS/MRG 31.6%;
Communist, 9.8%; National Front, 9.7%;
diverse left, 1.0%; extreme left, 1.5%;
extreme right, 0.2%; other 1.2%
Communists: 700,000 claimed but proba-
bly closer to 150,000; Communist voters,
2.7 million in 1986 elections
Other political or pressure groups:
Communist-controlled labor union (Conféd-
ération Générale du Travail) nearly 2.4
million members (claimed); Socialist-
leaning labor union (Confédération Fran-
caise Démocratique du Travail—CFDT)
about 800,000 members est.; independent
labor union (Force Ouvriére) about
1,000,000 members est.; independent white
collar union (Confédération Générale des
Cadres) 840,000 members (claimed); Na-
tional Council of French Employers (Con-
seil National du Patronat Fran¢éais—CNPF
or Patronat)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe,
DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, EMS,
ESCAP, ESRO, FAO, GATT, JAEA, [ATP,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, 1FC, [HO, 1LO, International Lead
and Zine Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU,
IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, [WC—International
Whaling Commission, NATO (signatory),
OAS (observer), OECD, South Pacific
Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $510.3 billion (1985), $9,280 per
capita; 65% private consumption, 18.9%
investment (including government), 16.5%
government consumption; -0.4% net for-
eign balance; 1985 real growth rate, 1.2%;
average annual growth rate (1975-84),
2.1%
Natural resources: coal, iron cre, bauxite,
fish, forests
Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost
producer; beef, dairy products, cereals,
sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-
sufficient for most temperate zone food-
stuffs; agricultural shortages include fats
and oils, tropical produce
Fishing: catch 721,809 metric tons; exports
of fish and fish products $363 million,
imports $1,014 million (1985)
Major industries: steel, machinery and
equipment, textiles and clothing, chemi-
cals, automobiles, food processing, metal-
lurgy, aircraft, electronics
Shortages: crude oil, natural gas, textile
fibers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal,
fats and oils
82
Crude steel: 23.0 million metric tons
capacity, 18.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985); 837 kg per capita
Electric power: 94,577,000 kW capacity;
348,620 million kWh produced, 6,310
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $100.9 billion (f.0.b., 1985); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural products,
iron and steel products, textiles and cloth-
ing
Imports: $107.3 billion (c.i.f., 1985); crude
petroleum, machinery and equipment,
agricultural products, chemicals, iron and
steel products
Major trade partners: (1985) imports—
51.8% EC, 9.7% petroleum exporting
countries, 11.2% other West European
countries, 7.6% US, 2.8% Japan, 2.3%
USSR, 2.0% other Communist countries;
exports—49.6% EC, 7.4% petroleum ex-
porting countries, 12.1% other West Euro-
pean countries, 8.6% US, 1.9% USSR, 2.5%
other Communist countries, 1.2% Japan
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $37.8 billion
Budget: revenues, $144.8 billion; expendi-
tures, $164.9 billion; deficit, $20.1 billion,
2.5% of GDP (1987 proposed)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.39 French
francs=US$1 (6 January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: French National Railways
(SNCF) operates 34,577 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge; 11,358 km electrified,
15,132 km double or multiple track; 2,138
km of various gauges (1.000-meter to
1.440-meter), privately owned and oper-
ated
Highways: 1,551,400 km total; 33,400 km
national highway; 347,000 km departmen-
tal highway; 421,000 km community
roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 5,401 km of
controlled-access divided autoroutes; about
803,000 km paved
Inland waterways: 14,932 km; 6,969 km
heavily traveled
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,059 km; refined
products, 4,487 km; natural gas, 24,746 km
Ports: 14 major, 12 secondary, 6 minor
Civil air: 355 major transport aircraft
(1982)
Airfields: 474 total, 461 usable; 258 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1382 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed
system provides satisfactory telephone,
telegraph, radio and TV broadcast services;
85.0 million telephones (60 per 100 popl.);
41 AM, 797 FM, 8,500 TV stations (includ-
ing repeaters); 24 submarine coaxial cables;
8 communication satellite ground stations
with total of 11 antennas for international
service
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Ground, Navy,
Army of the Air, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
18,995,000; fit for military service
11,864,000; 441,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $28.4 billion;
about 19.3% of proposed central govern-
ment budget
French Guiana
Boundary representation is
See regional map Vv not necessarily authontatwe
Geography
Total area: 91,000 km2: land area: 89,150
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Maine
Land boundaries: 1,183 km total
Coastline: 378 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: Suriname claims area
between Litani Rivier and Riviére
Marounini (both headwaters of the Lawa)
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; little sea-
sonal temperature variation
Terxain: low lying coastal plains rising to
hills and small mountains
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; NEGL% meadows and
pastures; 82% forest and woodland; 18%
other
Environment: mostly an unsettled wilder-
ness
Special notes: none
People
Population: 92,038 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 4.06%
Nationality: noun—French Guianese
(sing., pl.); adjective—French Guiana
83
Ethnic divisions: 66% black or mulatto;
12% Caucasian; 12% East Indian, Chinese,
Amerindian; 10% other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 23,265; services, government,
and commerce 60.6%; industry 21.2%;
agriculture 18.2%; 10% unemployment
(1980)
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
Government
Official name: Department of French
Guiana
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by one deputy in
French National Assembly and one senator
in French Senate
Capital: Cayenne
Administrative divisions: 2 arrondisse-
ments, 19 communes each with a locally
elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is Court of Appeals based in Martin-
ique with jurisdiction over Martinique,
Guadeloupe, and French Guiana
Branches: executive—Prefect appointed
by Paris; legislative—popularly elected
16-member General Council and a Re-
gional Council composed of members of
the local General Council and of the
locally elected deputy and senator to the
French parliament; judicial, under jurisdic-
tion of French judicial system
Government leader: Bernard COURTOIS,
Prefect of the Republic (since 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections
normally are held every five years; last
election February 1983
Political parties and leaders: Guianese
Socialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy
(senator), Léopold Helder; Union of the
Guianese People (UPG), weak leftist party
allied with and reported to have been
absorbed by the PSG; Rally for the Repub-
lic (RPR), Héctor Rivierez; National Anti-
Colonist Guianese Party (PANGA), Michel
Kapel; Popular and National Party of
Guiana (PNPG), Michael Alain
French Guiana (continued)
Communists: Communist party member-
ship negligible
Member of: WFTU
Economy
GDP: $2.0 billion, $3,239 per capita (1981)
Natural resources: bauxite, timber, gold
(widely scattered), cinnabar, clay, low-
grade iron ore
Agriculture: limited vegetables for local
consumption; rice, corn, manioc, cocoa,
bananas, sugar
Fishing: catch 1,430 metric tons (1983 est.)
Major industries: construction, shrimp
processing, forestry products, rum, gold
mining
Electric power: 31,000 kW capacity; 156
million kWh produced, 1,770 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $37.0 million (1982); shrimp,
timber, rum, rosewood essence
Imports: $276.0 million (1982); food
(grains, processed meat), other consumer
goods, producer goods, and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—54% US,
17% Japan, 15% France, 5% Martinique;
imports—53% France, 15% Trinidad and
Tobago, 10% US (1981)
Aid: bilateral commitments, ODA and
OOF (FY70-79), from Western (non-US)
countries, $700 million
Budget: $101 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.62 French
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 680 km total; 510 km paved,
170 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by
small oceangoing vessels and river and
coastal steamers; 3,300 km possibly naviga-
ble by native craft
Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair open-wire and
radio-relay system with about 18,100
telephones (27.2 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 7
FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 21,000;
15,000 fit for military service (1986 est.)
84
French Polynesia
me
les -o.
Marquises * »
South Pacific Ocean
a
free
ft; - thn oe -. Hes
ee ht, PAPEETE «2 °*- ~Tuamotu
Hles de - *¢, ke ne ¥
ahiti
la Société ae
ae iki
x > Bas
les», pe
Tubuai
500 km
Rapa
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 4,000 km?; land area: 3,660
km?
Comparative area: larger than Rhode
Island
Coastline: 2,525 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical, but moderate
Terrain: mixture of rugged high islands
and low islands with reefs
Land use: 1% arable land; 19% permanent
crops; 5% meadows and pastures; 31%
forest and woodland; 44% other
Environment: occasional cyclonic storm in
January
Special notes: Makatea is one of three
great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific
(others are Banaba or Ocean Island in
Kiribati and Nauru)
People
Population: 185,683 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.84%
Nationality: noun—French Polynesian(s);
adjective—French Polynesian
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12%
Chinese, 6% local French, 4% metropolitan
French
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protes-
tant, 32% Catholic
Government
Official name: Territory of French Poly-
nesia
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Papeete
|
Administrative divisions: 48 communes
Legal system: based on French; lower and
higher courts
Branches: 30-member Territorial Assem-
bly, popularly elected; five-member Coun-
cil of Government, elected by Assembly;
popular election of two deputies to Na-
tional Assembly and one senator to Senate
in Paris
Government leaders: Pierre ANGELI,
High Commissioner appointed by French
| Government (since April 1986); Jacques
TEUIRA, President of the Territorial
Government (since February 1987),
Jacques TEHEIURA, Vice President of the
Territorial Government
| Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years; last held in
| May 1982
Political parties and leaders: Tahoeraa
- Huiraatira (Gaullist), Gaston Flosse; Ai’a
Api (New Country Party), Emile Vern-
audon; Here Ai’a, Jean Juventin; la Mana
(Socialist), Jacques Crollet; Te E’a Api
(Socialist), Jacques VII
Voting strength: (1982 election) Tahoeraa
Huiraatira, 13 seats; Ai’a Api, 3 seats; Here
Ai’a, 6 seats; la Mana, 3 seats; Indepen-
dents, 4 seats; Te E’a Api, 1 seat
Economy
GDP: A$931.3 million, US$6,400 per
capita (1980)
_ Agriculture: coconuts
Major industries: maintenance of French
nuclear test base, tourism
Electric power: 72,000 kW capacity; 265
million kWh produced, 1,470 kWh per
capita (1986)
| Exports: $21 million (1977); 79% coconut
products, 14% mother-of-pearl, vanilla
Gabon
Imports: $419 million (1977); fuels, food-
stuffs, equipment —150km
Major trade partners: imports—59%
France, 14% US; exports—86% France
Budget: $180 million in 1979; ODA and
OOF commitments from Western (non-US
countries)
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colo-
nial Francs Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (Febru-
ary 1984)
Communications es
Railroads: none Guinea
Highways: 600 km (1982) See regional map VII
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Papeete), 6 minor Geography
Airfields: 41 total, 41 usable; 25 with Total area: 267,670 km? land area:
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run- 957 670 km?
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways y
1,220-2,439 m Comparative area: about the size of
Colorado
Civil air: about 6 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 33,200 telephones Land boundaries: 2,422 km total
(18.8 per 100 popl.); 80,000 radio and Coastline: 885 km
26,000 TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, 6 TV sta- Maritime claims:
tions; ] satellite ground station Exclusive fishing zone: 150 nm
Territorial sea: 100 nm
Defense Forces Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
Defense is responsibility of France pute with Equatorial Guinea
Climate: tropical; always hot, humid
Terrain: narrow coastal plain; hilly inter-
ior; savanna in east and south
Land use: 1% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 78%
forest and woodland; 2% other
Environment: deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 1,039,006 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.31%
Nationality: noun—Gabonese (sing., pl.);
adjective—Gabonese
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes,
including 4 major tribal groupings (Fang,
Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000
expatriate Africans and Europeans, includ-
ing 35,000 French
85
Gabon (continued)
Religion: 55-75%°Christian, less than 1%
Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French (official), Fang, Myene,
Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Infant mortality rate: 117/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 50
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 120,000 salaried (1983);
65.0% agriculture, 30.0% industry and
commerce, 2.5% services, 2.5% govern-
ment
Organized labor: there are 38,000 mem-
bers of the national trade union, the Ga-
bonese Trade Union Confederation
(COSYGA)
Government
Official name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential
regime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Administrative divisions: nine provinces
subdivided into 36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 196]; judicial review of legislative
acts in Constitutional Chamber of the
Supreme Court; legal education at Center
of Higher and Legal Studies at Libreville;
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
National holidays: Renovation Day, 12
March; Independence Day, 17 August;
major Islamic and Christian holidays
Branches: power centralized in President,
elected by universal suffrage for seven-
year term; unicameral legislature (98-
member National Assembly, including
nine members chosen by Omar Bongo) has
limited powers; constitution amended in
1979 so that Assembly deputies will serve
five-year terms; independent judiciary
Government leader: El Hadj Omar
BONGO, President (since December 1967)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: presidential election last held
autumn 1986; parliamentary election last
held February-March 1985; constitutional
change separates dates for presidential and
parliamentary elections
Politica] party and leader: Gabonese
Democratic Party (PDG) led by President
Bongo is only legal party
Communists: no organized party; probably
some Communist sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, African Wood Organi-
zation, Conference of East and Central
African States, BDECA (Central African
Development Bank), EAMA, EIB (associ-
ate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICCO, ICO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, 1PU,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.3 billion, $3,800 per capita; real
growth rate - 5.0% (1985)
Natural resources: oil, manganese, ura-
nium, gold, wood, iron ore
Agriculture: commercial—cocoa, coffee,
wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops—
pineapples, bananas, manioc, peanuts, root
crops; imports food
Fishing: catch 52,638 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: petroleum production,
sawmills, petroleum refinery, food and
beverage processing; mining of increasing
importance; major minerals—manganese,
uranium, iron (not produced)
Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity; 981
million kWh produced, 960 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $2.0 billion (f.0.b., 1984); crude
petroleum, wood and wood products,
minerals (manganese, uranium concen-
trates, gold)
Imports: $0.9 billion (c.i.f., 1985); mining,
roadbuilding machinery, electrical equip-
ment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: France, US, FRG
Budget: revenues, $1.25 billion; current
expenditures, $1.31 billion (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 331.24 Com-
munauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
86
Communications
Railroads: 970 km 1.437-meter standard
gauge under construction; 338 km are
completed
Highways: 7,393 km total; 300 km paved,
8,493 km gravel and improved, 3,600 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: about 1,600 km peren-
nially navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km; refined
products, 14 km
Ports: 2 major (Owendo and Port-Gentil),
3 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 74 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
open-wire, radio-relay, tropospheric scatter
links and radiocommunication stations;
13,800 telephones (1.4 per 100 popl.); 6
AM, 6 FM, 8 TV stations; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 269,000;
134,000 fit for military service; 8,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $67.2 million; 4.9% of
central government budget
The Gambia
North
Atlantic
-Georgetown
° 5
Mansa Konka
Brikama
Boundary representation is
Not necessarily aulhoritative
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 11,300 km?; land area: 10,000
km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Delaware
Land boundary: 740 km with Senegal
Coastline: 80 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Boundary disputes: short section with
Senegal is indefinite
Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (June
to November); cooler, dry season (Novem-
ber to May)
Terrain: flood plain of Gambia River
flanked by some low hills
Land use: 16% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 9% meadows and pastures; 20%
forest and woodland; 55% other; includes
8% irrigated
Environment: deforestation
Special notes: almost an enclave of
Senegal
People
Population: 760,362 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.44%
Nationality: noun—-Gambian(s); adjec-
tive—Gambian
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42% Man-
dinka, 18% Fula, 16% Wolof, 10% Jola, 9%
Serahuli, 4% other); 1% non-Gambian
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% Christian, 1%
indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Mandinka,
Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
Infant mortality rate: 174/1,000
Life expectancy: 42
Literacy: 12%
Labor force: 165,000 (1988 est.); 75.0%
agriculture; 18.9% industry, commerce,
and services; 6.1% government
Organized labor: 25-30% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of The Gambia
Type: republic; independent since Feb-
ruary 1965; in 1982 The Gambia and
Senegal formed a loose confederation
named Senegambia that calls for the
eventual integration of their armed forces
and economic cooperation
Capital: Banjul
Administrative divisions: Banjul and five
divisions
Legal system: based on a composite of
English common law, Koranic law, and
customary law; constitution came into
force upon independence in 1965, new
republican constitution adopted in April
1970; accepts compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
February
Branches: unicameral legislative branch
(43-member parliament), in which four
seats are reserved for tribal chiefs, four are
government appointed, 35 are filled by
election for five-year terms, a Speaker is
elected by the House, and the Attorney
General is an appointed member; indepen-
dent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Dawda Kairaba
JAWARA, President (since February 1970)
Political parties and leaders: People’s
Progressive Party (PPP), secretary general,
Dawda K. Jawara; National Convention
Party (NCP), Sheriff Dibba; Gambian
People’s Party (GPP), Assan Musa Camara;
United Party (UP)
87
Suffrage: universal adult over 21
Elections: general election held March
1987
Voting strength: PPP 27 seats, NCP 4
seats, others 4 seats
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfBD, APC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, 1DB—Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF,
IMO, IRC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $125 million, about $200 per capita;
real growth rate —7.8% (FY84)
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice,
maize, palm kernels, cotton
Fishing: catch 9,600 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: peanut processing,
tourism, brewing, soft drinks, agricultural
machinery assembly, small woodworking
and metalworking, clothing
Electric power: 29,000 kW capacity; 63
million kWh produced, 81 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $59 million (f.o.b., FY85 est.)
peanuts and peanut products, fish, palm
kernels
Imports: $73 million (f.0.b., FY85 est.);
textiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery,
petroleum products, chemicals
Major trade partners: exports—mainly
EC, Africa; imports—EC, Africa
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $283 million; US
(FY70-85), $54 million
Budget: revenues, $44.2 million; current
expenditures, $34.90 million; development
expenditures, $19.7 million (1982-83 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.52
dalasi=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
The Gambia (continued)
Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved,
501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 400 km
Ports: 1 major (Banjul)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable with
permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate network
of radio-relay and wire; 3,500 telephones
(0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 FM, 3AM, 1 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, paramilitary Gendar-
merie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 166,000;
83,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central
government budget; includes fire and
police expenditures
German Democratic Republic
(East Germany)
Baltic See
> elsund
"Rostock
“Wismar
Schwerin
Tha final borders of
Germany heve not
bean established.
Wittenberge
Schwedt
Berlin, s
cd
Magdeburg Elsephuttenstadt
Cottbus,
Halle
‘4 deipzig
Erte presden?
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 108,330 km?; land area:
105,980 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Virginia
Land boundaries: 2,309 km total
Coastline: 901 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: it is US policy that
the final borders of Germany have not
been established
Climate: temperate; cloudy, cold winters
with frequent rain and snow; cool, wet
summers
Terrain: mostly flat plain with hills and
mountains in south
Land use: 45% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 12% meadows and pastures; 28%
forest and woodland; 12% other; includes
2% irrigated
Environment: significant deforestation due
to air pollution, acid rain
Special notes: strategic location on North-
ern European Plain and near entrance to
Baltic Sea; West Berlin is an enclave
(about 100 km from FRG)
88
People
Population: 16,610,265, including East
Berlin (July 1987), average annual growth
rate -0.10%
Nationality: noun—German(s); adjective—
German
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3%
Slavic and other
Religion: 47% Protestant, 7% Roman
Catholic, 46% unaffiliated or other; less
than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of
Roman Catholics active participants
Language: German, Sorbian
Infant mortality rate: 9.6/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 69.6, women 75.4
(1984)
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8.937 million; 37.9% indus-
try, 21.0% services, 10.2% commerce,
10.8% agriculture and forestry, 7.4%
transport and communications, 6.8%
construction, 3.1% handicrafts, 2.8% other
(1985)
Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor
force
Government
Official name: German Democratic Re-
public
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recog-
nized by US, UK, and France, which
together with the USSR have special rights
and responsibilities in Berlin)
Administrative divisions: (excluding East
Berlin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties
(Kreise), 7,570 communities (Gemeinden)
Legal system: civil law system modified
by Communist legal theory; new constitu-
tion adopted 1974; court system parallels
administrative divisions; no judicial review
of legislative acts; has not accepted com-
pulsory IC) jurisdiction; more stringent
penal code adopted in 1968 and amended
in 1974 and 1979
National holiday: Foundation of German
Democratic Republic, 7 October
Branches: unicameral legislature (People’s
Chamber—Volkskammer, elected directly);
executive (Council of State, Council of
Ministers); judiciary (Supreme Court);
entire structure dominated by Socialist
Unity (Communist) Party
Government leaders: Erich HONECKER,
Chairman, Council of State (Head of State;
since October 1976); Willi STOPH, Chair-
man, Council of Ministers (Premier; since
October 1976)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national every five years; pre-
pared by an electoral commission of the
National Front; ballot supposed to be
secret and voters permitted to strike names
off ballot; more candidates than offices
available; parliamentary election held 8
June 1986; local elections held 6 May 1984
Political parties and leaders: Socialist
Unity (Communist) Party of Germany
(SED), headed by General Secretary Erich
Honecker, dominates the regime; four
token parties (Christian Democratic Union,
National Democratic Party, Liberal Demo-
cratic Party, and Democratic Peasants’
Party) and an amalgam of special interest
organizations participate with the SED in
National Front
Voting strength: 1986 parliamentary
elections and 1984 local elections; over
99% voted the regime slate
Communists: 2.195 million party members
(1986)
Other special interest groups: Free Ger-
man Youth, Free German Trade Union
Federation, Democratic Women’s League,
Cultural Leagne of the German Demo-
cratic Republic (all Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO,
IMO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
Warsaw Pact, WETU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $174.7 billion, $10,400 per capita;
growth rate 2.4% (1985)
Natural resources: lignite coal, potash,
uranium, copper, natural gas
Agriculture: food deficit area; potatoes,
rye, wheat, barley, oats
Fishing: catch 264,900 metric tons (1985)
Major industries: metal fabrication,
chemicals, light industry, brown coal,
shipbuilding
Shortages: grain, vegetables, vegetable oil,
beef, coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled
steel products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel}: 7.9 million metric tons pro-
duced, 471 kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: (including East Berlin)
23,704,000 kW capacity; 118,000 million
kWh preduced, 7,070 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $23.9 billion (f.0.b., 1985 est.)
Imports: $22.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985 est.)
Major trade partners: 66.1% Socialist
countries, 29.4% developed West, 4.5% less
developed countries (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.95
marks=US$] (January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,226 km total; 18,941 km
1.485-meter standard gauge, 285 km
1.000-meter or other narrow gauge, 3,830
(est.) km 1.435-meter double track stan-
dard gauge; 2,321 km overhead electrified
(1984)
Highways: 120,314 km total; 47,261 km
concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which
1,913 km are autobahn and limited access
roads, 11,251 are trunk roads, and 34,097
are regional roads; 75,053 municipal roads
(1984)
Inland waterways: 2,319 km (1984)
Freight carried: rail—349 million metric
tons, 58.8 billion metric tons/km; high-
way—558 million metric tons, 14.0 billion
metric tons/km; waterway—16.2 million
metric tons, 2.84 billion metric tons/km
(excluding international transit traffic)
(1985)
Pipelines: oil, 1,301 km; refined products,
500 km; natural gas 2,000 km
Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stral-
sund, Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland
waterway ports are East Berlin, Riesa,
Magdeburg, and Eisenhiittenstadt
Civil air: 45 major transport aircraft
89
Airfields: 185 total; 48 with runways 2,500
m or longer
Telecommunications: 23 AM, 17 FM, 18
TV stations; 15 Soviet TV relays; 6,015,400
TV sets; 6,509,932 receiver sets; at least 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: National People’s Army, Border
Troops, Ministry of State Security Guard
Regiment, Air and Air Defense Command,
People’s Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,263,000; 3,419,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 108,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, 14.0 billion
marks; 5.8% of total budget
Germany, Federal Republic of
(West Germany)
200 km € Kial
North Sea
Berlin
The finel borders of
Germeny hava not
been established
Stettgart
Munich
a freiburg
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 248,580 km?; land area:
244,280 km? (including West Berlin)
Comparative area: about the size of
Wyoming
Land boundaries: 4,232 km total
Coastline: 1,488 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm (extends, at one
point, to 16 nm in the Helgolander
Bucht)
Boundary disputes: it is US policy that
the final borders of Germany have not
been established
Climate: temperate and marine; cool,
cloudy, wet winters and summers; occa-
sional warm, tropical foehn wind
Terrain: lowlands in north, uplands in
center, Bavarian Alps in south
Land use: 30% arable Jand; 1% permanent
crops; 19% meadows and pastures; 30%
forest and woodland; 20% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: air and water pollution
Special notes: separated from GDR by a
highly secured strip that extends entire
length of frontier; West Berlin is an ex-
clave (about 100 km from FRG)
People
Population: 60,989,419, including West
Berlin (July 1987), average annual growth
rate -0.03%
Nationality: noun—German(s); adjective—
German
Ethnic divisions: primarily German;
Danish minority
Religion: 45% Roman Catholic, 44%
Protestant, 11% other
Language: German
Infant mortality rate: 11/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 67.2, women 73.4
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 27.8 million, including
armed forces (est. avg. 1985); 41.6% indus-
try, 34.7% services and other, 18.2% trade
and transport, 5.4% agriculture; 9.0%
unemployment (1986)
Organized Jabor: 9.3 million total, 7.76
million in German Trade Union Federa-
tion (DGB); union membership constitutes
about 40% of union-eligible labor force,
34% of total labor force, and 35% of wage
and salary earners (1986)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of Ger-
many
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bonn
Administrative divisions: 10 lander
(states); Western sectors of Berlin are
ultimately controlled by US, UK, and
France; Eastern sector by USSR; the four
countries share special rights and responsi-
bilities in Berlin
Legal system: civil law system with indig-
enous concepts; constitution adopted 1949;
judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Federal Constitutional Court; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral parliament—Bun-
desrat (Federal Council, upper house),
Bundestag (National Assembly, lower
house); President (titular head of state),
Chancellor (executive head of govern-
ment); independent judiciary
90
Government leaders: Richard von
WEIZSACKER, President (since July
1984); Dr. Helmut KOHL, Chancellor
(since October 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national election generally held
every four years; last held on 25 January
1987; next scheduled for 1991
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl,
Heiner Geissler, Walter Wallmann,
Gerhard Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht,
Alfred Dregger, Lothar Spaeth; Christian
Social Union (CSU), Franz-Josef Strauss,
Gerold Tandler, Friedrich Zimmermann,
Theo Waigel; Free Democratic Party
(FDP), Martin Bangemann, Hans-Dietrich
Genscher, Wolfgang Mischnick, Helmut
Haussmann; Social Democratic Party
(SPD), Hans-Jochen Vogel, Johannes Rau,
Horst Ehmke, Egon Bahr, Oskar Lafon-
taine; National Democratic Party (NPD),
Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party
(DKP), Herbert Mies; Green Party
(Greens), Rainer Trampert, Otto Schily,
Lukas Beckmann, Joschka Fischer, Jutta
Ditfurth, Thomas Ebermann
Voting strength: (1987 election) 44.3%
CDU/CSU, 37.0% SPD, 9.1% FDP, 8.3%
Greens, 1.3% other
Communists: about 40,000 members and
supporters
Other political or pressure groups: expel-
lee, refugee, and veterans groups
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe,
DAC, EC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, 1DB—Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IEA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, 1TC, ITU, NATO, OAS
(observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $628.2 billion, $10,300 per capita;
56.4% private consumption, 19.4% invest-
ment, 19.8% public consumption, 3.9% net
foreign balance; real growth rate 2.5%;
average annual exchange rate
DM2.94=US$1 (1985)
Natural resources: iron, coal, potash
Agriculture: grains, potatoes, sugar beets;
75% self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 293,170 metric tons, $112.1
million; exports $192 million, imports $589
million (1984)
Major industries: among world’s largest
producers of iron, steel, coal, cement,
chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles,
machine tools
Shortages: fats and oils, pulses, tropical
products, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber,
petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous
metals, sulfur
Crude steel: 60 million metric tons capac-
ity (est.); 37.1 million metric tons pro-
duced, 610 kg per capita (1986)
Electric power: (including West Berlin)
99,670,000 kW capacity; 414,000 million
kWh produced, 6,820 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $174 billion (f.0.b., 1985); manu-
factures 85% (including machines and
machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles,
iron and steel products), agricultural prod-
ucts 6%, fuels 3%, raw materials 3%, other
3%
Imports: $145.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985);
manufactures 56%, fuels 20%, agricultural
products 12%, raw materials 9%, other 3%
Major trade partners: (1984) EC 47.8%
(France 11.6%, Netherlands 10.83%, UK
8%, ltaly 7.8%, Belgium-Luxembourg
6.8%), other Europe 16.7%, less developed
countries 14.5%, US 8.4%, Communist
6.5%, OPEC 5.7%
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $43.4 billion
Budget: revenues, $80.3 billion; federal
government expenditures, $88.1 billion;
deficit, $7.8 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.03
marks=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 31,800 km total; 27,778 km
1.435-meter government owned, standard
gauge, 12,491 km double track; 11,896 km
electrified; 4,022 km nongovernment
owned; 3,598 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 214 km electrified, 424 km 1.000-
meter gauge; 186 km electrified
Highways: 466,305 km total; 169,568 km
classified, includes 6,485 km autobahn,
82,460 km national highways (Bundes-
strassen), 65,425 km state highways (Lan-
desstrassen), 65,248 km county roads
(Kreisstrassen); 296,737 km of unclassified
communal roads (Gemeindestrassen)
Inland waterways: 5,222 km, of which
almost 70% usable by craft of 990-metric
ton capacity or larger
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,343 km; refined
products, 3,389 km; natural gas, 95,414 km
Ports: 9 major, 8 secondary, 15 minor
Civil air: 194 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 479 total, 440 usable; 237 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
modern telecommunication service to all
parts of the country; fully adequate in all]
respects; 37.9 million telephones (62.1 per
100 popl.); 80 AM, 472 FM, and 6,200 TV
stations (including repeaters); 6 submarine
coaxial cables; 3 satellite stations with total
of 10 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
16,251,000; 14,090,000 fit for military
service; 391,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $27.1 billion; 22.98% of
the proposed central government budget
91
Ghana
150 km
Boilgatengs”
Gulf of Guinaa
See regional map VIl snoreg
Geography
Total area: 238,540 km?; land area:
230,020 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Oregon
Land boundaries: 2,285 km total
Coastline: 539 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 100 fathoms or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Climate: tropical; warm and compar-
atively dry along southeast coast; hot and
humid in southwest, hot and dry in north
Terrain: mostly low plains with dissected
plateau in south-central area
Land use: 5% arable land; 7% permanent
crops; 15% meadows and pastures; 837%
forest and woodland; 36% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recent drought in north
severely affecting marginal agricultural
activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil
erosion; dry, northeasterly harmattan wind
(January to March)
Special notes: Lake Volta is world’s largest
artificial lake
People
Population: 13,948,925 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.89%
Nationality: noun—Ghanaian(s); adjec-
tive—Ghanaian
Ghana (continued)
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% black African
(major tribes Akan, Ewe, Ga), 0.2% Euro-
pean and other
Religion: 88% indigenous beliefs, 30%
Muslim, 24% Christian, 8% other
Language: English (official); African lan-
guages include 44% Akan, 16% Mole-
Dagbani, 18% Ewe, and 8% Ga-Adangbe
Infant mortality rate: 97/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 49
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 3.7 million; 54.7% agriculture
and fishing; 18.7% industry; 15.2% sales
and clerical; 7.7% services, transportation,
and communications; 3.7% professional;
400,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 467,000 (about 18% of
labor force)
Government
Official name: Republic of Ghana
Type: military; 31 December 1981 coup
ended two-year-old civilian government,
suspended constitution and political
activity
Capital: Accra
Administrative divisions: 8 administrative
regions and separate Greater Accra Area;
regions subdivided into 58 districts and
267 loca] administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common
law and customary law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
March
Branches: executive authority vested in
seven-member Provisional National De-
fense Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982
PNDC appointed secretaries to head most
ministries
Government leader: Flt. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry
John RAWLINGS, Chairman of PNDC
(since December 1981)
Elections: none scheduled since 1981 coup
Political parties and leaders: political
parties outlawed after 31 December 198]
coup
Communists: a small number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Member of: Af{DB, Commonwealth, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
1LO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, World Confederation of
Labor, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $10.5 billion; real growth rate
—7.2% (1982 est.)
Natural resources: gold, timber, industrial
diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish
Agriculture: main crop—cocoa; others—
root crops, corn, sorghum, millet, coffee,
peanuts; not self-sufficient but has that
potential
Fishing: catch 241,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light
manufacturing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity;
8,680 million kWh produced, 270 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $617 million (f.0.b., 1985); cocoa
(about 60%), wood, gold, diamonds, man-
ganese, bauxite, aluminum (aluminum
regularly excluded from balance-of-
payments data)
Imports: $731 million (c.i-f., 1985); textiles
and other manufactured goods, food, fuels,
transport equipment
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: revenues, $1.8 billion; expendi-
tures and net lending, $3.5 billion
(1981/82) ;
Monetary conversion rate: 90.09
cedis=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge;
82 km double track; diesel locomotives
gradually replacing steam engines
Highways: 32,250 km total; 6,084 km
concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km
gravel, laterite, and improved earth
surfaces
92
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and
Tano rivers provide 168 km of perennial
navigation for launches and lighters; Lake
Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of
arterial and feeder waterways
Pipelines: 8 km (refined products)
Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 9 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
open-wire and cable, radio-relay links;
68,900 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6
AM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Palace Guard, paramilitary
People’s Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49,
8,203,000; 1,797,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 162,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $64.4 million; 8% of central
government budget
|
Gibraltar
Mediterranean
Bay of Gibraltar Sea
Fortress
heedquarters
Strait of Gibraitar
Lighthouse
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 6.5 km?; land area: 6.5 km?
Comparative area: about one-twenty-
seventh the size of Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: 1.6 km total
Coastline: 12 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Boundary disputes: none; occasional
source of friction between Spain and UK
Climate: Mediterranean with mild winters
and warm summers
Terrain: a narrow coastal lowland borders
The Rock
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: natural fresh water sources
are very meager so large water catchments
(concrete or natural rock) collect rain
water
Special notes: strategic location on Strait
of Gibraltar that links Atlantic Ocean and
Mediterranean Sea
People
Population: 29,048 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.36%
Nationality: noun—Gibraltarian; adjec-
tive—Gibraltar
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English,
Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, 8%
Church of England, 2.25% Jewish
Language: English and Spanish are pri-
mary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and
Russian also spoken; English used in the
schools and for official purposes
Literacy: about 99%
Labor force: about 14,800 (including
non-Gibraltar laborers)
Organized labor: over 6,000
Government
Official name: Gibraltar
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Gibraltar
Legal system: English law; constitutional
talks in July 1968; new system effected in
1969 after electoral inquiry
Branches: parliamentary system compris-
ing the Gibraltar House of the Assembly
(15 elected members and 3 ex officio
members), the Council of Ministers headed
by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar
Council; the Governor is appointed by the
Crown
Government leaders: Air Chief Marshal
Sir Peter TERRY, Governor and Com-
mander in Chief (since 1985); Sir Joshua A.
HASSAN, Chief Minister (1964-69 and
since 1972)
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other
UK subjects resident six months or more
Elections: every four years; last held in
January 1984
Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar
Labor Party/ Association for the Advance-
ment of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), Sir
Joshua Hassan; Democratic Party of Brit-
ish Gibraltar (DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist
Labor Party, Joe Bossano
Voting strength: (Jannary 1984) House of
the Assembly—GCL/AACR, 8 seats;
Socialist Labor, 7 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups:
Housewives Association, Chamber of
Commerce, Gibraltar Representatives
Organization
93
Economy
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on
commerce and large British naval and air
bases; nearly all trade in the well-
developed port is transit trade and port
serves also as important supply depot for
fuel, water, and ships’ wares; recently built
dockyards and machine shops provide
maintenance and repair services to 3,500-
4,000 vessels that call at Gibraltar each
year; UK military establishments and the
civil government employ nearly half the
insured labor force, and a recently an-
nounced decision to close the Royal Navy
dockyard will significantly add to unem-
ployment; local industry is confined to
manufacture of tobacco, roasted coffee,
ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and
canned fish; some factories for manufac-
ture of clothing are being developed; a
small segment of the local population
makes its livelihood by fishing; in recent
years tourism has increased in importance
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity; 200
million kWh produced, 6,570 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $47.8 million (1983); principally
reexports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine
Imports: $136.8 million (1983); principally
manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs;
65% from UK
Major trade partners: UK, Morocco,
Portugal, Netherlands
Budget: revenues, $89 million; expendi-
tures, $84.2 million (FY82)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.70 Gibraltar
pound=0.70 pound sterling=US$1 (No-
vember 1986)
Communications
Railroads: 1.000-meter gauge system in
dockyard area only
Highways: 50 km, mostly good bitumen
and concrete
Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Gibraltar (continued)
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radiocommunication facilities;
automatic telephone system serving 9,400
telephones (81.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 6
FM, 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Branches: Gibraltar Regiment
Greece
150 km
Corfu @BLimnos
Lesvos
& Aegean Sea
fonian
6
.
Rhodes
.
Maditerranean Saa ale eee f
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 131,940 km?; land area:
130,800 km?
Comparative area: about the size of New
York State
Land boundaries: 1,191 km total
Coastline: 13,676 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 6 nm
Boundary disputes: none; complex mari-
time and air (but not territorial) disputes
with Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus ques-
tion with Turkey; Macedonia question
with Bulgaria and Yugoslavia; Northern
Epirus question with Albania
Climate: temperate; mild, wet winters;
hot, dry summers
Terrain: mostly mountains with ranges
extending into sea as peninsulas or chains
of islands
Land use: 23% arable land; 8% permanent
crops; 40% meadows and pastures; 20%
forest and woodland; 9% other; includes
7% irrigated
Environment: subject to severe earth-
quakes; archipelago of 2,000 islands; air
pollution
Special notes: strategic location dominat-
ing the Aegean Sea and southern approach
to Turkish Straits
94
People
Population: 9,987,785 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.28%
Nationality: noun—Greek(s); adjective—
Greek
Ethnic divisions: 97.7% Greek, 1.3%
Turkish; 1.0% Vlach, Slav, Albanian,
Pomach (note—the Greek Government
states there are no ethnic divisions in
Greece)
Religion: 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.8%
Muslim, 0.7% other
Language: Greek (official); English and
French widely understood
Infant mortality rate: 13.8/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 72, women 75
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 3.86 million (1985); 48%
services, 27% agriculture, 20% manufactur-
ing and mining, 7% construction; 8.3%
unemployment
Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor
force, 20-25% of urban labor force
Government
Official name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential parliamentary govern-
ment; monarchy rejected by referendum 8
December 1974
Capital: Athens
Administrative divisions: 51 departments
(nomoi)
Legal system: new constitution enacted in
June 1975
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
March
Branches: executive consisting of a Presi-
dent, elected by the Vouli (Parliament), a
Prime Minister, and a Cabinet; unicameral
legislature consisting of the 300-member
Vouli; and an independent judiciary
Government leaders: Dr. Andreas
PAPANDREOU, Prime Minister (since
1981); Christos SARTZETAKIS, President
(since 1985)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: every four years; Papandreou’s
Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated
the incumbent New Democracy govern-
ment of George Rallis in elections held on
18 October 1981; PASOK was reelected in
June 1985
Politica) parties and leaders: Panhellenic
Socialist Movement (PASOK), Andreas
Papandreou; New Democracy (ND), Con-
stantine Mitsotakis; Democratic Renewal
(DR), Constantine Stefanopoulos; Commu-
nist Party-Exterior (KKE-Ext), Harilaos
Florakis; Communist Party-Interior
(KKE-Int), Leonidas Kyrkos
Voting strength: Parliament—Panhellenic
Socialist Movement, 157 seats; New De-
mocracy, 111 seats; Democratic Renewal,
10 seats; Communists (Exterior), 10 seats;
Communists (Interior), 1 seat; indepen-
dents, 11 seats
Communists: an estimated 60,000 mem-
bers and sympathizers
Member of: EC, EIB (associate), EMA,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
{WC—International Wheat Council,
NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $82.8 billion, $3,300 per capita; real
growth rate 2.1% (1985)
Natural resources: bauxite, lignite, mag-
nesite, oil
Agriculture: wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton,
raisins, fruit; nearly self-sufficient
Major industries: food and tobacco pro-
cessing, textiles, chemicals, metal products
Crude steel: 1.3 million metric tons pro-
duced (1984 est.), 132 ke per capita
Electric power: 11,223,000 kW capacity;
29.580 million kWh produced, 2,970 kWh
per capita
Exports: $8.5 billion (f.0.b., 1985); tobacco,
minerals, fruits, textiles
Imports: $10.1 billion (c.i.f., 1985); ma-
chinery and automotive equipment, petro-
leum and petroleum products, manufac-
tured consumer goods, chemicals, meat
and live animals
Major trade partners: (1985 est.) im-
ports—18.0% FRG, 9.8% Italy, 8.5% Saudi
Arabia, 6.7% France, 6.1% Netherlands;
exports—20.0% FRG, 11.3% Italy, 8.1%
US, 8.0% France, 4.1% Netherlands
Aid: US, including Ex-fm, $525 million
(1970-81); other Western bilateral (ODA
and OOF), $1.1 billion (1970-84); Commu-
nist countries (1970-85), $430 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85) $2.6
billion
Budget: central government revenues,
$12.4 billion; expenditures $15.8 billion;
deficit, $3.4 billion (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 135.0 Greek
drachmas=US$1 (January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,476 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, of which 36 km
electrified and 100 km double track, 889
km 1.000-meter gauge; 22 km 0.750-meter
narrow gauge; all government owned
Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km
paved, 18,676 km crushed stone and
gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of
three coastal canals and three unconnected
rivers, which provide navigable length of
just under 80 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km; refined prod-
ucts, 547 km
Ports: 4 major, 11 secondary, 42 minor
Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 78 usable; 58 with
permanent-surface runways; 20 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: adequate, modern
networks reach all areas on mainland
islands; 3.52 million telephones (85.5 per
100 popl.); 29 AM, 37 FM, 361 TV sta-
tions; 7 submarine cables; 1 satellite station
with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas, 1 Indian
Ocean antenna, 1 EUTELSAT antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy,
Hellenic Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,387,000; 1,837,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 80,000 reach military age (21)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $2.6 billion; 16.1% of
central government budget
95
Greenland
Arctic Ocean
Greenland
Sea
Danmark
Havn
&
Battin Bay
iteeqgortoormiit
\a
Qeqertaraua
Davis Strait
Ammaaaalik
GODTHAB Oanmark Strait
See regional map Il
Geography
Total area: 2,175,600 km?; land area:
341,700 km? (ice free)
Comparative area: about three times the
size of Texas
Coastline; 44,087 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 4 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Climate: arctic to subarctic; cool summers,
cold winters
Terrain: flat to gradually sloping icecap
covers all but narrow, barren, steep, rocky
coast
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures, NEGL%
forest and woodland; 99% other
Environment: sparse population confined
to small settlements along coast
Special notes: dominates North Atlantic
Ocean between North America and
Europe
People
Population: 54,205 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.00%
Nationality: noun—Greenlander(s); adjec-
tive—Greenlandic
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eski-
mos and Greenland-born whites), 14%
Danish
Greenland (continued)
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Infant mortality rate: 37/1,000 (1976-80)
Life expectancy: men 59.7, women 67.3
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 21,378; largely engaged in
fishing, hunting, and sheep breeding
Government
Official name: Greenland
Type: self-governing province of Kingdom
of Denmark; two representatives in Danish
parliament; separate Minister for Green-
land in the Danish Cabinet (Ministry to be
phased out during 1986-87)
Capital: Godthab (Nuuk)
Administrative divisions: 3 counties, 18
communes
Legal system: Danish law; transformed
from colony to province in 1953; limited
home rule began in spring 1979
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with the elected 25-seat Landsting and
Danish parliament; executive power vested
in Premier and four-person council; 19
lower courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen (since January 1972); Jonathan
MOTZFELDT, Prime Minister (since May
1979)
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 21
Elections: held every four years; most
recent, 6 June 1984
Political parties: Siumut, 1] seats (moder-
ate socialist, advocating more distinct
Greenland identity and greater autonomy
from Denmark); Atassut Party, 11 seats
(more conservative, favors continuing close
relations with Denmark); Inuit Ataqatigiit,
8 seats (Marxist-Leninist party favoring
complete independence from Denmark
rather than home rule)
Economy
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Natural resources: zinc, lead, iron ore,
coal, molybdenum, cryolite, uranium, fish
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay;
sheep grazing; garden produce
Fishing: catch 107,725 tons (1983); exports
$108.6 million (1980)
Major industries: mining, fishing, sealing
Electric power: 84,000 kW capacity; 170
million kWh produced, 3,150 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $168.4 million (f.0.b., 1980); fish
and fish products, metallic ores and con-
centrates
Imports: $259.4 million (c.i.f., 1980);
petroleum and petroleum products, ma-
chinery and transport equipment, food
products
Major trade partners: (1980) Denmark
49.4%, Finland 9.5%, FRG 8.1%, US 6.3%,
UK 2.9%
Monetary conversion rate: 7.37 Danish
kroner=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km
Ports: 1 major, 7 secondary, 9 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 7 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
and international service provided by
cables and radio-relay; 17,900 telephones
(31.0 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 35 FM, 9 TV
stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Denmark
Military manpower: included with Den-
mark
96
Grenada
ase ZB 2
“s Carriacou
s of
Caribbean Ka 3
Sea &
Oe g
Caribbean
Sea
See regional map lll
Geography
Total area: 340 km?; land area: 340 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 121 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; tempered by northeast
trade winds
Terrain: volcanic in origin with central
mountains
Land use: 15% arable land; 26% perma-
nent crops; 3% meadows and pastures; 9%
forest and woodland; 47% other
Environment: lies on edge of hurricane
belt; hurricane season lasts from June to
November
Special notes: islands of the Grenadines
group are divided politically with St.
Vincent and the Grenadines
People
Population: 84,748 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate —0.49%
Nationality: noun—Grenadian(s); adjec-
tive—Grenadian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African
descent
Religion: largely Roman Catholic; Angli-
can; other Protestant sects
Language: English (official); some French
patois
Infant mortality rate: 16.7/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 69
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: 36,000; 31% services, 24%
agriculture, 8% construction, 5% manufac-
turing, 31% other; 35-40% unemployment
(1985)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Grenada
Type: independent state; recognizes Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. George’s
Administrative divisicns: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 7
February
Branches: bicameral legislature
(15-member elected House of Representa-
tives and 18-member appointed Senate);
executive is Cabinet led by the Prime
Minister; judiciary consists of Grenada
Supreme Court, composed of the High
Court of Justice and two-tier Court of
Appeals
Government leaders: Sir Paul SCOON,
Governor General (since 1978); Herbert
BLAIZE, Prime Minister (since December
1984)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last general election held 3
December 1984
Political parties and leaders: New Na-
tional Party (NNP) is ruling party and was
formed in 1984 as a three-party centrist
coalition—Grenada National Party (GNP),
National Democratic Party (NDP), and
Grenada Democratic Movement (GDM);
currently the NDP, led by George Brizan,
and the GDM, led by Francis Alexis, are
not represented in the NNP; former Prime
Minister Sir Eric Gairy revived his Gren-
ada United Labor Party (GULP) in 1984;
Grenada Democratic Labor Party (GDLP)
was formed by Marcel Peters, who was
elected as a GULP candidate but changed
parties after assuming his seat in the
House of Representatives; Democratic
Labor Congress (DLC) was formed in 1986
by disaffected NNP member Kenny
Lalsingh and Winston Whyte of Christian
Democratic Labor Party (CDLP); the
Maurice Bishop Patriotic Movement
(MBPM) was formed in May 1984 and is
composed of pro-Cuban Socialists; the
New Jewel Movement (NJM) consists of
supporters of Bernard Coard and other
hardliners accused of killing Bishop in
1983; GDLP and DLC form the official
opposition; Marcel Peters was recently
replaced as leader of the parliamentary
opposition by Phinsley St. Louis, leader of
the newly formed Organization for Na-
tional Equality (ONE)
Voting strength: (1984 election) NNP 59%,
GULP 36%, MBPM 5%; parliamentary
seats—NNP, 14; GDLP, 1
Communists: the New Jewel Movement
(which is currently trying to revitalize) and
the less hardline Maurice Bishop Patriotic
Movement
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO
Economy
GDP: $86.8 million (1984 est.), $1,000 per
capita; real growth rate 3.0% (1986 est.);
average inflation rate 6.0% (1985 est.)
Agriculture: cocoa, nutmeg, mace, and
bananas
Electric power: 11,380 kW capacity; 24
million kWh produced, 280 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $22.1 million (f.0.b., 1985); cocoa
beans, nutmeg, bananas, mace
Imports: $62.6 million (f.0.b., 1985); food,
machinery and transport equipment, oil,
building materials
Major trade partners: exports—35% UK,
9% FRG, 6% Netherlands, 6% US, (1984
est.); imports—20% UK, 17% US, 17%
Trinidad and Tobago (1983)
Budget: revenues, $32 million; expendi-
tures, $61 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East
Caribbean dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
97
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved,
800 km otherwise improved; 100 km
unimproved
Ports: 1 major (St. George’s), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, } with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: automatic, islan-
dwide telephone system with 5,650 tele-
phones (5.1 per 100 popl.); new SHF links
to Trinidad and Tobago and St. Vincent;
VHF and UHF links to Trinidad and
Carriacou; 1 AM and 1 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Grenada Police Force
Guadeloupe
20 km
Pointe-a-Pitre
Guadeloupe
Caribbean
BASSE-TERRE Sea
Marie-
les des Saintes Galante
iP
nd
St Martin and St. Barthalemy
are not shown
See regional map Il
Geography
Total area: 1,780 km?; land area: 1,760
km?
Comparative area: about half the size of
Rhode Island
Coastline: 306 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: subtropical tempered by trade
winds; relatively high humidity
Terrain: Basse-Terre is volcanic in origin
with interior mountains; Grand-Terre is
low limestone formation
Land use: 18% arable land; 5% permanent
crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 40%
forest and woodland; 24% other; includes
\% irrigated
Environment: subject to hurricanes (June
:0 December)
Special notes: none
People
Population: 336,354 (July 1987), average
innual growth rate 0.61%
Nationality: noun—Guadeloupian(s);
idjective—Guadeloupe
Ethnic divisions: 90% black or mulatto;
5% white; less than 5% East Indian, Leba-
1ese, Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu
and pagan African
Language: French, creole patois
Infant mortality rate: 18.6/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 67
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 120,000; services, govern-
ment, and commerce 53.0%; industry
25.8%; agriculture 21.2%; significant un-
employment
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
Government
Official name: Department of Guadeloupe
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by three deputies in
the French Nationa! Assembly and two
senators in the Senate; last Assembly
election, 21 June 1981
Capital; Basse-Terre
Administrative divisions: 3 arrondisse-
ments; 34 communes, each with a locally
elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is a court of appeal) based in Martin-
ique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe,
French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative, popularly elected General
Council of 36 members and a Regional
Council composed of members of the local
General Council and the locally elected
deputies and senators to the French parlia-
ment; judicial, under jurisdiction of
French judicial system
Government leader: Yves BONNET,
Prefect of the Republic (since 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections are
normally held every five years; last Gen-
eral Council election took place in June
1981; regional assembly elections held in
February 1983
Political parties and leaders: Rally for
the Republic (RPR), Gabriel Lisette; Com-
munist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Henri
Bangou; Socialist Party (MSG), leader
unknown; Progressive Party of Guadeloupe
(PPG), Henri Rodes; Independent Republi-
cans; Federation of the Left; Union for
French Democracy (UDF); Union for a
New Majority (UNM); Socialist Party
Federation of Guadeloupe (PS)
98
Voting strength: 3 deputies in French
National Assembly; 2 senators in Senate; 1
councillor on Economic and Social Coun-
cil; in Regional Council election of Febru-
ary 1983—RPR 21 seats, PCG 1] seats, PS
9 seats
Communists: 3,000 est.
Other political or pressure groups: Popu-
lar Union for the Liberation of Guade-
loupe (UPLG), Caribbean Revolutionary
Alliance (ARC), Popular Movement for
Independent Guadeloupe (MPGI), Union
for the Liberation of Guadeloupe (UPLG),
General Union of Guadeloupe Workers
(UGTG), General Federation of Guad-
eloupe Workers (CGT-G)
Member of: WFTU
Economy
GNP: $998 million (1983), $3,151 per
capita; real growth rate 15.7% (1979-80
average)
Natural resources: scenery, cultivable land
Agriculture: sugarcane, bananas, pineap-
ples, vegetables
Major industries: construction, cement,
rum, light industry, tourism
Electric power: 103,000 kW capacity; 315
million kWh produced, 940 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $89.2 million (1981); bananas,
sugar, rum
Imports: $560 million (1981); vehicles,
foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer
goods, construction materials, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: exports—88% franc
zone; imports—73% franc zone, 3% Italy
(1981)
Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF commit-
ments (1970-79) from Western (non-US)
countries, $2.4 billion
Budget: $198 million (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.62 French
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge
plantation lines
{
}
!
|
Highways: 1,954 km total; 1,600 km
paved, 340 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor
|
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 9 usable, 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
inadequate; 57,300 telephones (17.4 per
100 popl.); interisland radio-relay to An-
tigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martin-
ique; 2 AM, 6 FM, 9 TV stations; 1
INTELSAT satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 89,000
Guatemala
100 km
Behia de
Amatique
hago de .
frabal, Santo Tomas
de Castille
(GUATEMALA
Cobén
*
“Hushuatenango
Quezattenango
See regional map Ill
Geography
Total area: 108,890 km?; land area:
108,430 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Tennessee
Land boundaries: 1,625 km total
Coastline: 400 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; claims Belize
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in lowlands;
cooler in highlands
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow
coastal plains and rolling limestone plateau
(Petén)
Land use: 12% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 12% meadows and pastures; 40%
forest and woodland; 32% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: numerous volcanoes in
mountains with frequent violent earth-
quakes; Caribbean coast subject to hurri-
canes and other tropical storms; deforesta-
tion; soil erosion; water pollution
Special notes: no natural harbors on west
coast
People
Population: 8,622,387 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.45%
99
Nationality: noun—Guatemalan(s); adjec-
tive—Guatemalan
Ethnic divisions: 56% Ladino (mestizo
and westernized Indian), 44% Indian
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic;
also Protestant, traditional Mayan
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the
population speaks an Indian language as a
primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, includ-
ing Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi)
Infant mortality rate: 66/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: 60
Literacy: 50%
Labor force (1985): 2.5 million; 57.0%
agriculture, 14.0% manufacturing, 13.0%
services, 7.0% commerce, 4.0% construc-
tion, 3.0% transport, 0.8% utilities, 0.4%
mining; unemployment and underem-
ployment 40%
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
(1986)
Government
Official name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital; Guatemala
Administrative divisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitu-
tion came into effect 1966 but suspended
following March 1982 coup; Constituent
Assembly elected in July 1984 completed
drafting new constitution and other elec-
toral laws in June 1985; judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: traditionally dominant execu-
tive; new 100-member congress installed
14 January 1986; power vested in Office of
President; seven-member (minimum)
Supreme Court
Government leader: Marco Vinicio
CEREZO Arévalo, President (since Janu-
ary 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compul-
sory for literates, optional for illiterates
Guatemala (continued)
Elections: last congressional election held
3 November 1985; presidential runoff
election held 8 December 1985
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (DCG), Marco Vinicio
Cerezo Arévalo; National Centrist Union
(UCN), Jorge Carpio Nicolle; National
Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario
Sandoval Alarcén; Institutional Democratic
Party (PID) in coalition with MLN;
People’s Democratic Force (FDP) in coali-
tion with MLN; Democratic Party of
National Cooperation (PDCN), Jorge
Serrano Elias; Revolutionary Party (PR) in
coalition with PDCN; Social Democratic
Party (PSD), Mario Solarzano Martinez;
National Renewal Party (PNR), Alejandro
Maldonado Aguirre; National Authentic
Center (CAN), Mario David Garcia; Anti-
Communist Democratic Front (DUA) in
coalition with PUA; emerging Movement
for Harmony (MEC) in coalition with
PUA; 14 political groups participated in
national election for a civilian president,
congress, and mayoralties; in runoff elec-
tions between Vinicio Cerezo (DCG) and
Jorge Carpio (UCN), Cerezo won by a 2 to
I margin
Voting strength: (November 1985) DCG,
38.65%; UCN, 20.23%; PDCN/PR,
13.78%; MLN/PID, 12.56%; CAN, 6.28%;
PSD, 3.41%; PNR, 3.15%;
PUA/FUN/MEC, 1.91%; (December 1985)
DCB SI seats, UCN 22 seats, MLN 12
seats, PDCN/PR 11 seats, PSD 2 seats,
PNR 1 seat, CAN I seat
Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party
(PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups—
Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolu-
tionary Organization of the People in
Arms (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR),
and PGT Dissidents
Other political or pressure groups: Feder-
ated Chambers of Commerce and Industry
(CACIF), Mutual Support Group (GAM)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB—Inter-American Development Bank
IFAD, 1FC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, 180, ITU,
1WC—International Wheat Council, OAS,
ODECA, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
’
Economy
GDP: $9.2 billion (1985), $1,120 per
capita; 26% commerce, 25% agriculture,
9% financial services, 7% transportation
and communication, 6% government, 27%
other; average annual real growth rate
5.7% (1975-80); real growth rate 0.0%
(1986)
Natural resources: oil, nickel, rare woods,
fish, chicle
Agriculture: coffee, cotton, corn, beans,
sugarcane, bananas, livestock; an illegal
producer of opium poppy and cannabis
Fishing: catch 4,300 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textiles
and clothing, furniture, chemicals, non-
metallic minerals, metals
Electric power: 878,000 kW capacity;
2.250 million kWh produced, 260 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $1.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985); coffee,
cotton, sugar, bananas, meat
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., 1985); manu-
factured products, machinery, transporta-
tion equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports (1985)—
85% US, 17% El Salvador, 6% Honduras,
5% Costa Rica; imports (1983)—33% US,
10% El Salvador, 8% Netherland Antilles,
7% Mexico, 7% Venezuela
Aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $432
million; from other Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF (1970-84), $6.7
billion
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $22
million
Budget: expenditures, $1.710 billion;
revenues, $975 million (1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1
quetzal=US$1 (official, November 1986);
3.30 quetzals=US$1 (unofficial, December
1985)
Fiseal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 870 km 0.914-meter gauge,
single track; 780 km government owned,
90 km privately owned
100
Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,868 km
paved, 11,421 km gravel, and 12,140
unimproved
Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year
round; additional 730 km navigable during
high-water season
Pipelines: crude oil, 275 km
Ports: 2 major (El Quetzal, Santo Tomas
de Castilla), 3 minor
Civil] air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 501 total, 455 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly modern
network centered on Guatemala; 97,670
telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 91 AM, 13
shortwave, 24 TV stations; connection into
Central American microwave net; 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,989,000; 1,295,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 94,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1987, $269.3 million;
10.5% of central government budget
Guernsey
Burhow OF
Alderney
English Channel
St. Sampson
Herm |
Yethou
Brecqhou?
Little Serk™.
Sark
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 194 km?; land area: 194 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 50 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: temperate with mild winters and
cool summers; about 50% of days are
overcast
Terrain: mostly level with low hills in
southwest
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% perma-
nent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other;
about 50% cultivated
Environment: large, deepwater harbor at
St. Peter Port
Special notes: 52km west of France
People
Population: 52,947 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate -0.12%
Nationality: noun—Channel Islander(s);
adjective—Channel Islander
Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French
descent
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic,
Presbyterian, Baptist, Congregational,
Methodist
Language: English, French; Norman-
French dialect spoken in country districts
Literacy: universal education
Government
Official name: Bailiwick of Guernsey
Type: independent British crown depen-
dency
Capital: St. Peter Port
Administrative divisions: 10 douzaines or
parishes
Legal system: English law and local stat-
ute; justice is administered by the Royal
Court
Branches: the Lieutenant Governor and
Commander in Chief is the personal
representative of the Crown and is entitled
to sit and speak in the States of Delibera-
tion (parliament); parliament is composed
of the Bailiff (President ex officio), 12
Conseillers, 2 nonvoting Law Officers of
the Crown, 33 popularly elected People’s
Deputies, 10 Douzaine Representatives, 2
representatives of the States of Alderney;
States of Election (electoral college) elects
Jurats and Conseillers—it is composed of
the Bailiff, 12 Jurats, 12 Conseillers, 2 Law
Officers, 38 People’s Deputies, 34
Douzaine Representatives, and 4 Alderney
representatives (for election of Conseillers
only); Alderney has its own popularly
elected President and States (12 members)
and its own Court; Sark has mixture of
feudal and popular government
Government leaders: Lt. Gen. Sir Alexan-
der BOSWELL, Lieutenant Governor and
Commander in Chief (since 1985); Sir
Charles FROSSARD, Bailiff and President
of the States (since 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over 18
Communists: none
Economy
Agriculture: principal crops—tomatoes
and flowers (mostly grown under glass);
sweet peppers, eggplant, plants, other
vegetables and fruit; Guernsey cattle
Major industries: tourism, banking
Electric power: 160,000 kW capacity; 510
million kWh produced, 9,620 kWh per
capita (1986)
101
Exports: tomatoes, flowers and ferns, sweet
peppers, eggplant, other vegetables, plants
Imports: coal, gasoline and oil
Major trade partners: UK (regarded as
internal trade)
Budget: total revenues for Guernsey and
Alderney, 63,836 million pounds; total
expenditures for Guernsey and Alderney,
65,708 million pounds (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.70 pound
sterling=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Ports: St. Peter Port, St. Sampson
Airfield; 1 total, 1 usable with permanent-
surface runway, 1,463 m (La Villiaze)
Telecommunications: 1 AM radio station,
which broadcasts 24 hours a week; 1 TV
station with 4 channels; 41,900 telephones
(74.8 per 100 popl.)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Guinea
200 km
Siguiri,
Kankan
e
CONAKRY®*
North
Atlantic
Ocean
Macents
Nzérékore |
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 245,860 km?; land area:
245,860 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Oregon
Land boundaries: 3,476 km total
Coastline: 320 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: generally hot and humid;
monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry
season (December to May) with northeast-
erly harmattan winds
Terrain: generally flat coastal plain, hilly
to mountainous interior
Land use: 6% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 12% meadows and pastures;
42% forest and woodland; 40% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan
haze may reduce visibility during dry
season; deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 6,737,760 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.50%
Nationality: noun—Guinean(s); adjec-
tive—Guinean
Ethnic divisions: Fulani, Malinke, Sousou
15 smaller tribes
’
Religion: 85% Muslim, 5% indigenous
beliefs, 10% Christian
Language: French (official); each tribe has
its own language
Infant mortality rate: 159/1,000
Life expectancy: 40
Literacy: 20% in French; 48% in local
languages
Labor force: 2.4 million (1983); 82.0%
agriculture, 11.0% industry and commerce,
5.4% services, 1.6% government
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage
labor force loosely affiliated with the
National Confederation of Guinean
Workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Guinea
Type: republic
Capital: Conakry
Administrative divisions: 33 provinces,
divided into 36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law
system, customary law, and decree; 1958
constitution suspended after military coup
on 3 April 1984; legal codes currently
being revised; has not accepted compul-
sory IC) jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 2
October; Anniversary of Committee for
National Redressment, 3 April
Branches: coup on 8 April 1984 estab-
lished 17-member Military Committee for
National Redressment (CMRN) to deter-
mine government policy; the highest
ranking CMRN member became Presi-
dent, with other CMRN assuming most
Cabinet portfolios
Government leader: Gen. Lansana
CONTE, Head of Government (since April
1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none scheduled but CMRN has
promised to create a true and viable
democracy
Political parties and leaders: following 3
April 1984 coup all political activity was
banned
102
Communists: no Communist party, al-
though there are some sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, Mano River Union, Niger River
Commission, NAM, OAU, OATUU, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $1.6 billion (1984), $300 per capita;
real growth rate 1.3% (1984 est.)
Natural resources: bauxite, iron ore,
diamonds, gold, uranium, hydroelectric
power, fish
Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, bananas,
palm products, peanuts, citrus fruits,
pineapples; staple food crops—cassava,
rice, millet, corn, sweet potatoes; livestock
raised in some areas
Major industries: bauxite mining, alu-
mina, diamond mining, light manufactur-
ing and processing industries
Electric power: 108,000 kW capacity; 236
million kWh produced, 41 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $537 million (f.0.b., 1984 est.);
bauxite, alumina, diamonds, coffee, pine-
apples, bananas, palm kernels
Imports: $403 million (f.0.b., 1984 est.);
petroleum products, metals, machinery
and transport equipment, foodstuffs, tex-
tiles
Major trade partners: imports—France,
USSR, US, Italy; exports—US, USSR, FRG,
France, Spain
Budget: public revenues, $444 million,
current expenditures, $330 million; devel-
opment expenditures, $104 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 400 Guinean
francs=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,045 km; 806 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 239 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
Highways: 30,100 km total; 1,087 km
paved, 13,013 km gravel or laterite, 16,000
km unimproved earth
}
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by
shallow-draft native craft
Ports: I major (Conakry), 2 minor
Civil air; 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 17 total, 17 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
open-wire lines, small radiocommunication
stations, and new radio-relay system;
10,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 3
AM, I FM, and I TV stations; 7,700 TV
sets; 100,000 receiver sets; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (ground forces), Navy
(acts primarily as a coast guard), Air Force,
paramilitary National Gendaramerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,549,000; 781,000 fit for military service
Guinea-Bissau
100 km
eee ee
Arquipélago ~
dos Bijagés
North Atlantic Ocean
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 36,120 km?; land area: 28,000
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Connecticut and New Hampshire com-
bined
Land boundaries: 740 km total
Coastline: 350 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; generally hot and hu-
mid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry
season (December to May) with northeast-
erly harmattan winds
Terrain: mostly low coastal plain rising to
savanna in east
Land use: 9% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 46% meadows and pastures; 38%
forest and woodland; 6% other
Environment: hot, dry, dusty harmattan
haze may reduce visibility during dry
season
Special notes: none
People
Population: 928,425 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.36%
Nationality: noun—Guinea-Bissauan(s),
adjective—Guinea-Bissauan
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (80%
Balanta, 20% Fula, 14% Manjaca, 13%
103
Mandinga, 7% Papel); less than 1% Euro-
pean and mulatto
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, 30%
Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: Portuguese (official); Criolo and
numerous African languages
Infant mortality rate: 250/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: 42
Literacy: 9%
Labor force: 90% agriculture; 5% industry,
services, and commerce; 5% government
Government
Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Type: republic; highly centralized one-
party regime since September 1974
Capital: Bissau
Administrative divisions: 9 regions, 3
circumscriptions (predominantly indige-
nous population)
Legal system: new constitution approved
May 1984
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
September
Branches: President and Cabinet; 150-
member National Popular Assembly,
overseen by 15-member Council of State
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Jodo
Bernardo VIEIRA, President, Council of
State (since November 1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: legislative elections held March
1984; legislature elected Vieira to serve a
five-year term as President in May 1984
Political parties and leaders: African
Party for the Independence of Guinea-
Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by
President Vieira, only legal party; Guinea-
Bissau decided to retain the binational
party title despite its formal break with
Cape Verde
Communists: a few Communists, some
sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, ISCON, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Guinea-Bissau (continued)
Economy
GDP; $154 million (FY83), $180 per
capita, real growth rate —5.1% (1983)
Natural resources: potential petroleum,
bauxite, phosphates
Agriculture: rice, palm products, root
crops, coconuts, peanuts, wood
Fishing: catch 6,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
beer, soft drinks
Electric power: 22,000 kW capacity; 28
million kWh produced, 32 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $8.6 million (1983); principally
peanuts; also palm kernels, shrimp, fish,
lumber
Imports: $57.1 million (1983); foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, transport
equipment
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal,
Spain, and other European countries
Budget: revenues, $12.2 million; current
expenditures, $27.4 million; investment
expenditures, $27.9 million (1983 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 83.528 Guinea
Bissauan pesos=US$1 (November 1984)
Fiscal] year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,218 km (418 km bituminous,
remainder earth)
Inland waterways: scattered stretches are
important to coastal commerce
Ports: 1 major (Bissau)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 54 total, 89 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited system of
open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; 3,000 tele-
phones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM,
no TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches; People’s Revolutionary Armed
Force (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force
are separate components
Military manpower: males 15-49, 194,000;
110,000 fit for military service
Guyana
200. km North Atlantic
Maberuma Ocean
EQRGETOWN
Boundary representation 1s
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map 1V
Geography
Land area: 214,970 km”; land area:
196,850 km?
Comparative area about the size of Idaho
Land boundaries: 2,575 km total
Coastline: 459 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: outer edge of conti-
nental margin or 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: Essequibo area
claimed by Venezuela; Suriname claims
area between New (Upper Courantyne)
and Courantyne/Kutari rivers (all head-
waters of the Courantyne)
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, moderated
by northeast trade winds; two rainy sea-
sons (May to mid-August, mid-November
to mid-January)
Terrain: mostly rolling highlands; low
coastal plain; savanna in south
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 6% meadows and pastures;
83% forest and woodland; 8% other; in-
cludes 1% irrigated
Environment: flash floods a constant threat
during rainy seasons; water pollution
Special notes: none
People
Population: 765,844 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.03%
104
Nationality: noun—Guyanese (sing., pl.);
adjective—Guyanese
Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indian, 43%
black and mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2%
European and Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9%
Muslim, 1% other
Language: English, Amerindian dialects
Infant mortality rate: 41/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 70
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: 268,000 (1985); 44.5% indus-
try and commerce, 33.8% agriculture,
21.7% services; public sector employment
amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force;
unemployment and underemployment
30% (1985 est.)
Organized labor: 34% of labor force
Government
Official name: Co-operative Republic of
Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Administrative divisions: 10 administra-
tive regions
Legal system: based on English common
law with certain admixtures of Roman-
Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory
IC) jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 23
February
Branches: Executive President, who ap-
points and heads a cabinet; unicameral
legislature (53-member National Assembly)
elected by proportional representation
every five years
Government leaders: Hugh Desmond
HOYTE, President (since August 1985);
Hamilton GREEN, Prime Minister (since
August 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: last held in December 1985
Political parties and leaders: People’s
National Congress (PNC), Hugh Desmond
Hoyte; People’s Progressive Party (PPP),
Cheddi Jagan; Working People’s Alliance
(WPA), Rupert Roopnarine, Eusi
Kwayana, Moses Bhagwan; United Force
(UF), Feilden Singh; Vanguard for Libera-
tion and Democracy (VLD; also known as
Liberator Party), Ganraj Kumar, Dr. J. K.
Makepeace Richmond; Democratic Labor
Movement (DLM), Dr. Paul Tennassee
Voting strength: (1985 election, unofficial
| returns) 78% PNC (42 seats), 16% PPP (8
seats), 4% UF (2 seats), 2% WPA (1 seat)
Communists: est. 100 hardcore within
PPP; top echelons of PPP and PYO (Pro-
gressive Youth Organization, militant wing
| of the PPP) include many Communists,
but rank and file is conservative and
non-Communist; small but unknown
number of orthodox Marxist-Leninists
within PNC, some of whom formerly
belonged to the PPP
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress (TUC); Working People’s
Vanguard Party (WPVP); Guyana Council
of Indian Organizations (GCIO), Civil
Liberties Action Committee (CLAC); the
latter two organizations are small and
active but not well organized
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO,
G-77, GATT, JADB, 1BA, IBRD, ICAO,
(IDA, JDB—Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IRC, 1SO, 1TU, NAM, OAS
(observer), PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $480 million (1984), $630 per capita;
real growth 4.0% (1986 est.); inflation rate
4.0% (1985) j
Natural resources: bauxite, gold, dia-
monds, hardwood timber, shrimp, fish
Agriculture: sugarcane, rice, other food
crops; food shortages—wheat flour, cooking
oil, processed meat, dairy products
Major industries: bauxite mining, sugar
and rice milling, timber, fishing (shrimp),
textiles, gold mining
Electric power: 105,000 kW capacity; 500
million kWh produced, 650 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $214.0 million (f.0.b., 1985);
bauxite, sugar, rice, shrimp, molasses,
timber, rum
Imports: $209.1 million (f.0.b., 1985);
manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—29% UK,
17% US, 17% CARICOM, 6% Canada;
imports—33% CARICOM, 21% US, 11%
UK, 3% Canada (1983)
Budget: revenues, $954.4 million; expendi-
tures, $1,531.5 million (1985 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.30 Guyanese
dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 187 km total, all single track
0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 7,665 km total; 550 km paved,
5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, 590 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: 6,000 km total of
navigable waterways; Berbice, Demerara,
and Essequibo rivers are navigable by
oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km,
and 80 km, respectively
Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 6 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 70 total, 66 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 11 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system with
radio-relay network and over 27,000
telephones (3.3 per 100 popl.); tropospheric
scatter link to Trinidad; 4 AM, 3 FM, 1
shortwave, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Guyana Defense Force (includ-
ing Maritime Corps and Air Corps),
Guyana Police Force, Guyana People’s
Militia, Guyana National Service
Military manpower: males 15-49, 195,000;
149,000 fit for military service
105
Haiti
Bin North Atlantic Ocean
lle de la Tortuga"
Golfe de la Gonave
ile de la Gonave
Jéramie
2.
Caribbean Sea
See regional map [11
Geography
Total area: 27,750 km?; land area: 27,560
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Maryland
Land boundary: 361 km with Dominican
Republic
Coastline: 1,77] km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: to depth of exploita-
tion
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; claims Navassa
Island (US possession)
Climate: tropical; semiarid where moun-
tains in east cut off trade winds
Terrain: mostly rough and mountainous
Land use: 20% arable land; 13% perma-
nent crops; 18% meadows and pastures;
4% forest and woodland; 45% other; in-
cludes 3% irrigated
Environment: lies in middle of hurricane
belt; hurricanes have caused extensive
damage; occasional flooding and earth-
quakes; deforestation
Special notes: shares island of Hispaniola
with Dominican Republic
People
Population: 6,187,115 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.78%
Haiti (continued)
Nationality: noun—Haitian(s); adjective—
Haitian
Ethnic divisions: 95% black, 5% mulatto
and European
Religion: 75-80% Roman Catholic (of
which an overwhelming majority also
practice Voodoo), 10% Protestant, 10%
other
Language: French (official) spoken by only
10% of population; all speak Creole
Infant mortality rate: 107/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 45
Literacy: 23%
Labor force: 2.3 million (1982); 66%
agriculture, 25% services, 9% industry;
significant unemployment; shortage of
skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Administrative divisions: 26 provinces, I
federal district
Legal system: based on Roman civil law
system; currently under revision, to be
completed early 1987; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
January
Branches: interim government following
the end of 29 years of Duvalier family
rule; Consultative Council (45-member
advisory body); Constituent Assembly
(61-member body drafting new constitu-
tion); judiciary appointed by President
before coup
Government leaders: Lt. Gen. Henri
NAMPHY, President, National Council of
Government (CNG), since February 1986,
two other CNG members, and 18-member
cabinet
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: National elections scheduled for
November 1987, inauguration 7 February
1988
Political parties and leaders: Haitian
Christian Democratic Party (PDCN),
Sylvio Claude; Haitian Social Christian
Party (PSCH), Grégoire Eugéne; Move-
ment To Install Democracy in Haiti
(MIDH), Marc Bazin; National Progressive
Democratic Group (RDNP), Leslie
Manigat
Voting strength: new voter registration
lists being compiled
Communists: United Party of Haitian
Communists (PUCH), René Théodore
(roughly 2,000 members)
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Committee (KID); Liaison
Committee of Democratic Forces
Member of; FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, 1CO, IDA,
IDB—lInter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.8 billion (1986 est.), $300 per
capita; real growth rate, - 2.0% (1986)
Natural resources: bauxite
Agriculture: coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn,
sorghum
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles,
flour milling, cement manufacturing,
bauxite mining, tourism, light assembly
industries
Electric power: 196,000 kW capacity; 332
million kWh produced, 940 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $206.6 million (f.0.b., 1984);
mangos, coffee, light industria] products,
essential oils, sisal, sugar
Imports: $337.9 million (f.0.b., 1984);
consumer durables, foodstuffs, industrial
equipment, petroleum products, construc-
tion materials
Major trade partners: exports—59% US;
imports—45% US (1978) ;
Aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im
(FY70-85), $419 million; ODA and OOF
from other Western countries (1970-84),
$427 million
106
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $5
million
Budget: revenues, $220 million; expendi-
tures, $357 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.0
gourdes=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 October-80 September
Communications
Railroads: 40 km 0.760-meter narrow
gauge, single-track, privately owned indus-
trial line
Highways: 4,000 km total; 950 km paved,
900 km otherwise improved, 2,150 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: negligible; less than
100 km navigable
Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince,
Cap-Haitien), 12 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 11 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; ] with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
barely adequate, international facilities
slightly better; 36,000 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); 33 AM, 4 TV stations; } Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,491,000; 803,000 fit for military service;
70,000 reach military age (18) annually
|
|
t
== ___
\Honduras
Swan islands
Caribbean Sea
gen 2
Islas de la Bahia
-
"Sen Pedro Sula
*Sante Rose
Copan” Juticalpa
Fonseca
Boundary representation is
Nol necessarily authoritative
See reglonal map Il]
Geography
Total area: 112,090 km?; land area:
111,890 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Tennessee
Land boundaries: 1,530 km total
Coastline: 820 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: El Salvador
Climate: subtropical in lowlands, temper-
ate in mountains
Terrain: mostly mountains in interior,
narrow coastal plains
Land use: 14% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 30% meadows and pastures; 34%
forest and woodland; 20% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: subject to frequent, but
generally mild, earthquakes; damaging
hurricanes along Caribbean coast; defores-
tation; soil erosion
Special notes: none
People
Population: 4,823,818 July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.33%
Nationality: noun—Honduran(s); adjec-
tive—Honduran
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo (mixed
Indian and European), 7% Indian, 2%
black, 1% white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic;
small Protestant minority
Language: Spanish, Indian dialects
Infant mortality rate: 78/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 58.7
Literacy: 56%
Labor force: 1.3 million (1985); 62%
agriculture, 20% services, 9% manufactur-
ing, 3% construction, 6% other; 25% unem-
ployed, 25% underemployed
Organized labor: 40% of urban labor
force, 20% of rural work force (1985)
Government
Official name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Administrative divisions: 18 departments
Legal system: rooted in Roman and Span-
ish civil law; some influence of English
common law; new constitution became
effective in January 1982; the nine Su-
preme Court justices are appointed by
Congress; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: constitution provides for elected
President, unicameral legislature (134-
member National Congress), and national
judicia! branch
Government leader: José AZCONA Hoyo,
President (since January 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: national election for president
and legislature held every four years; last
election held November 1985; legislature
chosen by proportional representation; 282
county councils
107
Political parties and leaders: Liberal
Party (PLH)—party president, Romualdo
Bueso Penalba; faction leaders, Carlos
Flores Facusse (Rodista faction), José
Azcona Hoyo (Azconista subfaction), Jorge
Bueso Arias (ALIPO faction), Jorge Arturo
Reina (M-Lider faction); National Party
(PNH)}—party president, Rafael Leonardo
Callejas; faction leaders, Juan Pablo Urru-
tia (MUC faction); Ricardo Zuniga Augus-
tinus (Officialista faction), Mario Rivera
Lépez (Riverista subfaction), and Rafael
Leonardo Callejas (MONARCA faction);
National Innovation and Unity Party
(PINU)}—Miguel Andonie Fernandez;
Christian Democratic Party (PDCH)—
Ruben Palma Carrasco
Voting strength: (1985 election) 1.6 mil-
lion out of 1.8 million eligible voters cast
ballots; PLH 51%, PNH 45%, PINU 1.5%,
PDCH 1.9%, legislative seats—PLH 67,
PNH 68, PINU 2, PDCH 2
Communists: up to 1,500; Honduran
leftist groups—Communist Party of Hon-
duras (PCH), Communist Party of
Honduras/Marxist-Leninist (PCMLH),
Morazanist Front for the Liberation of
Honduras (FMLH), People’s Revolutionary
Union/Popular Liberation Movement
(URP/MPL), Popular Revolutionary
Forces-Lorenzo Zelaya (FPR/LZ), Socialist
Party of Honduras Central American
Workers Revolutionary Party
(PASO/PRTC)
Other political or pressure groups: Na-
tional Association of Honduran Campesi-
nos (ANACH), Honduran Council of
Private Enterprise (COHEP), Confedera-
tion of Honduran Workers (CTH), Na-
tional Union of Campesinos (UNC), Gen-
eral Workers Confederation (CGT), United
Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH),
Committee for the Defense of Human
Rights in Honduras (CODEH), Coordinat-
ing Committee of Popular Organizations
(CCOP)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
Honduras (continued)
Economy
Real GDP: $2.6 billion (1986), $560 per
capita; real growth rate average —3.1%
(1980-83); real growth rate 3.0% (1986)
Natural resources: forests, gold, silver,
copper, lead, zinc, iron, antimony, coal,
fish
Agriculture: bananas, coffee, corn, beans,
sugarcane, rice, tobacco
Fishing: catch 8,400 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
textiles, clothing, wood products
Electric power: 580,000 kW capacity;
1,400 million kWh produced, 300 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $933 million (f.0.b., 1986); ba-
nanas, coffee, lumber, meat, minerals,
sugar, seafood
Imports: $873 million (f.0.b., 1986); manu-
factured products, machinery, transporta-
tion equipment, chemicals, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—48% US,
34% Europe, 8% Japan, 3% CACM (1985);
imports—39% US, 10% Venezuela, 9%
CACM, 6% Japan, 5% Trinidad and
Tobago (1985)
Aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $809
million loans; other Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and ODF (1970-84), $507
million
Military transfers: US (FY79-85), $256
million
Budget: revenues, $389 million; expendi-
tures, $605 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate:
2 lempiras=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 545 km total; 320 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 225 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km
paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved,
2,250 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 465 km navigable by
small craft
Ports: | major (Puerto Cortés), 4 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 198 total, 181 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 11 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: improved, but still
inadequate; connection into Central Amer-
ican microwave net; 35,100 telephones (0.9
per 100 popl.); 169 AM, 8 shortwave, 21
TV stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
ground stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Naval Forces,
Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,090,000; 649,000 fit for military service;
56,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1987, $67.5 million; about 7%
of central government budget
108
Hong Kong
15 km
oe
Hong Kong
Island
eG
Lema Channel
See regiona! map VIII
Geography
Total area: 1,040 km?; land area: 990 km?
Comparative area: about one-third the
size of Rhode Island
Land boundary: 24 km with China
Coastline: 733 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Boundary disputes: none; will become a
Special Administrative Region of China in
1997
Climate: tropical monsoon; cool and
humid in winter, hot and rainy from
spring through summer, warm and sunny
in fall
Terrain: hilly to mountainous with steep
slopes; lowlands in north
Land use: 7% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 12%
forest and woodland; 79% other; includes
3% irrigated
Environment: more than 200 islands;
occasional typhoons
Special notes: outstanding natural harbor
People
Population: 5,608,610 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.32%
Nationality: adjective—Hong Kong
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 90% eclectic mixture of local
religions, 10% Christian
Language: Chinese (Cantonese), English
Infant mortality rate: 9.2/1,000 (1986)
Life expectancy: 75 (1986)
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: (June 1985) 2.64 million,
86.8% manufacturing; 22.1% commerce;
18.4% services; 7.6% construction; 7.6%
transport and communications; 6.8%
financing, insurance, and real estate; 1.2%
agriculture, fishing, mining, and quarrying;
unemployment (seasonally adjusted) 3.0%
Organized labor: 15.2% of 1984 labor
force
Government
Official name: Hong Kong
Type: British colony; scheduled to revert
to China in 1997
Capital: Victoria
Administrative divisions: Hong Kong,
Kowloon, and New Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory
Executive Council, legislates with advice
and consent of Legislative Council: Execu-
tive Council composed of governor, four
ex-officio senior officials, and 11 nominated
members; Legislative Council composed of
governor, three ex-officio members, 10
official members, 22 appointed unofficial
members and 24 unofficial members
elected indirectly by functional constituen-
cies and by an electoral college; Urban
Council, consisting of 15 elected members
and 15 appointed by Governor, responsible
for health, recreation, and resettlement in
urban areas; Regional Council (established
1 April 1986), comprising 12 directly
elected members, 9 indirectly elected, 12
appointed, and 8 ex officio, has similar
responsibilities in nonurban areas; indepen-
dent judiciary
Government leaders: David Clive
WILSON, Governor since April 1987; Sir
David AKERS-JONES, Chief Secretary
since December 1985
Suffrage: limited to 450,000 to 550,000
professional or skilled persons
Elections: on three-year cycle for Urban
and Regional Councils; last held March
1986; indirect elections for Legislative
Council held for first time in September
1985 and planned for three-year intervals
Political parties: insignificant
Communists: an estimated 4,000 cadres
affiliated with Communist Party of China
Other political or pressure groups: Feder-
ation of Trade Unions (Communist con-
trolled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade
Union Council (Nationalist Chinese domi-
nated), Hong Kong General Chamber of
Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of
Commerce (Communist controlled), Feder-
ation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese
Manufacturers’ Association of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong Professional Teachers’ Union
Member of: ADB, ESCAP (associate
member), GATT, IMO, INTERPOL,
Multifiber Arrangement, WMO
Economy
GDP: $34.2 billion, $6,180 per capita; real
growth, 1.0% (1985 est.)
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor
position in the economy; rice, vegetables,
dairy products; less than 20% self-
sufficient; shortages of rice, wheat, water
Major industries: textiles and clothing,
tourism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches,
and clocks
Shortages: industrial raw materials
Electric power: 6,383,000 kW capacity;
18,000 million kWh produced, 3,270 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $30.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985), includ-
ing $13.5 billion reexports; clothing, plastic
articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs,
footwear, light metal manufactures
Imports: $29.7 billion (c.i.f., 1985)
Major trade partners: exports—31% US,
26% China, 4% Japan, 4% UK, 4% FRG;
imports—25% China, 23% Japan, 9% US
(1985)
Budget: $5.1 billion (1985/86)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.81 Hong
Kong dollars=US$1 (July 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
109
Communications
Railroads: 35 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, government owned
Highways: 1,160 km total; 794 km paved,
806 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Ports: 1 major (Hong Kong)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; ] with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern facilities
provide excellent domestic and interna-
tional services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5
million telephones; 5 AM and 9 FM
radiobroadcast stations with 11 transmit-
ters; 5 TV stations; 2.5 million radio and
1.1 million TV receivers; 10,100 Telex
subscriber lines with direct connections to
47 countries; 2 INTELSAT ground stations
with access to Pacific and Indian Ocean
satellites; coaxial cable to Guangzhou
(Canton), China; 3 international submarine
cables; troposcatter to Taiwan available
but inactive
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of United
Kingdom
Branches: Headquarters of British Forces,
Gurkha Field Forces, Royal Navy, Royal
Air Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air
Force, Royal Hong Kong Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,720,000; 1,340,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 45,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending
80 June 1986, $205.5 million; about 4.3%
of central government budget and 1% of
GDP
Hungary
125 km
Miskolc
*
Dabrecen,
*Gyor os
BUDAPEST
Dunadjvéros*
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 93,030 km?; land area: 92,340
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Indiana
Land boundaries: 2,242 km total
Boundary disputes: none; Transylvania
question with Romania
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy, humid
winters; warm summers
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling plains
Land use: 54% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 14% meadows and pastures; 18%
forest and woodland; 11% other; includes
2% irrigated
Environment: levies are common along
many streams, but flooding occurs almost
every year
Special notes: landlocked; strategic loca-
tion. astride main land routes between
Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as
well as between USSR and Mediterranean
basin
People
Population: 10,609,447 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate —0.19%
Nationality: noun—Hungarian(s); adjec-
tive—Hungarian
Ethnic divisions: 96.6% Hungarian, 1.6%
German, 1.1% Slovak, 0.3% Southern Slav,
0.2% Romanian
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0%
Calvinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.5% atheist and
other
Language: 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other
Infant mortality rate: 19/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 65.6, women 73.7
(1984)
Literacy: 98.9%
Labor force: 4,913,000 (1985); 31.3%
industry; 21.1% agriculture; 7.2% construc-
tion; 40.4% services, trade, government,
other
Government
Official name: Hungarian People’s Repub-
lic
Type: Communist state
Capital; Budapest
Administrative divisions: 19 megyes
(counties), 5 autonomous cities in county
status
Legal system: based on Communist legal
theory, with both civil law system (civil
code of 1960) and common law elements;
constitution adopted 1949 amended 1972;
Supreme Court renders decisions of princi-
ple that sometimes have the effect of
declaring legislative acts unconstitutional;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Liberation Day, 4 April
Branches: executive—Presidential Council
(elected by parliament); unicameral legisla-
ture—National Assembly (elected by direct
suffrage); judicial—Supreme Court (elected
by parliament)
Government leaders: Pa] LOSONCZI,
President, Presidential Council (since April
1967); Gyérgy LAZAR, Premier, Council
of Ministers (since May 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every five years (last election
June 1985); national and local elections are
held separately
Politica] parties and leaders: Hungarian
Socialist (Communist) Workers’ Party
(MSZMP), sole party; Janos Kadar, General
Secretary (since November 1956; his title
was changed from First Secretary to Gen-
eral Secretary in March 1985)
110
Voting strength: (1985 election) 7,700,000
(94%) turnout for multiple-candidate
election, with only some leading figures
running without opposition
Communists: about 870,992 party mem-
bers (January 1985)
Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $80.1 billion in 1985 (at 1985 US
dollars), $7,520 per capita; 1985 growth
rate, - 0.8%
Natural resources: bauxite, brown coal,
natural gas
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; corn,
wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, barley
Major industries: mining, metallurgy,
engineering industries, processed foods,
textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuti-
cals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite),
copper, high grade coal, forest products,
crude oil
Crude steel: 3.6 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 339 kg per capita
Electric power: 6,851,000 kW capacity;
27,250 million kWh produced, 2,570 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $13.5 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 34.8%
fuels, raw materials, and semifinished
products; 28.8% machinery and equip-
ment; 21.8% agricultural and forestry
products; 15.1% manufactured consumer
goods
Imports: $13.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); 66.7%
fuels, raw materials, and semifinished
products; 15.8% machinery and equip-
ment; 10.4% manufactured consumer
goods; 7.1% agricultural and forestry
products
Major trade partners: 31.8% USSR, 9.6%
FRG (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 46.50
forints=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 7,766 km total; 7,510 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 22] km narrow
gauge (mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.524-
meter broad gauge, 1,130 km double
track, 1,801 km electrified; government
owned (1984)
Highways: 140,000 km total; 29,633 km
concrete, asphalt, stone block; 58,495 km
country roads (66 percent unpaved), and
51,872 km other roads (70 percent
unpaved) (1985)
Inland waterways: 1,622 km (1983)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,160 km; refined
products, 600 km; natural gas, 3,732 km
(1984)
Freight carried: rail—117.0 million metric
tons, 22.3 billion metric tons/km; high-
way—554.5 million metric tons, 11.9
billion metric tons/km; waterway—est.
12.5 million metric tons, 9.5 billion metric
tons/km (public and private use) (1984)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dun-
atjvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are
Rostock, GDR; Gdafisk, Gdynia, and
Szczecin in Poland; and Galati and Braila
in Romania
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 95 total; 16 with runways 2,500
m or longer
Telecommunications: 12 AM, 11 FM, 20
TV stations; 8 Soviet TV relays; 2,848,000
TV sets; 5,500,000 receiver sets; at least 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Hungarian People’s Army,
Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense
Command
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,595,000; 2,077,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 77,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, 25.1 billion
forints; 4.2% of total budget
Iceland
Seydhistiordhur,
North Atlantic Ocean
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 103,000 km?; land area:
100,250 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Virginia
Coastline: 4,988 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Rockall conti-
nental shelf dispute involving Denmark,
Ireland, and UK
Climate: temperate; Gulf Stream influ-
ence; mild, windy winters; damp, cool
summers
Terrain: mostly plateau interspersed with
mountain peaks, icefields
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% per-
manent crops; 23% meadows and pastures;
1% forest and woodland; 76% other
Environment: subject to earthquakes and
volcanic activity
Special notes: strategic location between
Greenland and Europe; westernmost
European country
People
Population: 244,676 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.69%
Nationality: noun—Icelander(s); adiec-
tive—Icelandic
lll
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of
descendants of Norwegians and Celts
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2%
no affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Infant mortality rate: 6.1/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 73.9, women 79.4
Literacy: 99.9%
Labor force: 122,800; 55.4% commerce,
finance, and services; 11.3% agriculture;
8.0% fish processing; 5.0% fishing; 20.3%
other manufacturing (1985); 0.9% unem-
ployment (1985 average)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Administrative divisions: 23 counties, 200
parishes, 23 incorporated towns
Legal system: civil law system based on
Danish law; constitution adopted 1944;
does not accept compulsory 1CJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Anniversary of the
Establishment of the Republic, 17 June
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with President and parliament (Althing);
executive power vested in President but
exercised by Cabinet responsible to parlia-
ment; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts
Government leaders: Vigdis FINNBOGA-
DOTTIR, President (since August 1980);
Steingrimur HERMANNSSON, Prime
Minister (since May 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 20 but not
compulsory
Elections: parliamentary every four years,
last held 23 April 1983, next elections in
April 1987; presidential held every four
years; last held August 1984
Political parties and leaders: Indepen-
dence (conservative), Thorsteinn Palsson;
Progressive, Steingrimur Hermannsson,
Social Democratic, Jon Baldvin Hannibals-
son; People’s Alliance (left socialist), Svavar
Gestsson
Iceland (continued)
Voting strength: (1983 election) 38.7%
Independence, 18.5% Progressive, 17.3%
People’s Alliance, 11.7% Social Demo-
cratic, 13.8% other
Communists: est. less than 100, some of
whom participate in the People’s Alliance,
which drew 22,489 votes in the 1983
parliamentary elections
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free
trade agreement pending resolution of
fishing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, 1DA, IFC,
IHO, 1LO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, 1PU, ITU, [WC—Interna-
tional Whaling Commission, NATO,
Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $2.7 billion (1985), $11,300 per
capita; 60.4% private consumption, 21.4%
private investment, 17.9% public consump-
tion, 4.3% net export of goods and services;
change in stockbuilding —0.5%; real
growth rate —5.5% (1983)
Natural resources: fish, hydroelectric and
geothermal power, diatomite
Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay,
potatoes, turnips
Fishing: catch, 1,670,000 metric tons (1985
est.); marine product exports, $533 million
(1985)
Major industries: fish processing, alumi-
num smelting, diatomite production,
hydroelectricity
Shortages: grains, sugar, vegetables and
vegetable fibers, fuel, wood, minerals
Electric power: 918,000 kW capacity;
4,460 million kWh produced, 18,290 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $814 million (f.0.b., 1985); fish
and fish products, animal products, alumi-
num, diatomite
Imports: $904 million (c.i-f., 1985); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: (1985) exports—EC
39.3% (UK 18.0%, FRG 8.3%), 27.0% US,
9.0% LDC, 6.7% USSR; imports—EC
49.5% (FRG 13.3%, Denmark 9.1%, UK
9.6%), LDC 23.0%, USSR 8.0%, US 6.8%
Aid: US, including Ex-Im, $19.1 million
(FY70-81)
Budget: revenues, $704.9 million; expendi-
tures, $647.8 million (converted at 41.508
kronur=US$1 1985 average) (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 40.72
kronur=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitu-
men and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous
treated and gravel; 10,893 km earth
Ports: 1 major (Reykjavik), 3 secondary
(Akureyri, Hafnarfjérdhur, Seydhis-
fjordhur), and numerous minor
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 100 total, 93 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
service, wire and radio communication
system; 135,000 telephones (52.5 per 100
popl.); 4 AM, 33 FM, 129 TV stations; 2
submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 2
Atlantic Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Police, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 64,000;
58,000 fit for military service (Iceland has
no conscription or compulsory military
service)
112
India
Jammu and pscoieee line
Kashit®?") of control 500 km
- .J
Srinagar Boundary representation 1s.
claim hot necessarily authoritative
Arabian Bombsy
ae Hyderabsa
Panaji Bangal
Madras Andaman }
a Islands ¥
+ Caligut .
Laccadive epeturel '
Sea Nicobar +:
Islands ‘©
See segional map Viil
Geography
Total area: 3,287,590 km?; land area:
2,973,190 km?
Comparative area: about one-third the
size of US
Land boundaries: 12,700 km total
Coastline: 7,000 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12
Boundary disputes: Bangladesh, China,
Cease-Fire Line with Pakistan
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in
south to temperate in north
Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in
south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges
River, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Land use: 55% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 23%
forest and woodland; 17% other; includes
18% irrigated
Environment: droughts, flash floods, severe
thunderstorms common; deforestation; soil
erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollu-
tion; desertification
Special notes: dominates South Asian
subcontinent; near important Indian
Ocean trade routes; Joint River Commis-
sion on water sharing with downstream
riparian Bangladesh
People
Population: 800,325,817 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 2.07%
Nationality: noun—Indian(s); adjective—
Indian
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25%
Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 11.0% Muslim,
2.6% Christian, 2.0-2.5% Sikh, 0.7% Bud-
dhist, 0.2% other
Language: Hindi, English, and 14 other
official languages; 24 languages spoken by
a million or more persons each; numerous
other languages and dialects, for the most
part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the
national language and primary tongue of
30 percent of the people; English enjoys
associate status but is the most important
language for national, political, and com-
mercial communication; Hindustani, a
popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken
widely throughout northern India
Infant mortality rate: 116/1,000 (1984
est.)
Life expectancy: 54.9
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: (1984/85) about 284.4 mil-
lion; 67% agriculture; more than 10%
unemployed and underemployed
Organized labor: less than 5% of total
labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Administrative divisions: 24 states, 7
union territories
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution adopted 1950; limited
judicial review of legislative acts; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Republic Day, 26
January
Branches: bicameral parliament (Council
of States, House of the People); relatively
independent judiciary
Government leaders: Rajiv GANDHI,
Prime Minister (since October 1984); Zail
SINGH, President (since July 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections
ordinarily held every five years; may be
postponed in emergency and may be held
more frequently if government loses confi-
dence vote; last general election in Decem-
ber 1984; state elections staggered
Politica] parties and leaders: Indian
National Congress, controlled national
government from independence to March
1977; split in January 1978 and 1979;
party currently headed by Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi; Lok Dal Party led by
Charan Singh; Janata Party led by Chan-
dra Shekhar; Bharatiya Janata Party led by
L. K. Advani; Communist Party of India
(CPI), led by C. Rajeswara Rao; Commu-
nist Party of India/Marxist (CP1/M) led by
E. M. S. Namboodiripad; Communist
Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CP1/ML)
led by Satyanarayan Singh; All-India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazagham (AIADMK),
a regional party in Tamil Nadu, led by M.
G. Ramachandran; Akali Dal, led by Surijit
Singh Barnala, representing Sikh religious
community in the Punjab; Telugu Desam,
a regional party in Andhra Pradesh led by
N. T. Rama Rao; National Conference
(NC), a regional party in Jammu and
Kashmir, split into factions led by Farooq
Abdullah and G. M. Shah; Asom Gana
Parishad, a regional party in Assam led by
Prafulla Mahanta; Mizo National Front, a
regional party in Mizoram led by Lald-
enga; Congress (IG) Party, a breakaway
faction of Congress (I) Party, led by
Pranab Mukherjee and Gundu Rao
Voting strength: India Congress, 74%;
Telugu Desam Party, 5%; CPM, 4%;
Janata, 1.8%; CPl, 1.1%, DMKP, 0.5%;
BJP, 0.4%; other, 6.6%
Communists: 466,000 members claimed
by CPI, 270,000 members claimed by
CPI/M; Communist extremist groups,
about 15,000 members
113
Other political or pressure groups: vari-
ous separatist groups seeking reorganiza-
tion of states; numerous senas or militant/
chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv
Sena (in Bombay), Anand Marg, and
Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANRPC,
Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zine Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC—International
Wheat Council, NAM, SAARC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $190 billion (FY85/86 at current
prices), $250 per capita; real growth 4%
(FY85/86 est.)
Natural resources: coal, iron ore, manga-
nese, mica, bauxite, chromite, natural gas
Agriculture: rice, other cereals, pulses,
oilseed, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco,
tea, coffee; an illegal producer of opium
poppy and cannabis for the international
drug trade
Fishing: catch 2.34 million metric tons
(1984); exports $337 million (1982)
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
steel, machinery, transportation equip-
ment, cement, jute manufactures
Crude steel: 10.9 million metric tons, 14
kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 46,663,000 kW capacity;
170,000 million kWh produced, 220 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $8.3 billion (f.0.b., FY85/86),
engineering goods, textiles and clothing,
tea
Imports: $15.0 billion (c.i.f., FY85/86);
machinery and transport equipment,
petroleum, edible oils, fertilizers
Major trade partners: US, UK, USSR,
Japan
Budget: central government revenue and
capital receipts, $41 billion; disbursements,
$45 billion (FY85/86)
Monetary conversion rate: 13.09
rupees=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
India (continued)
Communications
Railroads: 61,850 km total (1985); 33,553
km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 24,051 km
1.000-meter gauge, 4,246 km narrow
gauge (0.762-meter and 0.6]0-meter);
12,617 km is double track; 6,078 km is
electrified
Highways: 1,633,300 km total (1985);
515,300 km secondary and 1,118,000 km
gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways: 16,180 km; 3,63] km
navigable by large vessels
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,497 km; refined
products, 1,828 km; natural gas, 260 km
Ports: 9 major, 79 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 346 total, 299 usable; 194 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 54 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 95 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic tele-
phone service where available, good inter-
nal microwave links; telegraph facilities
widespread; AM broadcast adequate;
international radio communications ade-
quate; 3.] million telephones (0.4 per 100
popl.); about 170 AM transmitters at 94
locations, 14 TV centers and 170 TV
relays; domestic satellite system for com-
munications and TV; submarine cable
extends to Sri Lanka and Malaysia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast
Guard, Paramilitary Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
211,199,000; 124,745,000 fit for military
service; about 9,211,000 reach military age
(17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986; est. budget $6.5 billion;
15.6% of central government budget
Indonesia
1200 km
Strait of North
New
Guinea
Indian Ocean
See regional map 1X
Geography
Total area: 1,904,570 km?; land area:
1,811,570 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Alaska and California combined
Land boundaries: 2,736 km total
Coastline: 54,716 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Continental shelf: to depth of exploita-
tion
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Australia; East Timor question
with Portugal
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more mod-
erate in highlands
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands; larger
islands have interior mountains
Land use: 8% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 7% meadows and pastures; 67%
forest and woodland; 15% other; includes
3% irrigated
Environment: more than 13,500 islands;
occasional floods; deforestation
Special notes: straddles Equator; strategic
location astride or along major sea lanes
from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 180,425,534; average annual
growth rate 2.05%
114
Nationality: noun—Indonesian(s); adjec-
tive—Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock
comprising 45.0% Javanese, 14.0% Sundan-
ese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays,
26.0% other
Religion: 88% Muslim, 6% Protestant, 3%
Roman Catholic, 2% Hindu, 1% other
Language: Indonesian (modified form of
Malay; official); English and Dutch leading
foreign languages; local dialects, the most
widely spoken of which is Javanese
Infant mortality rate: 95/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 62%
Labor force: 67 million (1985 est.); 55%
agriculture, 10% manufacturing, 4% con-
struction, 3% transport and communica-
tions
Organized labor: 3 million members
(claimed); about 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital; Jakarta
Administrative divisions: 28 first-level
administrative subdivisions or provinces,
which are further subdivided into 282
second-level areas
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch
law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts and by new criminal procedures
code; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of
government; has not accepted compulsory
IC] jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
August
Branches: executive headed by President
who is chief of state and head of Cabinet;
Cabinet selected by President; unicameral
legislature (DPR or House of Representa-
tives) of 460 members (96 appointed, 364
elected); second body (MPR or People’s
Consultative Assembly) of 920 members
includes the legislature and 460 other
members (chosen by several processes, but
not directly elected); MPR elects President
and Vice President and theoretically
determines national policy; judicial, Su-
preme Court is highest court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.)
SOEHARTO, President (since March 1968)
Suffrage: universal over age 18 and mar-
ried persons regardless of age
Political parties and leaders: Golkar
(quasi-official party based on functional
groups), Lt. Gen. Sudharmono; Indonesia
Democracy Party (federation of former
Nationalist and Christian Parties), Soeryad
(chairman) and Nicholas Daryanto (secre-
tary general); United Development Party
(federation of former {Islamic parties), John
Naro
Voting strength: (1982 election) Golkar
64.1%, Unity Development 28%, Indonesia
Democracy 7.9%
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was
officially banned in March 1966; current
strength about 1,000-3,000, with less than
10% engaged in organized activity; pre-
October 1965 hardcore membership about
1.5 million
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN,
Association of Tin Producing Countries,
CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, [IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, 1TC, 1TU,
NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $85 billion (1986 est.), about $510
per capita; real average annual growth,
8.6% (1981-85); real annual growth rate
0.0% (1986 est.)
Natural resources: oil, tin, natural gas,
nickel, timber, bauxite, copper
Agriculture: subsistence food production,
and smallholder and plantation production
for export; rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber,
cocoa, coffee, copra, other tropical prod-
ucts; an illegal producer of cannabis for
the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 2.2 million metric tons;
shrimp exports $194 million, imports $4
million (1984)
Major industries: petroleum, textiles,
mining, cement, chemical fertilizer pro-
duction, timber
Electric power: 10,800,000 kW capacity;
30,000 million kWh produced, 170 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $18.6 billion (1986); petroleum
and liquefied natural gas, timber, rubber,
coffee, tin, animal and vegetable oils, tea,
copper
Imports: $10.3 billion (c.i.f., 1985); wheat
flour, wheat grains, and other cereals and
cereal products, textiles, chemical prod-
ucts, iron and steel products, machinery,
transport equipment
Major trade partners: (1984) exports—
47% Japan, 21% US, 9% Singapore; im-
ports—23% Japan, 18% US, 12%
Singapore, 11% Saudi Arabia, 4% FRG
Budget: receipts, $10.5 billion; expendi-
tures, $13.9 billion (1987/88)
Monetary conversion rate: 1,648
rupiahs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge,
78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double
track; 101 km electrified; government
owned
Highways: 119,500 km total
Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra
5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km,
Kalimantan portion of Borneo 10,460 km,
Celebes 241 km, and Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,450 km; refined
products, 456 km; natural gas, 450 km
Ports: 15 ocean ports
Civil air: about 150 major transport air-
craft
Airfields: 436 total, 414 usable; 100 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 12 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 66 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
115
Telecommunications: interisland micro-
wave system and HF police net; domestic
service fair, international service good;
radiobroadcast coverage good; 741,330
(est.) telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 618
AM, 38 FM, 9 TV stations; 210 TV relays;
] international satellite ground station (1
Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pacific Ocean
antenna), and a domestic satellite commu-
nications system
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Na-
tional Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
45,740,000; 26,518,000 fit for military
service; 2,706,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Iran
Strait of
Hormuz
Bandar
Guilt Behashti
of
See regional map VI Oman
Geography
Total area: 1,648,000 km/?; land area:
1,636,000 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Alaska and Pennsylvania combined
Land boundaries: 5,318 km total
Coastline: 3,180 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Exclusive fishing zone: 50 nm in the
Sea of Oman; median-line boundaries in
the Persian Gulf
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; on 17 Septem-
ber 1980 Iraq abrogated 1975 treaty with
Iraq which shifted the boundary in Shatt
al Arab waterway from the low water
mark on Iranian side of river to midpoint
of deepest navigable channel (thalweg}—
heavy fighting with Iraq began on 22
September 1980; Kurdistan question with
Iraq; occupies three islands claimed by
UAE in Strait of Hormuz; periodic dis-
putes with Afghanistan over Helmand
water rights
Climate: mostly arid or semiarid, sub-
tropical along Caspian coast
Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high,
central basin with deserts, mountains;
small, discontinuous plains along both
coasts
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 27% meadows and pastures;
11% forest and woodland; 54% other;
includes 2% irrigated
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing;
desertification
Special notes: none
People
Population: 50,407,763 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.32%; figures do
not take into account the impact of the
Iran-Iraq war
Nationality: noun—Iranian(s); adjective—
Iranian
Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persian, 18%
Turkic, 13% other Iranian, 3% Kurdish,
3% Arab and other Semitic
Religion: 93% Shi'a Muslim; 5% Sunni
Muslim; 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian,
and Baha’i
Language: Farsi, Turki, Kurdish, Arabic,
English, French
Infant mortality rate: 110/1,000 (1986
est.)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 48%
Labor force: 12.0 million, (1979 est.); 33%
agriculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage
of skilled labor; unemployment may be as
high as 35%
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran
Type: theocratic republic
Capital: Tehran
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces,
subdivided into districts, subdistricts,
counties, and villages
Legal system: the new constitution codi-
fies Islamic principles of government
National holiday: Shi'a Islam religions
holidays observed nationwide
Branches: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah
Khomeini, the leader of the revolution,
provides general guidance for the govern-
ment, which is divided into executive,
unicameral legislature (Islamic Consulta-
tive Assembly), and judicial branches
Government leaders: Ayatollah ol-Ozma
Ruhollah KHOMEINI, Guardian Jurispru-
dent (since February 1979); Ali KHAME-
NEI (cleric), President (since October
116
1981); Mir Hosein MUSAVI-KHAMENE],
Prime Minister (since Octoher 1981); Ali
Akbar HASHEMI RAFSANJANI (cleric),
Speaker of Islamic Consultative Assembly
(since July 1980); Ayatollah Hosein Ali
MONTAZERI, Designated Successor to
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (22 Novem-
ber 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: elections to select a President
held in August 1985; those to select an
Assembly of Experts to name Khomeini’s
successor held in December 1982; parlia-
mentary elections held in 1984; next
presidential election to be held during the
summer of 1989; next parliamentary
elections to be held in 1988
Political parties and leaders: Islamic
Republic Party (IRP), Ali Khamenei;
Freedom Movement, Mehdi Bazargan
Voting strength: reliable figures not avail-
able; supporters of the Islamic Republic
dominate the parliament
Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore;
15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crack-
down in 1983 crippled the party; trials of
captured leaders began in late 1983 and
remain incomplete
Other political or pressure groups:
Mojahedin Khalq Organization (MKO),
People’s Fedayeen, and Kurdish Demo-
cratic Party are armed political groups
that have been almost completely re-
pressed by the government; other powerful
progovernment groups include Fedayeen
Islam Organization, Hezbollah, Hojjatiyeh
Society, Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolu-
tion, Muslim Students Following the Line
of the Imam, and Tehran Militant Clergy
Association
Member of: Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
NAM, OIC, OPEC, Economic Cooperation
Organization, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO;
continued participation in some of these
organizations doubtful under the new
Islamic constitution
Economy
GNP: $82.4 billion, $1,690 per capita, real
GNP —13.4% (1986)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
coal, chromium, copper, iron, lead, man-
ganese, zinc, barite, sulfur, coal, emeralds,
turquoise
Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar
beets, cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco,
sheep, goats; an illegal producer of opium
poppy for the international drug trade
Major industries: crude oil production
(2.0 million b/d in 1986) and refining,
textiles, cement and other building materi-
als, food processing (particularly sugar
refining and vegetable oil production),
metal fabricating (steel and copper)
Electric power: 12,601,000 kW capacity;
33,120 million kWh produced, 710 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $7.8 billion (1986 est.); 90%
petroleum; also carpets, fruits, nuts,
cement
Imports: $10.0 billion (1986 est.); machin-
ery, military supplies, foodstuffs, pharma-
ceuticals, technical services, refined oil
products
Major trade partners: exports—Japan,
Turkey, Syria, Italy, Netherlands, Spain,
France, FRG; imports—FRG, Japan,
Turkey, UK, Italy
Budget: proposed expenditures about $40
billion; actual expenditures were less as a
result of slump in oil market (FY86)
Monetary conversion rate: 73.36
rials=US$1 (December 1986); unofficial
exchange rate on black market up to ten
times as many rials per $1
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km 1.432-
meter gauge, 92 km 1.676-meter gauge
Highways: 85,000 km total; 36,000 km
gravel and crushed stone, 15,000 km
improved earth, 19,000 km bituminous
and bituminous-treated surfaces, 15,000
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the
Caspian Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab
(closed since September 1980 because of
Iran-Iraq conflict); 3 inland coastal ports
on Caspian Sea
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined
products, 3,900 km; natural gas, 3,300 km;
some pumping stations have been dam-
aged by Iraqi air attacks
Ports: 6 major (Abadan and Khorramshahr
are closed, Bandar-e ‘Abbas, Bandar-e
Khomeyni, Chah Bahar, Bishehr), 12
minor
Civil air; 43 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 17) total, 144 usable; 78 with
permanent-surface runways; 16 with
runways over 3,659 m, 15 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 66 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 62 AM, 27 FM, 28
TV stations; 2,048,000 TV sets; 5,500,000
receiver sets; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Islamic Ground Forces, Navy,
Air Force, and Revolutionary Guard
(includes Basij militia), Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
11,490,000; 6,848,000 fit for military
service; about 540,000 reach military age
(21) annually
117
Iraq
Samerra,
BAGHDAD,
Fd
Ar Rutbah Al Hittah,
°AL Kut
An N6sirtyah
Ai Begrah,
Persian
Gulf
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 434,920 km?; land area:
438,970 km?
Comparative area: larger than California
Land boundaries: 3,668 km total
Coastline: 58 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; on 17 Septem-
ber 1980 Iraq abrogated 1975 treaty with
Iraq which shifted the boundary in Shatt
al Arab waterway from the low water
mark on Iranian side of river to midpoint
of deepest navigable channel (thalweg)—
heavy fighting with Iran began on 22
September 1980; Kurdistan question with
lran; ownership of Warbah and Bubiyan
islands disputed with Kuwait; shares Neu-
tral Zone with Saudi Arabia; periodic
disputes with Syria over Euphrates water
rights; potential dispute over water devel-
opment plans by Turkey for the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers
Climate: desert; mild to cool winters with
dry, hot, cloudless summers
Terrain: mostly broad plains; reedy
marshes in southeast; mountains along
borders with Iran and Turkey
Land use: 12% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 9% meadows and pastures; 3% forest
and woodland; 75% other; includes 4%
irrigated
Iraq (continued)
Environment: development of Tigris-
Euphrates river systems contingent upon
agreements with upstream riparians (Syria,
Turkey); air and water pollution; soil
degradation and erosion; desertification
Special notes: none
People
Population: 16,970,948 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.56%; figures do
not take into account the impact of the
Iran-lraq war
Nationality: noun—lIraaqi(s); adjective—
Iraqi
Ethnic divisions: 75% Arab, 15-20%
Kurdish, 5-10% Turkoman, Assyrian, and
other
Religion: 97% Muslim (60-65% Shi'a,
82-37% Sunni), 3% Christian or other
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish (offi-
cial in Kurdish regions); Assyrian, Arme-
nian
Infant mortality rate: 76/1,000 (1980)
Life expectancy: 56.1
Literacy: about 50%
Labor force: 3.5 million (1980); 44%
agriculture, 26% industry, 31% services;
severe labor shortage due to war; expatri-
ate labor force about 1,000,000
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Iraq
Type: republic
Capital: Baghdad
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces
under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law in
special religious courts, civil law system
elsewhere; provisional constitution adopted
in 1968; judicial review was suspended;
tion
National holidays: anniversaries of the
1958 and 1968 revolutions are celebrated
14 July and 17 July; various religious
holidays
has not accepted compulsory 1CJ jurisdic-
Branches: Ba‘th Party of Iraq has been in
power since 1968 coup; unicameral legisla-
ture (National Assembly)
Government leaders: Saddam HUSAYN,
President (since July 1979); Izzat
IBRAHIM, Deputy Chairman of the
Revolutionary Command Council (since
July 1979); Taha Yasin RAMADAN, First
Deputy Prime Minister (since July 1979)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Assembly elections
held October 1984; Legislative Council for
the Autonomous Region held September
1980
Communists: about 2,000 hardcore mem-
bers
Political or pressure groups: political
parties and activity severely restricted;
possibly some opposition to regime from
disaffected members of the regime, army
officers, and religious and ethnic dissidents
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $35 billion (1986 est.), $2,140 per
capita
Natural resources: oil, natural gas, phos-
phates, sulfur
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice,
cotton, livestock
Major industry: crude petroleum 1.8
million b/d; petroleum revenues, $7.0
billion (1986 est.)
Electric power: 7,734,000 kW capacity;
22,560 million kWh produced, 1,410 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $7.45 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
from nonoil receipts, $450 million
Imports: $9.5 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.); 5%
from Communist countries (1985)
Major trade partners: exports—France,
Italy, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, Spain,
USSR, other Communist countries; im-
ports—FRG, Japan, France, Italy, US, UK,
Turkey, USSR, other Communist countries
(1986)
118
Budget: public revenues, $20.0 billion;
current expenditures, $18.6 billion; devel-
opment expenditures, $11.0 billion (1984
est.)
Monetary conversion rate: .31 Iraqi
dinar=US$1 (January 1987)
Fiseal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,200 km total; 1,680 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 520 km 1.000-meter
gauge
Highways: 20,800 km total; 6,490 km
paved, 4,654 km improved earth, 9,656
km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al
Arab navigable by maritime traffic for
about 104 km (closed since September
1980 because of Iran-Iraq war); Tigris and
Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft
steamers (of little importance); Shatt al
Basrah canal navigable by shallow-draft
vessels
Ports: 3 major but closed because of war
(Al Basrah, Umm Qasr, Al Faw)
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,950 km; 725 km
refined products; 1,360 km natural gas
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 107 total, 95 usable; 61 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 50 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: good network
consists of coaxial cables, radio-relay links,
and radiocommunication stations; about
632,000 telephones (4.0 per 100 popl.); 9
AM, no FM, 81 TV stations; 1 Atlantic
Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean, and 1 Intersputnik
satellite station; coaxial cable and radio-
relay to Kuwait, Jordan, Syria, and Turkey
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Border
Guard Force, mobile police force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
3,795,000; 2,119,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 177,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Ireland
100 km
trish
B as Sea
North ‘
Atlantic Wicklow.
Ocean
See regional map v
Geography
Total area: 70,280 km?; land area: 68,890
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
West Virginia
Land boundary: 360 km with United
Kingdom
Coastline: 1,448 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with UK; Northern Ireland question
with UK; Rockall continental shelf dispute
involving Denmark, Iceland, and UK
Climate: temperate marine; modified by
Gulf Stream; mild winters, cool summers;
consistently humid; overcast about half the
time
Terrain: mostly level to rolling interior
plain surrounded by rugged hills and low
mountains
Land use: 14% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 71% meadows and
pastures; 5% forest and woodland; 10%
other
Environment: deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 3,534,553 July 1987), average
annual growth rate —0.08%
Nationality: noun—Irishman(men), Irish
(collective pl.); adiective—lIrish
Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English
minority
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Angli-
can, 2% other
Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English
(official); English is widely spoken
Infant mortality rate: 11/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: about 1,299,400 (1985);
27.5% manufacturing and construction;
16.4% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 20.4%
services; 6.6% government; 6.2% transpor-
tation; other 22.9%; 17.4% unemployment
(1985 average)
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
Government
Official name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Administrative divisions: 26 counties
Legal system: based on English common
law, substantially modified by indigenous
concepts; constitution adopted 1937; judi-
cial review of legislative acts in Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: St. Patrick’s Day, 17
March
Branches: elected President; bicameral
parliament (Seanad, Dail) reflecting pro-
portional and vocational representation;
judiciary appointed by President on advice
of government
Government leaders: Dr. Patrick J. HIL-
LERY, President (since 1976); Charles J.
HAUGHEY, Prime Minister (since March
1987)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every
five years (last election February 1987);
President elected for seven-year term (last
election March 1987)
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail,
Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Richard
Spring; Fine Gael, Alan Dukes; Commu-
119
nist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan;
Workers’ Party, Tomas MacGiolla; Sinn
Fein, Gerry Adams; Progressive Demo-
crats, Desmond O'Malley; Democratic
Socialist Party, Jim Kemmy
Voting strength: (1987 election) Dail—
Fianna Fail, 81 seats (44.1%); Fine Gael,
51 seats (27.1); Progressive Democrats, 14
seats (11.8%), Labor Party, 12 seats (6.4%);
Workers’ Party, 4 seats (3.8%); indepen-
dents, 3 seats; Democratic Socialist Party,
1 seat; Sinn Fein no seat (1.9%)
Communists: under 500
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EMS,
ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $14.3 billion, $4,040 per capita;
64.2% consumption, 23.6% investment,
21.5% government, 1.2% inventories;
—J0.5% net foreign demand; 2.4% real
GNP (1985)
Natural resources: zinc, lead, natural gas,
barite, copper, gypsum, limestone, dolo-
mite, peat, silver
Agriculture: livestock and dairy products,
turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets,
wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages—
grains, fruits, vegetables
Fishing: catch 179,700 metric tons; exports
of fish and fish products $100 million,
imports of fish and fish products $35
million (1985)
Major industries: food products, brewing,
textiles and clothing, chemicals and phar-
maceuticals, machinery and transportation
equipment
Crude steel: 330,000 metric ton capacity
(1984); 203,000 metric tons produced, 55
kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 4,177,000 kW capacity;
12,630 million kWh produced, 3,490 kWh
per capita (1986)
Ireland (continued)
Exports: $10.39 billion (f.0.b., 1985 con-
verted at 0.93 IR pound=US$1); foodstuffs
(primarily dairy and meat products), data
processing equipment, live animals, ma-
chinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
clothing
Imports: $10.05 billion (c.i.f., 1985 con-
verted at 0.93 IR pound=US$1); machin-
ery, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, semifinished goods, cereals
Major trade partners: exports—67.5% EC
(33.0% UK, 10.1% FRG, 8.4% France),
9.8% US, 0.9% Communist; imports—
64.7% EC (42.7% UK, 7.7% FRG, 4.8%
France), 17.0% US, 1.8% Communist
(1985)
Budget: expenditures, $8.65 billion; reve-
nues, $7.30 billion; deficit, $1.35 billion
(1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.75 Irish
pound=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Irish National Railways (CIE)
operates 1,940 km 1.602-meter gauge,
government owned; 485 km double; 38 km
electrified
Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km
surfaced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: limited for commercial
traffic
Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km
Ports: 2 major, 6 secondary, 38 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 39 usable; 17 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small, modern
system using cable and radio-relay circuits;
900,000 telephones (23.5 per 100 popl.); 47
AM, 33 FM, 86 TV stations; 4 coaxial
submarine cables; | satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Service, Army Air
Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49, 793,000;
635,000 fit for military service; 37,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $256.955 million; 2.5% of
central government budget
Israel
(West Bank and Gaza Strip entry
on page 276)
100 km
Laka
Tiberias
Mediterranean
Sea
Tal Aviv-Yaf
Ashdod Jarusalam
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map VI
Note: the Arab territories occupied by
Israel since the 1967 war are not included
in the data below; as stated in the 1978
Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by
the President’s 1 September 1982 peace
initiative, the final status of the West Bank
and Gaza Strip, their relationship with
their neighbors, and a peace treaty be-
tween Israel and Jordan are to be negoti-
ated among the concerned parties; Camp
David further specifies that these negotia-
tions will resolve the location of the re-
spective boundaries; pending the comple-
tion of this process, it is US policy that the
final status of the West Bank and Gaza
Strip has yet to be determined (see West
Bank and Gaza Strip entry); on 25 April
1982 Israel relinquished control of the
Sinai to Egypt; statistics for the Israeli-
occupied Golan Heights are included in
the Syria entry
Geography
Total area: 20,770 km?; land area: 20,330
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Massachusetts
Land boundaries: 1,036 km total (before
1967 war)
Coastline: 273 km (before 1967 war)
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: to depth of exploita-
tion
Territorial sea: 6 nm
120
Boundary disputes: separated from Jor-
dan, Lebanon, and Syria by 1949 Armi-
stice Line; disputes with Egypt over Taba
area and precise location of some individ-
ual boundary markers; West Bank and
Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status
to be determined; Golan Heights is Israeli
occupied; Israeli troops in southern Leba-
non since June 1982
Climate: temperate; hot and dry in desert
areas
Terrain: mostly desert (Negev) in south;
low coastal plain; central mountains;
Jordan Rift Valley
Land use: 17% arable land; 5% permanent
crops; 40% meadows and pastures; 6%
forest and woodland; 32% other; includes
11% irrigated
Environment: sandstorms may occur
during spring and summer; limited arable
land and natural water resources pose
serious constraints; deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 4,222,118, excluding West
Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem (July
1987), average annual growth rate 1.83%
Nationality: noun—lIsraeli(s); adjective—
Israeli
Ethnic divisions: 83% Jewish, 17% non-
Jewish (mostly Arab)
Religion: 83% Judaism, 13.1% Islam, 2.3%
Christian, 1.6% Druze
Language: Hebrew (official); Arabic used
officially for Arab minority; English most
commonly used foreign language
Infant mortality rate: 14.1/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 72.)
Literacy: 88% Jews, 70% Arabs
Labor force: 1,400,000 (1984 est.); 29.5%
public services; 22.8% industry, mining,
and manufacturing; 12.8% commerce;
9.5% finance and business; 6.8% transport,
storage, and communications; 6.5% con-
struction and public works; 5.5% agricul-
ture, forestry, and fishing; 5.8% personal
and other services; 1.0% electricity and
water (1983); unemployment about 6.7%
(1985)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force
Government
Official name: State of Israel
Type: republic
Capital: Jerusalem; Israel proclaimed
Jerusalem its capital in 1950; the United
States, like nearly all other countries,
maintains its Embassy in Tel Aviv
Administrative divisions: six administra-
tive districts
Legal system: mixture of English common
law, British Mandatory regulations, and, in
personal area, Jewish, Christian, and
Muslim legal systems; commercial matters
regulated substantially by codes adopted
since 1948; no formal constitution; some of
the functions of a constitution are filled by
the Declaration of Establishment (1948),
the basic laws of the Knesset (legislature)—
relating to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the
president, the government—and the Israel
citizenship law; no judicial review of
legislative acts; in December 1985 Israel
informed the UN Secretariat that it would
no longer accept compulsory JCJ jurisdic-
tion
National holidays: Israel declared inde-
pendence on 14 May 1948; because the
Jewish calendar is lunar, however, the
holiday varies from year to year; all major
Jewish religious holidays are also observed
as national holidays
Branches: President has largely ceremo-
nial functions, except for the authority to
decide which political leader should try to
form a ruling coalition following an elec-
tion or the fall of a previous government;
executive power vested in Cabinet; uni-
cameral parliament (Knesset) of 120 mem-
bers elected under a system of propor-
tional representation; legislation provides
fundamental laws in absence of a written
constitution; two distinct court systems
(secular and religious)
Government leaders: Chaim HERZOG,
President (since May 1983); Yitzhak
SHAMIR, Prime Minister (since October
1986), who replaced Shimon PERES under
an agreement whereby the positions of
Prime Minister and that of Vice Prime
Minister and Foreign Minister would be
traded in October 1986
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held every four years unless
required by dissolution of Knesset; last
election held in July 1984; next election
must be held by November 1988
Political parties and leaders: Israel cur-
rently has a national unity government
comprising eight parties that hold 97 of
the Knesset’s 120 seats; members of the
unity government—Labor Alignment, Vice
Premier and Foreign Minister Shimon
Peres; Likud Bloc, Prime Minister Yitzhak
Shamir; Shinui Party, Minister of Commu-
nications Amnon Rubenstein; National
Religious Party, Minister of Religious
Affairs Zvulun Hammer; SHAS, Yitzhak
Peretz; Agudat Israel, Avraham Shapira;
Morasha-Po’aley Agudat Yisra’el, Avraham
Verdiger; Ometz, Minister Without Portfo-
lio Yigael Hurwitz; opposition parties—
Tehiya-Tzomet, Yuval Ne’eman; MAPAM,
Eliezer Granot; Citizens’ Rights Move-
ment, Shulamit Aloni; RAKAH (Commu-
nist party), Meir Wilner; Progressive List
for Peace, Muhammad Mi ‘ari; TAMI,
Aharon Abuhatzeira; Kakh, Meir Kahane
Voting strength: Labor Alignment, 40
seats; Likud, 41 seats; MAPAM, 6 seats;
Tehiya-Tzomet, 5 seats; Citizens’ Rights
Movement, 4 seats; RAKAH, 4 seats;
SHAS, 4 seats; National Religious Party, 5
seats; Shinui Party, 3 seats; Morasha-
Po’aley Agudat Yisra’el, 1 seat; Agudat
Yisra’vl, 2 seats; Progressive List for Peace,
2 seats; Ometz, 1 seat; Kakh, 1 seat; TAMI,
1 seat
Communists: RAKAH (predominantly
Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has
some 1,500 members
Other political or pressure groups: Black
Panthers, a loosely organized youth group
seeking more benefits for oriental Jews;
Gush Emunim, Jewish nationalists advocat-
ing Jewish settlement on the West Bank
and Gaza Strip; Peace Now, critical of
government’s West Bank/Gaza Strip and
Lebanon policies
Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, 1OOC, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, 1TU, IWC—Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OAS (observer), UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
121
Economy
GNP: $21.0 billion, $5,070 per capita; real
GNP growth rate 1.6% (est. 1986),
Natural resources: copper, phosphates,
bromide, potash, clay, sand, sulfur, bitu-
men, manganese
Agriculture: citrus and other fruits, vege-
tables, cotton, beef and dairy products,
poultry products
Major industries: food processing, dia-
mond cutting and polishing, textiles and
clothing, chemicals, metal products, trans-
port equipment, electrical equipment,
miscellaneous machinery, potash mining,
high-technology electronics
Electric power: 4,284,000 kW capacity;
16,320 million kWh produced, 3,880 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $6.3 billion (1985); polished
diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles
and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer
and chemical products, electronics; tourism
is important source of foreign exchange
Imports: $9.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); military
equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemi-
cals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals,
textiles, vehicles, ships, aircraft
Major trade partners: exports—US, UK,
FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg,
Italy; imports—US, FRG, UK, Switzerland,
Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg
Budget: public revenues, $11.3 billion,
expenditures, $14.8 billion (FY85/86)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.5 new
sheqalims=US$1 (December 1986), ex-
change rate calculated from a basket of
foreign currencies
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 516 km 1.435-meter gauge
single track; diesel operated
Highways: 4,500 km; majority is bitumi-
nous surfaced
Inland waterways: none
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined
products, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km
Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5
minor
Israel (continued)
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 53 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most highly devel-
oped in the Middle East though not the
largest; good system of coaxial cable and
radio-relay; 1,500,000 telephones (35.6 per
100 popl.); 11 AM, 24 FM, 54 TV stations;
2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT stations; 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Israel Defense Forces; histori-
cally there have been no separate Israeli
military services; ground, air, and naval
components are branches of Israel Defense
Forces
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
2,015,000; of 1,014,000 males 15-49,
839,000 fit for military service; of
1,002,000 females 15-49, 826,000 fit for
military service; 41,000 males and 39,000
females reach military age (18) annually;
both sexes liable for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1987, $4.6 billion; about 24% of
central government budget
Italy
Sardinia
Cagliari Tyrrhenian
Sea
Pilea lonian
é / Sea
Mediterranean ‘aggio
Sea Calabria
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 301,230 km?; land area:
294,020 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Arizona
Land boundaries: 1,702 km total
Coastline: 4,996 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m or to depth of
exploitation
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; South Tyrol
question with Austria; Trieste question
with Yugoslavia
Climate: temperate; Alpine in far north
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous;
some plains, coastal lowlands
Land use: 32% arable land; 10% perma-
nent crops; 17% meadows and pastures;
22% forest and woodland; 19% other;
includes 10% irrigated
Environment: regional risks include land-
slides, mudflows, snowslides, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, flooding, pollution; land
sinkage in Venice
Special notes: strategic location dominat-
ing central Mediterranean as well as south-
ern sea and air approaches to Western
Europe
People
Population: 57,350,850 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.19%
122
Nationality: noun—Italian(s); adjective—
Italian
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but
population includes small clusters of
German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in
the north and of Albanian-ltalians in the
south
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman
Catholic
Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto
Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are
predominantly German speaking; signifi-
cant French-speaking minority in Valle
d’Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority
in the Trieste-Gorizia area
Infant mortality rate: 11.3/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 93%
Labor force: 22.20 million (1985); 30.5%
industry, 10.5% agriculture, 48.6% services
(1984); 10.8% unemployment
Organized labor: 40-45% (est.) of labor
force
Government
Official name: Italian Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Rome
Administrative divisions: 20 regions; 95
provinces; 8,081 communes
Legal system: based on civil law system,
with ecclesiastical law influence; constitu-
tion came into effect 1 January 1948;
judicial review under certain conditions in
Constitutional Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the
Republic, 2 June
Branches: executive (President empowered
to dissolve Parliament and call national
election; Commander of the Armed
Forces, presides over the Supreme Defense
Council); otherwise, authority to govern
invested in Council of Ministers; bicameral
legislature (popularly elected Parliament—
315-member Senate, 630-member Cham-
ber of Deputies); independent judicial
establishment
Government leaders: Francesco COS-
SIGA, President (since July 1985); Bettino
CRAXI, Premier (since August 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in
senatorial elections, where minimum age is
25)
Elections: national election for Parliament
every five years (last held June 1983);
provincial and municipal elections every
five years with some out of phase; regional
elections every five years (Jast held May
1985)
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (DC), Ciriaco DeMita
(political secretary); Communist Party
(PCI), Alessandro Natta (secretary general);
Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino Craxi (party
secretary); Social Democratic Party (PSD1),
Franco Nicolazzi (party secretary), Liberal
Party (PLI), Renato Altissimo (secretary
general); Italian Social Movement (MSI),
Giorgio Almirante (national secretary);
Republican Party (PRI), Giovanni Spado-
lini (political secretary)
Voting strength: (1983 election) 32.5%
DC, 30.5% PCI, 11.3% PSI, 6.6% MSI,
5.2% PRI, 4.0% PSDI, 3.0% PLI
Communists: ],673,751 members (1983)
Other political or pressure groups: the
Vatican; three major trade union confeder-
ations (CGIL—Communist dominated,
CISL—Christian Democratic, and UIL—
Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republi-
can); Italian manufacturers association
(Confindustria); organized farm groups
(Confcoltivatori)
Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, CCC, Coun-
cil of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, EIB,
ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IEA, IFC, 1HO, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU,
IRC, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer),
OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $357.8 billion, $6,260 per capita;
63.5% private consumption, 18.0% gross
fixed investment, 20.0% government,
—2.1% net foreign balance, 0.7% change
in stocks; growth rate —2.38% (constant
market prices) (1985)
Natural resources: mercury, potash, mar-
ble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas reserves,
fish
Agriculture: fruits, vegetables, cereals,
potatoes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food
shortages—fats, meat, fish, and eggs
Fishing: catch 478,350 metric tons (1983);
exports $94 million, imports $709 million
(1984)
Major industries: machinery and trans-
portation equipment, iron and steel, chem-
icals, food processing, textiles
Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals
Crude steel: 23.7 million metric tons
produced (1985), 415 kg per capita
Electric power: 52,068,000 kW capacity;
189,270 million kWh produced, 3,310
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $78.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); tex-
tiles, chemicals, footwear
Imports: $90.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); petro-
leum, machinery and transport equipment,
foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
wool, cotton
Major trade partners: (1985) 45.5% EC
(16.4% FRG, 13.2% France, 5.9% UK,
8.9% Switzerland), 8.9% US, 8.3% Middle
East (2.9% Libya), 2.7% USSR, 8% Eastern
Europe
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $9.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1,337.0
lire=US$1 (January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 20,011 km total; 16,066 km
1.435-meter government-owned standard
gauge, 8,843 km electrified; 3,945 km
privately owned—2,100 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 1,155 km electrified, and
1,845 km 0. 950-meter narrow gauge, 380
km electrified
Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrada
5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km,
provincial highways 101,680 km, commu-
nal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km
123
concrete, bituminous, or stone block,
26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010
km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km for various
types of commercial traffic
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined
products, 2,148 km; natural gas, 17,300 km
Ports: 9 major, 11 secondary, 40 minor
Civil air: 182 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 147 total, 140 usable; 85 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 35 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 40 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: well engineered,
well constructed, and efficiently operated;
25.6 million telephones (44.8 per 100
popl.); 137 AM, 1,841 FM, 1,500 TV
stations; 21 submarine cables; 2 communi-
cation satellite ground stations with a total
of 10 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,474,000; 12,637,000 fit for military
service; 449,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $13.3 billion; about 4.6%
of central government budget
Ivory Coast
(Céte d'Ivoire)
Gulf of Guinea
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 322,460 km?; land area:
318,000 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
New Mexico
Land boundaries: 3,227 km total
Coastline: 515 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 m
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical along coast, semiarid in
far north; three seasons—warm and dry
(November to March), hot and dry (March
to May), hot and wet (June to October)
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains;
mountains in northwest
Land use: 9% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 9% meadows and pastures; 26%
forest and woodland; 52% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: coast has heavy surf and no
natural harbors; deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 10,766,632 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.82%
Nationality: noun—Ivorian(s); adjective—
Ivorian
Ethnic divisions: over 60 ethnic groups;
most important are the Baoule 23%, Bete
18%, Senoufou 15%, Malinke 11%, and
Agni; about 2 million foreign Africans,
mostly Burkinabe; about 130,000 to
330,000 non-Africans (30,000 French and
100,000 to 300,000 Lebanese)
Religion: 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim,
12% Christian
Language: French (official), over 60 native
dialects; Dioula most widely spoken
Infant mortality rate: 127/1,000 (1980)
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: over 85% of population
engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock
raising; about 11% of labor force are wage
earners, nearly half in agriculture and the
remainder in government, industry, com-
merce, and professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
Government
Official name: Céte d'Ivoire
Type: republic; one-party presidential
regime established 1960
Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to
Yamoussoukro in March 1983 but not
recognized by US)
Administrative divisions: 34 prefectures
subdivided into 161 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960; judicial review in the Con-
stitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory IC) jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: 7 December
Branches: President has sweeping powers,
unicameral legislature (175-member Na-
tional Assembly), separate judiciary
Government leader: Félix HOUPHOUET-
BOIGNY, President (since 1960)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: legislative and municipal elec-
tions were held in October 1985;
Houphouét-Boigny reelected in October
1985 to his fifth consecutive five-year
term; next round of national elections
scheduled for October 1990
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), only
party; Houphouét-Boigny firmly controls
party
124
Communists: no Communist party; possi-
bly some sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $8 billion, $772 per capita (1986);
real average annual growth rate, 4.9%
(1985 est.)
Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds,
manganese
Agriculture: commercial—coffee, cocoa,
wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food
crops—corn, millet, yams, rice; other
commodities—cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish
Fishing: catch 92,469 metric tons (1982);
exports $44.7 million, imports $71.9 mil-
lion (1979)
Major industries: food and lumber pro-
cessing, oil refinery, automobile assembly
plant, textiles, soap, flour mill, matches,
three small shipyards, fertilizer plant, and
battery factory
Electric power: 480,000 kW capacity;
2,150 million kWh produced, 200 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $3.5 billion (1985 est.); cocoa
(30%), coffee (20%), tropical woods (11%),
cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil,
cotton
Imports: $1.6 billion (1985 est.); manufac-
tured goods and semifinished products
(50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materi-
als and fuels (10%)
Aid: Western (non-US) ODA and OOF
(1970-84), $3.4 billion; US authorizations,
including Ex-lm (FY70-85), $341 million
Major trade partners: (1984) exports—
France, Nigeria, FRG, Netherlands, US
Budget: revenues, $1.4 billion; current
expenditures, $1.4 billion (1984 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 475 Commun-
auté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 657 km of the 1,175 km
Abidjan to Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,
line, al] single track 1.000-meter gauge;
only diesel locomotives in use
Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,600 km
bituminous and bituminous-treated sur-
face; 32,000 km gravel, crushed stone,
laterite, and improved earth; 11,000 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: 740 km navigable
rivers and numerous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San-Pédro), 2
minor
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft,
including multinationally owned Air
Afrique fleet
Airfields: 50 total, 45 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: system above Afri-
can average; consists of open-wire lines
and radio-relay links; 87,700 telephones
(1.0 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 17 FM, 11 TV
stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations;
2 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,528,000; 1,305,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 98,000 males reach military age (18)
annually
Jamaica
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea
See regional map Il
Geography
Total area: 10,990 km?; land area: 10,830
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Connecticut
Coastline: 1,022 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; temperate
interior
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow,
discontinuous coastal plain
Land use: 19% arable land; 6% permanent
crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 28%
forest and woodland; 29% other; includes
8% irrigated
Environment: subject to hurricanes, espe-
cially (May to December); deforestation;
water pollution
Special notes: strategic location between
Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the
main sea lanes for Panama Canal
People
Population: 2,455,536 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.17%
Nationality: noun—Jamaican(s); adjec-
tive—Jamaican
Ethnic divisions: 76.3% African, 15.1%
Afro-European, 3.4% East Indian and
Afro-East Indian, 3.2% white, 1.2% Chi-
nese and Afro-Chinese, 0.8% other
125
Religion: predominantly Protestant (in-
cluding Anglican and Baptist), some Ro-
man Catholic, some spiritualist cults
Language: English, Creole
Infant mortality rate: 16.8/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 65
Literacy: 76%
Labor force: 728,700 (1984); 32% agricul-
ture, 28% industry and commerce, 27%
services, 183% government; shortage of
technical and managerial personnel; 30%
unemployment
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force
(1980)
Government
Official name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Kingston
Administrative divisions: 14 parishes and
the Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area
Legal system: based on English common
law; has not accepted compulsory [CJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, first
Monday in August
Branches: Cabinet headed by Prime
Minister; bicameral legislature—
21-member Senate (13 nominated by the
Prime Minister, eight by opposition leader,
if any; currently no official opposition
because of People’s National Party boycott
of December 1983 election; eight non-
Jamaica Labor Party members appointed
to current Senate by Prime Minister
Seaga), 60-member elected House of
Representatives; judiciary follows British
tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leaders: Edward Philip
George SEAGA, Prime Minister (since
November 1980); Sir Florizel A. GLAS-
SPOLE, Governor General (since 1973)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: at discretion of Governor Gen-
eral upon advice of Prime Minister but
within five years; last held 15 December
1983
Jamaica (continued)
Political parties and leaders: Jamaica
Labor Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People’s
National Party (PNP), Michael Manley;
Workers’ Party of Jamaica (WPJ), Trevor
Munroe
Voting strength: in the 1983 general
elections 54 seats were uncontested; in six
contested seats the JLP won overwhelm-
ingly against several small fringe parties;
the PNP and WP] boycotted the election;
in 1980 general elections about 58.8% JLP
(51 seats in House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats)
Communists: Workers’ Party of Jamaica
(Marxist-Leninist)
Other political or pressure groups: New
World Group (Caribbean regionalists,
nationalists, and leftist intellectual frater-
nity); Rastafarians (black religious/racial
cultists, pan-Africanists); New Creation
International Peacemakers Tabernacle
(leftist group); Workers Liberation League
(a Marxist coalition of students/labor)
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, 1DB—Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.0 billion, $820 per capita; real
growth rate 5.0% (1986 est.)
Natural resources: bauxite, gypsum,
limestone
Agriculture: sugarcane, citrus fruits, ba-
nanas, pimento, coconuts, coffee, cocoa,
tobacco; an illegal producer of cannabis
for the international drug trade
Major industries: tourism, bauxite mining,
textiles, food processing, light manufac-
tures
Electric power: 1,119,000 kW capacity;
1,520 million kWh produced, 660 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $568.6 million (f.0.b., 1985);
alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus
fruits and fruit products, rum, cocoa
Imports: $998.8 million (f.0.b., 1985);
fuels, machinery, transportation and elec-
trical equipment, food, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—US 48%,
Canada 14%, UK 13%, Norway 3%, im-
ports—US 46%, Netherlands Antilles 13%,
Venezuela 8%, UK 5% (1984)
Budget: revenues, $545.0 million; expendi-
tures, $818.0 million (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.48 Jamaican
dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-81 March
Communications
Railroads: 370 km, all 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge, single track
Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km
paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km im-
proved earth
Pipelines: refined products, 10 km
Ports: 2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10
minor
Civil] air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 42 total, 27 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: fully automatic
domestic telephone network with 127,000
telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT stations; 9 AM, 16 FM,
8 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (in-
cludes Coast Guard and Air Wing)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 590,000;
420,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription; 28,000 reach minimum volun-
teer age (18) annually
126
Japan
ite Hokkaido} » Rf
Sapporo
Occupied by
D> Soviet Union ance
1945, claime:
Sea of im
Japan
Sendai
Korea i TOKYO
Strait
Kitekyaaha Mean
= Pacific
East Ocean
China
Sea Sstons
Philippine
[4
’ Sea
? Okinawa
See regional map VIIl
Geography
Total area: 372,310 km?; land area:
371,030 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
California
Coastline: 13,685 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm (8 nm in interna-
tional straits—La Perouse or Soya,
Tsugaru, Osumi, and Eastern and West-
ern channels of Tsushima or Korea
Strait)
Boundary disputes: none; Habomai Is-
lands, Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan
islands occupied by Soviet Union since
1945, claimed by Japan; Kuril Islands
administered by Soviet Union; Liancourt
Rocks disputed with South Korea
Climate: varies from tropical in south to
coo] temperate in north
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous
Land use: 11% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 2% meadows and pastures; 68%
forest and woodland; 17% other; includes
9% irrigated
Environment: many dormant and some
active volcanoes; about 1,500 seismic
occurrences (mostly tremors) every year
Special notes: strategic location in north-
east Asia
People
Population: 122,124,293 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 0.55%
Nationality: noun—Japanese (sing., pl.);
adjective—Japanese
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% Japanese, 0.6%
other (mostly Korean)
Religion: most Japanese observe both
Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16%
belong to other faiths, including 0.8%
Christian
Language: Japanese
Infant mortality rate: 6/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 74.54, women 80.18
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: (1985) 59.3 million; 53%
trade and services; 33% manufacturing,
mining, and construction; 9% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing; 3% government;
2.68% unemployed (1985 average)
Organized labor: about 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Japan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Tokyo
Administrative divisions: 47 prefectures
Legal system: civil law system with
English-American influence; constitution
promulgated in 1946; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
accepts compulsory IC) jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Foundation Day, 11
February
Branches: Emperor is symbol of state;
executive power is vested in Cabinet
appointed by the Prime Minister, chosen
by the lower house of the bicameral,
elective legislature—Diet (House of Coun-
cilors, House of Representatives); judiciary
is independent
Government leaders: HIROHITO, Em-
peror (since December 1926); Yasuhiro
NAKASONE, Prime Minister (since No-
vember 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: general elections held every
four years or upon dissolution of lower
house, triennially for half of upper house
Political parties and leaders: Liberal
Democratic Party (LDP), Y. Nakasone,
president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), T.
Doi, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party
(DSP), S. Tsukamoto, chairman; Japan
Communist Party (JCP), T. Fuwa, Presid-
ium chairman; Komeito (Clean Govern-
ment Party), J. Yano, chairman; Social
Democratic Federation (SDF), S. Eda
Voting strength: (1986 election) Lower
House—49.5% LDP (307 seats), 17.2% JSP
(88 seats), 9.4% Komeito (57 seats), 8.8%
JCP (27 seats), 6.4% DSP (29 seats), 0.8%
SDF (4 seats), 6.1% independents and
minor parties; Upper House—LDP 143
seats, JSP 40, Komeito 25 seats, JCP 16
seats, DSP 12 seats, SDF 1 seat, Niin Club
8 seats, Salaryman 8 seats, Zeikinto 2 seats,
independents 8 seats
Communists: about 470,000 registered
Communist Party members
Member of: ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO,
ITC; ITU, IWC—International Whaling
Commission, [WC—International Wheat
Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $1,979 billion (at 167.1 yen=US$1);
$16,290 per capita; 58% personal con-
sumption, 28% investment, 10% govern-
ment current expenditure, negligible
stocks, and 4% foreign balance; real
growth rate 2.1% (1986); average annual
growth rate 3.6% (1981-86)
Natural resources: negligible mineral
resources, fish
Agriculture: land intensively cultivated;
rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 64% self-
sufficient in food (1984); food shortages—
wheat, corn, beans
Fishing: catch 12.2 million metric tons
(1985)
127
Major industries: metallurgical and engi-
neering industries, electrical and electronic
industries, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw
materials
Crude steel: 105.3 million metric tons
produced (1985), 870 kg per capita
Electric power: 181,000,000 kW capacity;
665,000 billion kWh produced, 5,500 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $175.6 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 97%
manufactures (including 30% machinery,
25% motor vehicles, 8% consumer elec-
tronics
Imports: $129.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); 44%
fossil fuels, 25% manufactures, 14% food-
stuffs, 16% non-fuel raw materials
Major trade partners: exports—37% US,
19% Southeast Asia, 14% Western Europe,
7% Middle East, 9% Communist countries;
imports—23% Middle East, 23% Southeast
Asia, 20% US, 10% Western Europe, 7%
Communist countries
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic
commitments (1970-84), $36.6 billion
Budget: revenues, $243 billion; expendi-
tures, $332 billion; deficit, $89 billion
(general account for fiscal year ending
March 1987 converted at 162.0 yen=US$1)
Monetary conversion rate: 162.0
yen=US$1 (17 December 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 21,387 km total (1982); 1,835
km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 19,552
km predominantly 1.067-meter narrow
gauge, 5,690 km double- and multitrack
sections, 8,830 km 1.067-meter narrow-
gauge electrified, 1,804 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge electrified
Highways: 1,113,388 km total (1980);
510,904 km paved, 602,484 km gravel,
crushed stone, or unpaved; 2,579 km
national expressways, 40,212 km national
highways, 43,907 km principal local roads,
86,930 km prefectural roads, 939,760 km
municipal roads
Inland waterways: about 1,770 km; sea
going craft ply all coastal inland seas
Japan (continued)
Pipelines: crude oil, 84 km; refined prod-
ucts, 322 km; natural gas, 1,800 km
Ports: 17 Japanese Port Association specifi-
cally designated major ports, 110 other
major ports, over 2,000 minor ports
Civil air: 265 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 180 total, 160 usable; 127 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m; 25 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 50 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international service; 64.0 million
telephones (53.0 per 100 popl.); 318 AM
stations, 58 FM stations plus 486 relay
stations; about 12,350 TV stations (196
major—1 kw or greater), and 2 satellite
ground stations; submarine cables to US
(via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR
Defense Forces
Branches: Japan Ground Self-Defense
Force (army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense
Force (navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force
(air force), Maritime Safety Agency (coast
guard)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
31,610,000; 27,225,000 fit for military
service; 1,010,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: actual for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1988, $21.7 billion; 6.4%
of total budget
Jersey
Skm
English Channel
English Channel
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 117 km?; land area: 117 km?
Comparative area: slightly more than half
the size of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 70 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: temperate; mild winters and cool
summers
Terrain: gently rolling plain with low
rugged hills along north coast
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% perma-
nent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other;
about 58% of land under cultivation
Environment: about 30% of population
concentrated in Saint Helier
Special notes: largest and southernmost of
Channel Islands; 27 km from France
People
Population: 80,511 July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.91%
Nationality: noun—Channel Islander(s);
adjective—Channel Islander
Ethnic divisions: UK and Norman-French
descent
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic,
Baptist, Congregational New Church,
Methodist, Presbyterian
128
Language: English and French (official),
with the Norman-French dialect spoken in
country districts
Literacy: probably high
Government
Official name: Bailiwick of Jersey
Type: British crown dependency
Capital; Saint Helier
Administrative divisions: 12 parishes
Legal system: English law and local stat-
ute; justice is administered by the Royal
Court
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen,
16 June
Branches: the Lieutenant Governor and
Commander in Chief is the personal
representative of the Crown and is entitled
to sit and speak in the Assembly of the
States (legislature) but not vote; the Assem-
bly is presided over by the Bailiff who has
a right of dissent and a casting vote; it
consists of 12 senators (elected for six
years), 12 constables (triennial), and 29
deputies (triennial); the Crown is ulti-
mately responsible for the island’s good
government
Government leaders: Adm. Sir William
PILLAR, Lieutenant Governor and Com-
mander in Chief (since 1985); Peter
CRILL, Bailiff, President of the Assembly
of the States and the Royal Court (since
1975)
Suffrage: universal adult
Communists: probably none
Economy
Agriculture: potatoes, cauliflowers, toma-
toes; dairy and cattle farming
Major industries: tourism, banking and
finance
Electric power: 50,000 kW standby capac-
ity (1986); power supplied by France
Exports: 19.8 million pounds sterling
(1983); light industry, electrical manufac-
turing, textiles
Imports: machinery and transport equip-
ment, manufactured goods, food, mineral
fuels, chemicals
Major trade partners: UK
Budget: revenues, 143,680 million pounds;
expenditures, 115,902 million pounds
(1983)
Monetary conversion rate: .70 Jersey
pound=.70 pound sterling=US$1 (Novem-
ber 1986)
Fiscal year: 31 April-1May
Communications
Railroads: none
Ports: Saint Helier, Gorey, St. Aubin
Airfields: | total, 1 usable with
permanent-
surface runways 1,220-2,439 m (St. Peter)
Telecommunications: telephones in ser-
vice, 61,400 (80.9 per 100 popl.); 1 radio
station, 1 TV station with 4 channels
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Jordan
(West Bank and Gaza Strip entry
on page 276)
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map Vi
Note: the war between Israel and the Arab
states in June 1967 ended with Israel in
control of the West Bank; as stated in the
1978 Camp David Accords and reaffirmed
by the President’s 1 September 1982 peace
initiative, the final status of the West Bank
and Gaza Strip, their relationship with
their neighbors, and a peace treaty be-
tween Israel and Jordan are to be negoti-
ated among the concerned parties; Camp
David further specifies that these negotia-
tions will resolve the location of the re-
spective boundaries; pending the comple-
tion of this process, it is US policy that the
final status of the West Bank and Gaza
Strip has yet to be determined
Geography
Total area: 97,740 km?; land area: 97,180
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Minnesota
Land boundaries: 1,770 km total (before
1967 war)
Coastline: 26 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Boundary disputes: separated from Israel
by 1949 Armistice Line; West Bank and
Gaza Strip are Israeli occupied with status
to be determined
Climate: mostly arid desert; rainy season
in west (November to March)
129
Terrain: mostly high desert plateau in east;
Great Rift Valley separates East and West
Banks of Jordan River
Land use: 4% arable land; .5% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; .5%
forest and woodland; 94% other; includes
.5% irrigated
Environment: lack of natural water re-
sources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil
erosion; desertification
Special notes: none
People
Population: 2,761,695 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.65%
Nationality: noun—Jordanian(s), adjec-
tive—Jordanian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circas-
sian, 1% Armenian
Religion: 95% Sunni Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: Arabic (official); English widely
understood among upper and middle
classes
Infant mortality rate: 62/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 61.7
Literacy: about 71%
Labor force: 580,000 (1983 est.); 20%
agriculture, 20% manufacturing and min-
ing
Organized labor: about 10% of labor force
Government
Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amman
Administrative divisions: eight governor-
ates under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
French codes; constitution adopted 1952;
judicial review of legislative acts in a
specially provided High Tribunal; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
May
Branches: King holds balance of power;
Prime Minister exercises executive author-
ity in name of King; Cabinet appointed by
Jordan (continued)
King and responsible to parliament; bi-
cameral parliament with House of Repre-
sentatives, dissolved by King in February
1976, and reconvened in January 1984,
following national elections; Senate last
appointed by King in January 1984; secu-
lar court system based on differing legal
systems of the former Transjordan and
Palestine; law Western in concept and
structure; Sharia (religious) courts for
Muslims, and religious community council
courts for non-Muslim communities; desert
police carry out quasi-judicial functions in
desert areas
Government leaders: HUSSEIN I, King
(since August 1952); Zayd al-RIFA‘I, Prime
Minister (since April 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 20
Political parties and leaders: political
party activity illegal since 1957
Communists: party actively repressed,
membership estimated at less than 500
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $4.9 billion, $1,900 per capita; 2.0%
real growth rate (1984)
Natural resources: phosphates, potash,
shale oil
Agriculture: vegetables, fruits, olive oil,
wheat; self-sufficient in few foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining,
petroleum refining, cement production,
light manufacturing
Electric power: 972,000 kW capacity;
2,840 million kWh produced, 1,080 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $789 million (f.0.b., 1985); fruits
and vegetables, phosphates, fertilizers
Imports: $2,733 million (c.i.f., 1985); crude
oil, petroleum, textiles, capital goods,
motor vehicles, foodstuffs
Aid: US, including Ex-Im (1970-84), $1.3
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $988 million; Com-
munist countries (1970-85), $71 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $2.2
billion
Budget: total revenues, $1,836 million;
current expenditures, $1,267 million;
capital expenditures, $675 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: .35 Jordanian
dinar=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 6,332 total; 4,887 paved, 1,495
gravel and crushed stone
Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km
Ports: 1 major (Al ‘Aqabah)
Civil air: 28 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 21 total, 19 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,489 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio-relay, cable, and radio; 81,500 tele-
phones (8 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 24
TV stations; | Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
station, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT sta-
tion; 1 ARABSAT station; coaxial cable
and radio-relay to Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and
Syria; radio-relay to Lebanon inactive
Defense Forces
Branches: Jordan Arab Army, Royal
Jordanian Air Force, Royal Jordanian
Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 639,000;
456,000 fit for military service; 36,000
reach military age (18) annually
130
Kenya
See regione! map VII ,
Geography
Total area: 582,650 km?; land area:
569,250 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Land boundaries: 3,368 km total
Coastline: 536 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; international
boundary and Administrative Boundary
with Sudan; possible claim by Somalia
based on unification of ethnic Somalis
Climate: varies from tropical along coast
to arid in interior
Terrain: low plains rise to central high-
lands bisected by Great Rift Valley; fertile
plateau in west
Land use: 3% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 7% meadows and pastures; 4% forest
and woodland; 85% other; includes
NEGL& irrigated
Environment: unique physiography sup-
ports abundant and varied wildlife of
immense scientific and economic value;
deforestation; soil erosion; desertification
Special notes: none
People
Population: 22,377,802 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 4.22%
Nationality: noun—Kenyan(s); adjective—
Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: 21% Kikuyu, 14%
Luhya, 13% Luo, 11% Kalenjin, 11%
Kamba, 6% Kisii, 6% Meru, 1% Asian,
European, and Arab
Religion: 38% Protestant, 28% Catholic,
26% indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim
Language: English and Swahili (official);
numerous indigenous languages
Infant mortality rate: 59/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 53, women 58.1
Literacy: 47%
Labor force: 7.4 million; about 1.1 million
wage earners; 50% public sector, 18%
industry and commerce, 17% agriculture,
13% services
Organized labor: about 390,000
Government
Official name: Republic of Kenya
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Nairobi
Administrative divisions: seven provinces
plus Nairobi area
Legal system: based on English common
law, tribal law, and Islamic law; constitu-
tion enacted 1963; judicial review in High
Court; accepts compulsory IC) jurisdiction,
with reservations; constitutional amend-
ment in 1982 made Kenya a de jure one-
party state
National holiday: Jamhuri Day, 12 De-
cember
Branches: President and Cabinet responsi-
ble to unicameral legislature (National
Assembly) of 200 seats, 188 directly
elected by constituencies and 12 appointed
by the President; High Court, with Chief
Justice and at least 11 justices, has unlim-
ited original jurisdiction to hear and deter-
mine any civil or criminal proceeding;
provision for system of courts of appeal
Government leader: Daniel T. arap MOI,
President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Assembly at least every five
years; present National Assembly and
President elected September 1983
Political party and leader: Kenya African
National Union (KANU), Kenya’s sole legal
political party, Daniel T. arap Moi, Presi-
dent
Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in
the National Assembly
Communists: may be a few Communists
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor
unions
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, 1LO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, !SO, ITU,
1WC—International Wheat Council,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.8 billion (1985), $230 per capita,
real growth rate, 4.1% (1985 est.)
Natural resources: gold, limestone,
diotomite, salt barytes, magnesite, feldspar,
sapphires, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife, land
Agriculture: main cash crops—coffee, tea,
sisal, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock; food
crops—corn, wheat, sugarcane, rice, cas-
sava; largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: small-scale consumer
goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles,
soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural process-
ing, oil refining, cement, tourism
Electric power: 556,000 kW capacity;
1,950 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $942 million (f.0.b., 1985); reex-
porting of petroleum products, coffee, tea,
sisal, livestock products, pyrethrum, soda
ash, wattle-bark tanning extract
Imports: $1,289 million (f.o.b., 1985);
machinery, transport equipment, crude oil,
paper and paper products, iron and steel
products, and textiles
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Middle
East, US, Rwanda, Uganda
Budget: as percent of GDP—revenues and
grants 24%; total expenditures and net
lending - 28% (1985/86 est.)
External debt: $3.7 billion; debt service
ratio 36% (1985 est.)
131
Monetary conversion rate: 16.15 Kenyan
shillings=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 64,590 km total; 7,000 km
paved, 4,150 km gravel, remainder im-
proved earth
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria
system is within boundaries of Kenya;
principal inland port is at Kisumu
Pipelines: refined products, 483 km
Ports: 1 major (Mombasa)
Civil air; 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 225 total, 205 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: in top group of
African systems; consists of radio-relay
links, open-wire lines, and radiocommuni-
cation stations; 231,000 telephones (1.1 per
100 popl.); 11 AM, 4 FM, 4 TV stations; |
Atlantic and 1 Indian Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, Air
Force; paramilitary General Service Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,554,000; 2,811,000 fit for military ser-
vice; no conscription
Kiribati
—1200 km
North Pacific Ocean
ee
Ei ° ee
{>—* TARAWA Kiritimati ©
As faba tae , (Christmas) wa
Kiribati . cone
(Gilbert Rawaki ‘ o
islands) (Phoenix »
tsfands}
South Pacific Ocean
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 710 km; land area: 710 km?
Comparative area: about four times the
size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 1,143 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; marine, hot and humid,
moderated by trade winds
Terrain: mostly low lying coral atolls
surrounded by extensive reefs
Land use: 0% arable land; 51% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 3% forest
and woodland; 46% other
Environment: typhoons can occur any
time, but usually November to March
Special notes: Banaba or Ocean Island is
one of three great phosphate rock islands
in the Pacific (others are Makatea in
French Polynesia and Nauru)
People
Population: 66,441 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.82%
Nationality: noun—Kiribatian(s), adjec-
tive—Kiribati
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
Religion: 48% Roman Catholic, 45%
Protestant (Congregational), some Seventh-
Day Adventist and Baha’i
Language: English (official), Gilbertese
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: 7,870 economically active
(1985 est.)
Organized labor: Kiribati Trades Union
Congress—2,500 members
Government
Official name: Republic of Kiribati
Type: republic
Capital; Tarawa
Administrative divisions: 20 constituen-
cies
Branches: unicameral legislature—Na-
tional Assembly (comprised of 36 elected
members and one nominated representa-
tive of the Banaban community); nation-
ally elected President
Government leader: leremia T. TABAI,
President (since July 1979)
Elections: every four years
Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese
National Party, Christian Democratic
Party
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth,
ESCAP (associate member), GATT (de
facto), ICAO, IMF, SPF, WHO
Economy
GDP: A$25.839 million (1985 est.), $410
per capita
Agriculture: coconuts, copra; subsistence
crops of roots and tubers, vegetables,
melons, bananas; pigs, chickens; domestic
fishing
Fishing: catch 24,212 metric tons (1983)
Industry: formerly phosphate production
(supply exhausted by mid-1981)
Electric power: 2,750 kW capacity; 8
million kWh produced, 125 kWh per
capita
Exports: A$4.10 (1986 est.); 54% copra,
18% fish; phosphate, formerly 80% of
exports, exhausted in 198)
Imports: A$32.64 million (1986 est.);
foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: Australia, New
Zealand, UK, Japan, US, Papua New
Guinea, Fiji
132
Aid: Western (non-US) commitments ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $205 million; Austra-
lia (1970-84), $28 million
Budget: A29.7 million (1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: $1.50
Australian=US$1 (February 1987); Austra-
lian dollar is the official currency
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 640 km of motorable roads
Inland waterways: small network of
canals, totaling 5 km, in Line Islands
Ports: main ports are at Banaba and Betio
(Tarawa)
Civil air: 2 Trislanders; no major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 21 total; 18 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways, 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: 1,400 telephones
(2.83 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station; 1 satel-
lite ground station
Korea, North
150 km
Boundary representation is
Nol necessarily authoritative
*Najin
a0 sunch’én
P'YONGYANG
vi
See regional mep VIII
Geography
Total area: 120,540 km?; land area:
120,410 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Mississippi
Land boundaries: 1,675 km total
Coastline: 2,495 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Military boundary line: 50 nm (all
foreign vessels and aircraft are banned
without permission)
Boundary disputes: short section with
China is indefinite; Demarcation Line with
South Korea
Climate: temperate with rainfall concen-
trated in summer
Terrain: mostly hills and mountains sepa-
rated by deep, narrow valleys; coastal
plains wide in west, discontinuous in east
Land use: 18% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; NEGL% meadows and pastures;
74% forest and woodland; 7% other; in-
cludes 9% irrigated
Environment: mountainous interior is
isolated, nearly inaccessible, and sparsely
populated; late spring droughts often
followed by severe flooding
Special notes: occupies northern half of
Korean peninsula; strategic location bor-
dering China, South Korea, and USSR
People
Population: 21,447,977 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.52%
Nationality: noun—Korean(s); adjective—
Korean
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism;
religious activities now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Infant mortality rate: 32/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 63, women 67
Literacy: 95% est.
Labor force: 6.1 million (1980); 48%
agricultural, 52% nonagricultural; shortage
of skilled and unskilled labor
Government
Official name: Democratic People’s Re-
public of Korea
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital; P’yongyang
Administrative divisions: nine provinces,
four special cities (P’yongyang, Kaesong,
Namp’o, and Ch’ongjin)
Legal system: based on German civil law
system with Japanese influences and Com-
munist legal theory; constitution adopted
1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review
of legislative acts; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 September
Branches: Supreme People’s Assembly
theoretically supervises legislative and
judicial] functions; State Administration
Council (cabinet) oversees ministerial
operations
Government leaders: KIM Il-song, Presi-
dent (since December 1972); Yl Kun-mo,
Premier (since December 1986)
Suffrage: universal at age 17
Elections: election to Supreme People’s
Assembly every four years, but this consti-
tutional provision not necessarily fol-
lowed—last election November 1986
Political party and leaders: Korean
Workers’ Party (K WP); Kim ll-song, Gen-
eral Secretary, and his son, Kim Chong-il,
Secretary, Central Committee
133
Communists: KWP claims membership of
about 2 million, or about 11% of popula-
tion
Member of: FAO, G-77, [AEA, ICAO,
IPU, ITU, NAM, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO;
official observer status at UN
Economy
GNP: $24 billion (1985 in 1985 dollars),
$1,180 per capita
Natural resources: coal, lead, tungsten,
zine, graphite, magnesite, iron, copper,
gold, phosphates, salt, fluorspar, hydroelec-
tric power
Agriculture: corn, rice, vegetables; food
shortages—meat, cooking oils; production
of foodstuffs adequate for domestic needs
Major industries: machine building,
electric power, chemicals, mining, metal-
lurgy, textiles, food processing
Shortages: advanced machinery and
equipment, coking coal, coal, petroleum,
electric power, transport
Crude steel: 4.0 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 195 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,910,000 kW capacity;
40,000 million kWh produced, 1,925 kWh
per capita (1986)
Coal: 52 million tons (1984)
Exports: $1.38 billion (1985); minerals,
metallurgical products, agricultural prod-
ucts, manufactures
Imports: $1.72 billion (1985); petroleum,
machinery and equipment, coking coal,
grain
Major trade partners: total trade turnover
$3.10 billion (1985); 65% with Communist
countries, 35% with non-Communist
countries
Monetary conversion rate: 2 wons=US$1
(December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in
1980; 3,870 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 665 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge,
159 km double track; abont 3,175 km
electrified; government owned
Korea, North (continued)
Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5%
gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface;
1.5% concrete or bituminous
Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly
navigable by small craft only
Pipelines: crude oil, 37 km
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
Telecommunications: 18 AM, O FM, 1]
TV stations; 150,000 TV sets; 3,500,000
receiver sets; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: North Korean People’s Army
(consists of the army, navy, and air force)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,341,000; 3,266,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 238,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Korea, South
Boundary representation is
150 km Pol necessarily authoritative
e
4 . Ulling-do
’ * e
ineh'ss Kangniing
Yellow
Sea Sea of
Jepen
Ulasn
‘ 4° Pusan
1 & iD
eo d
ie Koree
i « Streit
Cheju-do, y
See regional map VIII
Geography
Total area: 98,480 km?; land area: 98,190
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Indiana
Land boundary: 241 km with North
Korea
Coastline: 2,413 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm (3 nm in the
Korea Strait)
Boundary disputes: Demarcation Line
with North Korea; Liancourt Rocks dis-
puted with Japan
Climate: temperate; cold, dry, clear win-
ters with hot and humid summers
Terrain: mostly rugged and mountainous
Land use: 21% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 67%
forest and woodland; 10% other; includes
12% irrigated
Environment: occasional typhoons bring
high winds, floods, landslides; water pollu-
tion; air pollution
Special notes: strategic location along
Korea Strait and between Chinese, Japa-
nese, and Soviet spheres of influence
People
Population: 41,986,669 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.53%
134
Nationality: noun—Korean(s); adjective—
Korean
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small
Chinese minority (about 20,000)
Religion: strong Confucian tradition;
vigorous Christian minority (28% of the
total population); Buddhism; pervasive folk
religion (Shamanism); Chondokyo (religion
of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with
nationalist overtones founded in 19th
century, claims about 1.5 million adher-
ents
Language: Korean; English widely taught
in high school
Infant mortality rate: 29/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 64, women 7]
Literacy: over 90%
Labor force: 15.9 million; 47% services
and other; 80% agriculture, fishing, for-
estry; 21% mining and manufacturing;
average unemployment 4.0% (1986 est.)
Organized labor: about 10% of nonagri-
cultural labor force in government-
sanctioned unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a
strong executive
Capital: Seoul
Administrative divisions: nine provinces,
four special cities; governors/mayors
centrally appointed
Legal system: combines elements of
continental European civil law systems,
Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical
thought; constitution approved 1980; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
August
Branches: unicameral legislature (National
Assembly), judiciary
Government leaders: CHUN Doo Hwan,
President (since August 1980); LHO Shin
Yong, Prime Minister (since February
1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: under new constitution of
October 1980, President elected every
seven years indirectly by a 5,000-man
electoral college; last election February
1981; four-year National Assembly, elected
in February 1985, consists of 276 represen-
tatives, 184 directly elected and 92 ap-
pointed on proportional basis by major
parties
Political parties and leaders: major party
is government’s Democratic Justice Party
(DJP), Chun Doo Hwan, president, and
Roh Tae Woo, chairman; opposition par-
ties are New Korea Democratic Party
(NKDP), Lee Min-woo; Korean National
Party (KNP), Lee Man-sup; several smaller
parties
Communists: Communist activity banned
by government
Other political or pressure groups: Coun-
cil for the Promotion of Democracy;
Korean National Council] of Churches;
large, potentially volatile student popula-
tion concentrated in Seoul; Federation of
Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans’
Association; Federation of Korean Indus-
tries; Korean Traders Association
Member of: ABD, AfDB, Asian-African
Legal Consultative Committee, Asian
Parliamentary Union, APACL—Asian
People’s Anti-Communist League, ASPAC,
Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT, Geneva Conventions of 1949 for
the protection of war victims, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IHO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission,
1WC—International Wheat Council,
UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF,
UNIDO, UN Special Fund, UPU,
WACL—World Anti-Communist League,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; official
observer status at UN
Economy
GNP: $94.) billion (1986, in 1986 prices),
$2,371 per capita; real growth 12.2%
(1986); real growth 8.7% (1982-86 average)
Natural resources: coal (limited), tungsten,
graphite
Agriculture: 9.0 million people (22% of the
population) live in farm households, but
agriculture, forestry, and fishing constitute
15% of GNP; main crops—rice, barley,
vegetables, and legumes
Fishing: catch 3,102,605 metric tons (1985)
Major industries: textiles and clothing,
footwear, food processing, chemicals, steel,
electronics, automobile production, ship
building
Shortages: heavily dependent on imports
of iron ore, crude oil, base metals, lumber,
and certain food grains
Crude steel: 13.6 million metric tons
produced (1985), 335 kg per capita
Electric power: 18,000,000 kW capacity;
65,000 million kWh produced, 1,500 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $34.8 billion (f.0.b., 1986); textiles
and clothing, electrical machinery, foot-
wear, steel, automobiles, ships, fish
Imports: $31.2 billion (c.i.f., 1986); ma-
chinery, oil, steel, transport equipment,
textiles, organic chemicals, grains
Major trade partners: exports—40% US,
15% Japau; imports—33% Japan, 21% US
(1986)
Aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $3.9
billion committed
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $4
billion
Budget: planned expenditures, $18.0
billion (1987)
Monetary conversion rate: 861
won=US$1 (9 January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,106.5 km operating in 1983;
3,059.4 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
46.9 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge, 712.5
km double-track, 417.9 km electrified;
government owned
Highways: 62,936 km total (1982); 13,476
km uational highway, 49,460 km provin-
cial and local roads
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; use re-
stricted to small native craft
135
Freight carried: rail (1983) 51 million
metric tons; highway 126 million metric
tons; air (1983) 47,000 metric tons (domes-
tic)
Pipelines: 294 km refined products
Ports: 1] major, 32 minor
Civil air: 98 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 125 total, 109 usable; 72 with
permanent-surface runways; 2] with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
and international services; 4.8 million
telephones (121 per 100 popl.); 79 AM, 46
FM, 256 TV stations (57 of 1 kW or
greater); 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Naval
Marine Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
11,836,000; 7,672,000 fit for military
service; 472,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1987, $5.65 billion;
about 31.4% of central government budget
Kuwait
4 1. Sey
Gulf
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 17,820 km?; land area: 17,820
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
New Jersey
Land boundaries: 490 km total
Coastline: 499 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; ownership of
Warbah and Babiyan islands disputed by
Iraq
Climate: dry desert; intensely hot sum-
mers; short, cool winters
Terrain: flat to slightly undulating desert
plain
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% per-
manent crops; 8% meadows and pastures;
NEGL% forest and woodland; 92% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: some of world’s largest and
most sophisticated desalination facilities
provide most of water; air and water
pollution; desertification
Special notes: strategic location at head of
Persian Gulf and close to Iran-Iraq war
zone
People
Population: 1,863,615 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 4.18%
Nationality: noun—Kuwaiti(s); adjective—
Kuwaiti
Ethnic divisions: 39% Kuwaiti, 39% other
Arab, 9% South Asian, 4% Iranian, 9%
other
Religion: 85% Muslim (80% Shi'a, 45%
Sunni), 15% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, and
other
Language: Arabic (official); English widely
spoken
Infant mortality rate: 26.1/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 74
Literacy: about 71%
Labor force: 566,000 (1985); 45.0% ser-
vices, 20.0% construction, 12.0% trade,
8.6% manufacturing, 2.6% finance and real
estate, 1.9% agriculture, 1.7% power and
water, 1.4% mining and quarrying; 70% of
labor force is non-Kuwaiti
Organized labor: labor unions, first autho-
rized in 1964, formed in oil industry and
among government personnel
Government
Official name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kuwait
Administrative divisions: 4 governorates
(Kuwait City, Hawalli, Ahmadi, Johra), 25
voting constituencies
Legal system: civil law system with Is-
lamic law significant in personal matters;
constitution took effect in 1963; popularly
elected 50-man National Assembly (the 15
cabinet members can also vote) reinstated
in March 1981] after being suspended in
1976, but in July 1986 parliament dis-
solved by the Amir; judicial review of
legislative acts not yet determined; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 25 Feb-
ruary
Branches: Council of Ministers; legisla-
ture—National Assembly
Government leader: Jabir al-Ahmad
al-Jabir Al SABAH, Amir (since December
1977)
Suffrage: adult males who resided in
Kuwait before 1920 and their male de-
scendents (eligible voters, 8.3% of citi-
zenry)
136
Elections: National Assembly elected
February 1985 (suspended July 1986)
Political parties and leaders: political
parties prohibited, some small clandestine
groups are active
Communists: insignificant
Other political or pressure groups: large
(850,000) Palestinian community
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, [PU, ITU, NAM, OAPEC,
OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $19.7 billion, $11,510 per capita
GNP (1985); ~4% annual growth rate
(1986)
Natural resources: petroleum, fish, shrimp
Agriculture: virtually none; dependent on
imports for food; about 75% of potable
water must be distilled or imported
Major industries: crude petroleum pro-
duction average for 1986, 1.4 million b/d;
petroleum refining (capacity about 0.6
million b/d); other major industries in-
clude petrochemicals, retail trade, and
manufacturing; water desalination capacity
618 million liters per day (1983 est.)
Electric power: 5,335,000 kW capacity;
16,360 million kWh produced, 9,240 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $8.0 billion (f.0.b., 1986), of
which crude petroleum accounted for
about 78%
Imports: $7.0 billion (f.0.b., 1986)
Major trading partners: exports—Japan,
US, FRG, Italy; imports—Japan, FRG,
UK, US
Budget: revenues, $11.2 billion; current
and capital expenditures, $11.1 billion
(1985/86 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: .29 Kuwaiti
dinar=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,600 km total; 2,300 km
bituminous; 300 km earth, sand, light
gravel
Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined
products, 40 km; natural gas, 140 km
Ports: 3 major (Ash Shuwaykh, Ash
Shu‘aybah, Mina’ al Ahmadi), 6 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 4 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional, adequate domestic facilities;
258,000 telephones (14.6 per 100 popl.); 2
AM, 2 FM, 8 TV stations; I Indian Ocean
and 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations,
1] INMARSAT satellite station; 1
ARABSAT station; coaxial cable and radio-
relay to Iraq and Saudi Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Na-
tional Police Force, National Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
626,000; about 376,000 fit for military
service
Military budget: operating expenditures
for fiscal year ending 30 June 1986, $876
million; 7.5% of central government
budget
Laos
See regional map [X
Geography
Total area: 236,800 km?: land area:
230,800 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Utah
Land boundaries: 5,053 km total
Climate: tropical monsoon; rainy season
(May to October); dry season (February to
May)
Terrain: mostly rugged mountains; some
plains and plateaus
Land use: 4% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
58% forest and woodland; 35% other;
includes 1% irrigated
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion;
subject to floods
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 3,765,887 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.17%
Nationality: noun—Lao (sing., Lao or
Laotian); adjective—Lao or Laotian
Ethnic divisions: 48% Lao; 25% Phouth-
eung (Kha); 14% Tribal Tai; 13% Meo,
Yao, and other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and
other
Language: Lao (official), French, and
English
Infant mortality rate: 159/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 42, women 45
137
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: about I-1.5 million; 80-90%
agriculture
Organized labor: only labor organization
is subordinate to the Communist Party
Government
Official name: Lao People’s Democratic
Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital; Vientiane
Administrative divisions: 16 provinces
subdivided into districts, cantons, and
villages
Legal system: based on civil law system;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: President; 37-member Supreme
People’s Council; Cabinet; Cabinet is
totally Communist but Council contains a
few nominal neutralists and
non-Communists; National Congress of
People’s Representatives established the
current government structure in December
1975
Government leaders: PHOUMI
VONGVICHIT, Acting President (since
October 1986); KAYSONE PHOMVIHAN,
Chairman (since December 1975)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for National Assembly,
originally scheduled for I April 1976, have
not yet been held
Political parties and leaders: Lao People’s
Revolutionary Party (Communist), Kaysone
Phomvihan, party chairman; includes Lao
Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of
Patriotic Neutralist Forces; other parties
moribund
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Communist political groups moribund;
most leaders have fled the country
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
Mekong Committee, NAM, UN, UN-
CTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Laos (continued)
Economy
GNP: $765 million, $220 per capita (1984
est.)
Natural resources: tin, timber, gypsum,
hydroelectric power
Agriculture: rice (overwhelmingly domi-
nant), corn, vegetables, tobacco, coffee,
cotton; formerly self-sufficient; food short-
ages (due in part to distribution deficien-
cies) include rice; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the inter-
national drug trade
Major industries: tin mining, timber,
green coffee, electric power
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum,
transportation system, trained personnel
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity; 900
million kWh produced, 240 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $36 million (f.0.b., 1984 est.);
electric power, forest products, tin concen-
trates; coffee, undeclared exports of opium
and tobacco
Imports: $98 million (c.i.f., 1984 est.); rice
and other foodstuffs, petroleum products,
machinery, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: imports—Thailand,
USSR, Japan, France, Vietnam; exports—
Thailand, Malaysia
Aid: Western (non-US) countries ODA and
OOF (1970-84), $409 million; US (FY70-
79), $276 million
Budget: receipts, $100 million; expendi-
tures, $19] million; deficit, $91 million
(1979 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: official—10
kips=US$]; commercial—35 kips=US$1,
inward remittances—108 kips=US$1
(December 1985)
Fiscal year: ] July-30 June
Communications
Highways: about 27,527 km total; 1,856
km bituminous or bituminous treated;
7,451 km gravel, crushed stone, or im-
proved earth; 18,220 km unimproved
earth and often impassable during rainy
season mid-May to mid-September
Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, pri-
marily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897
additional kilometers are sectionally navi-
gable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m
Pipelines: 136 km, refined products
Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor
Airfields: 64 total, 49 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public considered poor; radio network
provides generally erratic service to gov-
ernment users; about 10 AM stations; 1 TV
station; over 5,000 telephones; 1 satellite
ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Lao People’s Army (LPA,
which consists of an army with naval,
aviation, and militia elements), Air Force,
National Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 900,000;
482,000 fit for military service; 41,000
reach military age (18) annually; no con-
scription age specified
138
Lebanon
Meditarraneen
Boundary representation is
not necessarily euthoriative
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 10,400 km?; land area: 10,230
km?
Comparative area: smaller than Connecti-
cut
Land boundaries: 531 km total
Coastline; 225 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: separated from Israel
by 1949 Armistice Line; Israeli troops in
southern Lebanon since June 1982
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet
winters with hot, dry summers
Terrain: narrow coastal plain; A! Biaa‘
(Bekaa Valley) separates Lebanon and
Anti-Lebanon Mountains
Land use: 21% arable land; 9% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 8% forest
and woodland; 61% other; includes 8%
irrigated
Environment: rugged terrain has histori-
cally helped isolate, protect, and develop
numerous factional groups based on reli-
gion, clan, ethnicity; deforestation; soil
erosion; air and water pollution; desertifi-
cation
Special notes: Nahr al Litani only river in
Near East not crossing an international
boundary
People
Population: 3,320,522 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.83%
Nationality: noun—Lebanese (sing., pl.);
adjective—Lebanese
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 6% Arme-
nian, 1% other
Religion: 57% Muslim (Sunni and Shi‘a)
and Druze, 42% Christian (Maronite,
Greek Orthodox and Catholic, Roman
Catholic, Protestant), 1% other (official
estimates)
Language: Arabic (official); French is
widely spoken; Armenian, English
Infant mortality rate: 48/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 63, women 67
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 650,000 (1985); 79% industry,
commerce, and services, 11% agriculture,
10% goverment; high unemployment
Organized labor: about 65,000
Government
Note: Between early 1975 and late 1976
Lebanon was torn by civil war between its
Christians—then aided by Syrian troops—
and its Muslims and their Palestinian
allies. The cease-fire established in October
1976 between the domestic political groups
generally held for about six years, despite
occasional fighting. Syrian troops consti-
tuted as the Arab Deterrent Force by the
Arab League have remained in Lebanon.
Syria’s move toward supporting the Leba-
nese Muslims and the Palestinians and
Israel’s growing support for Lebanese
Christians brought the two sides into rough
equilibrium, but no progress was made
toward national reconciliation or political
reforms—the original cause of the war.
Continuing Israeli concern about the
Palestinian presence in Lebanon led to the
Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982.
Israeli forces occupied all of the southern
portion of the country and mounted a
summer-long seige of Beirut, which re-
sulted in the evacuation of the PLO from
Beirut in September under the supervision
of a multinational force made up of US,
French, and Italian troops.
Within days of the departure of the multi-
national force (MNF), Lebanon’s newly
elected president, Bashir Gemayel, was
assassinated. In the wake of his death,
Christian militiamen massacred hundreds
of Palestinian refugees in two Beirut
camps. This prompted the return of the
MNF to ease the security burden on
Lebanon’s weak army and security forces.
In late March 1984 the last MNF units
withdrew.
Lebanon continues to be partially occu-
pied by Syrian troops. Israel withdrew the
bulk of its forces from the south in 1985,
retaining a 10-km deep security zone just
north of the 1949 Armistice Line. Israel
continues to arm and train the Army of
South Lebanon (ASL), which opposes the
return of Palestinian fighters to South
Lebanon. The ASL has increasingly been
involved in confronting Shi'a as well as
leftist militias sponsored by Syria.
Sporadic fighting between Shi'a and Pales-
tinian forces based in the refugee camps of
Beirut, Sidon, and Tyre escalated during
October 1986 to January 1987, finally
breaking into major combat in February.
At its height, fighting in West Beirut pitted
the Shi‘a against the Druze (their nominal
allies) and the Sunnis and Palestinians. At
the request of Prime Minister Rashid
Karami and other Muslim members of the
government, Syria dispatched troops to
West Beirut to restore order.
Syria also maintains troops in the Riyaq
area of the Bekaa Valley, while Special
Forces units are stationed in the Matn, and
in the Tripoli areas, north and northeast.
In late 1985 the Syrian regime successfully
negotiated a tripartite agreement among
the three major rival Christian, Druze, and
Shi‘a militias, but implementation remains
a distant possibility. The Christian and
Muslim communities are deeply split from
within over specific points in the agree-
ment.
Israel and Lebanon signed a withdrawal
agreement on 17 May 1983. The agree-
ment was never implemented and was
subsequently voided. A partial Israeli
withdrawal and government attempts to
extend authority have led to renewed
factional fighting. The following descrip-
139
tion is based on the present constitutional
and customary practices of the Lebanese
system.
Official name: Republic of Lebanon
Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law,
canon law, and civil law; constitution
mandated in 1926; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
November
Branches: power lies with the President,
who is elected by unicameral legislature
(National Assembly); Cabinet appointed by
President, approved by legislature; inde-
pendent secular courts on French pattern;
religious courts for matters of marriage,
divorce, inheritance, etc.; by custom, the
President is a Maronite Christian, the
Prime Minister is a Sunni Muslim, and the
president of the legislature is a Shi‘a Mus-
lim; each of nine religious communities
are represented in the legislature in pro-
portion to their national numerical
strength
Government leaders: Amine Pierre
GEMAYEL, President (since September
1982); Rashid KARAMI, Prime Minister
(since May 1984)
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over
21; authorized for women over 21 with
elementary education
Elections: National Assembly held every
four years or within three months of
dissolution of Chamber; security conditions
have prevented parliamentary elections
since April 1972
Political parties and leaders: political
party activity is organized along largely
sectarian lines; numerous political group-
ings exist, consisting of individual political
figures and followers motivated by reli-
gious, clan, and economic considerations,
most parties have well-armed militias,
which are still involved in occasional
clashes
Lebanon (continued)
Communists: the Lebanese Communist
Party was legalized in 1970; members and
sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, 1PU,
ITU, I[WC—International Wheat Council,
NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.3 billion (1983 est.)
Natural resources: limestone, iron
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley,
potatoes, tobacco, olives, onions; not self-
sufficient in food; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the inter-
national drug trade
Major industries: service industries, food
processing, textiles, cement, oil refining,
chemicals, some metal fabricating
Electric power: ],297,000 kW capacity;
2,270 million kWh produced, 850 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $482 million (f.0.b., 1985)
Imports: $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1985)
Budget: public revenues, $500 million;
public expenditures, $].5 billion (1985 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: from 1 Janu-
ary through 31 December 1986 the Leba-
nese pound fell from 18 pounds to 95
pounds per US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 378 km total; 296 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 82 km 1.050-meter
gauge; all single track; system almost
inoperable
Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km
paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone,
650 km improved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km
Ports: 2 major (Beirut, Tripoli); one petro-
leum terminal; 3 legal minor ports; numer-
ous illegal ports controlled by various
political factions
Civil air; 28 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 9 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 3 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: rebuilding program
disrupted; had fair system of radio-relay,
cable; about 150,400 telephones (5.6 per
100 popl.); 3 FM, 5 AM, 15 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean ~
INTELSAT stations, all inactive; 3 subma-
rine coaxial cables, all inactive; radio-relay
to Jordan and Syria, inoperable
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
140
Lesotho
Mokhotiong
*wmasERU
Thabo Tecks,
Gachas Nek
See regional map V1i
Geography
Total area: 30,350 km?; land area: 30,350
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Maryland
Land boundary; 805 km with South
Africa
Climate: temperate; cool to cold, dry
winters; hot, wet summers
Terrain: mostly highland with some pla-
teaus, hills, and mountains
Land use: 10% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 66% meadows and pastures; 0%
forest and woodland; 24% other
Environment: population pressure forcing
settlement in marginal areas resulting in
overgrazing, severe soil erosion, soil ex-
haustion; desertification
Special notes: landlocked; enclave of
South Africa
People
Population: 1,621,932 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.69%
Nationality: noun—Mosotho (sing.), Baso-
tho (pl.); adjective—Basotho
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho; 1,600
Europeans, 800 Asians
Religion: 80% Christian, rest indigenous
beliefs
Language: Sesotho (southern Sotho) and
English (official); also Zulu and Xhosa
Infant mortality rate: 97.7/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 54.2 (1985)
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 426,000 economically active
(1976); 87.4% of resident population en-
gaged in subsistence agriculture;
150,000-250,000 spend from six months to
many years as wage earners in South
Africa
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho
Type: constitutional monarchy under King
Moshoeshoe II; independent member of
Commonwealth
Capital: Maseru
Administrative divisions: 10 administra-
tive districts
Legal system: based on English common
law and Roman-Dutch law; constitution
came into effect 1966; judicial review of
legislative acts in High Court and Court of
Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: 4 October
Branches: executive and legislative author-
ity nominally vested in King; real power
rests with six-man Military Council, estab-
lished after military coup January 1986;
20-member Council of Ministers responsi-
ble for administrative duties; judicial—63
Lesotho courts administer customary law
for Africans, High Court and subordinate
courts have criminal jurisdiction over all
residents, Court of Appeal at Maseru has
appellate jurisdiction
Government leaders: MOSHOESHOE I],
King (since 1966); Maj. Gen. Justinus
Metsing LEKHANYA, chairman of Mili-
tary Council and Minister of Defense and
Internal Security (since January 1986);
other members of council—Col. E. T.
RAMAEMA, Col. A. K. MOSOEUNYANE,
Col. M. K. TSOTETSI, Lt. Thabe LETSIE,
Lt. Col. Joshua Sekhobe LETSIE (since
January 1986)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: elections scheduled for Septem-
ber 1985 were boycotted by all opposition
parties because of procedural irregularities;
ruling BNP won all 60 parliamentary seats
by default
Political parties and leaders: Basotho
National Party (BNP), Leabua Jonathan;
Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsn
Mokhehle; Basotho Democratic Alliance
(CDA), C. D. Molapo; National Indepen-
dent Party (NIP), A. C. Manyeli; Maremat-
lou Freedom Party (MFP), B. Khaketla
Voting strength: National Assembly inop-
erative as of 20 January 1986
Communists: no information
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL,
1TU, NAM, OAU, Southern African Cus-
toms Union, SADCC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $325 million (1984)
Natural resources: some diamonds and
other minerals, water, agricultural and
grazing land
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly
subsistence farming and livestock; princi-
pal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum,
barley
Major industries: none
Electric power: power supplied by South
Africa
Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances
$300 million est. in 1985); $21 million
(f.0.b., 1985), wool, mohair, wheat, cattle,
peas, beans, corn, hides, skins, tourism,
diamonds
Imports: $326 million (f.0.b., 1985); mainly
corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles,
machinery, medicines, petroleum, oil, and
lubricants
Major trade partner: South Africa
Budget: revenues, $160 million; current
expenditures, $130 million; development
(capital) expenditures, $50 million
(FY84/85)
141
Monetary conversion rate: 2.25
maloti=2.25 South African rands=US$1
(November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and
included in the statistics of the Republic of
South Africa
Highways: 5,167 km total; 508 km paved;
1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabi-
lized soil; 946 km improved earth, 2,128
km unimproved earth
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 28 total, 28 usable; 2 with per-
manent surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: modest system
consisting of a few land lines, a small
radio-relay system, and minor radiocom-
munication stations; 5,920 telephones (0.4
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station planned; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 346,000;
187,000 fit for military service
Liberia
See reglonal map VII Harper
Geography
Total area: 111,370 km?; land area: 96,320
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Pennsylvania
Land boundaries: 1,336 km total
Coastline: 579 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry winters
with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet,
cloudy summers with frequent heavy
showers
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling coastal plains
rising to rolling plateau and low mountains
in northeast
Land use: 1% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 2% meadows and pastures; 39%
forest and woodland; 55% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: West Africa’s largest tropi-
cal rainforest subject to deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 2,384,189 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.27%
Nationality: noun—Liberian(s); adjec-
tive—Liberian
Ethnic divisions: 95% indigenous African
tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,
Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma,
Kissi, Vai, and Bella; 5% descendants of
repatriated slaves known as Americo-
Liberians
Religion: 70% traditional, 20% Muslim,
10% Christian
Language: English (official); more than 20
local languages of the Niger-Congo lan-
guage group; English used by about 20%
Infant mortality rate: 153/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: 510,000, of which 220,000
are in monetary economy; non-African
foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level
management and engineering jobs; 70.5%
agriculture, 10.8% services, 4.5% industry
and commerce, 14.2% other
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Liberia
Type: republic
Capital: Monrovia
Administrative divisions: 13 counties
Legal system: new constitution approved
by nationwide referendum in July 1984
and implemented in January 1986; judicial
powers invested in People’s Supreme
Court and lower courts
National holiday: National Redemption
Day, 12 April; Independence Day, 26 July
Branches: executive powers held by Presi-
dent, assisted by appointed Cabinet; legis-
lative powers held by bicameral legisla-
ture; independent judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Samuel Kanyon
DOE, President and Commander in Chief
of the Armed Forces (since April 1980)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: presidential and legislative
elections held October 1985; Doe was
proclaimed winner of presidential election
and took office in January 1986
Political parties and leaders: National
Democratic Party of Liberia, Miatta Sher-
man, Chairman; Liberian Action Party,
142
Jackson Doe, Chairman; Liberian Unity
Party, Gabriel Kpolleh, Chairman; Unity
Party, Edward Kesselly, Chairman; United
Peoples Party, Gabriel Baccus Matthews,
Chairman
Communists: no Communist Party and
only a few sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM,
OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.14 billion, $490 per capita; 2%
real annual growth rate (1984)
Natural resources: iron ore, rubber, tim-
ber, diamonds, gold
Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cas-
sava, coffee, cocoa; imports of rice, wheat,
and livestock are necessary for basic diet
Fishing: catch 18,553 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: rubber processing, food
processing, construction materials, furni-
ture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore,
diamonds)
Electric power: 374,000 kW capacity; 655
million kWh produced, 280 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $432 million (f.0.b., 1984); iron
ore, rubber, diamonds, lumber and logs,
coffee, cocoa
Imports: $366 million (c.i.f., 1984); ma-
chinery, transportation equipment, petro-
leum products, manufactured goods,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Nether-
lands, Italy, Belgium
Aid; Western (non-US), ODA and OOF
(1970-84), $587 million; US authorizations
(including Ex-Im) (FY70-85), $512 million;
Communist (1970-85), $73.0 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $70
million
Budget: revenues, $192 million; current
expenditures, $238 million; development
and nonbudgetary expenditures, $151
million (FY84-85)
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US
dollar and the Liberian dollar, which trade
officially at par
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 480 km total; 328 km 1.435-
meter standard gange, 152 km 1.067-meter
narrow gauge; all lines single track; rail
systems owned and operated by foreign
steel and financial interests in conjunction
with Liberian Government
Highways: 10,087 km total; 603 km bitu-
minous treated, 2,848 km all-weather,
4,313 km dry-weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 3 major (Monrovia, Buchanan,
Greenville), 4 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 75 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and
telegraph service via radio-relay network;
main center is Monrovia; 8,500 telephones
(0.4 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 4 FM, 5 TV
stations; ] Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces of Liberia,
Liberia National Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 569,000;
304,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription
Libya
ES
TRIPOLI Mediterranean Sea
6 Tobruk
Misratah \ Guif of Sidra\ Banghazt
400 km
See regional map VIL
Geography
Total area: 1,759,540 km?; land area:
1,759,540 km?
Comparative area: larger than Alaska
Land boundaries: 4,345 km total
Coastline: 1,770 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Gulf of Sidra closing line: 32° 30'N
Boundary disputes: none; claims Aozou
Strip in northern Chad; occupies northern
Chad; maritime dispute with Tunisia
Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry,
extreme desert interior
Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating
plains, plateaus, depressions
Land use: 1% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 8% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 91% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is
a southern wind lasting 1-4 days in spring
and fall; desertification; sparse natural
water resources
Special notes: largest water development
scheme in world being built to bring water
from deep wells under Sahara Desert to
coast
People
Population: 3,306,825 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.39%
143
Nationality: noun—Libyan(s); adjective—
Libyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab;
some Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians,
Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
Religion: 97% Sunni Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English
widely understood in major cities
Infant mortality rate: 84/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 56, women 59
Literacy: 50-60%
Labor force: 1 million, of which about
280,000 are resident foreigners; 31% indus-
try, 27% services, 24% government, 18%
agriculture
Government
Official name: Socialist People’s Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya
Type: republic
Capital: Tripoli
Administrative divisions: 46 municipali-
ties closely controlled by central govern-
ment
Legal system: based on Italian civil law
system and Islamic law; separate religious
courts; no constitutional provision for
judicial review of legislative acts; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Revolution Day, 1
September
Branches: officially, paramount political
power and authority rests with the General
People’s Congress, which theoretically
functions as a parliament with a cabinet
called the General People’s Committee
Government leaders: Col. Mu‘ammar Abu
Minyar al-QADHAFI (no official title; runs
country and is treated as chief of state);
Miftah al-Ista ‘UMAR, Secretary of the
General People’s Congress (chief of state in
theory but not treated as such)
Suffrage: mandatory universal adult
Elections: representatives to the General
People’s Congress are drawn from popu-
larly elected municipal committees
Politica] parties: none
Communists: no organized party, negli-
gible membership
Libya (continued)
Other political or pressure groups: vari-
ous Arab nationalist movements and the
Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party
with almost negligible memberships may
be functioning clandestinely, as well as
some Islamic elements
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
W1PO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: roughly $20 billion (1986 est.),
$6,260 per capita; inflation rate 15% (1986)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
gypsum
Agriculture: wheat, barley, olives, dates,
citrus fruits, peanuts; 65% of food is im-
ported
Major industries: petroleum, food process-
ing, textiles, handicrafts
Electric power: 4,110,000 kW capacity;
12,600 million kWh produced, 3,250 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $5.0 billion (f.0.b., 1986); petro-
leum
Imports: $5.0 billion (f.0.b., 1986); manu-
factures, food
Major trade partners: imports—lItaly,
FRG; exports—Italy, FRG, Spain, France,
Japan, UK
Budget: revenues, $10 billion; expendi-
tures, $9.9 billion, including development
expenditure of $5.7 billion (1985 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: .317
dinars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,300 km total; 10,800 km
bituminous and bituminous treated, 8,500
km gravel, crushed stone and earth
Pipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas
1,947 km; refined products 443 km (in-
cludes 256 km liquid petroleum gas)
Ports: 4 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi,
Misratah), 2 secondary, 15 minor, and 6
petroleum terminals
Civil air: 75 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 127 total, 115 usable; 45 with
permanent-surface runways, 8 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 25 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 88 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: 16 AM, 3 FM, 12
TV stations; 175,000 TV sets; 167,000
receiver sets; ] satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces of the Libyan
Arab Jamahariya (including Army, Arab
Air Force, Air Defense Command, Arab
Navy)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 905,000;
532,000 fit for military service; 44,000
reach military age (17) annually; conscrip-
tion now being implemented
144
Liechtenstein
Skm
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 160 km?; land area: 160 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Washington, D.C.
Land boundaries: 76 km total
Climate: continental; cold, cloudy winters
with frequent snow or rain; cool to moder-
ately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Terrain: mostly mountainous (Alps) with
Rhine Valley in western third
Land use: 25% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 38% meadows and pastures; 19%
forest and woodland; 18% other
Environment: variety of microclimatic
variations based on elevation
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 27,074 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.59%
Nationality: noun—Liechtensteiner(s);
adjective—Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions: 95% Alemannic, 5%
Italian and other
Religion: 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1%
Protestant, 10.2% other
Language: German (official), Alemannic
dialect
Infant mortality rate: 6.3/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 65, women 74
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 12,258; 5,078 foreign workers
(mostly from Switzerland and Austria);
54.4% industry, trade, and building; 41.6%
services; 4.0% agriculture, fishing, forestry,
and horticulture; no unemployment
Government
Official name: Principality of Liechten-
stein
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Administrative divisions: 11 communes
Legal system: principality has its own
civil and penal codes; lowest court is
county court (Landgericht) which decides
minor civil cases and summary criminal
offenses; criminal court (Kriminalgericht) is
for major crimes; the court of assizes is for
misdemeanors; Superior Court
(Obergericht) and Supreme Court (Ober-
ster Gerichtshof) are courts of appeal for
civil and criminal cases; an administrative
court of appeal from government actions
and the State Court determine the consti-
tutionality of laws; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: unicameral legislature (Diet)
with 15 deputies elected to four-year
terms, hereditary Prince, independent
judiciary
Government leaders: FRANZ JOSEF II,
Prince (since 1938); Hans BRUNHART,
Head of Government (Prime Minister;
since May 1978); the Prince transferred
most of his executive powers to his son,
Prince HANS ADAM, in August 1984
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every four years; last election
1986
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland
Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler; Progressive
Citizens’ Party (FBP), Dr. Herbert Bat-
liner; Christian Social Party, Fritz Kaiser
Voting strength: (1986) VU 50.2% (8
seats), FBP about 41.9% (7 seats)
Communists: none
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA,
IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
UNCTAD, UNIDO, UNICEF, UPU,
WIPO; considering UN membership; has
consultative status in the EC; under several
post-World War I treaties Switzerland
handles Liechtenstein’s customs and repre-
sents the principality abroad on a diplo-
matic and consular level whenever re-
quested to do so by the Liechtenstein
Government
Economy
Note: Liechtenstein has a prosperous
economy based primarily on small-scale
light industry and some farming; industry
accounts for 54% of total employment,
service sector 42%, and agriculture and
forestry 4%; the sale of postage stamps to
collectors, estimated at $10 million annu-
ally, provides for 10% of state budget;
companies incorporated in Liechtenstein
solely for tax purposes provide an addi-
tiona] 30% of the state budget; low busi-
ness taxes (maximum tax rate is 20%) and
easy incorporation rules have induced
about 25,000 holding or so-called letter
box companies, to establish nominal offices
there; economy is tied closely to that of
Switzerland in a customs union; no na-
tional accounts data are available
GNP: about $15,000 per capita (1984)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power
Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn,
wheat, potatoes, grapes
Major industries: electronics, metal manu-
facturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuti-
cals, food products
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity; 150
million kWh produced, 5,360 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: (1984) $440 million; 39% EC,
82% EFTA (24% Switzerland), 29% other
Budget: revenues, $108 million; expendi-
tures, $86 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.69 Swiss
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
145
Communications
Railroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and
included in statistics of Austrian Federal
Railways
Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27
km byroads
Civil air: no transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving about 21,400 telephones
(77.0 per 100 popl.); no broadcast facilities
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
Branches: Police Department
Luxembourg
Troisvier:
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 2,586 km?; land area: 2,586
km?
Comparative area: smaller than Rhode
Island
Land boundaries: 356 km total
Climate: modified continental with mild
winters, cool summers
Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands
with broad shallow valleys; uplands to
slightly mountainous in north
Land use: 24% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 20% meadows and pastures; 21%
forest and woodland; 34% other
Environment: deforestation
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 366,127 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.03%
Nationality: noun—Luxembourger(s);
adjective—Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French
and German blend; also guest and worker
residents from Portugal, Italy, and Euro-
pean countries
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protes-
tant and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgish, German,
French; many also speak English
Infant mortality rate: 12/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 70, women 76.7
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: (1984) 161,000; one-third of
labor force is foreign, comprising mostly
workers from Portugal, Italy, France,
Belgium, and FRG; 48.9% services, 24.7%
industry, 13.2% government, 8.8% con-
struction, 4.4% agriculture; unemployment
1.5% (1985 average)
Government
Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxem-
bourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Administrative divisions: unitary state,
but for administrative purposes has 3
districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch,
Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted 1868; accepts compul-
sory IC) jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 June
Branches; parliamentary democracy;
seven ministers compose Council of Gov-
ernment headed by President, which
constitutes the executive; it is responsible
to the unicameral legislature (Chamber of
Deputies); the Council of State, appointed
for indefinite term, exercises some powers
of an upper house; judicial power exer-
cised by independent courts; coalition
governments are usual
Government leaders: JEAN, Grand Duke
(since 1964); Jacques SANTER, Prime
Minister (since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: every five years for entire
Chamber of Deputies; latest elections June
1984
Politica] parties and leaders: Christian
Social Party (CSV), Jean Spautz; Socialist
Workers Party (POSL), Ben Fayot; Liberal
(DP), Colette Flesch; Communist (PCL),
René Urbany; Independent Socialists, Jean
Gremling; Green Alternative (GAP), Jean
Huss
Voting strength: (1984) Chamber of Depu-
ties—Christian Social Party, 25; Socialist
Workers Party, 21; Liberals, 14; Commu-
nists, 2; Green Alternative, 2
Communists: 500 party members (1982)
146
Other political or pressure groups: group
of steel industries representing iron and
steel industry, Centrale Paysanne repre-
senting agricultural producers; Christian
and Socialist labor unions; Federation of
Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers
Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of
Europe, EC, EIB, EMS, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $3.2 billion, $9,240 per capita;
57.9% private consumption, 22.2% invest-
ment, 15.7% government consumption,
8.2% stockbuilding, 1.0% net foreign
balance; 2.8% real GDP growth (1984)
Natural resources: iron ore
Agriculture: mixed farming, dairy prod-
ucts, wine
Major industries: banking, iron and steel,
food processing, chemicals, metal products,
engineering, tires
Crude steel: 3.9 million metric tons pro-
duced, 10.6 metric tons per capita; 5.4
metric ton capacity (1985)
Electric power: 1,497,000 kW capacity;
1,010 million kWh produced, 2,740 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports, imports, major trade partners:
Luxeinbourg has a customs union with
Belgium under which foreign trade is
recorded jointly for the two countries;
Luxembourg’s principal exports are iron
and steel products, principal imports are
minerals, metals, foodstuffs, and machin-
ery; most of its foreign trade is with FRG,
Belgium, France, and other EC countries
(for totals, see Belgium)
Budget: revenues, $1.37 billion; expendi-
tures, $1.26 billion; surplus, $0.11 million
(average 1985 exchange rate, LF
59.378=US$1) (1985 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 42.0 Luxem-
bourg francs=US$1 (December 1986);
under the BLEU agreement, the Luxem-
bourg franc is equal in value to the Bel-
gian franc, which circulates freely in
Luxembourg
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Luxembourg National Railways
(CFL) operates 270 km 1.485-meter stan-
dard gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km
electrified
Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km
paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about
80 km limited access divided highway
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
Port: (river) Mertert
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate and
efficient system, mainly buried cables;
210,000 telephones (55 per 100 pop!.); 2
AM, 83 FM, 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 95,000;
80,000 fit for military service; 2,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Macau
2km
Zhujiang
Kou
iha de Coloane
See regional map VIII
Geography
Total area: 20 km?; land area: 20 km?
Comparative area: about one-ninth the
size of Washington, D.C.
Land boundary: 201 meters with China
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm
Territorial sea: 6 nm
Boundary disputes: none; will become a
Special Administrative Region of China in
1999
Climate: tropical; marine with cool win-
ters, warm summers
Terrain: generally flat
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: essentially urban; one
causeway and one bridge connect the two
islands to the peninsula on mainland
Special notes: none
People
Population: 437,822 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 5.53%
Nationality: noun—Macanese (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Macau
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% Portu-
guese
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catho-
lics, of whom about half are Chinese
147
Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese
Infant mortality: 12/1,000 (1985)
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese
and Macanese; no data on Chinese popula-
tion
Government
Official name: Macau
Type: Chinese territory under Portuguese
administration
Capital; Macau
Administrative divisions: municipality of
Macau and two islands— Ilha da Taipa
and Ilha da Coloane
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: Governor assisted by five
Secretaries-Adjunct (all appointed by
President of Portugal), 17-member Legisla-
tive Assembly (five appointed by Gover-
nor, six elected by universal suffrage, six
elected by various groups and associations)
Government leader: Dr. Joaquim Pinto
MACHADO, Governor (since May 1986)
Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese, and foreign
residents over 18
Elections: conducted every four years
Political parties and leaders: Association
to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau
Democratic Center; Group to Study the
Development of Macau; Macau Indepen-
dent Group
Other political or pressure groups:
wealthy Macanese and Chinese represent-
ing local interests, wealthy pro-Communist
merchants representing China's interests;
in January 1967 Macau Government
acceded to Chinese demands that gave
China veto power over administration
Member of: Multifiber Agreement
Economy
GNP: $1.08 billion (1985)
Agriculture: rice, vegetables; food short-
ages—rice, vegetables, meat; depends
mostly on imports for food requirements
Major industries: textiles, toys, plastic
products, furniture
Electric power: 123,000 kW capacity; 335
million kWh produced, 840 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $90] million (f.0.b., 1985); textiles
and clothing
Macau (continued)
Imports: $772 million (c.i.f., 1985); food-
stuffs
Major trade partners: exports—32% US,
18% Hong Kong, 10% FRG, 10% France;
imports—43% Hong Kong, 21% China
(1985)
Budget: expenditures, $300 million (1985)
Monetary conversion rate:
8 patacas=US$1 (June 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 42 km paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: fairly modern
communication facilities maintained for
domestic and international services; 13,000
telephones; 4 AM and 8 FM radio broad-
cast transmitters; est. 75,000 radio receiv-
ers; international high frequency radio
communication facility; access to interna-
tional communications carriers provided
via Hong Kong and China
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Military manpower: males 15-49, 109,000,
63,000 fit for military service (1986 est.)
Madagascar
k
3 a Antairanana
Mozembique
Channel
Indian
ANTANANARIVO, Ocean
Morondav:
Faradofay
See cegional map VIl
Geography
Total area: 587,040 km?; land area:
581,540 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Coastline: 4,828 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 150 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 150 nm
Extended economic zone: 150 nm
Territorial sea: 50 nm
Boundary disputes: none; claims French-
administered Bassas da India, Europa
island, Juan de Nova Island, Glorioso
Islands, Tromelin Island
Climate: tropical along coast, temperate
inland, arid in south
Terrain: narrow coastal plain, high plateau
and mountains in center
Land use: 4% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 58% meadows and pastures; 26%
forest and woodland; 11% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: subject to periodic cyclones;
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification
Special notes: world’s fourth largest
island; important location along Mozam-
bique Channel
People
Population: 10,730,754 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.11%
148
Nationality: noun—Malagasy (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Malagasy
Ethnic divisions: basic split between
highlanders of predominantly Malayo-
Indonesian origin (Merina 1,643,000 and
related Betsileo 760,000) on the one hand
and coastal tribes—collectively termed the
Cétiers, with mixed black,
Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry
(Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000,
Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000) on
the other; there are also 11,000 European
French, 5,000 Indians of French national-
ity, and 5,000 Creoles
Religion: 52% indigenous beliefs; about
41% Christian, 7% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy (official)
Infant mortality rate: 177/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 46
Literacy: 58%
Labor force: about 4.9 million (1985), of
which 90% are nonsalaried family workers
engaged in subsistence agriculture; of
175,000 wage and salary earners, 26%
agriculture, 17% domestic service, 15%
industry, 14% commerce, 11% construc-
tion, 9% services, 6% transportation, 2%
miscellaneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of
Madagascar
Type: real authority in hands of the Presi-
dent, although Supreme Revolutionary
Council is theoretically ultimate executive
authority
Capital; Antananarivo
Administrative divisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and traditional Malagasy law;
constitution of 1959 modified in October
1972 by law establishing provisional gov-
ernment institutions; new constitution
accepted by referendum in December
1975; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 26
June
Branches: executive—a ]9-member Su-
preme Revolutionary Council (made up of
military and political leaders); assisted by
cabinet called Council of Ministers; uni-
cameral legislative—Popular National
Assembly; Military Committee for Devel-
opment; regular courts are patterned after
French system, and a High Council of
Institutions reviews all legislation to deter-
mine its constitutional validity
Government leaders: Adm. Didier
RATSIRAKA, President (since June 1975);
Lt. Col. Desire RAKOTOARIJAONA,
Prime Minister (since 1977)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: referendum held in December
1975 gave overwhelming approval to
government and new constitution; elections
for Popular National Assembly held in
June 1977 and in August 1983; only one
political group allowed to take part in the
election, The National Front for the De-
fense of the Revolution, which presented a
single list of candidates; a presidential
election in November 1982 returned
President Ratsiraka with an 80% majority;
the challenger, Monja Jaona, received 20%
and was later arrested after leading dem-
onstrations to protest election fraud
Political parties and leaders: seven par-
ties are now allowed limited political
activity under the national] front and are
represented on the Supreme Revolutionary
Council: Advance Guard of the Malagasy
Revolution (AREMA), Didier Ratsiraka;
Congress Party for Malagasy Independence
(AKFM), Pastor Richard Andriamanijato;
Movement for Nationa] Unity (VONJY),
Dr. Marojama Razanabahiny; Malagasy
Christian Demcratic Union (UDECMA),
Norbert Andriamorasata; Militants for the
Establishment of a Proletarian Regime
(MFM), Manandafy Rakotonirina; National
Movement for the Independence of
Madagascar (MONIMA), Monija Jaona;
Socialist Organization MONIMA (VS
MONIMA), Remanindry Jaona
Voting strength: 4.8 million registered
voters (1982); in 1977 local elections,
President Ratsiraka’s AREMA captured
about 89.5% of the 73,000 available posi-
tions on 11,400 local executive committees;
AKFM won about 7.3% of the seats,
MONIMA 1.7%, and VONJY 1.4%;
UDECMA won only about 45 seats; in the
1988 legislative election AREMA won 117
out of the 187 seats in the Popular Na-
tional Assembly
Communists: Communist party of virtu-
ally no importance; small and vocal group
of Communists has gained strong position
in leadership of AKFM, the rank and file
of which is non-Communist
Member of: AfDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, 1LO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.4 billion, about $250 per capita;
real growth rate 2.1% (1984)
Natural resources: graphite, chrome, coal,
bauxite, ilmenite, tar sands, semiprecious
stones
Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, vanilla,
cloves, sugar, tobacco, sisal, raffia, pepper,
cocoa; food crops—rice, cassava, cereals,
potatoes, corn, beans, bananas, coconuts,
and peanuts; animal husbandry wide-
spread; imports some rice, milk, and cereal
Fishing: catch 54,500 (1983); marketed
output—22,150 metric tons fish; 6,695
metric tons shellfish (1984 est.)
Major industries: agricultural processing
(meat canneries, soap factories, brewery,
tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer
goods industries (textiles, glassware), ce-
ment plant, auto assembly plant, paper
mill, oil refinery
Electric power: 114,000 kW capacity; 479
million kWh produced, 46 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $350 million (f.0.b., 1985 est.);
coffee, vanilla, sugar, cloves; agricultural
and livestock products account for about
85% of export earnings
Imports: $353 million (f.0.b., 1985 est.);
27.5% raw materials, 25.3% equipment,
23.1% energy, 12.6% food, 11.5% con-
sumer goods
Major trade partners: exports—34%
France, 13.1% US, 10.4% Japan, 7.6%
Indonesia, 5.5% Italy; imports—32.5%
France, 8.6% USSR, 6.1% FRG, 5.7%
Qatar, 5.6% US (1985)
149
Budget: overall government operations—
total revenues, $420 million; current ex-
penditures, $300 million; capital expendi-
tures, $150 million; other expenditures,
$90 million (1984)
External debt: $2.2 billion disbursed; debt
service payment 33% of exports after
rescheduling (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 747 Malagasy
francs=US$1 (September 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,020 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 40,000 km total; 4,694 km
paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or
stabilized soil; remainder improved and
unimproved earth (est.)
Inland waterways: of local importance
only; isolated streams and small portions of
Canal des Pangalanes
Ports: 4 major (Toamasina, Antsiranana,
Mahajanga, Toliara)
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 157 total, 128 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-8,659 m, 42 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: fair system includes
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, and radio-
relay links; submarine cable to Bahrain; 1
Indian Ocean INTELSAT station; 96,000
telephones (0.9 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, no
FM, 24 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Popular Army, Aeronaval
Forces (includes Navy and Air Force),
paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,314,000; 1,380,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 98,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $58.9 million; about 9%
of central government budget
Malawi
Chisamula Island
Likoma Island
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 118,480 km?; land area: 94,080
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Pennsylvania
Land boundaries: 2,881 km total
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Tanzania
Climate: tropical; rainy season (November
to May); dry season (May to November)
Terrain: narrow elongated plateau with
rolling plains, rounded hills, some moun-
tains
Land use: 25% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 20% meadows and
pastures; 50% forest and woodland; 5%
other; includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: deforestation
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 7,437,911 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.15%
Nationality: noun—Malawian(s); adjec-
tive—Malawian
Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tum-
buko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni,
Asian, European
Religion: 55% Protestant, 20% Roman
Catholic, 20% Muslim; traditional indige-
nous beliefs are also practiced by some
members of these groups
Language: English and Chichewa (official);
Tombuka is second African language
Infant mortality rate: 14/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: 344,052 wage earners em-
ployed in Malawi (1982); 52% agriculture,
16% personal services, 9% manufacturing,
7% construction, 6% commerce, 4% miscel-
laneous services, 6% other permanently
employed
Organized labor: small minority of wage
earners are unionized
Government
Official name: Republic of Malawi
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lilongwe
Administrative divisions: 3 administrative
regions and 24 districts
Legal system: based on English common
law and customary law; constitution
adopted 1964; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court of Appeals; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July
Branches: strong presidential system with
Cabinet appointed by President; unicam-
eral National Assembly of 87 elected and
up to 15 nominated members; High Court
with Chief Justice and at least two justices
Government leader: Dr. Hastings Kamuzu
BANDA, President (since 1966)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: President Banda designated
President for Life in 1970; parliamentary
elections last held June 1983, next sched-
uled for 1988
Political parties and leaders: Malawi
Congress Party (MCP), Robson Chirwa,
administrative secretary
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, EC
(associated member), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, 1SO, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
150
Economy
GDP: $1.11 billion, $160 per capita (1985);
real growth rate 3.0% (1982)
Natural resources: limestone, uranium
potential
Agriculture: cash crops—tobacco, tea,
sugar, peanuts, cotton, tung oil, maize;
subsistence crops—corn, sorghum, millet,
pulses, root crops, fruit, vegetables, rice;
self-sufficient in food production
Electric power: 152,000 kW capacity; 466
million kWh produced, 63 kWh per capita
(1986)
Major industries: agricultural processing
(tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement,
consumer goods
Exports: $271.8 million (c.i.f., 1985);
tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, corn
Imports: $291.3 billion (c.i-f., 1985); manu-
factured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, building and construction
materials, fuel, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—UK, FRG,
US, Netherlands, South Africa; imports—
South Africa, UK, Japan, US, FRG
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $1.3 billion; US autho-
rized (FY70-85), $82 million
Budget: revenues, $211.9 million; expendi-
tures, $231.9 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.00 Malawi
kwacha=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 789 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 13,135 km total; 2,364 km
paved; 251 km crushed stone, gravel, or
stabilized soil; 10,520 km earth and im-
proved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Nyasa, 23,300
km?; Shire River, 144 km, 4 lake ports
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 50 total, 49 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
radio communication stations; 36,800
telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 2
FM, and 15 repeaters; no TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean and | Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Army
Naval Detachment, paramilitary Police
Mobile Unit
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,511,000; 767,000 fit for military service
Malaysia
x x Sarawak
ucking
Malacca ne
See regional map 1X
Geography
Total area: 329,750 km?; land area:
328,550 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
New Mexico
Land boundaries: 2,295 km total
Coastline: 4,675 km total (2,068 km Pen-
insular Malaysia, 2,607 km East Malaysia)
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; involved in
complex dispute over Spratly Islands with
China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and
possibly Brunei
Climate: tropical; annual southwest (April
to October) and northest (October to
February) monsoons
Terrain: coastal plains rising to hills and
mountains
Land use: 3% arable land; 10% permanent
crops; NEGL% meadows and pastures;
63% forest and woodland; 24% other;
includes 1% irrigated
Environment: subject to flooding; air and
water pollution
Special notes: strategic location along
Strait of Malacca; occupies southern half
of Malay Peninsula and northern quarter
of island of Borneo
151
People
Population: 16,068,516 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.08%, includes
Peninsular Malaysia—138,280,754, average
annual growth rate 1.98%; Sabah—
1,281,994, average annual growth rate
8.28%; and Sarawak—1,505,768, average
annual growth rate 1.88%
Nationality: noun—Malaysian(s); adjec-
tive—Malaysian
Ethnic divisions: 59% Malay and other
indigenous, 32% Chinese, 9% Indian
Religion: Peninsular Malaysia—Malays
nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly
Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu;
Sabah—38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45%
other; Sarawak—85% tribal religion, 24%
Buddhist and Confucianist, 20% Muslim,
16% Christian, 5% other
Language: Peninsular Malaysia—Malay
(official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil;
Sabah—English, Malay, numerous tribal
dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects
predominate among Chinese; Sarawak—
English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal
languages
Infant mortality rate: 25/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 67.7 male, 72.7 female
Literacy: 65.0% overall, age 20 and up;
Peninsular Malaysia—80%; Sabah—60%;
Sarawak—60%
Labor force: 5.95 million (1985); 34.5%
agriculture; trade, hotels, and restaurants;
15.6% manufacturing, 14.9% government;
6.6% construction, 5% finance; 4.9% trans-
port and communications; 1.6% mining;
1.2% utilities
Organized labor: 620,000, about 10% of
total labor force; unemployment about
7.6% of total labor force, but higher in
urban areas (1985)
Government
Official name: Malaysia
Type: Federation of Malaysia formed 9
July 1963, constitutional monarchy nomi-
nally headed by Paramount Ruler (King), a
bicameral Parliament consisting of a
58-member Senate and a 154-member
House of Representatives; Peninsular
Malaysian states—hereditary rulers in all
Malaysia (continued)
but Penang and Melaka where Governors
appointed by Malaysian Government,
powers of state governments limited by
federal constitution; Sabah—self-governing
state, holds 16 seats in House of Represen-
tatives with foreign affairs, defense, inter-
nal security, and other powers delegated to
federal government; Sarawak—self-
governing state within Malaysia in which
it holds 24 seats in House of Representa-
tives with foreign affairs, defense, and
interna] security, and other powers dele-
gated to federal] government
Capital; Kuala Lumpur
Administrative divisions: 14 states (in-
cluding Sabah and Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution came into force 1963;
judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court at request of Supreme
Head of the Federation; has not accepted
compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 31 August, Indepen-
dence Day
Branches: nine state rulers alternate as
Paramount Ruler for five-year terms; locus
of executive power vested in Prime Minis-
ter and Cabinet, who are responsible to
bicameral] Parliament (Senate, House of
Representatives); Peninsular Malaysia—
executive branches of 1] states vary in
detail but are similar in design with a
Chief Minister, appointed by hereditary
ruler or Governor, heads an executive
council (cabinet), which is responsible to
an elected, unicameral legislature; Sarawak
and Sabah—executive branch headed by
Governor appointed by central govern-
ment, largely ceremonial role; executive
power exercised by Chief Minister who
heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to
unicameral legislature; judiciary part of
Malaysian judicial system
Government leader: Dr. MAHATHIR bin
Mohamad, Prime Minister (since July
1981)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: minimum of every five years;
last elections August 1986
Political parties and leaders: Peninsular
Malaysia—National Front, a confederation
of 1] political parties dominated by
United Malays National Organization
(UMNO), Mahathir bin Mohamad; major
opposition party is Democratic Action
Party (DAP), Lim Kit Siang; Sabah—
Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohamad Noor
Haji Mansodr; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph
Pairin Kitingan; United Sabah National
Organization (USNO), Tun Datuk Mus-
tapha; Sarawak—coalition Sarawak Na-
tional Front composed of the Party Pesaka
Bumipatra Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Abdul
Taib; the United People’s Party (SUPP),
Wong Soon Kai; and the Sarawak National
Party (SNAP), Datuk James Wong; opposi-
tion is Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS),
Leo Moggie
Voting strength: Peninsular Malaysia—
(1986 parliamentary election, lower house
of parliament) National Front, 148 seats;
DAP, 24 seats; PAS, ] seat; independents,
4 seats; Sabah—{April 1985 state election,
State Assembly) Berjaya Party, 6 seats;
USNO, 16 seats; PBS, 26 seats; Sarawak—
(December 1983 state election) State As-
sembly National Front controlled nearly
two-thirds of 46 seats
Communists: Peninsular Malaysia—about
2,000 armed insurgents on Thailand side
of international boundary; about 200
full-time inside Malaysia; Sarawak—less
than 100, North Kalimantan Communist
Party; Sabah—insignificant
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN,
Association of Tin Producing Countries,
Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDB—Islamic Development Bank,
1FC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, NAM,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP; $29.0 billion, $1,870 per capita;
annual growth -8.2% (1985); converted at
August 1986 exchange rate 2.6] Malaysian
ringgit (M$)=US$1, inflation rate less than
1% (1985)
Natural resources: tin, petroleum, timber,
copper, iron, liquefied natural gas
Agriculture: Peninsular Malaysia—natural
rubber, palm oil, rice; 10-15% of rice
requirements imported; Sabah—mainly
152
subsistence, main crops are rubber, timber,
coconut, rice (rice is also a food deficit),
Sarawak—main crops are rubber, timber,
pepper with rice a food deficit
Fishing: catch 741,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: Peninsular Malaysia—
rubber and oi] palm processing and manu-
facturing, light manufacturing industry,
electronics, tin mining and smelting,
logging and processing timber; Sabah—
logging, petroleum production; Sarawak—
agriculture processing, petroleum produc-
tion and refining, logging
Electric power: Peninsular Malaysia—
2,821,000 kW capacity, 10,700 million
kWh produced, 820 kWh per capita;
Sabah—430,000 kW capacity, 1,250 mil-
lion kWh produced, 970 kWh per capita;
Sarawak—350,000 kW capacity, 1,020
million kWh produced, 670 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $15.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); natural
rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum,
light manufactures
Imports: $12.8 billion (c.i-f., 1985)
Major trade partners: exports—25%
Japan, 20% Singapore, 14% EC, 18% US;
imports—23% Japan, 16% Singapore, 15%
US, 14% EC (1985)
Budget: operating expenditures, $7.4
billion; development expenditures, $2.9
billion; deficit, $3.5 billion (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.6] Malaysian
ringgits (M$)=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Peninsular Malaysia—1,665 km
1.04-meter gange; 13 km double track,
government owned; Sabah—136 km 1.000-
meter gauge
Highways: Peninsular Malaysia—23,600
km (19,852 km hard surfaced, mostly
bituminous surface treatment and 4,248
km unpaved); Sabah—3,782 km;
Sarawak—1,644 km
Inland waterways: Peninsular Malaysia—
3,209 km; Sabah—1,569 km; Sarawak—
2.518 km
Ports: Peninsular Malaysia—3 major, 14
minor; Sabah—2 major, 3 minor; Sar-
awak—1 major, 9 minor
Civil air: about 28 major transport aircraft
Pipelines: crude oil, 707 km; natural gas,
879 km
Airfields: 126 total, 123 usable; 31 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: Peninsular Malay-
sia—good intercity service provided
mainly by microwave relay; international
service good; good coverage by radio and
television broadcasts; 849,129 telephones
nationwide in 1984 (5.3 per 100 popl.); 17
AM, 2 FM, 20 TV stations; submarine
cables extend to India and Sarawak; con-
nected to SEACOM submarine cable
terminal at Singapore by microwave relay;
2 international satellite ground stations; 1
domestic satellite ground station; Sabah—
adequate intercity radio-relay network
extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 6 AM, 1
FM, 7 TV stations; SEACOM submarine
cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1
satellite ground station; Sarawak—ade-
quate intercity radio-relay network ex-
tends to Sabah via Brunei; submarine cable
to Peninsular Malaysia; 5 AM, no FM, 6
TV stations; ] satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Malaysian Army, Royal
Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air
Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,180,000; 2,552,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 172,000 reach military age (21)
annually
External defense dependent on loose Five
Power Defense Agreement (FPDA), which
replaced Anglo-Malayan Defense Agree-
ment of 1957 as amended in 1963
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1987, $937 million; about 9.9%
of central government budget
Maldives
as
+ | Male Atoll
Arabian
Sea
Laccadive
Sea
io
See regional map VIII Gan
Geography
Total area: 300 km?; land area: 300 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Washington D.C.
Coastline: 644 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: about 100 nm
(defined by geographic coordinates)
Extended economic zone: irregular
polygon varying in breadth from about
85 nm to more than 300 nm
Territorial sea: irregular polygon vary-
ing in breadth from less than 3 nm to
about 55 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; dry, north-
west monsoon (November to March); rainy,
southwest monsoon (June to August)
Terrain: flat with elevations only as high
as 2.5 meters
Land use: 10% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 8% meadows and pastures; 3% forest
and woodland; 84% other
Environment: 1,200 coral islands grouped
into 19 atolls
Special notes: strategic location astride
and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean
People
Population: 195,837 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.65%
Nationality: noun—Maldivian(s); adijec-
tive—Maldivian
153
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese,
Dravidian, Arab, and black
Religion: Sunni Muslim
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala;
script derived from Arabic); English spo-
ken by most government officials
Infant mortality rate: 88/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 46.5
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: about 66,000; fishing industry
employs 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male
Administrative divisions: 19 administra-
tive districts corresponding to 19 atolls,
plus capital city
Legal system: based on Islamic law with
admixtures of English common law prima-
rily in commercial] matters; has not ac-
cepted compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 26
July; Republic Day, 11 November
Branches: popularly elected unicameral
national legislature, People’s Council
(members elected for five-year terms);
elected President, chief executive; ap-
pointed Chief Justice responsible for
administration of Islamic law
Government leader: Maumoon Abdul
GAYOOM, President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 2]
Political parties and leaders: no orga-
nized political parties; country governed
by the Didi clan for the past eight
centuries
Communists: negligible
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Com-
monwealth (special member), ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM,
OIC, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Maldives (continued)
Economy
GDP: $76.7 million, $440 per capita
(1984); 10% real growth rate (1983 est.)
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: crops—coconut, limited
production of millet, corn, pumpkins,
sweet potatoes; shortages—rice, sugar, flour
Fishing: catch 179,000 metric tons (1985)
Major industries: fishing, tourism, some
coconut processing, garment industry,
woven mats, shipping, coir (rope)
Electric power: 4,690 kW capacity; 9
million kWh produced, 50 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $22.8 million (1985)
Imports: $52.0 million (1985)
Major trade partners: Japan, Sri Lanka,
Thailand
Budget: revenues, $25.0 million; expendi-
tures, $43.00 million (at average 1985
official rate of 7.09 rufiyas=US$1) (1985
est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.24 Maldivian
rufiyas=US§1, official rate; 7.0 Maldivian
rufiyas=US$1, market rate (November
1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: Male has 9.6 km of coral
highways within the city
Ports: 2 minor (Male, Gan)
Civil air; 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: minimal domestic
and international facilities; 1,064 tele-
phones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 1 TV, 1 FM, 2
AM stations; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
station
Defense Forces
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 3]
December 1984, about $1.8 million
Mali
-Koves
See regional map VIL
Geography
Total area: 1,240,000 km?; land area:
1,220,000 km?
Comparative area: larger than California
and Texas combined
Land boundaries: 7,459 km total
Climate: subtropical to arid; hot and dry
February to June; rainy, humid, and mild
June to November; cool and dry Novem-
ber to February
Terrain: mostly flat to rolling northern
plains covered by sand; savanna in south,
rugged hills in northeast
Land use: 2% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 25% meadows and pastures;
7% forest and woodland; 66% other; in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: hot, dust-laden harmattan
haze common during dry seasons; deserti-
fication; recent droughts affecting marginal
agriculture
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 8,422,810 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.80%
Nationality: noun—Malian(s); adjective—
Malian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Mande (Bambara,
Malinke, Sarakole), 17% Peul, 12% Voltaic,
6% Songhai, 5% Tuareg and Moor
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous
beliefs, 1% Christian
154
Language: French (official); Bambara
spoken by about 80% of the population
Infant mortality rate: 180/1,000
Life expectancy: 42
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 3.1 million (1981); 80%
agriculture, 19% services, 1% industry and
commerce
Organized labor: National Union of
Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella
organization over 13 national unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; single-party constitutional
government
Capital: Bamako
Administrative divisions: 7 regions, capi-
tal district
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1974, came into full effect in
1979; judicial review of legislative acts in
Constitutional Section of Court of State;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
September
Branches: until 1979 executive authority
exercised by Military Committee of Na-
tional Liberation (MCNL) composed of 11
army officers; now Cabinet composed of
civilians and army officers; unicameral
legislature (National Council); judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Moussa
TRAORE, President (led Mali as President
of MCNL during 1968-79; President since
1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Union of Malian People (UDPM) is the
sole political party; under civilian leader-
ship
Elections: constitutional elections took
place June 1979
Communists: a few Communists and some
sympathizers (no legal Communist party)
Member of: AfDB, APC, CEAO, ECA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU,
Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU,
OIC, OMVS (Organization for the Devel-
opment of the Senegal River Valley), UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.1 billion, $150 per capita (1983);
4.4% annual real growth rate (1982)
Natural resources: gold, phosphates,
kaolin, salt, limestone; bauxite, iron ore,
manganese, lithium, and uranium deposits
are known or suspected but not exploited
Agriculture: millet, sorghum, rice, corn,
peanuts; cash crops—peanuts, cotton,
livestock
Fishing: catch 33,000 tons (1983 est.)
Major industries: small local consumer
goods and processing
Electric power: 92,000 kW capacity; 161
million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $174.5 million (f.0.b., 1985);
livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, skins
Imports: $294.6 million (f.o.b., 1985);
textiles, vehicles, petroleum products,
machinery, sugar, cereals
Major trade partners: mostly frane zone
and Western Europe; also with USSR,
China
Budget: revenues, $154 million; expendi-
tures and net lending, $169 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 331.24 Com-
munauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 642 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: about 15,700 km total; 1,670
km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and
improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 38 total, 30 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: domestic system
poor and provides only minimal service;
radio-relay, wire, and radio communica-
tions stations in use; expansion of radio-
relay in progress; 9,500 telephones (0.1 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV stations; 1
Atlantic and 1 Indian Ocean satellite
ground stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force; paramilitary,
Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,416,000; 798,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $26.7 million; about
21.9% of central government budget
155
Malta
——— km
Mediterranean
ap ‘emmune Sea
Mediterranean
Sea
” Filla
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 320 km?; land area: 320 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 140 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 25 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: Mediterranean with mild, rainy
winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain: mostly low, rocky, flat to dis-
sected plains; many coastal cliffs
Land use: 38% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 59% other; includes 3%
irrigated
Environment: numerous bays provide
good harbors
Special notes: strategic location in central
Mediterranean, 93 km south of Sicily, 290
km north of Libya
People
Population: 361,704 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.66%
Nationality: noun—Maltese (sing. and pl.);
adjective—Maltese
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicil-
ian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, English
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Malta (continued)
Language: Maltese and English (official)
Infant mortality rate: 11.2/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 83%
Labor force: 121,686 (1984); 30% services
(except government), 24% manufacturing,
21% government (except job corps), 8%
construction, 5% utilities and drydocks, 4%
agriculture; 8.7% registered unemployed
(August 1986)
Organized labor: about 40% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Malta
Type: parliamentary democracy, indepen-
dent republic within the Commonwealth
since December 1974
Capital: Valletta
Administrative divisions: 2 main popu-
lated islands, Malta and Gozo, divided into
18 electoral districts (divisions)
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution adopted 1961, came into
force 1964; has accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive, consisting of Prime
Minister and Cabinet; unicameral legisla-
ture (65-member House of Representa-
tives); independent judiciary
National holiday: Freedom Day, 31
March
Government leaders: Agatha BARBARA,
President (since February 1982); Karmenu
MIFSUD BONNICI, Prime Minister (since
December 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registra-
tion required
Elections: at the discretion of the Prime
Minister, but must be held before the
expiration of a five-year electoral mandate;
last election December 198)
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist
Party, Edward Fenech Adami; Malta
Labor Party, Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici
Voting strength: (1981 election) House of
Representatives—Labor, 84 seats (49% of
the vote); Nationalist, 31 seats (51% of the
vote)
Communists: less than 100 (est.)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of
Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU,
IWC—International Wheat Council,
NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.4 billion, $3,920 per capita;
68.9% private consumption, 27.4% gross
investment; 17.4% government consump-
tion, —15.2% net foreign sector; change in
stocks 1.0%; 3.1% real GDP growth (1985)
Natural resources: limestone, salt
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient;
main products—potatoes, cauliflower,
grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut
flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs;
generally adequate supplies of vegetables,
poultry, milk, and pork products; seasonal
or periodic shortages in grain, animal
fodder, fruits, other basic foodstuffs
Major industries: tourism, ship repair
yard, clothing, building industry, food
manufacturing, textiles
Shortages: most consumer and industrial
needs (fuels and raw materials) must be
imported
Electric power: 217,000 kW capacity; 835
million kWh produced, 2,360 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $399.8 million (f.0.b., 1985);
clothing, textiles, ships, printed matter
Imports: $756.7 million (c.i-f., 1985)
Major trade partners: 74% EC (24% Italy,
22% FRG, 17% UK); 6% US
Budget: revenues, $475 million; expendi-
tures, $486 million (1984 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.62 Maltese
lira=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 1,291 km total; 1,179 km
paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or
gravel, 35 km improved and unimproved
earth
Ports: 2 major (Valletta, Marsaxlokk is
under development), 1 secondary, 1 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
156
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable with
permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern automatic
system centered in Valletta; 125,000 tele-
phones (84.6 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 4 FM,
2 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Police, Task
Force, Paramilitary Dejima Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 98,000;
79,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $12.2 million; about 2.5%
of central government budget
Man, Isle of
i10km
Irish Sea
lrish Sea
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 588 km?; land area: 588 km?
Comparative area: about three times the
size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 113 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: cool summers and mild winters;
humid; overcast about half the time
Terrain: coastal plains in north and south
connected by valley bisecting hilly interior
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% perma-
nent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other;
extensive arable land and forests
Environment: strong westerly winds
prevail
Special notes: located in Irish Sea equidis-
tant from England, Scotland, and Ireland
People
Population: 64,934 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.01%
Nationality: noun—Manxman, adjective—
Manx
Ethnic divisions: native Manx of Norse-
Celtic descent; British
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic,
Methodist, Baptist, Presbyterian, Society of
Friends
Language: English, Manx Gaelic
Literacy: compulsory education between
ages of 5 and 15
Labor force: 25,864; manufacturing 3,467,
construction 2,921, transport and commu-
nications 2,300, retail 2,687, professional
and scientific services 3,737 (1981); unem-
ployment 8% (1984)
Organized labor: 22 labor unions pat-
terned along British lines
Government
Official name: Isle of Man
Type: self-governing British dependent
territory
Capital: Douglas
Administrative divisions: 6 sheadings and
7 constituencies
Legal system: English law and local
statute
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen,
16 June
Branches: the Tynwald (parliament)
consists of the Lieutenant Governor, ap-
pointed by and representative of the
Crown; the Legislative Council (upper
house), which includes members indirectly
elected by the House of Keys and certain
ex officio members; and the elected 24-
member House of Keys (lower house); an
Executive Council carries out administra-
tive actions; the Crown has ultimate re-
sponsibility for the island’s government
Government leaders: Maj. Gen. Laurence
NEW, Lieutenant Governor (since 1985)
who is appointed by the Lord of Mann,
Queen Elizabeth 11, Head of State; J. C.
NIVISON, President of the Legislative
Council (since 1985)
Suffrage: universal at age 21
Elections: every five years
Political parties and leaders: there is no
party system and members sit as indepen-
dents; affiliations—Manx Labor Party,
Alan Clague, chairman; Manx Nationa]
Party, Audrey Ainsworth, chairman; Mec
Vannin (Sons of Man), Lewis Crellin,
chairman
Communists: probably none
157
Economy
GNP: 195 million pounds (1983/4); finan-
cial services 21%, manufacturing 13.7%,
tourism 10.8%, construction 10.4% (1984)
Natural resources: lead, iron
Agriculture: cereals and vegetables; cattle,
sheep, pigs, poultry
Fishing: 8,300 metric tons with a value of
170,934 pounds sterling (1983)
Major industries: an important offshore
financial center; financial services, light
manufacturing, tourism
Electric power: 61,000 kW capacity; 185
million kWh produced, 2,850 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: tweeds, herring, processed shell-
fish meat
Imports: timber, fertilizers, fish
Major trade partners: UK
Budget: revenues, 108,214 million pounds;
expenditures, 94,949 million pounds
(FY84/85 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: .70 Isle of Man
pound=.70 pound sterling)=US$1 (Novem-
ber 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 36 km electric track, 24 km
steam track
Highways: 640 km motorable roads
Ports: 3 (Douglas, Ramsey, Peel)
Airfields: 2 total; 1 usable with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: radio station; 24,435
telephones
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Martinique
—1Okm
Caribbean
Sea
Caribbaan
Sea
Le Vauclin
See regional map Ill
Geography
Total area: 1,100 km?; land area: 1,060
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Rhode Island
Coastline: 290 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade
winds; rainy season (June to October)
Terrain; mountainous with indented
coastline
Land use: 10% arable land; 8% permanent
crops; 30% meadows and pastures; 26%
forest and woodland; 26% other; includes
5% irrigated
Environment: subject to hurricanes,
flooding, and volcanic activity that results
in an average of one major natural disaster
every five years
Special notes: northernmost of Windward
Islands
People
Population: 344,922 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.84%
Nationality: noun—Martiniquais (sing. and
-pl.); adjective—Martiniquais
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and
African-Caucasian-Indian mixture, 5%
Caucasian, less than 5% East Indian,
Lebanese, Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu
and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Infant mortality rate: 12.6/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 100,000; 31.7% service indus-
try, 29.4% construction and public works,
13.1% agriculture, 7.3% industry, 2.2%
fisheries, 16.3% other; 14% unemployed
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
Government
Official name: Department of Martinique
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by three deputies in
the French National Assembly and two
senators in the Senate
Capital: Fort-de-France
Administrative divisions: 3 arrondisse-
ments; 34 communes, each with a locally
elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is a court of appeal based in Martin-
ique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe,
French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive—Prefect appointed
by Paris; legislative—popularly elected
council of 36 members and a Regional
Council, including all members of the
local general council and the locally
elected deputies and senators to the
French parliament; judicial—under juris-
diction of French judicial system
Government leader: Edward LACROIX,
Commissioner (since 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council election nor-
mally held every five years; last General
Council election took place in June 1981;
regional assembly elections held February
1983
Political parties and leaders: Rally for
the Republic (RPR), Emile Maurice; Pro-
gressive Party of Martinique (PPM), Aimé
Césaire; Communist Party of Martinique
158
(PCM), Armand Nicolas; Command Party
of Martinique (PCM), Léon-Laurent
Valére
Voting strength: RPR, | seat in French
National Assembly; UDF, 1 seat; Socialist
Party, I seat
Communists: 1,000 estimated
Other political or pressure groups: Prole-
tarian Action Group (GAP); Alhed Marie-
Jeanne Socialist Revolution Group (GRS),
Martinique Independence Movement
(MIM), Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance
(ARC), Central Union for Martinique
Workers (CSTM), Mare Pulvar; Frantz
Fanon Circle; League of Workers and
Peasants
Member of: WFTU
Economy
GDP; $1.3 billion, $4,036 per capita (1981)
Natural resources: scenery, cultivable land
Agriculture: bananas, pineapples, vegeta-
bles, flowers, sugarcane for rum
Major industries: construction, rum,
cement, oil refining, light industry, tourism
Electric power: 108,000 kW capacity; 330
million kWh produced, 1,010 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $115 million (1983); refined
petroleum products, bananas, rum, pine-
apples
Imports: $744 million (1983); petroleum
products, foodstuffs, construction materials,
vehicles, clothing and other consumer
goods
Major trade partners: exports—56%
France (1978); imports—62% France, 28%
EC and franc zone, 4.5% US, 5.5% other
(1977)
Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF commit-
ments (1970-81) from Western (non-US)
countries, $3.1 billion
Budget: expenditures, $215 million (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.62 French
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km
paved, 380 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Fort-de-France), 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
are adequate; 68,900 telephones (21.5 per
100 popl.); interisland radio-relay links to
Guadeloupe, Dominica, and St. Lucia; 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas; 1 AM, 7
FM, 10 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 92,000
Mauritania
North
Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map VI1
Geography
Total area: 1,080,700 km?; land area:
1,030,400 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
California and Texas combined
Land boundaries: 5,118 km total
Coastline: 754 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 70 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Western Sahara
question with Morocco
Climate: desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Terrain: mostly barren, flat plains of
Sahara Desert; some central hills
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 38% meadows and
pastures; 15% forest and woodland; 47%
other; includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden
sirocco wind blows primarily in March
and April; desertification; only perennial
river is the Senegal
Special notes: none
People
Population: 1,863,208 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.91%
Nationality: noun—Mauritanian(s); adjec-
tive—Mauritanian
159
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed Moor/black;
80% Moor, 30% black
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: Hasaniya Arabic (national),
French (official); Toucouleur, Fula,
Sarakole, Wolof
Infant mortality rate: 136/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 44, women 47
Literacy: 17%
Labor force: total labor force 465,000
(1981 est.); about 45,000 wage earners
(1980 IMF); 47% agriculture, 29% services,
14% industry and commerce, 10% govern-
ment; considerable unemployment
Organized labor: 30,000 members claimed
by single union, Mauritanian Workers’
Union
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Mauri-
tania
Type: republic; military first seized power
in bloodless coup 10 July 1978; a palace
coup that took place on 12 December
1984 brought the President to power
Capital: Nouakchott
Administrative divisions: 12 regions and a
capital district
Legal system: based on Islamic law; mili-
tary constitution April 1979
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
November
Branches: executive, Military Committee
for National Salvation rules by decree;
National Assembly and judiciary sus-
pended pending restoration of civilian rule
Government leader: Col. Maaouiya Ould
Sid Ahmed Ould TAYA, President and
Prime Minister (since December 1984)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: municipal elections conducted
December 1986; last presidential election
August 1976
Political parties and leaders: suspended
Communists: no Communist Party, but
there is a scattering of Maoist sympathizers
Mauritania (continued)
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
CEAO, CIPEC (associate), EAMA, EIB
(associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OIC, OMVS (Organization
for the Development of the Senegal River
Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $800 million, $450 per capita (1985
est.)
Natural resources: iron ore, gypsum, fish
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are no-
mads or subsistence farmers; livestock,
cereals, vegetables, dates; cash crop—gum
arabic
Fishing: catch, 53,800 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining of iron ore and
gypsum, fish processing
Electric power: 57,000 kW capacity; 74
million kWh produced, 43 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $340 million (f.0.b., 1986); iron
ore, processed fish, and small amounts of
gum arabic and gypsum; also unrecorded
but numerically significant cattle exports
to Senegal
Imports: $250 million (f.0.b., 1986); food-
stuffs and other consumer goods, petro-
leum products, capital goods
Major trade partners: France and other
EC members, Senegal, and US
Budget: $225 million budgeted in 1984;
$184 million revenues (planned 1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 73.7
ouguiyas=US$1 (30 September 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 740 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track, privately owned
Highways: 7,540 km total; 1,350 km
paved; 710 km gravel, crushed stone, or
otherwise improved; 5,480 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 800 km
Ports: 2 major (Nouadhibou and
Nouakchott)
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system of
cable and open-wire lines, minor radio-
relay links, and radio communications
stations; 5,200 telephones (0.3 per 100
popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 1 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean and 2 ARABSAT satellite
ground stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Gendarmerie, paramilitary Na-
tional Guard, paramilitary National Police,
paramilitary Presidential Guard, paramili-
tary Nomad Security Guards
Military manpower: males 15-49, 412,000;
200,000 fit for military service; conscrip-
tion law not implemented
160
Mauritius
Agalaga Islands. Cargedoa
Carajos Shoals, and
Rodriguas ara not shown
eit
° Goodlands
Triolat
Indian
Ocean
Quatre Bornes
Indian
* ,
coceive Ocean
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 1,860 km?; land area: 1,850
km?
Comparative area: smaller than Rhode
Island
Coastline: 177 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; claims island of
Diego Garcia in UK-administered British
Indian Ocean Territory; claims French-
administered Tromelin Island
Climate: tropical modified by southeast
trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to
November); hot, wet, humid summer
(November to May)
Terrain: small coastal plain rising to dis-
continuous mountains encircling central
plateau
Land use: 54% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 31%
forest and woodland; 7% other; includes
9% irrigated
Environment: subject to cyclones (Novem-
ber to April); almost completely sur-
rounded by reefs
Special] notes: none
People
Population: 1,079,627 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.87%
Nationality: noun—Mautritian(s); adjec-
tive—Mauritian
Ethnic divisions: 68% Indo-Mauritian,
27% Creole, 3% Sino-Mauritian, 2%
Franco- Mauritian
Religion: 51% Hindu, 30% Christian
(mostly Roman Catholic with a few Angli-
cans), 17% Muslim
Language: English (official), Creole,
French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori
Infant mortality rate: 28/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 67
Literacy: 79%
Labor force: 335,000; 29% government
services, 27% agriculture and fishing, 22%
manufacturing, 22% other; about 15-20%
unemployed
Organized labor: about 35% of labor
force, forming over 270 unions
Government
Official name: Mauritius
Type: independent state, recognizing
Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Port Louis
Administrative divisions: 5 organized
municipalities and various island depen-
dencies
Legal system: based on French civil law
system with elements of English common
law in certain areas; constitution adopted 6
March 1968
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
March
Branches: executive power exercised by
Prime Minister and 19-member Council of
Ministers; unicameral legislature (Legisla-
tive Assembly) with 62 members elected
by direct suffrage, eight specially elected
under the so called best loser system
Government leader: Aneerood
JUGNAUTH, Prime Minister (since June
1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative August 1983
Political parties and leaders: the govern-
ment is currently controlled by a coalition
composed of the Militant Socialist Move-
ment (MSM) led by A. Jugnauth, the
Mauritian Social Democratic Party (PMSD)
led by G. Duval, the Mauritian Workers’
Assembly (RTM) led by Beergoonath
Ghurburrun, and the Mauritian Labor
Party (MLP) faction, led by party head S.
Boolell; the main opposition party is the
Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM) led
by P. Bérenger.
Voting strength: MSM, 30 of 70 seats in
the Assembly; MMM, 21; MLP, 11; PMSD,
4; OPR, 2; and independents, 2
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers;
several Communist organizations; Maurit-
ius Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius
Women’s Committee, Mauritius Commu-
nist Party, Mauritius People’s Progressive
Party, Mauritius Young Communist
League, Mauritius Liberation Front, Chi-
nese Middle Schoo! Friendly Association,
Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: vari-
ous labor unions
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.0 billion, $940 per capita; 6%
real growth rate (1985/86 est.)
Agriculture: sugar crop is a major eco-
nomic asset; about 90% of cultivated land
area is planted in sugar; also sugar deriva-
tives, tea, tobacco; most food imported
Major industries: mainly food manufac-
turing (largely sugar milling), textiles and
wearing apparel, chemical and chemical
products, metal products, transport equip-
ment, and nonelectrical machinery
Electric power: 237,000 kW capacity; 373
million kWh produced, 370 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $442 million (merchandise, f.o.b.,
1985); sugar about 40%, Export Processing
Zone exports about 50%
Imports: $463 million (f.o.b., 1985); food,
petroleum products, manufactured goods
161
Major trade partners: all EC countries
and US have preferential treatment, UK
buys almost all of Mauritius’s sugar export
at subsidized prices; small amount of sugar
exported to Canada, US, and Italy; nonoil
imports from UK and EC primarily, also
from South Africa, Australia, US, and
Japan; some minor trade with China
Budget: as percent of GDP, revenues
22.7%, external grants 1.6%, current ex-
penditures 23.7%; capital expenditures,
4.9% (1986/87)
Monetary conversion rate: 13.34 Mauri-
tian rupees=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,200 km
paved, 800 km earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Louis)
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: small system with
good service; new microwave link to
Reunion; high-frequency radio links to
several countries; 48,000 telephones (4.7
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV sta-
tions; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: paramilitary Special Mobile
Force, Special Support Units, regular
Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 297,000,
154,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $13.45 million; 3.2% of central
government budget
Mayotte
Hire M‘Zembourou 10km
Administered by France,
claimed by Comoros
lte
Pamanzi
See regional map VII! Mozembique Chennel
Geography
Total area: 375 km?; land area: 375 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 165 km (excluding islets)
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; claimed by
Comoros
Climate: tropical; marine; hot, humid,
rainy season during northeastern monsoon
(November to May); dry season is cooler
(May to November)
Terrain: generally undulating with ancient
volcanic peaks, deep ravines
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% perma-
nent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
Environment: subject to cyclones during
rainy season
Special notes: none
People
Population: 64,481 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.71%
Nationality: noun—Mahorais (sing., pl.);
adjective—Mahoran
Religion: 99% Muslim; remainder Chris-
tian, mostly Roman Catholic
Language: Mahorian (a Swahili dialect),
French
Literacy: probably high
Government
Official name: Mayotte
Type: French overseas territority
Capital: Dzaoudzi
Legal system: represented in French
Parliament by one deputy in the National
Assembly and one member in the Senate;
superior court of appeal
Branches: elected 17-member general
council; appointed commissioner
Government leaders: Christian
PELLERIN, Commissioner of the Repub-
lic (since 1983); Younoussa BAMANA,
President of the General Council (since
1976)
Political parties and leaders: Mahoran
Popular Movement (MPM), Zia M’Oere;
Party for the Mahoran Democratic Rally
(PRDM), Darouéche Maoulida; Mahoran
Rally for the Republic (RMPR), Abdoul
Anizizi
Communists: probably none
Economy
Agriculture: vanilla, ylang-ylang, coffee,
copra
Fishing: annual catch, about 2,000 tons
Major industries; newly created lobster
and shrimp industry
Electric power: no data
Exports: 5 million francs (1982); ylang-
ylang, vanilla
Imports: 116 million francs (1982); build-
ing materials, transport equipment, rice,
clothing, flour
Major trade partners: imports—France
57%, Kenya 16%, South Africa 11%, Paki-
stan 8%; exports—France 79%, Reunion
19%, Comoros 10%
Budget: 144.3 million francs (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.62 French
francs=US$I (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
162
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 85 km tarred
Inland waterways: none
Ports: none
Airfields: 1 total, 1 permanent-surface
runway; 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system ad-
ministered by French Department of Posts
and Telecommunications; includes radio-
relay and high-frequency radio communi-
cations for links with Comoros and for
international communications; 450 tele-
phones (1 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Mexico
Pacific
Ocean
See regional map Il
Geography
Total area: 1,972,550 km; land area:
1,923,040 km?
Comparative area: about three times the
size of Texas
Land boundaries: 4,220 km total
Coastline: 9,330 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 2 nm
Climate: varies from tropical to desert
Terrain: mostly high, ragged mountains
with low coastal plains and high plateaus
Land use: 12% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 89% meadows and pastures; 24%
forest and woodland; 24% other; includes
8% irrigated
Environment: subject to destructive earth-
quakes in center and south; natural water
resources scarce in north, inaccessible and
poor quality in center and extreme south-
east; deforestation; soil erosion widespread;
desertification
Special notes: strategic location on south-
ern border of US
People
Population: 81,860,566 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.09%
Nationality: noun—Mexican(s); adjective—
Mexican
Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo (Indian-
Spanish), 30% Amerindian or predomi-
nantly Amerindian, 9% white or predomi-
nantly white, 1% other
Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic,
3% Protestant
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 51.0/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 65.4
Literacy: 88.1%
Labor force: 26,320,000 (1985); 31.4%
services; 26% agriculture, forestry, hunting,
fishing; 18.9% commerce; 12.8% manufac-
turing; 9.5% construction; 4.8% transporta-
tion; 1.8% mining and quarrying; 0.3%
electricity; 10% unemployed, 40% under-
employed
Organized labor: 35% of total labor force
Government
Official name: United Mexican States
Type: federal republic operating under a
centralized government
Capital: Mexico
Administrative divisions: 31 states and
the Federal District
Legal system: mixture of US constitutional
theory and civil law system; constitution
established in 1917; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory [CJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 16
September
Branches: dominant executive, bicameral
legislature (National Congress—Senate,
Federal Chamber of Deputies), Supreme
Court
Government leader: Miguel DE LA
MADRID Hurtado, President (since De-
cember 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compul-
sory but unenforced
Elections: next presidential election to be
held in 1988
Political parties and leaders: (recognized
parties) Institutional Revolutionary Party
(PRI), Jorge de la Vega; National Action
Party (PAN), Pablo Emilio Madero; Popu-
lar Socialist Party (PPS), Jorge Cruickshank
Garcia; Unified Socialist Party of Mexico
(PSUM), Pablo Gomez Alvarez; Mexican
163
Democratic Party (PDM), Ignacio
Gonzalez Gollaz; Socialist Workers Party
(PST), Pedro Etiene; Revolutionary Work-
ers Party (PRT), Ricardo Pascoe Pierce;
Mexican Workers Party (PMT), Heberto
Castillo Martinez; Authentic Party of the
Revolution (PARM), Carlos Enrique Cantu
Rosas
Voting strength: (1985 congressional
election) 66% PRI, 15% PAN, 3% PSUM,
3% PDM, 2% PST, 2% PPS, 2% PARM, 2%
PMT, 1% PRT, 4% other parties or an-
nulled
Other political or pressure groups: Ro-
man Catholic Church, Confederation of
Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation of
Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Con-
federation of National Chambers of Com-
merce (CONCANACO), National Peasant
Confederation (CNC), National Confedera-
tion of Popular Organizations (CNOP),
Revolutionary Confederation of Workers
and Peasants (CROC)
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
[DB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
IWC—International Whaling Commission,
LAIJA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO, Group of Six
Economy
GDP: $147.2 billion, $1,870 per capita;
62% private consumption, 11% private
investment, 9% public consumption, 7%
public investment; net foreign balance 5%;
real growth rate, 2.7%; average inflation
rate 58% (1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, silver,
copper, gold, lead, zinc, natural gas,
timber
Agriculture: corn, cotton, wheat, coffee,
sugarcane, sorghum, oilseed, pulses, and
vegetables; an illegal producer of opium
poppy and cannabis for the international
drug trade
Mexico (continued)
Fishing: catch 1,500,000 metric tons
(1985); exports valued at $481 million,
imports at $21.9 million (1982)
Major industries: processing of food,
beverages, and tobacco; chemicals, basic
metals and metal products, petroleum
products, mining, textiles and clothing, and
transport equipment
Crude steel: 10 million metric tons capac-
ity (1984); 7.3 million metric tons pro-
duced, 95 kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 23,054,000 kW capacity;
90,490 million kWh produced, 1,110 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $21.866 billion (f.0.b., 1985);
cotton, coffee, nonferrous minerals (includ-
ing lead and zinc), shrimp, petroleum,
sulfur, salt, cattle and meat, fresh fruit,
tomatoes, machinery and equipment
Imports: $13.460 billion (f.0.b., 1985);
machinery, equipment, industrial vehicles,
and intermediate goods
Major trade partners: exports—60% US,
10% EC, 8% Japan (1985); imports—67%
US, 11% EC, 5% Japan
Aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $2.9
billion; (ODA and OOF) Western (non-US)
countries (1970-84), $4.3 billion; Commu-
nist countries (1970-85), $110 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $8
million
Budget: (at average controlled rate of
exchange) public sector, budgeted reve-
nues, $73.3 billion; budgeted expenditures,
$86.5 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: dual exchange
rates—controlled rate 1,022 pesos=US$1;
free rate 1,019=US$1 (both rates as of 16
February 1987, set daily by the Mexican
Government)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 20,680 km total; 19,950 km
1.435-meter standard gauge; 730 km
0.914-meter narrow gauge
Highways: 210,000 km total; 65,000 km
paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobble-
stone, 60,000 km rural roads (improved
earth) or roads under construction, 55,000
km unimproved earth roads
Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable
rivers and coastal canals
Pipelines: crude oil, 4,100 km; refined
products, 6,875 km; natural gas, 11,900 km
Ports: 11 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 174 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,905 total, 1,715 usable; 182
with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways over 3,659 m, 28 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 273 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed
system with extensive radio-relay links;
connection into Central American micro-
wave net; 6.41 million telephones (8.9 per
100 popl.); 650 AM, 120 TV, and about
180 low-power TV relay stations; 120
domestic satellite terminals; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite ground antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine
Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49,
19,784,000; 14,489,000 fit for military
service; 1,030,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for year ending 31
December 1986, $630.1 million; 1.2% of
central government expenditures, includ-
ing support of parastatals
164
Monaco
Maditerranean
Sea
Polece
@
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 1.9 km?; land area: 1.9 km?
Comparative area: about one-hundredth
the size of Washington, D.C.
Land boundary: 3.7 km with France
Coastline: 4.1 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet
winters and hot, dry summers
Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: almost entirely urban
Special notes: second smallest indepen-
dent state in world (after Vatican City)
People
Population: 28,641 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.99%
Nationality: noun—Monacan(s) or Mone-
gasque(s); adjective—Monacan or Mone-
gasque
Ethnic divisions: 47% French, 16% Mone-
gasque, 16% Italian, 21% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholicism
Language: French (official), English,
Italian, Monegarque
Literacy: 99%
Government
Official name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital; Monaco
Administrative divisions: 1] commune
composed of 4 communal sectors
Legal system: based on French law; new
constitution adopted 1962; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 19 November
Branches: legislative branch is composed
of the Prince and National Council of 18
members; executive consists of the Prince
as Chief of State, the Minister of State as
Head of Government (senior French civil
servant appointed by Prince), and the
Council of Government as Cabinet; judi-
cial authority is delegated by the Prince to
the Supreme Tribunal
Government leader: Prince RAINIER III,
Chief of State (since November 1949)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Council every five
years; national election held January 1983;
municipal election held February 1983
Politica] parties and leaders: National
and Democratic Union (UND), Democratic
Union Movement (MUD), Monaco Action,
Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
Voting strength: National Council—UND
18 seats
Member of: IAEA, ICAO, IHO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, UN
(permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO
Economy
GNP: 55% tourism; 25-30% industry (small
and primarily tourist oriented); 10-15%
registration fees and sales of postage
stamps; about 4% traceable to the Monte
Carlo casino
Major industries: chemicals, food process-
ing, precision instruments, glass making,
printing
Electric power: 8,000 kW standby capac-
ity (1986); power supplied by France
Trade: full customs integration with
France, which collects and rebates Mona-
can trade duties; also participates in EC
market system through customs union with
France
Monetary conversion rate: 6.62 French
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Communications
Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable airfield with
permanent-surface runways
Telecommunications: served by the
French communications system; automatic
telephone system with about 34,600 tele-
phones (123.6 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 4 FM,
4 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
165
Mongolia
Erdenst * net
*
Choybatsan
*
ULAANGAATAR
Saynahand,
Datandzadgad,
*
Altay
See regional map VIII
Geography
Total area: 1,565,000 km?; land area:
1,565,000 km?
Comparative area: more than twice the
size of Texas
Land boundaries: 8,000 km total
Climate: desert; cold, dry, continental;
sharp seasonal variation
Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains;
mountains in west and southwest; Gobi
Desert in southeast
Land use: 1% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 79% meadows and pastures; 10%
forest and woodland; 10% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: harsh and rugged
Special notes: landlocked; strategic loca-
tion between China and Soviet Union
People
Population: 2,011,066 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.79%
Nationality: noun—Mongolian(s); adjec-
tive—Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4%
Kazakh, 2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Bud-
dhist, about 4% Muslim, limited religious
activity because of Communist regime
Language: Khalkha Mongol used by over
90% of population; minor languages in-
clude Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Life expectancy: 63
Mongolia (continued)
Literacy: about 80%; 100% claimed in
1985
Labor force: primarily agricultural; over
half the adult population is in the labor
force, including a large percentage of
women; shortage of skilled labor
Government
Official name: Mongolian People’s
Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Administrative divisions: 18 provinces
and 3 autonomous municipalities
(Ulaanbaatar, Darhan, and Erdenet)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese,
and Turkish systems of law; new constitu-
tion adopted 1960; no constitutional provi-
sion for judicial review of legislative acts;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: People’s Revolution
Day, 11 July
Branches: executive—Council of Minis-
ters; legislative—unicameral People’s Great
Hural; judicial—court system; Supreme
Court elected by People’s Great Hural
Government leaders: Jambyn
BATMONH, Chairman of the Presidium
of the People’s Great Hural (since Decem-
ber 1984); Dumaagiyn SODNOM, Chair-
man of the Council of Ministers (since
December 1984)
Suffrage: universal at age 18 and over
Elections: legislative election theoretically
held every four years; last election held
June 1986
Political party and leader: Mongolian
People’s Revolutionary Party (MPRP),
Jambyn Batmonh, General Secretary (since
August 1984)
Communists: estimated MPRP member-
ship, 88,150 (1986)
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA,
ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.67 billion, $880 per capita (1985
est.); average annual real growth, 3.6%
(1976-85 est.)
Natural resources: coal, copper, molybde-
num, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel,
zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
Agriculture: livestock raising predomi-
nates; wheat, oats, barley
Major industries: processing of animal
products; building materials; mining
Electric power: 607,000 kW capacity;
2,800 million kWh produced, 1,410 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: livestock, animal products, wool,
hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals,
minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment,
petroleum, clothing, building materials,
sugar, tea, chemicals
Major trade partners: nearly all trade
with Communist countries (about 80%
with USSR); total turnover about $1.0
billion
Aid: heavily dependent on USSR
Monetary conversion rate: 3.36
tugriks=US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,748 km (1984); all 1.524-
meter broad gauge
Highways: 47,600 km total; 900 km hard
surface; 46,700 km other surfaces (1984)
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal
routes (1984)
Freight carried: rail—10.7 million metric
tons, 3,609 million metric tons/km; high-
way—32.4 million metric tons, 1,837
million metric tons/km; waterway—0.03
million metric tons, 4.2 million metric
tons/km (1984)
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 32 total; 17 with runways
2,500 m or longer
166
Telecommunications: 13 AM and 1 FM
stations; 1 main TV center and 18 provin-
cial relay stations plus relay of Soviet TV;
60,000 TV sets; 180,000 receiver sets; at
least 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Mongolian People’s Army, Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 467,000;
305,000 fit for military service; 23,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1977, 405 million tugriks, 12%
of total budget
Montserrat
Caribbean
St Pater’s Sea
See regional map UII
Geography
Total area: 100 km?; land area: 100 km?
Comparative area: about one-half the size
of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 40 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical; little daily or seasonal
temperature variation
Terrain: volcanic islands, mostly moun-
tainous, with small coastal lowland
Land use: 20% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 10% meadows and pastures; 40%
forest and woodland; 30% other
Environment: subject to severe hurricanes
(especially June to December)
Special notes: none
People
Population: 12,076 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.07%
Nationality: noun—Montserratian(s);
adjective—Montserratian
Ethnic divisions: mostly black with a few
Europeans
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman
Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adven-
tist, other Christian denominations
Language: English
Literacy: 77%
Infant mortality rate: 124/1,000 (1983)
Labor force: 5,100 (1983 est.); 40.5%
community, social, and personal services,
13.5% construction, 12.3% trade, restau-
rants, and hotels, 10.5% manufacturing,
8.8% agriculture, forestry, and fishing,
14.4% other; 7.0% unemployment (1986)
Organized labor: 3 trade unions with
1,498 members; about 30% of work force
(1984)
Government
Official name: Montserrat
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Plymouth
Administrative divisions: 7 districts
Legal system: English common law and
statute law
Branches: Executive Council presided
over by governor, consisting of two ex-
officio members (attorney general and
financial officer) and four unofficial mem-
bers (chief minister and three other minis-
ters); Legislative Council presided over by
Speaker chosen from outside the Council,
seven elected, two official, and two nomi-
nated members
Government leaders: Arthur C.
WATSON, Governor (since 1985); J. A.
OSBORNE, Chief Minister (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at least once every five years;
last election held February 1983
Political parties and leaders: People’s
Liberation Movement (PLM), John Os-
borne; Progressive Democratic Party
(PDP), P. Austin Bramble; United National
Front (UNF), Dr. George Irish; National
Development Party (NDP), Bertram
Osborne
Voting strength: July 1984 elections—
PLM, 4 seats; PDP, 3 seats
Communists: probably none
Economy
GDP: $32.4 million, $2,760 per capita
(1983); 4.6% real GDP growth rate (1986);
25% of GDP from tourism
Agriculture: cotton, limes, potatoes, toma-
toes, hot peppers, livestock
Fishing: catch 150 metric tons (1983)
167
Major industries: tourism; light manufac-
turing—plastic bags, textiles, electronic
appliances
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity; 12.5
million kWh produced, 1,040 per capita
(1986)
Exports: $1.6 million (1983); plastic bags,
electronic parts, textiles; hot peppers, live
plants; cattle
Imports: $20 million (1983); machinery
and transport equipment, foodstuffs, man-
ufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and
related materials
Major trade partners: UK
Budget: revenues, $8.0 million; expendi-
tures, $11.0 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: $2.70 East
Caribbean=US$1 (1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 280 km total; about 200 km
paved, 80 km gravel and earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Plymouth)
Airfields: 1 total, 1 with permanent-
surface runway 1,036.32 m
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones, 26
telex (1984); 9 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the
United Kingdom
Morocco
300 km Mediterranean Sea
Ceuta (Sp.)
Tenaie Matille(Sp.)
North
Atlantic _ Bou Arta
@Marrakach
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 446,550 km?; land area:
446,300 km?
Comparative area: about the same size as
California
Land boundaries: 1,996 km total
Coastline: 1,835 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; claims and
administers Western Sahara, but sover-
eignty is unresolved; Western Sahara
question with Mauritania; Spain controls
two coastal presidios or places of sover-
eignty (Ceuta, Melilla)
Climate: Mediterranean, becoming more
extreme in the interior
Terrain: mostly mountains with rich
coastal plains
Land use: 18% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 28% meadows and pastures; 12%
forest and woodland; 41% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: northern mountains geologi-
cally unstable and subject to earthquakes;
desertification
Special notes: strategic location along
Strait of Gibraltar
People
Population: 23,361,495 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.49%
Nationality: noun—Moroccan(s); adjec-
tive—Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab-Berber,
0.7% non-Moroccan, 0.2% Jewish
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian,
0.2% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber
dialects; French is language of business,
government, diplomacy, and postprimary
education
Infant mortality rate: 117/1,000 (1978)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 7.5 million (1985); 50%
agriculture, 26% services, 15% industry,
9% other; at least 20% of urban labor
unemployed
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor
force, mainly in the Union of Moroccan
Workers (UMT) and the Democratic
Confederation of Labor (CDT)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitu-
tion adopted 1972)
Capital: Rabat
Administrative divisions: 36 provinces
(does not include Western Sahara) and 2
prefectures (Rabat-Salé and Casablanca)
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
French and Spanish civil law system;
judicial review of legislative acts in Consti-
tutional Chamber of Supreme Court
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
November
Branches: constitution provides for Prime
Minister and ministers named by and
responsible to King; King has paramount
executive powers; unicameral legislature
(Chamber of Representatives), of which
two-thirds of the members are directly
elected and one-third are indirectly
elected; judiciary independent of other
branches
168
Government leaders: HASSAN II, King
(since March 1961); Azzedine LARAKI,
Prime Minister (since September 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: provincial elections held 10
June 1983; elections for National Assembly
held 14 September 1984
Political parties and leaders: Morocco has
15 political parties; the major ones are
Istiqlal Party, M’Hamed Boucetta; Socialist
Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Abder-
rahim Bouabid; Popular Movement (MP),
Secretariat General; National Assembly of
Independents (RNI) formed in October
1978 is progovernment grouping of previ-
ously unaffiliated deputies in parliament,
Ahmed Osman; National Democratic
Party (PND), a splinter group from the
RNI formed July 1981, Mohamed Arsalane
El-Jadidi; Party for Progress and Socialism
(PPS), legalized in August 1974, is front for
Moroccan Communist Party (PCM), which
was proscribed in 1959, Ali Yata; new
promonarchy party—the Constitutional
Union (UC), Maati Bouabid
Voting strength: progovernment parties
hold absolute majority in Chamber of
Representatives; with palace-oriented
Popular Movement deputies, the King
controls over two-thirds of the seats
Communists: about 2,000
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, EC
(associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic Devel-
opment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC,
IPU, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $11.9 billion, about $510 per capita
(1985); average annual real growth 4.7%
(1986 est.)
Natural resources: phosphates, iron, man-
ganese, lead, zinc, fish
Agriculture: not self-sufficient in food;
cereal farming and livestock raising pre-
dominate; barley, wheat, citrus fruit, wine,
vegetables, olives; some fishing; an illegal
producer of cannabis for the international
drug trade
Fishing: catch 463,000 metric tons (1985)
Major industries: mining and mineral
processing, food processing, textiles, con-
struction and tourism
Electric power: 2,080,000 kW capacity;
6,920 million kWh produced, 290 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 24%
phosphates, 76% other
Imports: $3.8 billion (c.i.f., 1985); 25%
petroleum products, 75% other
Major trade partners: France, FRG, Italy,
Saudi Arabia, Benelux, Iraq
Budget: revenues, $4.5 billion; current
expenditures, $3.6 billion; development
expenditures, $2.0 billion (1984 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 8.84
dirhams=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,779 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 178 km double track; 792 km
electrified
Highways: 58,000 km total; 25,750 km
bituminous treated, 32,250 km gravel,
crushed stone, improved earth, and unim-
proved earth
Pipelines: 862 km crude oil; 491 km
(abandoned) refined products; 241 km
natural gas
Ports: 10 major (including Spanish-
controlled Ceuta and Melilla), 14 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields; 78 total, 72 usable; 26 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 8,659 m, 14 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 28 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: good system com-
posed of wire lines, cables, and radio-relay
links; principal centers Casablanca and
Rabat, secondary centers Fés, Marrakech,
Oujda, Tangier and Tétouan; 270,100
telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 6
FM, 47 TV stations; 5 submarine cables; 2
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT stations; radio-
relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western
Sahara; coaxial cable to Algeria
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal
Moroccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air
Force, Royal Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,596,000; 3,561,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 276,000 reach military age (18)
annually; limited conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $839 million; 15% of
central government budget
169
Mozambique
400 km
Necala
‘Quelimana
Mozambique
Channel
Chicualacual
Vilanculoa
Inhambana
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 801,590 km?; land area:
784,090 km?
Comparative area: about the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 4,627 km total
Coastline: 2,470 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical to subtropical
Terrain: mostly coastal lowlands, uplands
in center, high plateaus in northwest,
mountains in west
Land use: 4% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 56% meadows and pastures;
20% forest and woodland; 20% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: severe drought and floods
occur in south; desertification
Special notes: none
People
Population: 14,535,805 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.64%
Nationality: noun—Mozambican(s); adjec-
tive—Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: majority from indige-
nous tribal groups; about 10,000 Europe-
ans, 35,000 Euro-Africans, 15,000 Indians
Religion: 60% indigenous beliefs, 30%
Christian, 10% Muslim
Language: Portuguese (official); many
indigenous dialects
Mozambique (continued)
Infant mortality rate: 109/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 44, women 47
Literacy: 14%
Labor force: 95% engaged in agriculture
Government
Official name: People’s Republic of
Mozambique
Type: people’s republic
Capital: Maputo
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces
subdivided into 112 districts; administra-
tors are appointed by central government
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil
law system and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
June
Branch: unicameral legislature (People’s
Assembly; last convened in December
1985)
Government leaders: Joaquim Alberto
CHISSANO, President (since November
1986); Mario da Graca MACHUNGO,
Prime Minister (since July 1986)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: legislative elections held in
many areas of the country in 1986
Political parties and leaders: Front for
the Liberation of Mozambique
(FRELIMO) is the only legal party and is a
Marxist organization with close ties to the
USSR
Communists: about 50,000 FRELIMO
members
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $1.3 billion, about $90 per capita
(1986 est.); average annual growth rate
—8.5% (1981-85 est.)
Natural resources: coal, natural gas,
copper, bauxite, titanium
Agriculture: cash crops—cotton, cashew
nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal, rice; other
crops—corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes,
beans, sorghum, cassava; imports—corn
Fishing: 13,500 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: food processing (chiefly
sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels);
chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap,
paints); petroleum products; beverages;
textiles; nonmetallic mineral products
(cement, glass, asbestos, cement products);
tobacco
Electric power: 2,225,000 kW capacity;
1,640 million kWh produced, 120 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $90 million (1986 est.); cashews,
shrimp, sugar, tea, cotton
Imports: $525 million (1986 est.); refined
petroleum products, machinery, transpor-
tation goods, spare parts, consumer goods,
military arms and equipment
Major trade partners: exports—US, West-
ern Europe; imports—Western and East-
ern Europe, USSR
Budget: deficit $250 million (1986 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 42
meticais= US$1 (January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,436 km total; 3,288 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 148 km 0.750-meter narrow
gauge; (Malawi-Nacala, Malawi-Beira, and
Zimbabwe- Maputo lines are closed because
of insurgency)
Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km
paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone,
stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: about 3,750 km of
navigable routes
Pipelines: 306 km crude oil (not operat-
ing); 289 km refined products
Ports: 3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2
significant minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 241 total, 212 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 32 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
170
Telecommunications: fair system of
troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio-
relay; 57,400 telephones (0.5 per 100
popl.); 9 AM, 3 FM, and 1 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 3
domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Mozambique Armed Forces
(including Army, Border Guard, Naval
Command, Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
3,255,000; 1,868,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $240 million; 38% of
central government budget
Namibia
Katima
Swakopmund, WINDHOEK E:
im ‘Go!
Boundary
representation 1s
not necessarily
authortatwe
South
Atlantic
Ocean
300 km
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 824,290 km?; land area:
823,290 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
California
Land boundaries: 3,798 km total
Coastline: 1,489 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm
Territorial sea: 6 nm
Boundary disputes: short section with
Botswana is indefinite; occupied by South
Africa
Climate: desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse
and erratic
Terrain: mostly high plateau; Namib
Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 64% meadows and pastures;
22% forest and woodland; 13% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: inhospitable with very
limited natural water resources; desertifi-
cation
Special notes: Walvis Bay area of South
Africa is almost an enclave
People
Population: 1,273,263 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.89%
Nationality: noun—Namibian(s); adjec-
tive—Namibian
Ethnic divisions: 85.6% black, 7.5% white,
6.9% mixed; about half the blacks belong
to Ovambo tribe
Religion: whites predominantly Christian,
nonwhites either Christian or indigenous
beliefs
Language: Afrikaans principal language of
about 60% of white population, German of
33%, and English of 7% (all official); sev-
eral indigenous languages
Literacy: 100% whites, 16% nonwhites
Labor force: about 500,000 (1981); 60%
agriculture, 19% industry and commerce,
8% services, 7% government, 6% mining;
15-17% unemployment
Organized labor: 7 trade unions, whose
membership is almost exclusively white
and mulatto, except new mineworkers
union which has sizable black membership
Government
Official name: Namibia
Type: former German colony of South-
West Africa mandated to South Africa by
League of Nations in 1920; UN formally
ended South Africa’s mandate on 27
October 1966, but South Africa has re-
tained administrative control
Capital: Windhoek
Administrative divisions: 10 tribal home-
lands, mostly in northern sector, and zone
open to white settlement with 26 magiste-
rial districts similar to a province of South
Africa
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and customary law
Branches: since September 1977 Adminis-
trator General, appointed by South African
Government, has exercised coordinative
functions over zone of white settlement
and tribal homelands, where traditional
chiefs and representative bodies exercise
limited autonomy; veto power over legisla-
tion proposed by National Assembly;
interim government established June 1985
with eight-member Cabinet, 16-member
Constitutional Council and 62-member
National Assembly
Government leader: Louis A. PIENAAR,
Administrator General (since July 1985)
171
Suffrage: universal white adult suffrage at
territorial level; lower level elections open
to blacks
Elections: last election of Namibian Na-
tional Assembly, December 1978
Political parties and leaders: six parties
belong to multiracial South African-
appointed Transitional Government of
National Unity Democratic Turnhalle
Alliance (DTA), Dirk Mudge; South-West
African National Union (SWANU), Moses
Katjiuongua; South-West African People’s
Organization Democrats (SWAPO-D),
Andreas Shipanga; South-West African
National Party (SWANP), Kosie Pretorius;
Colored Labor Party, David Bezuidenhout;
Rehoboth Free Democratic Party (RFDP),
Hans Diergaardt; other parties—United
Democratic Party, formed in September
1985 after merger of two Caprivi parties,
Mishake Muyongo; Federal Party, largely
white, English-speaking, liberal; Christian
Democratic Action Party, a primarily
Ovambo party formed in early 1982 as a
result of a split in the DTA, Peter
Kalangula
Voting strength: (1978 election) Namibian
National Assembly—DTA, 22 seats;
SWANP, 8 seats; SWANU, 8 seats;
SWAPO-D, 8 seats; CP, 8 seats; RFDP, 8
seats; Assembly appointed in June 1985
Communists: no Communist Party;
SWAPO guerrilla force is supported by
USSR, Cuba, and other Communist states
as well as the Organization for African
Unity
Other political or pressure groups: South-
West African People’s Organization
(SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma, maintains
a foreign-based guerrilla movement; is
predominantly Ovambo but has some
influence among other tribes; is the only
Namibian group recognized by the UN
General Assembly and the Organization of
African Unity
Member of: FAO, ILO, UNESCO,
WFTU, WHO
Namibia (continued)
Economy
Natural resources: diamonds, copper,
uranium, lead, tin, zinc, salt, vanadium
Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and
sheep) predominates; subsistence crops
(millet, sorghum, corn, and some wheat)
are raised, but most food must be im-
ported
Fishing: catch 341,000 metric tons (1983);
processed mostly in Walvis Bay, South
Africa
Major industries: (nearly all for export)
meatpacking, fish processing, dairy prod-
ucts, copper, lead, zinc, diamond, and
uranium mining
Electric power: 395,000 kW capacity; 692
million kWh produced, 610 kWh per
capita (1986)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 South
African rands=US$1 (29 January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 2,340 km 1.067-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved,
2,540 gravel, remainder earth roads and
tracks
Ports: | minor (Liideritz); relies on Walvis
Bay, South Africa
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 154 total, 141 usable; 21 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run- ~
ways over 3,659 m; 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 66 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good urban, fair
rural services; radio-relay connects major
towns, wires extend to other population
centers; 62,800 telephones (5.5 per 100
popl.); 2 AM, 13 FM, 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Republic of
South Africa; however, a South-West
African Territory Force was established 1
August 1980 (includes an air element)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 281,000;
167,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $128.3; 8% of central govern-
ment budget
Nauru
tkm
South
Pacific
Ocaan
Phosphate
facilities
South
Pacific
Ocean
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 20 km?; land area: 20 km?
Comparative area: about one-ninth the
size of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 24 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; monsoonal; rainy season
(November to February)
Terrain: sandy beach rises to fertile ring
around raised coral reefs with phosphate
plateau in center
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: only 53 km south of
Equator
Special notes: one of three great phos-
phate rock islands in the Pacific (others are
Banaba or Ocean Island in Kiribati and
Makatea in French Polynesia)
People
Population: 8,748 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.80%
Nationality: noun—Nauruan(s); adjec-
tive—Nauruan
Ethnic divisions: 58% Nauruan, 26% other
Pacific Islander, 8% Chinese, 8% European
Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant,
one-third Catholic)
172
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific
Island language (official); English widely
understood and spoken
Literacy: 99%
Government
Official name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic
Capital: no capital city as such; govern-
ment offices in Yaren District
Administrative divisions: 14 districts
National holidays: Independence Day, 31
January; Constitution Day, 17 May;
Angram Day, 26 October
Branches: President elected from and by
Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly
elected 18-member unicameral legislature
(Parliament); four-member Cabinet to
assist the President appointed by him from
Parliament members
Government leader: Hammer
DEROBURT, President (since May 1978)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last held in January 1987
Political parties and leaders: governing
faction, President DeRoburt; opposition
Nauru Party, Lagumot Harris
Member of: Commonwealth (special
member), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL,
ITU, South Pacific Commission, SPF, UPU
Economy
GNP: over $160 million, $20,000 per
capita (1984)
Natural resources: phosphates
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely
dependent on imports for food and water
Major industries: mining of phosphates,
about 2 million tons per year
Electric power: 13,250 kW capacity; 48
million kWh produced, 6,000 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1984)
Imports: $14 million (c.i.f., 1982); food,
fuel, water
Major trade partners: exports—75%
Australia and New Zealand; imports—
Australia, UK, New Zealand, Japan
Budget: revenues, A$59.5 million
(FY86/87 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.50 Australian
dollars=US$1 (February 1987)
Fiseal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 27 km total; 21 km
paved, 6 km improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft, one
on order
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate intraisland
and international radio communications
provided via Australian facilities; 1,600
telephones (20.8 per 100 popl.); 4,000 radio
receivers, 1 AM, no FM, no TV stations; 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
No formal defense structure and no regu-
lar armed forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,300;
fit for military service, 1,200; 100 reach
military age (18) annually
Nepal
200. km
See regional map VIII
Geography
Total area: 140,800 km?; land area:
136,800 km?
Comparative area: about the size of North
Carolina
Land boundaries: 2,800 km total
Climate: varies from cool summers and
severe winters in north to subtropical
summers and mild winter in south
Terrain: Tarai or flat river plain of the
Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged
Himalayas in north
Land use: 17% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 13% meadows and
pastures; 33% forest and woodland; 37%
other; includes 2% irrigated
Environment: contains eight of world’s ten
highest peaks; deforestation; soil erosion;
water pollution
Special notes: landlocked; strategic loca-
tion between China and India
People
Population: 17,814,294 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.43%
Nationality: noun—Nepalese (sing. and
pl.); adiective—Nepalese
Ethnic divisions: Newars, Indians, Tibet-
ans, Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Bhotias,
Rais, Limbus, Sherpas, as well as many
smaller groups
173
Religion: only official Hindu kingdom in
world, although no sharp distinction be-
tween many Hindu (about 88%) and Bud-
dhist groups; small groups of Muslims and
Christians
Language: Nepali (official); 20 mutually
unintelligible languages divided into nu-
merous dialects
Infant mortality rate: 143/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 47, women 45
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 4.1 million; 93% agriculture,
5% services, 2% industry; great lack of
skilled labor
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Nepal
Type: nominally a constitutional mon-
archy; King Birendra exercises autocratic
control over multitiered panchayat system
of government
Capital: Kathmandu
Administrative divisions: 75 districts, 14
zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal con-
cepts and English common law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Birthday of the King
and Nationa] Day, 28 December
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed
by the King; Rastriya Panchayat (National
Assembly; 112 directly elected, 28 ap-
pointed by King)
Government leaders: BIRENDRBA Bir
Bikram Shah Dev, King (since 1973);
Marich Man SINGH (Shrestha), Prime
Minister (since 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village, town, and district coun-
cils (panchayats) elected by universal
suffrage; a constitutional amendment in
1980 provided for direct elections to the
National Panchayat, which consists of 140
members (including 28 appointed by the
King), who serve five-year terms; Nepal’s
first general election in 22 years was held
in May 1981; general elections successfully
held in May 1986; local district elections
scheduled for Spring 1987
Nepal (continued)
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties outlawed but operate more or less
openly; Nepali Congress Party (NCP),
Ganesh Man Singh, K. P. Bhattarai, G. P.
Koirala
Communists: Communist Party of Nepal
(CPN); factions include V. B. Manandhar,
Man Mohan Adhikari, Bharat Raj Joshi,
Rai Majhi, Tulsi Lal, Krishna Raj Burma,
Sahana Pradhan
Other political or pressure groups: nu-
merous small, left-leaning student groups
in the capital; Indian merchants in Tarai
and capital; several small, radical Nepalese
antimonarchist groups operating from
north India
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, 1PU,
IRC, ITU, NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.4 billion (FY85/86 current
prices), $140 per capita; 3% real growth
(FY84/85 est.)
Natural resources: quartz, water, timber,
hydroelectric potential, scenic beauty
Agriculture: over 90% of population
engaged in agriculture; rice, corn, wheat,
sugarcane, oilseeds; an illegal producer of
cannabis for the international drug trade
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar,
and oilseed mills; match, cigarette, and
brick factories
Electric power: 160,000 kW capacity; 395
million kWh produced, 25 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $162 million (FY85/86 est.); rice
and other food products, jute, timber,
manufactured goods
Imports: $460 million (FY85/86),; manu-
factured consumer goods, fuel, construc-
tion materials, fertilizers, food products
Major trade partner: India
Budget: domestic revenues, $300 million;
expenditures, $536 million (FY84/85 est.)
Monetary conversion rate; 21.8 Nepalese
rupees=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: 15 July-14 July
Communications
Railroads: 52 km (1985), all 0.762-meter
narrow gauge; all in Tarai close to Indian
border; 10 km from Raxaul to Birganj is
government owned
Highways: 5,958 km total (1986); 2,645
km paved, 815 km gravel or crushed
stone, 2,257 km improved and unim-
proved earth; additionally 241 km of
seasonally motorable tracks
Civil air: 5 major and 11 minor transport
aircraft
Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and
telegraph service; fair radio communica-
tion and broadcast service; international
radio communication service is poor;
18,400 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 4
AM, 1 TV stations; 1 satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Nepalese Army, Royal
Nepalese Army Air Service, Nepalese
Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,171,000; 2,157,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 197,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 15
July 1987, $32 million; 5% of central
government budget
174
Netherlands
See regions! map V
Geography
Total area: 37,310 km?; land area: 33,940
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode
Island combined
Land boundaries: 1,022 km total
Coastline: 451 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: temperate; marine; cool summers
and mild winters
Terrain: mostly coastal lowland and re-
claimed land (polders); some hills in south-
east
Land use: 25% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 34% meadows and pastures; 9%
forest and woodland; 31% other; includes
15% irrigated
Environment: dikes protect 30% of land
area that is below sea level from North Sea
Special notes: located at mouths of three
major European rivers (Rhine, Maas or
Meuse, Schelde)
People
Population: 14,641,554 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.51%
Nationality: noun—Netherlander(s); adjec-
tive—Netherlands
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indo-
nesian and other
Religion: 40% Roman Catholic, 31%
Protestant, 24% unaffiliated, 5% none
Language: Dutch
Infant mortality rate: 8/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 76
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 5.3 million (1984); 50.1%
services, 27.8% manufacturing and con-
struction, 16.1% government, 6.0% agricul-
ture; unemployment rate 14.4% (1985
average)
Organized labor: 29% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of the Nether-
lands
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam, but government
resides at The Hague
Administrative divisions: 12 provinces
and 4 special municipalities governed by
centrally appointed commissioners of
Queen
Dependent areas: Aruba, Netherlands
Antilles
Legal system: civil law system incorporat-
ing French penal theory; constitution of
1815 frequently amended, reissued 1947;
judicial review in the Supreme Court of
legislation of lower order rather than Acts
of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April
Branches: executive (Queen and Cabinet
of Ministers), which is responsible to bi-
cameral parliament (States General) con-
sisting of a First Chamber (75 indirectly
elected members) and a Second Chamber
(150 directly elected members); indepen-
dent judiciary; coalition governments are
usual
Government leaders: BEATRIX Wilhel-
mina Armgard, Queen (since Apri! 1980);
Ruud LUBBERS, Prime Minister (since
November 1982)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: must be held at least every four
years for lower house (last held in May
1986); following an amendment to the
constitution that took effect in 1983, elec-
tions are held for the upper house every
four years (most recent August 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Appeal (CDA) Willem van
Velzen; Labor (PvdA), Marianne Sint;
Liberal (VVD), Leendert Ginjaar,; Demo-
crats 66 (D’66), Saskia van der Loo; Com-
munist (CPN), Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist
Socialist (PSP), Marko Mazeland; Political
Reformed (SGP), H. Slagboom; Reformed
Political Union (GPV), J. Blokland; Radical
Party (PPR), Janneke van der Plaat; Dem-
ocratic Socialist 70 (DS’70), Z. Hartog;
Rightist Peoples Party (RVP), Hendrik
Koekoek; Reformed Political Federation
(RPF), P. Lamgeler; Center Party (CP), H.
Janmatt; Evangelical People’s Party (EVP),
J. Renes; Party for Better Housing (PVA),
J. H. Borsboom; Roman Catholic Party of
the Netherlands (RKPN), Klaas Beuker;
Netherlands Christian Democrats (NCD),
J. A. Taex
Voting strength: (May 1986 election) CDA
54 seats, PvdA 52 seats, VVD 27 seats,
D’66 9 seats, SGP 3 seats, PPR 2 seats, PSP
1 seat, GPV 1 seat, RPF ] seat; two mem-
bers of the CDA were expelled from the
party in 1984 and are now serving as
independents
Communists: about 6,000
Other political or pressure groups: large
multinational firms; Federation of Nether-
lands Trade Union Movement (comprising
Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a
Protestant trade union; Federation of
Catholic and Protestant Employers Associ-
ations; the nondenominational Federation
of Netherlands Enterprises; and IKV—
Interchurch Peace Council
Member of: ADB, Benelux, Council of
Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, EIB, ELDO,
EMS, ESCAP, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
1DB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INRO, INTELSAT, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ITC, ITU, [WC—International
Wheat Council (with respect to interests of
175
the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname),
NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $124.2 billion, $8,570 per capita;
59.2% private consumption, 18.4% invest-
ment, 16.3% government consumption,
1.1% inventories, 5.1% net foreign de-
mand, 2.0% real GNP growth (1985)
Natural resources: natural gas, oil
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; horticultural crops, grains, potatoes,
sugar beets; food shortages—erains, fats,
oils
Fishing: catch 480,000 metric tons; exports
of fish and fish products, $535.6 million;
imports, $303.3 million (1985)
Major industries: food processing, metal
and engineering products, electrical and
electronic machinery and equipment,
chemicals, petroleum products, natural gas
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton,
base metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood,
lumber, feedgrains, oilseeds
Crude steel: 7.4 million metric ton capac-
ity, 5.5 million metric tons produced, 380
kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 20,956,000 kW capacity;
63,090 million kWh produced, 4,340 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $67.9 billion (f.o.b., 1985); food-
stuffs, machinery, chemicals, petroleum
products, natural gas, textiles
Imports: $64.9 billion (c.i.f., 1985); ma-
chinery, transportation equipment, crude
petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals, raw
cotton, base metals and ores, pulp
Major trade partners: (1984) exports—
71.9% EC (29.8% FRG, 18.8% Belgium-
Luxembourg, 10.5% France, 9.4% UK),
5.0% US, 1.9% Communist countries;
imports—53.3% EC (21.8% FRG, 11.4%
Belgium-Luxembourg, 8.7% UK), 8.8% US,
5.3% Communist countries
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $12.0 billion
Budget: revenues, $40.6 billion; expendi-
tures, $49.5 billion; deficit, $8.9 billion
(1985 est.); 3.3214 guilders=US$1 (1985
average)
Netherlands (continued)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.3
guilders=US$1 (October 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: Netherlands Railways (NS)
operates 2,824 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 3,033 km total track; 1,824 km
electrified, 1,800 km double track, 166 km
privately owned
Highways: 108,360 km total; 92,525 km
paved (including 2,185 km of limited
access, divided highways); 15,835 km
gravel, crushed stone
Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which
85% is usable by craft of 900 metric ton
capacity or larger
Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km
refined products; 10,230 km natural gas
Ports: 10 major, 2 minor
Civil air: 98 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 19 with
permanent-surface runways; 18 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
well maintained, and integrated; extensive
system of multiconductor cables, supple-
mented by radio-relay links; 8.84 million
telephones (57.5 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 41
FM, 30 TV stations; 9 submarine cables; 1
satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean and
2 Indian Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal
Netherlands Navy/Marine Corps, Royal
Netherlands Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,064,000; 3,620,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 124,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $5.3 billion; about 9.3%
of central government budget
Netherlands Antilles
50 km
Islands nat shawn in true
geographical position
Sint Maarten
Caribbean Sea Ebiligsnurg
Sabano
Westpunt & \ Curacao
3
Kralendij
WILLEMSTAO
. Bonaire
See regional map 111]
Geography
Total area: 960 km?; land area: 960 km?
Comparative area: about one third the
size of Rhode Island
Coastline: 364 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; modified by northeast
trade winds
Terrain: generally hilly, volcanic interiors
Land use: 8% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 92% other
Environment: south of Carribean hurri-
cane belt, so rarely threatened
Special notes: none
People
Population: 182,218 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.28%
Nationality: noun—Netherlands Antil-
lean(s); adjective—Netherlands Antillean
Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African;
remainder Carib Indian, European, Latin,
and Oriental
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic;
Protestant, Jewish, Seventh-Day Adventist
Language: Dutch (official); Papiamento, a
Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect
predominates; English widely spoken;
Spanish
Literacy: 95%
176
Labor force: 89,000 (1983); 65% govern-
ment, 28% industry and commerce, 1.5%
agriculture; unemployment about 16%
(1984 est.)
Organized labor: 60-70% of labor force
Government
Official name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: autonomous territory within King-
dom of the Netherlands
Capital; Willemstad on Curacao
Administrative divisions: three island
territories—Bonaire, Curacao, and the
Windward Islands
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law
system, with some English common law
influence; constitution adopted 1954
Branches: federal executive power rests
nominally with Governor (appointed by
the Crown); actual power exercised by
eight-member Council of Ministers or
cabinet presided over by Minister-
President; legislative power rests with
22-member Legislative Council; indepen-
dent court system under control of Chief
Justice of Supreme Court of Justice (ad-
ministrative functions under Minister of
Justice); each island territory has island
council headed by Lieutenant Governor
Government leaders: Domenico Felip
MARTINA, Prime Minister (since January
1986); Dr. Rene ROMER, Governor (since
1983)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: federal elections mandatorily
held every four years, last held 22 Novem-
ber 1985; island council elections every
four years, last held 22 November 1985
Political parties and leaders: political
parties are indigenous to each island:
Curacao—Movement for a New Antilles
(MAN), Domenico Felip Martina; Demo-
cratic Party (DP), Augustin Diaz; National
People’s Party (NVP), Maria Liberia-
Peters; Workers Front for Liberation
(FOL), Wilson (Papa) Godett; Social Dem-
ocratic Party (PSD), Efraim Cintje; Social
Independent Party (SI), George Hueck and
Nelson Monte; Bonaire—Popular Union
Party of Bonaire (UPB), Charles E. R.
Ellis; Democratic Party of Bonaire (PDB),
John Evert (Jopie) Abraham; New Demo-
cratic Action (ADEN); Windward Is-
lands— Windward Islands Democratic
Party (DPW), Claude Wathey; United
Federation of Antillean Workers (UFA);
Windward Islands People’s Movement
(WIPM)
Voting strength: the government of Prime
Minister Don Martina is a coalition of the
MAN and DP parties
Communists: small leftist groups
Member of: EC (associate), INTERPOL;
associated with UN through the Nether-
lands; UPU, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.36 billion, $9,140 per capita;
1.0% real growth rate (1984)
Natural resources: phosphates (Curacao
only), salt (Bonaire only)
Agriculture: corn, pulses
Major industries: petroleum refining on
Curacao (refinery currently closed but may
reopen); petroleum transshipment facilities
on Curacao and Bonaire; tourism on Cur-
acao and St. Martin; light manufacturing
on Curacao
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity; 365
million kWh produced, 1,550 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $3.7 billion (f.0.b., 1984); 98%
petroleum products, phosphate
Imports: $4.0 billion (c.i.f., 1984); 64%
crude petroleum, food, manufactures
Major trade partners: exports—46% US,
2% Canada, 1% Netherlands; imports—
35% Venezuela, 11% US, 4% Netherlands
(1977)
Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF commit-
ments (1970-79), Western (non-US) coun-
tries $353 million
Budget: central government revenues,
$616 million; central government expendi-
tures, $656 million (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Nether-
lands Antillean guilders or florins
(NAF)=US$1 (August 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 950 km total; 300 km paved,
650 km gravel and earth
Ports: 3 major (Willemstad, Philipsburg,
Kralendijk); 6 minor (of which 4 are signif-
icant ports for petroleum tankers)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate
facilities; extensive interisland radio-relay
links; 65,000 telephones (24.6 per 100
popl.); 7 AM, 5 FM, and 1 TV stations; 2
submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite antennas
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of the Nether-
lands
Military manpower: males 15-49, 49,000,
28,000 fit for military service; 2,000 reach
military age (20) annually
177
New Caledonia
150 km
Coral Sea
South
Pacific
Ocean
Coral Sea “jle des Pins
Islands of Huon end
SteregionalmapX Chesterfield era not shown,
Geography
Total area: 19,060 km?; land area: 18,760
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Massachusetts
Coastline: 2,254 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended econamic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; modified by southeast
trade winds; hot, humid
Terrain: coastal plains with interior moun-
tains
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 14% meadows and
pastures; 51% forest and woodland; 35%
other
Environment: typhoons most frequent
from November to March
Special notes: none
People
Population: 149,795 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.66%
Nationality; noun—New Caledonian(s);
adjective—New Caledonian
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42.5%,
European 37.1%, Wallisian 8.4%, Polynes-
ian 3.8%, Indonesian 3.6%, Vietnamese
1.6%, other 3.0%
New Caledonia (continued)
Religion: over 60% Roman Catholic, 30%
Protestant, 10% other
Language: French; Melanesian-Polynesian
dialects
Labor force: 50,469 (1980 est.); Javanese
and Tonkinese laborers were imported for
plantations and mines in pre-World War
II period; immigrant labor now coming
from Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, and
French Polynesia; est. 8% unemployment
Government
Official name: Territory of New Cal-
edonia and Dependencies
Type: French overseas territory; repre-
sented in French parliament by two depu-
ties and one senator
Capital: Nouméa
Administrative divisions: 4 islands or
island group dependencies (fle des Pins,
fles Loyauté, fle Huon, Island of New
Caledonia) and 32 municipalities
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by High Commis-
sioner, responsible to French Ministry for
Overseas France and Council of Govern-
ment; 46-seat Territorial Assembly
Government leaders: Fernand WIBAUX,
French High Commissioner and President
of the Council of Government (since 1985);
Kanak Provisional Government—Jean-
Marie TJIBAOU, President (since Decem-
ber 1984)
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Assembly elections every five
years, last in November 1984; referendum
on New Caledonian independence sched-
uled for 1987
Political parties: white-dominated Ras-
semblement pour la Calédonie dans la
République (RPCR)}—Conservative; Melan-
esian proindependence Kanak Socialist
National Liberation Front (FLNKS); Me-
lanesian moderate Kanak Socialist Libera-
tion (LKS)
Voting strength: (1984 election) Territorial
Assembly—RPCR, 34 seats; LKS, 6 seats;
splinter groups, 2 seats; FLNKS boycotted
the election
Communists: number unknown; Palita
extreme left party; some politically active
Communists deported during 1950s; small
number of North Vietnamese
Member of: EIB (associate), WFTU,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $1.21 billion, $8,050 per capita
(1983)
Natural resources: nickel, chrome, iron,
cobalt, manganese, silver, gold, lead,
copper
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle
grazing; coffee, maize, wheat, vegetables;
60% self-sufficient in beef
Industry: nickel mining
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity;
2,200 million kWh produced, 14,800 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $217.8 million (1983); 95% nickel
metal (95%), nickel ore
Imports: $350 million (1983); fuels and
minerals, machines and electrical equip-
ment
Major trade partners: exports—54.9%
France; imports—32.5% France (1980)
Budget: revenues, $187.1 million; expendi-
tures, $168.3 million (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 francs
CFP=US$1 (December 1982)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,448 km total; 558 km paved,
2,251 km improved earth, 2,689 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Nouméa), 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: 32,000 telephones
(21 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, 3 FM, 7 TV
stations; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
178
New Zealand
500 km Kermadec | ;
Islands °
South
Pacific
2 Ocaan
Tasman
Sea North Island
Aucklan 3
Naw Plymouth ‘Gisborne
ELLINGTON
Christchurch ‘3. Chetham
* Islende
South Island
See reglonal map X
Geography
Total area: 268,680 km; land area:
268,670 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Colorado
Coastline: 15,184 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; territorial claim
in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)
Climate: temperate with sharp regional
contrasts
Terrain: predominately mountainous with
some large coastal plains.
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 53% meadows and pastures; 38%
forest and woodland; 7% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: earthquakes are common,
though usually not severe
Special notes: none
People
Population: 3,307,239 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.88%
Nationality: noun—New Zealander(s);
adjective—New Zealand
Ethnic divisions: 88% European, 8.9%
Maori, 2.9% Pacific Islander, 0.2% other
Religion: 81% Christian, 18% none or
unspecified, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and
other
Language: English (official), Maori
Infant mortality rate: 12.5/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 70.5, women 77.0
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 1,416,900 (August 1986);
66.6% services, 21.0% manufacturing,
11.8% primary production; 5.0% unem-
ployment rate (1986)
Organized labor: 660,000 members; 41%
of labor force (December 1985)
Government
Official name: New Zealand
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital; Wellington
Administrative divisions: 241 territorial
units (128 boroughs, 90 counties, 10 town
and district councils); 579 special-purpose
bodies
Dependent areas: Cook Islands, Niue,
Tokelau
Legal system: based on English law, with
special land legislation and land courts for
Maoris; constitution consists of various
documents, including certain acts of the
UK and New Zealand Parliaments; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 Febru-
ary
Branches: unicameral legislature (97-
member House of Representatives, com-
monly called Parliament); Cabinet respon-
sible to Parliament; three-level court
system (magistrates and courts, Supreme
Court, and Court of Appeal)
Government leader: David LANGE,
Prime Minister (since July 1984)
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held at three-year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election July 1984
Political parties and leaders: New
Zealand Labor Party (NZLP; government),
David Lange; National Party (NP; opposi-
tion), Jim Bolger; Democratic Party, Neil
Morrison; New Zealand Party, Steven
Greenfield; Socialist Unity Party (SUP;
pro-Soviet), Ken Douglas
Voting strength: (1984 election and one
byelection in 1985) Parliament—National
Party, 38 seats; Labor Party, 55 seats;
Democratic Party, 2 seats
Communists: SUP about 140, other sects,
about 200
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth of Nations,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, THO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, SPF, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP; $24.1 billion (FY ending March
1985), $7,420 per capita; real growth rate
1.1% (1975-85); 17.5% average inflation
rate (FY ending March 1987 est.)
Natural resources: natural gas, iron, sand,
coal, timber
Agriculture: fodder and silage crops, wool,
meat, dairy products; food surplus country
Fishing: catch 138,000 metric tons (1983);
exports—130,000 metric tons valued at
$300 million (1984)
Major industries: food processing, wood
and paper products, textile production,
machinery, transport equipment, banking
and insurance, tourism
Electric power: 7,593,000 kW capacity;
27,000 million kWh produced, 8,180 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $5.75 billion (f.0.b., FY ending
June 1986); beef, wool, dairy products
Imports: $6.2 billion (c.i.f., FY ending
June 1986); petroleum, cars, trucks, ma-
chinery and electrical equipment, iron and
steel, petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports—16%
Australia, 15% Japan, 15% US, 9% UK
(trade year 1982/83); imports—20.5%
Japan, 17.2% Australia, 16.5% US, 9.2%
UK (1985)
179
Aid; ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-84), $380 million
Budget: expenditures, $7.3 billion; re-
ceipts, $6.0 billion; deficit, $1.3 billion
(1984/85)
Monetary conversion rate:
NZ$1.88=US$1 (14 January 1987)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,716 km total (1980); all 1.067-
meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113
km electrified; over 99% government
owned
Highways: 92,648 km total maintained
(March 1984); 49,547 km paved, 43,101
km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little
importance to transportation
Pipelines: 1,000 km natural gas; 160 km
refined products; 150 km condensate
Ports: 3 major
Civil air: about 40 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 205 total, 197 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional and domestic systems; 2.01 million
telephones (60.8 per 100 popl.); 64 AM, 2
FM, 14 TV stations, and about 400 repeat-
ers; submarine cables extend to Australia
and Fiji; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal New Zealand Navy, New
Zealand Army, Royal New Zealand Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 881,000;
753,000 fit for military service; 31,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1986, $500 million; about 5.1% of
central government budget
Nicaragua
«
Puerto Cabexea hey
isles dal
Maiz
See regional map Ul
Geography
Total area: 130,000 km?; land area:
118,750 km?
Comparative area: about the size of lowa
Land boundaries: 1,220 km total
Coastline: 910 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters depth
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Nicaraguan
interruption of transit in the Rio San Juan
(the internationa] boundary) is an occa-
sional source of friction with Costa Rica;
territorial dispute with Columbia over San
Andres and Providencia Archipelago
Climate: tropical in lowlands, cooler in
highlands
Terrain: extensive coastal plains rising to
interior mountains
Land use: 9% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 43% meadows and pastures; 35%
forest and woodland; 12% other; including
1% irrigated
Environment: subject to destructive earth-
quakes, volcanoes, and landslides; defores-
tation; soil erosion; water pollution
Special notes: none
People
Population: 3,319,059 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.50%
Nationality: noun—Nicaraguan(s); adjec-
tive—Nicaraguan
Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white,
9% black, 5% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official); English- and
Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic
coast
Infant mortality rate: 84/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 56, women 60
Literacy: 66%
Labor force: 1,086,000 (1986); 45% ser-
vice, 42% agriculture, 13% industry; 25%
unemployment
Organized labor: 35% of Nicaragua's labor
force is organized; of the seven confedera-
tions, five are Sandinista or Marxist ori-
ented—the government-sponsored Sandin-
ista Workers’ Central (CST), 115,000
members, including state and municipal
employees; the Association of Campesino
Workers (ATC), 180,000 members; the
General Confederation of Independent
Workers (CGI-1), about 15,000 members;
the Workers Front, about 100 members;
and the Central for Labor Action and
Unity (CAUS), about 3,000 members; the
other two unions are the Nicaraguan
Workers’ Central (CTN), 25,000 members,
and the Confederation of Labor Unifica-
tion (CUS), 50,000 members
Government
Official name: Republic of Nicaragua
Type: republic
Capital: Managua
Administrative divisions: 16 departments;
in 1982 the Sandinistas established six
regions and three special zones, which
both the government and the Sandinista
National Liberation Front (FSLN) increas-
ingly use for administrative purposes
Legal system: the Sandinista-appointed
Government of National Reconstruction
revoked the constitution of 1974 and
issued a Fundamental Statute and a Pro-
gram of the Government of National
Reconstruction, which guided its actions
unti! the new constitution was promul-
gated in January 1987
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September; Anniversary of the Revolution,
19 July
180
Branches: executive and administrative
responsibility formally reside in the Presi-
dent, Vice President, and Cabinet; in
reality, the nine-member National Direc-
torate of the Sandinista National Libera-
tion Front (FSLN) shares power with and
dominates the executive; National Assem-
bly was elected in November 1984 and
inaugurated in January 1985; the country’s
highest judicial authority is the Sandinista-
appointed Supreme Court, composed of
seven members
Government leaders: Cdte. (José) Daniel
ORTEGA Saavedra, President (since 10
January 1985); Sergio RAMIREZ Mercado,
Vice President (since 10 January 1985)
Elections: national elections were held on
4 November 1984 for president and vice
president (elected for a six-year term), and
a 96-member National Assembly
Political parties and leaders: Sandinista
National Liberation Front (FSLN) is the
ruling party and dominates political life;
the FSLN has 61 seats in the National
Assembly; government prohibited most
political activities by opposition parties
under the state of emergency in March
1982, expanded the emergency decree in
October 1985, and reimposed the state of
emergency in January 1987; main opposi-
tion parties boycotted the November 1984
elections on the grounds that the regime
had not provided them with sufficient
political guarantees; democratic opposition
parties are highly fragmented and include
Social Democratic Party (PSD), leadership
undecided; Social Christian Party (PSC),
Erick Ramirez; Democratic Conservative
Party of Nicaragua (PCDN), split into
factions—the most influential leaders are
Mario Rappaccioli and Myriam Arguello;
Constitutionalist Liberal Party (PLC),
Alfredo Reyes Duque Estrada; Indepen-
dent Liberal Party (PLI), Virgilio Godoy;
Popular Social Christian Party (PPSC),
Mauricio Diaz; and Democratic Conserva-
tive Party (PCD), split into factions—most
influential leader Rafael Cordova Rivas;
the PSD, PSC, PCDN and PLC, as well as
opposition business and union organiza-
tions, form the Democratic Coordinating
Board—Eduardo Rivas Gasteazoro, presi-
dent; the PPSC and PLI were allied with
the FSLN in the Patriotic Front of the
Revolution (FPR) until early 1984 but
fielded their own candidates in the elec-
tions; a pro-FSLN faction dominates the
PCD; the PCD has 14 seats in the National
Assembly, the PLI 9, and the PPSC 6; two
additional relatively obscure parties, the
Central American Unionist Party (PUCA)
and the Revolutionary Party of the Work-
ers (PRT), were founded in late 1984; a
third obscure party, the Liberal Party
(PALI, was founded in 1986
Communists: the Nicaraguan Socialist
Party (PSN), Gustavo Tablada, founded in
1944, has served as Nicaragua’s Moscow-
line Communist party; the Communist
Party of Nicaragua (PCdeN), Eli Altamir-
ano Pérez, is an ultraleft breakaway fac-
tion from the PSN; and the Popular Action
Movement—Marxist-Leninist (MAP-ML),
Isidro Téllez; only the PSN was a member
of the FPR alliance with the FSLN, but all
three have supported the revolution; the
PCdeN and MAP-ML have criticized the
Sandinistas for moving too slowly toward
consolidation of a Marxist-Leninist regime;
each of the three Communist parties has
two seats in the National Assembly
Other political or pressure groups: the
Superior Council of Private Enterprise
(COSEP) is an umbrella group comprising
11 different chambers of associations,
including such groups as the Chamber of
Commerce, the Chamber of Industry, and
the Nicaraguan Development Institute
~ (INDE)
Member of: CACM, CEMA (observer),
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS, ODECA,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.6 billion (1985), $510 per capita;
real GDP growth rate 1986, - 5% (conver-
sion from national currency made at 70
cordobas=US$$1, the highly overvalued
official exchange rate)
Natural resources: gold, silver, copper,
tungsten, arable land, timber, livestock,
fish
Agriculture: cotton, coffee, sugarcane, rice,
corn, beans, cattle
Major industries: food processing, chemi-
cals, metal products, textiles and clothing,
petroleum, beverages
Electric power: 398,000 kW capacity;
1,200 million kWh produced, 360 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $218 million (f.0.b., 1986); coffee,
cotton, sugar, seafood, bananas
Imports: $840 million (f.0.b., 1986); food
and nonfood agricultural products, chemi-
cals and pharmaceuticals, transportation
equipment, machinery, construction mate-
rials, clothing, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—40% EC,
20% Japan, 8% CACM, 7% US, 5% CEMA,
20% other; imports—438% CEMA, 12% EC,
10% Mexico, 8% US, 6% CACM, 21%
other (1985)
Aid: US, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $290
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $634 million; Com-
munist countries (1970-85), $1455 million
Military transfers: US commitments
(FY70-79), $20 million
Budget: expenditures, $900 million; reve-
nues, $0.5 billion; converted at 70
cordobas=US$1, official exchange rate
(1985)
Monetary conversion rate: multiple
exchange policy; official rate 70
cordobas=US$1 (January 1986); free mar-
ket 3,000 cordobas=US$1 (January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 344 km 1.067-meter gauge,
government owned; majority of system not
operating; 3 km 1.435-meter gauge line at
Puerto Cabezas (does not connect with
mainline)
Highways: 23,585 km total; 1,655 km
paved, 2,170 km gravel or crushed stone,
5,425 km earth or graded earth, 14,335
km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2
large lakes
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km
181
Ports: 1 major (Corinto), 8 secondary, 13
minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 289 total, 241 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: low-capacity radio-
relay and wire system being expanded;
connection into Central American micro-
wave net; 60,000 telephones (2.2 per 100
popl.); 41 AM, 4 HF, 7 TV stations; Inter-
sputnik communications satellite facility;
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Sandinista People’s Army,
Sandinista Navy, Sandinista Air Force/Air
Defense, Sandinista People’s Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 716,000;
448,000 fit for military service; 38,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, $1.2-].6 billion;
50-65% of central government budget
(includes both defense and security expen-
ditures)
Niger
See regional msp VII
Geography
Total area: 1,267,000 km?; land area:
1,266,700 km?
Comparative area: almost three times the
size of California
Land boundaries: 5,745 km total
Climate: desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty;
tropical in south
Terrain: predominately desert plains and
sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in south
Land use: 3% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 7% meadows and pastures; 2% forest
and woodland; 88% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recent drought and deserti-
fication severely affecting marginal agri-
cultural activities; overgrazing; soil erosion
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 6,988,540 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.16%
Nationality: noun—Nigerien(s) adjective—
Nigerien
Ethnic divisions: 56% Hausa; 22%
Dierma; 8.5% Fula; 8% Tuareg; 4.3% Beri
Beri (Kanouri); 1.2% Arab, Toubou, and
Gourmantche; about 4,000 French expatri-
ates
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder indige-
nous beliefs and Christians
Language: French (official); Hausa,
Djerma
Infant mortality rate: 186/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 45
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 2.5 million (1982) wage
earners; 90% agriculture, 6% industry and
commerce, 4% government
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power
since April 1974
Capital: Niamey
Administrative divisions: 7 departments,
88 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted 1960, suspended 1974; committee
appointed January 1984 to reflect on a
new national charter; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 3
August; Republic Day, 18 December
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President Seyni Kountché in the name of
the Supreme Military Council (SMC),
which is composed of army officers; office
of prime minister created January 1983;
since November 1983, civilians have held
all cabinet portfolios except Defense and
Interior, which are held by President
Kountché
Government leaders: Brig. Gen. Seyni
KOUNTCHE, President of Supreme
Military Council, Chief of State (since
1974); Hamid ALGABID, Prime Minister
(since November 1983)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: popular elections currently
allowed only for choosing representatives
for village Development Councils, which
advise on local economic development
Political parties and leaders: political
parties banned
Communists: no Communist party; some
sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: AfDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
182
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.2 billion, $180 per capita; annual
real growth rate - 3.1% (1985 est.)
Natural resources: uranium, coal, iron,
tin, phosphates
Agriculture: commercial—cowpeas,
groundnuts, cotton; main food crops—
millet, sorghum, rice
Major industries: cement plant, brick
factory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil
presses, slaughterhouse, and a few other
small light industries; uranium production
began in 1971
Electric power: 101,000 kW capacity; 265
million kWh produced, 39 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $250.6 million (f.0.b., 1985);
uranium, livestock, cowpeas, onions, hides,
skins; exports understated because much
regional trade not recorded
Imports: $309.4 million (f.0.b., 19825);
petroleum products, primary materials,
machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic
equipment, pharmaceuticals, chemical
products, cereals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: France (about half),
other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC
countries; US (8.8%, 1981); preferential
tariff to EC and franc zone countries
Budget: (1986 est.) revenue $173 million,
(1986 est.) $364.6 million expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 33] Commun-
auté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: ] October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 39,970 km total; 3,170 km
bituminous, 10,330 km gravel and laterite,
8,470 km earthen, 23,000 km tracks
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable
800 km from Niamey to Gaya on the
Benin frontier from mid-December
through March
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 33 total, 32 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 13 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of
wire and radio-relay links concentrated in
southwestern area; 9,800 telephones (0.2
per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, 12 TV sta-
tions; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations, 4
domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Gendarmerie, paramilitary Republican
Guard, paramilitary Presidential Guard,
paramilitary National Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,468,000; 787,000 fit for military service;
81,000 reach military age (18) annually
Nigeria
e
«Ogbomosho
-ibadan
» Mokurdi
LAGOS * Benin City
Bight of
Benin
Gulf of Guinea
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 923,770 km/?; land area:
910,770 km?
Comparative area: more than twice the
size of California
Land boundaries: 4,034 km total
Coastline: 853 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 30 nm
Boundary disputes: none; sporadic border
dispute with Cameroon
Climate: varies—equatorial in south,
tropical in center, arid in north
Terrain: southern lowlands merge into
central hills and plateaus; mountains in
southeast, plains in north
Land use: 31% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 23% meadows and pastures; 15%
forest and woodland; 28% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recent droughts in north
severely affecting marginal agricultural
activities; desertification; soil degradation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 108,579,764 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 2.93%
Nationality: noun—Nigerian(s); adjec-
tive—Nigerian
183
Ethnic divisions: more than 250 tribal
groups; Hausa and Fulani of the north,
Yoruba of the southwest, and Ibos of the
southeast comprise 65% of the population;
about 27,000 non-A fricans
Religion: 50% Muslim, 40% Christian, 10%
indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Hausa,
Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and several other
languages also widely used
Infant mortality rate: 113/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 47, women 50
(1983)
Literacy: 25-30%
Labor force: est. 45-50 million (1984); 54%
agriculture; 19% industry, commerce, and
services; 15% government
Organized labor: 3.52 million wage earn-
ers belong to one of 42 recognized trade
unions, which are under a single national
labor federation, the Nigerian Labor
Congress (NLC)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of
Nigeria
Type: military government since 31 De-
cember 1983
Capital: Lagos
Administrative divisions: 19 states with
appointed military governors
Legal system: based on English common
law and Islamic and tribal law
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
October
Branches: Armed Forces Ruling Council;
National Council of Ministers and National
Council of States; judiciary headed by
Supreme Court
Government leader: Ibrahim BABAN-
GIDA, President and Commander in Chief
of Armed Forces (since August 1985)
Suffrage: none
Elections: last national elections under
civilian rule held August-September 1983
Political parties and leaders: all political
parties banned after 31 December 1983
Nigeria (continued)
Communists: the pro-Communist under-
ground comprises a fraction of the small
Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent
in the country’s central labor organization
but have little influence on government
Member of: Af{DB, APC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, Lake Chad
Basin Commission, Niger River Commis-
sion, NAM, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $53.4 billion (1985), $520 per capita;
1.0% growth rate (1985 est.); 5% inflation
rate (1985)
Natural resources: petroleum, tin, colum-
bite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead, zinc
Agriculture: peanuts, cotton, cocoa, rub-
ber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm kernels,
millet, corn, rice; livestock; an illegal
producer of cannabis for the international
drug trade
Fishing: catch 515,000 metric tons (1983);
imports nonprocessed and processed fish
Major industries: mining—crude oil,
natural gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing
industries—oil palm, peanut, cotton, rub-
ber, petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manu-
facturing industries—textiles, cement,
building materials, food products, foot-
wear, chemical, printing, ceramics
Electric power: 4,900,000 kW capacity;
10,730 million kWh produced, 100 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $12.6 billion (f.0.b., 1985); oil
(97%), cocoa, palm products, rubber, .
timber, tin
Imports: $8.3 billion (f.0.b., 1985); machin-
ery and transport equipment, manufac-
tured goods, chemicals, wheat ‘
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: (1985) revenues, $15.0 billion;
current expenditures, $12.0 billion; capital
expenditures $5.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.3
naira=US$1 (December 1986 market rate)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km
paved (mostly bituminous surface treat-
ment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed
stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unim-
proved
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of
Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers
and creeks
Pipelines: 2,042 km crude oil; 264 km
natural gas; 3,000 km refined products
Ports: 6 major (Lagos, Port Harcourt,
Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele), 9 minor
Civil air: 77 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 88 total, 84 usable; 31 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: above-average
system limited by poor maintenance;
major expansion in progress; radio-relay
and cable routes; 155,000 telephones (0.2
per 100 popl.); 37 AM, 9 FM, 34 TV
stations; satellite station with Atlantic and
Indian Ocean antennas, domestic satellite
system with 19 stations; 1 coaxial subma-
rine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
25,027,000; 14,295,000 fit for military
service; 1,164,000 reach military age (18)
annually
184
Niue
South
Pacitic
Oceen
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 260 km?; land area: 260 km?
Comparative area: one and one-half times
the size of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 64 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; modified by southeast
trade winds
Terrain: steep limestone cliffs along coast,
central plateau
Land use: 61% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 19%
forest and woodland; 12% other
Environment: subject to typhoons
Special notes: one of world’s largest coral
islands
People
Population: 2,602 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate -3.21%
Nationality: noun—Niuean(s); adjective—
Niuean
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, with some
200 Europeans, Samoans, and Tongans
Religion: 75% Ekalesia Nieue (Niuean
Church)—a Christian Protestant church
closely related to the London Missionary
Society, 10% Morman, 5% Roman Catho-
lic, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Seventh-Day
Adventist
Language: Polynesian tongue closely
related to Tongan and Samoan; English
Literacy: education compulsory between 5
and 14 years of age
Labor force: about 1,000 (1981); most
Niueans work on family plantations; paid
work exists only in government service,
small industry, and the Niue Development
Board
Government
Official name: Niue
Type: (since 1974) self-governing territory
in free association with New Zealand;
Niueans retain New Zealand citizenship
Capital: Alofi
Administrative divisions: 14 village coun-
cils
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Executive consists of a Cabinet
of four members—the Premier (elected by
the Assembly) and three ministers (chosen
by the Premier from among Assembly
members); Legislative Assembly consists of
20 members (14 village representatives and
6 elected on a common roll); if requested
by the Assembly, New Zealand will also
legislate for the island
Government leaders: Sir Robert R. REX,
Premier (since early 1950s); John SPRING-
FORD, New Zealand Representative (since
1974)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every three years; last election
held March 1984
Member of: ESCAP (associate member),
SPF
Economy
GNP: $3 million (1984), per capita GDP
$1,080 (1984)
Agriculture: coconuts, passion fruit, honey,
limes; subsistence crops—taro, yams,
cassava (tapioca), sweet potatoes; pigs,
poultry, beef cattle
Fishing: 930,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: small tourist industry
Electric power: 1,500 kW capacity; 3
million kWh produced, 1,120 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $301,224 (f.0.b. 1983); canned
coconut cream, copra, honey, passion fruit
products, pawpaw, root crops, limes,
footballs, handicrafts
Imports: $1,504,180 (c.i.f. 1983); food and
live animals, manufactured goods, machin-
ery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs
Major trade partners; exports—New
Zealand, Fiji, Cook Islands, Australia;
imports—New Zealand, Fiji, Japan, West-
ern Samoa, Australia, US
Budget: revenues (including New Zealand
subsidy of $2.3 million) $3.2 million;
expenditures, $3.8 million (FY83/84 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: uses New
Zealand currency; NZ$1.93=US$1 (No-
vember 1986)
Fiseal year: ] April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 123 km all-weather roads, 106
km access and plantation roads
Ports: no natural harbor; open roadstead
offers anchorage offshore from Alofi, from
where servicing is by small boat
Airfields: 1 total, ] usable with
permanent-surface runway of 1,650 m
(capable of taking intermediate-size jet
aircraft)
Telecommunications: single-line tele-
phone system connects all villages on
island; 383 telephones; 1,000 radio receiv-
ers (1983 est.); 1 radio station; no TV
service
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of New
Zealand
185
Norfolk Island
« Bumt Pine
Narfolk Island
@Nepean
South
Pacific
Ocean
° Philip Island
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 40 km?; land area: 40 km?
Comparative area: less than one-fourth
the size of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 32 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Climate: subtropical, mild, little seasonal
temperature variation
Terrain: volcanic formation with mostly
rolling plains
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 0%
forest and woodland; 75% other
Environment: subject to typhoons (espe-
cially May to July)
Special notes: none
People
Population: 2,537 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.56%
Nationality: noun—Norfolk Islander(s);
adjective—Norfolk Islander
Ethnic divisions: descendants of the
Bounty mutiny; more recently, Australian
and New Zealand settlers
Religion: Church of England, Roman
Catholic Church, Uniting Church in Aus-
tralia, and Seventh-Day Adventists
Norfolk Island (continued)
Language: English (official); Norfolk—a
mixture of 18th Century English and
ancient Tahitian
Literacy: probably high
Government
Official name: Territory of Norfolk Island
Type: Australian territory
Capital: Kingston (administrative center),
Burnt Pine (commercial center)
Legal system: wide legislative and execu-
tive responsibility under the Norfolk Island
Act of 1979; Supreme Court
National holiday: Pitcairners Arrival Day
Anniversary, 8 June
Branches: 9-member elected Legislative
Assembly; chief executive is Australian
administrator named by governor general
Government leader: David E. BUFFETT,
Chief Minister (since 1983)
Suffrage: proportional representation; all
persons born on the island are Australian
citizens
Elections: last held 18 May 1983; every
three years
Economy
Agriculture: Kentia palm seed, cereals,
vegetables, fruit
Major industries: tourism ($10 million)
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity; 8
million kWh produced, 3,240 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $2.9 billion (1982-83); seed of the
Norfolk Island pine; Kentia palm seeds,
small quantities of avocados
Imports: $15.1 million (1982-83)
Major trade partners: imports—Australia
and Pacific Islands, New Zealand, Asia,
Europe; exports—Australia and Pacific
Islands, New Zealand, Asia, and Europe
Budget: revenue, $2.7 million; expendi-
ture, $3.3 million (1983); main source of
income is sale of postage stamps and
customs duties; expenses—administrative
$1.2 million, education $0.5 million, health
$0.5 million, welfare $0.2 million, mainte-
nance $0.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.55 Australian
dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km of roads, including 53
km of sealed roads; remainder are earth
formed or coral surfaced
Inland waterways: none
Ports: none; loading jetties at Kingston and
Cascade
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,489 m
(Australian-owned airport)
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receiv-
ers (1982); radio link service with Sydney;
987 telephones (1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Australia
186
Norway
Barents
Sea
Hammarfaste,
Jan Mayen and Svatbard
ara not shown.
See regional maps V and X1
Geography
Total area: 324,220 km?; land area:
307,860 km?
Comparative area: about the size of New
Mexico
Land boundaries: 2,579 km total
Coastline: 21,925 km (3,419 km mainland;
2,413 kim large islands; 16,093 km long
fjords, numerous small islands, and minor
indentations)
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 10 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 4 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with USSR; territorial claim in Ant-
arctica (Queen Maud Land)
Climate: temperate along coast, modified
by Gulf Stream; colder interior
Terrain: glaciated; mostly high plateaus
and rugged mountains broken by fertile
valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline
deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in
north
Land use: 3% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; NEGL% meadows and pastures;
27% forest and woodland; 70% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: air and water pollution;
acid rain
Special notes: strategic location adjacent
to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlan-
tic; one of most rugged and longest coast-
lines in world; Norway and Turkey only
NATO members having a boundary with
the USSR
People
Population: 4,178,545 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.30%
Nationality: noun—Norwegian(s); adjec-
tive—Norwegian
Ethnic divisions; Germanic (Nordic,
Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority
of 20,000 Lapps
Religion: 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state
church), 4% other Protestant and Roman
Catholic, 2% other
Language: Norwegian (official); small
Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Infant mortality rate: 7.9/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 72.7, women 79.5
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 2.064 million (1985); 30.9%
services; 19.6% mining and manufacturing;
16.7% commerce; 8.8% transportation;
7.6% construction; 7.2% agriculture, for-
estry, fishing; 5.7% banking and financial
services (1983); 2.8% unemployed (1985)
Organized labor: 66% of labor force
(1985)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Administrative divisions: 20 counties, 407
communes, 47 towns
Dependent areas: Bouvet Island, Jan
Mayen, Peter I Island, Svalbard
Legal system: mixture of customary law,
civil law system, and common law tradi-
tions; constitution adopted in 1814 and
modified in 1884; Supreme Court renders
advisory opinions to legislature when
asked; accepts compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Constitution Day, 17
May
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Storting—
Lagting, upper house; Odelsting, lower
house); executive power vested in Crown
but exercised by Cabinet responsible to
parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior
courts, 104 lower courts
Government leaders: OLAV V, King
(since 1957); Gro Harlem BRUNDTLAND,
Prime Minister (since May 1986)
Suffrage: universal at age 18 but not
compulsory
Elections: held every four years (next in
1989)
Politica] parties and leaders: Labor, Gro
Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Rolf
Presthus; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Chris-
tian People’s, Kjell Magne Bondevik;
Liberal, Arne Fjortoft; Socialist Left, Theo
Koritzinsky; Norwegian Communist, Hans
I. Kleven; Progressive, Carl 1. Hagen
Voting strength; (1985 election) Labor,
40.8%; Conservative, 30.4%; Christian
People’s, 8.3%; Center, 6.6%; Socialist Left
(Socialist Electoral Alliance), 5.5%; Progres-
sive, 3.7%; Liberal, 3.1%; Red Electoral
Alliance, 0.6%; Liberal People’s Party
(antitax), 0.5%; Norwegian Communist,
0.2%; other 0.4%
Communists: 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian
Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers
Communist Party Marxist-Leninist
(AKP-ML, pro-Chinese)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe,
DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA,
ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, 1CAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IEA (associate member), IFAD, [FC, [HO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IPU, ITU, [WC—International Whaling
Commission, 1!WC—International Wheat
Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $56.7 billion in 1984, $13,700 per
capita; 49.6% private consumption; 18.9%
government consumption; 25.4% gross
fixed investment; 3.3% change in stock-
building; net exports of goods and services
8.0%; real growth rate 3.5% (1985)
Natural resources: oil, copper, gas, pyrites,
nickel, iron, zinc, lead, fish, timber, hydro-
electric power
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; main crops—feed grains, potatoes,
187
fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food
shortages—food grains, sugar
Fishing: catch 2.48 million metric tons
(1984); exports $765 million (1985)
Major industries: oil and gas, food pro-
cessing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper
products, metals, chemicals
Shortages: most raw materials except
timber, petroleum, iron, copper, and
ilmenite ore; dairy products and fish
Crude petroleum: 785,000 b/d, exports
$6.5 billion (1985)
Crude steel: 924,000 metric tons produced
(1985), 228 kg per capita
Electric power: 23,435,000 kW capacity;
122,650 million kWh produced, 29,450
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $18.7 billion (f.0.b., 1985); oil,
natural gas, metals, chemicals, machinery,
fish and fish products, pulp and paper,
ships
Imports: $14.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); ma-
chinery, fuels and lubricants, transport
equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, clothing,
ships
Major trade partners: exports—68.8% EC
(35.6% UK, 15.6% FRG), 8.8% Sweden,
8.1% LDC, 5.17 US; imports—47.4% EC
(16.1% FRG, 10.0% UK), 17.8% Sweden,
7.2% US, 6.7% LDC (1985)
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-84), $2.4 billion
Budget: revenues $25.9 billion, expendi-
tures, $23.1 billion, (converted at 1985
exchange rate of Nkr 8.597=US$]1)
Monetary conversion rate: 7.5 Norwegian
kroners=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,242 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB)
operates 4,242 km (2,442 km electrified
and 96 km double track)
Highways: 79,540 km total; 18,600 km
concrete, bituminous, stone block; 19,980
km bituminous treated; 40,960 km gravel,
crushed stone, and earth
Inland waterways: 1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m
draft vessels maximum
Norway (continued)
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 101 total, 100 usable; 59 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: high-quality domes-
tic and international telephone, telegraph,
and telex services; 2.7 million telephones
(62.2 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 1,013 FM,
1,800 TV stations; 4 coaxial submarine
cables; 10 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Norwegian Army, Royal
Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,074,000; 908,000 fit for military service;
34,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $2.1 billion; 8.7% of
central government budget
Oman
Musendam
Peninsule ~~ Gu
300 km
Boundary representation 1s
not necessarily authoritative
JQ Mesirah
Arabien
Sea
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 212,460 km?; land area:
212,460 km?
Comparative area: about the size of New
Mexico
Land boundaries: 1,384 km total
Coastline: 2,092 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: Administrative Line
with PDRY; no defined boundary with
most of UAE, Administrative Line in far
north; no defined boundary with Saudi
Arabia
Climate: dry desert; hot, humid along
coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest
summer monsoon (May to September) in
far south
Terrain: vast central desert plain, rugged
mountains in north and south
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 5% meadows and pas-
tures; 0% forest and woodland; 95% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: summer winds often raise
large sandstorms and duststorms in inte-
rior; sparse natural fresh water resources
Special notes: strategic location with small
foothold on Musandam Peninsula control-
ling Strait of Hormuz (17% of world’s
daily oil production transits this point
going from Persian Gulf to Arabian Sea)
188
People
Population: 1,226,923 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.10%
Nationality: noun—Omani(s); adjective—
Omani
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab,
with small Baluchi, Zanzibari, and Indian
groups
Religion: 75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder
Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, some Hindu
Language: Arabic (official); English,
Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Infant mortality rate: 121/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 51, women 54
Litéracy: 20%
Labor force: 430,000; 58% are
non-Omani; est. 60% agriculture
Government
Official name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; independent,
with residual UK influence
Capital: Muscat
Administrative divisions: 1 province
(Dhofar), 2 governorates (Musandam and
Muscat), and numerous districts (wilayats)
Legal system: based on English common
law and Islamic law; no constitution;
ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive—Sultan, who ap-
points 45-member State Consultative
Assembly to advise him; judicial—tradi-
tional Islamic judges and a nascent civil
court system
National holiday: National Day, 18-19
November
Government leader: QABOOS bin Said,
Sultan (since July 1970)
Political parties: none
Other political or pressure groups: out-
lawed Popular Front for the Liberation of
Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $9.0 billion, $7,800 per capita (1985
est.)
Natural resources: oil, copper, asbestos,
some marble, limestone, chromium, gyp-
sum
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming
(fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels),
fishing
Major industries: crude petroleum pro-
duction 550,000 b/d (1986)
Electric power: 1,111,000 kW capacity;
2,920 million kWh produced, 2,300 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $5.0 billion (f.0.b., 1985), mostly
petroleum; nonoil consist mostly of re-
exports, processed copper, and some agri-
cultural goods
Imports: $3.4 billion ( c.i.f., 1985), ma-
chinery, transportation equipment, manu-
factured goods, food, livestock, lubricants
Major trade partners: exports—-59%
Japan, 15% Korea, 7% Thailand; imports—
23% UK, 20% Japan, 16% UAE, 7% FRG
(1985)
Budget: (1985) revenues, $4.5 billion;
expenditures, $5.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .385
rial=US$1 (January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 16,900 km total; 2,200 km
bituminous surface, 14,700 km motorable
track
Pipelines: crude oil 1,300 km; natural gas
1,080 km
Ports: 2 major, 5 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft,
including multinationally owned Gulf Air
Fleet
Airfields: 124 total, 119 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 57 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
open-wire, radio-relay, and radio commu-
nications stations; 23,000 telephones (2.2
per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 3 FM, 11 TV sta-
tions; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station,
8 domestic satellite stations, 1 ARABSAT
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal
Oman Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 290,000;
165,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 3]
December 1986, $1.6 billion; 32% of
central government budget
189
Pakistan
400 km
Gilgit ,
daromu And
pepe
Pashawer
s
Boundary representation is
not necesaarily authoritative
* ISLAMABAD
Gulf of
Oman
Arabian Sea
See regional msp VIII
Geography
Total area: 803,940 km?; land area:
778,720 km?
Comparative area: about the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 5,900 km total
Coastline: 1,046 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: Cease-Fire Line with
India; Pushtunistan and Baluchistan ques-
tions with Afghanistan
Climate: mostly hot, dry desert; temperate
in northwest; arctic in north
Terrain: flat Indus plain in east; mountains
in north and northwest; Baluchistan Pla-
teau in west
Land use: 26% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 6% meadows and pas-
tures; 4% forest and woodland; 64% other;
includes 19% irrigated
Environment: frequent earthquakes,
occasionally severe especially in north and
west; flooding along the Indus after heavy
rains (July and August); deforestation; soil
erosion; desertification
Special notes: controls Khyber Pass, tradi-
tional invasion route between Afghanistan
and Pakistan
Pakistan (continued)
People
Population: 104,600,799 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 2.74%
Nationality: noun—Pakistani(s); adjec-
tive—Pakistani
Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushtun
(Pathan), Baluch
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% Christian,
Hindu, and other
Language: Urdu and English (official);
total spoken languages—64% Punjabi, 12%
Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Baluchi
and other; English is lingua franca
Infant mortality rate: 119/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 51, women 49
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: 28.6 million (1985 est.);
extensive export of labor; 53% agriculture,
19% industry, 28% services
Organized labor: about 10% of industrial
work force
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of
Pakistan
Type: parliamentary with strong executive,
federal republic
Capital: Islamabad
Administrative divisions: four provinces
(Baluchistan, North-West Frontier, Punjab,
Sind) and 1 territory (Federally Adminis-
tered Tribal Areas)
Legal system: based on English common
law but gradually being transformed to
correspond to Koranic injunction; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions; President Zia’s government has
established Islamic Sharia courts parallel-
ing the secular courts and has introduced
Koranic punishments for criminal offenses;
martial law courts abolished 30 December
1985, and all cases, including those con-
cerning national security, now require due
process
National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March
Government leaders: Gen. Mohammed
ZIA-UL-HAQ, President and Army Chief
of Staff (since July 1977); confirmed as
President through March 1990 in special
referendum in December 1984; Moham-
med Khan JUNEJO, Prime Minister (since
March 1985)
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Elections: opposition agitation against
rigging elections in March 1977 led to
military coup; military promised to hold
new national and provincial assembly
elections in October 1977 but postponed
them indefinitely; elections for municipal
bodies were held in 1979 and 1983;
nonparty national elections were held in
February 1985; many outlawed political
parties boycotted polling
Political parties and leaders: relegalized
in December 1985 under legislation re-
quiring parties to register and open books
for inspection; government still has wide
authority under civil code to restrict
political activity; law requires disqualifica-
tion of any parliamentary delegate who
changes party affiliation; majority party in
parliament is Pakistan Muslim League
(PML), Mohammed Khan Juneio; principal
opposition party is the secular socialist
Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), Benazir
Bhutto (major leader); others include
National Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz
Mazari and the Awami National Party
(ANP), Abdul Wali Khan; all the afore-
mentioned are in the Movement for Resto-
ration of Democracy (MRD), formed in
February 1981; Pakistan National Party
(PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo (Baluch
elements of the former NAP); Tehrik-i-
Istiqlal, Asghar Khan; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-
Islam (JUD, Fazlur Rahman; National
People’s Party (NPP), Ghulam Mustapha
Jatoi
Communists: party is outlawed, member-
ship very small; sympathizers estimated at
several thousand
Other political or pressure groups: mili-
tary remains dominant political force;
Ulema (clergy), industrialists, and small
merchants also influential
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC—International Wheat Council,
NAM, OIC, Economic Cooperation Orga-
190
nization, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $82 billion (FY86 est.); $310 per
capita (FY86); real growth 7.3% (FY86)
Natural resources: land, extensive natural
gas, limited petroleum, poor quality coal,
iron ore
Agriculture: wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton;
an illegal producer of opium poppy and
cannabis for the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 343,400 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: cotton textiles, steel,
food processing, engineering, chemicals,
natural gas
Electric power: 5,731,000 kW capacity;
22,590 million kWh produced, 220 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., FY86); pri-
marily rice, cotton, and textiles
Imports: $5.6 billion (f.0.b., FY86); petro-
leum (crude and products), cooking oil,
machinery
Major trade partners: exports—US 10%,
Japan 10%, UK 8%; imports—Japan 15%,
US 12%, Germany 9% (FY86)
Budget: current expenditures, $5.4 billion;
development expenditures, $2.6 billion
(FY86)
Monetary conversion rate: 17.2
rupees=US$1 (FY86 average)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: (1985) 10,097 km total; 7,718
km broad gauge, 445 km meter gauge, and
610 km narrow gauge; 1,037 km broad
gauge double track; 286 km electrified;
government owned
Highways: 101,315 km total (1985); 40,155
km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 29,000 km
improved earth, and 9,160 km unim-
proved earth or sand tracks
Inland waterways: negligible
Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 2,269 km
natural gas; 885 km refined products
Ports: 2 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 117 total, 99 usable; 70 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 29 with runways
2,440-8,659 m, 43 with runways
1,200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
radiocommunication service over micro-
wave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic
radio communications poor; broadcast
service good; 474,000 telephones (0.3 per
100 popl.); 21 AM, 23 FM, 16 TV stations;
2 satellite ground stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil
Armed Forces, National Guards
Military manpower: males 15-49,
24,249,000; 14,865,000 fit for military
service; 1,196,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $2.17 billion; about 33.6% of
central government budget
Panama
CaribbeanSea
30
Gulf of ta Patma
Panama
North Pacific Ocean
See regions! map 111
Geography
Total area: 77,080 km?; land area: 75,990
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
West Virginia
Land boundaries: 630 km total
Coastline: 2,490 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, cloudy;
prolonged rainy season (May to January),
short dry season (January to May)
Terrain: interior mostly steep, rugged
mountains and dissected, upland plains;
coastal areas largely plains and rolling hills
Land use: 6% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 15% meadows and pastures; 54%
forest and woodland; 23% other; includes
NEGL®% irrigated
Environment: dense tropical forest in east
and northwest
Special notes: strategic location on eastern
end of isthmus forming land bridge con-
necting North and South America; controls
Panama Canal that links Atlantic Ocean
via Caribbean Sea with Pacific Ocean
People
Population: 2,274,833 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.14%
Nationality: noun—Panamanian(s); adjec-
tive—Panamanian
191
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% West
Indian, 10% white, 6% Indian
Religion: over 93% Roman Catholic, 6%
Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); 14% speak
English as native tongue; many Pana-
manians bilingual
Infant mortality rate: 20.1/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 71
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: 680,471 (1984 est.); 45%
commerce, finance, and services; 29%
agriculture, hunting, and fishing; 10%
manufacturing and mining; 5% construc-
tion; 5% transportation and communica-
tions; 4% Canal Zone; 1.2% utilities; 20%
unemployed (January 1985 est.); shortage
of skilled labor, but an oversupply of
unskilled labor
Organized labor: 17% of labor force
(1986)
Government
Official name: Republic of Panama
Type: centralized republic
Capital: Panama
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces, |
comarca
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted in 1972, but major
reforms adopted in April 1983; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; accepts compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 3
November
Branches: under April 1983 reforms, a
President, two Vice Presidents, and a
67-member Legislative Assembly are
elected by popular vote for five-year
terms; nine Supreme Court Justices and
nine alternates serve 10-year terms; two
justices and their alternates are replaced
every other December by presidential
nomination and legislative confirmation
Government leaders: Eric Arturo
DELVALLE Henriquez, President (since
September 1985); Roderick ESQUIVEL,
First Vice President (since October 1985);
Second Vice President, unfilled
Panama (continued)
Suffrage 18: universal and compulsory
over age 18
Elections: seven electoral slates made up
of 14 registered political parties were on
the May 1984 ballot with the president
and other winners decided by simple
pluralities; mayoral and municipal elec-
tions were held in June 1984
Political parties and leaders: (registered
for 1984 presidential and legislative elec-
tions) National Democratic Union
(UNADE; government coalition—Demo-
cratic Revolutionary Party (PRD, official
government party), Romulo Escobar Be-
thancourt, Carlos Ozores Typaldos; Repub-
lican Party (PR), Eric Arturo Devalle
Henriquez; Liberal Party (PL), Roderick
Lorenzo Esquivel; Labor Party (PALA),
Ramén Sieiro Murgas and Carlos Eleta
Almardan; Panamenista Party (PP), Luis
Suarez; Popular Broad Front Party (FR-
AMPO), Alvaro Arosemena; Democratic
Opposition Alliance (ADO, opposition)—
Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Ri-
cardo Arias Calderon; Authentic Paname-
nista Party (PPA), Arnulfo Arias Madrid;
Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement
(MOLIRENA), Alfredo Ramirez, Sr.; other
opposition parties—Popular Nationalist
Party (PNP), Olimpo A. Saez Maruci;
Popular Action Party (PAPO), Carlos Ivan
Zuniga; People’s Party (PdP, Soviet-
oriented Communist), Rubén Dario Sousa
Batista; Socialist Workers Party (PST), José
Cambra; Revolutionary Workers Party
(PRT), Graciela Dixon
Voting strength: in the May 1984 elections
the government coalition received 800,748
votes, narrowly defeating the opposition
alliance, which received 299,035 votes;
UNADE won 45 seats in the 67-member
Legislative Assembly, and ADO won the
remaining 22 seats
Communists: People’s Party (PdP), pro-
government mainline Communist party,
did not obtain the necessary three percent
of the total vote in 1984 elections to retain
its legal status; about 3,000 members
Other political or pressure groups: Na-
tional Council of Organized Workers
(CONATO); National Council of Private
Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Associa-
tion of Business Executives (APEDE)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IRC, ITU, 1WC—International Whaling
Commission, 1WC—International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $4.4 billion (1984), $2,060 per cap-
ita; real growth - 3.3% (1985)
Natural resources: copper, mahogany
forests, shrimp
Agriculture: bananas, rice, sugarcane,
coffee, corn; self-sufficient in basic foods;
an illegal producer of cannabis for the
international drug trade
Fishing: catch 143,000 metric tons (1983);
exports $53.2 million (1984)
Major industries: food processing, bever-
ages, petroleum products, construction
materials, clothing, paper products
Electric power: 1,109,000 kW capacity;
8,120 million kWh produced, 1,400 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $410 million (f.0.b., 1985); petro-
leum products, bananas, shrimp, sugar
Imports: $1.34 billion (f.0.b., 1985); petro-
leum products, manufactured goods,
machinery and transportation equipment,
chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports—59.1% US,
17% Central America and Caribbean, 16%
EC, 8% other; imports—-30% US, 19%
Central America and Caribbean, 10%
Mexico, 8% Japan, 8% Venezuela, 6% EC,
15% other (1984)
Aid: US, including Ex-Im commitments
(FY70-85), $468 million; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF (1970-84), $494
million; Communist countries (1970-85), $4
million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $47
million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $886 million;
expenditures, $1.175 billion
Monetary conversion rate:
1 balboa=US$1 (January 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
192
Communications
Railroads: 238 km total; 78 km 1.524-
meter gauge, 160 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,530 km total; 2,745 km
paved, 3,270 km gravel or crushed stone,
2.515 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by
shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
Pipelines: crude oil, 180 km
Ports: 2 major (Cristobal and Balboa), 8
minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 138 total, 183 usable; 44 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: domestic and inter-
national facilities well developed; connec-
tion into Central American microwave net;
2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas;
220,000 telephones (10.5 per 100 popl.); 80
AM, 14 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine
cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Defense Forces of the Republic
of Panama (formerly known as the Na-
tional Guard) includes military ground
forces (still designated National Guard),
Panamanian Air Force, National Navy,
Panama Canal Defense Force, police
force, traffic police/highway patrol, Na-
tional Department of Investigation, De-
partment of Immigration
Military manpower: males 15-49, 579,000;
400,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription
Military budget: for fiscal year beginning
1 January 1987, $104.6 million; about 4%
of central government budget
Papua New Guinea
§00 km
South Pacific Ocean
oes « Scag
me = New Ireland
o of a?
* e
.
* = « . *
mee Qo ainville
New 9
Britain
Coral Ses
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 461,690 km?; land area:
451,710 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
California
Land boundary: 966 km with Indonesia
Coastline: 5,152 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; northwest monsoon
(December to March), southeast monsoon
(May to October); slight seasonal tempera-
ture variation
Terrain: mostly mountains with coastal
lowlands and rolling foothills
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 1% per-
manent crops; NEGL% meadows and
pastures; 71% forest and woodland; 28%
other
Environment: one of world’s largest
swamps along southwest coast; some active
volcanos; frequent earthquakes
Special notes: none
People
Population: 3,563,743 July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.41%
Nationality: noun—Papua New Guin-
ean(s); adjective—Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Mela-
nesian and Papuan; some Negrito, Micro-
nesian, and Polynesian
Religion: over half of population nomi-
nally Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000
Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remain-
der indigenous beliefs
Language: 715 indigenous languages;
English spoken by 1-2%, pidgin English
widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region
Infant mortality rate: 102/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 50
Literacy: 32%
Labor force: 1.66 million (1980); 732,806
(1980) in salaried employment; 54% agri-
culture, 25% government, 9% industry and
commerce, 8% services
Government
Official name: Independent State of
Papua New Guinea
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth recognizing Eliza-
beth II as head of state
Capital: Port Moresby
Administrative divisions: 20 provinces
Legal system: based on English common
law
National holiday: Independence Day, 16
September
Branches: executive—National Executive
Council; legislature—House of Assembly
(109 members); judiciary—court system
consists of Supreme Court of Papua New
Guinea and various inferior courts (district
courts, local courts, children’s courts,
wardens’ courts)
Government leaders: Sir Kingsford
DIBELA, Governor General (since March
1983); Paias WINGTI, Prime Minister
(since November 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: preferential-type elections for
109-member House of Assembly every five
years, last held in June 1982
Political parties: Pangu Party, People’s
Progress Party, United Party, Papua Be-
sena, National Party, Melanesian Alliance
Communists: no significant strength
193
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, CIPEC (asso-
ciate), Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, South
Pacific Commission, SPF, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $2.2 billion, $680 per capita; real
growth 2.2% (1984); 3.7% inflation rate
(1985)
Natural resources: gold, copper, silver, gas
Agriculture: coffee, cocoa, coconuts, tim-
ber, tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber
processing, copper mining (Bougainville),
fish canning
Electric power: 750,000 kW capacity;
1,700 million kWh produced, 500 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $920 million (f.0.b., 1985); gold,
copper, coffee, palm oil, logs, cocoa, copra,
coconut oil, tea
Imports: $969 million (f.0.b., 1984); ma-
chinery and equipment, fuels and lubri-
cants, food and live animals, chemicals,
other manufactured goods
Major trade partners: Australia, UK,
Japan
Aid: Australia, commitments (1970-84)
$4.4 billion; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-
85), $220 million; other Western countries,
ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1980-85), $5 million
Budget: (1986) total revenues $804 million;
total expenditures (1985) $820 million
Monetary conversion rate: .96]
kina=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km
paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or
stabilized soil surface, 7,600 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: 5 principal, 9 minor
Civil air; about 15 major transport aircraft
Papua New Guinea (continued)
Airfields: 551] total, 445 usable; 15 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 35 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: services are ade-
quate and being improved; facilities pro-
vide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and
telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio
and international radiocommunication
services; submarine cables extend to Aus-
tralia and Guam; 51,483 telephones (1.5
per 100 popl.); 31 AM, 2 FM, no TV
stations, 1 satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 880,000;
489,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $34.5 million; about 3.5%
of central government budget
Paraguay
Pedro
Juan
Cabaltaro
Boundary representation 1s
not necessarily authoritative
“Encarnacién
See regional map 1V
Geography
Total area: 406,750 km?; land area:
397,300 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
California
Land boundaries: 3,444 km total
Boundary disputes: Brazil (Rio Parana
area)
Climate: varies from temperate in east to
semiarid in far west
Terrain: grassy plains and wooded hills
east of Paraguay River; Gran Chaco region
west of Paraguay River mostly low,
marshy plain
Land use: 4% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 39% meadows and pastures; 51%
forest and woodland; 5% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: local flooding in southeast
(early September to June); poorly drained
plains may become boggish (early October
to June)
Special notes: landlocked; buffer between
Argentina and Brazil
People
Population: 4,251,924 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.15%
Nationality: noun—Paraguayan(s); adiec-
tive—Paraguayan
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo (Spanish
and Indian), 5% white and Indian
194
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic; Mennonite
and other Protestant denominations
Language: Spanish (official) and Guarani
Infant mortality rate: 64/1,000 (1981)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: 81%
Labor force: 1.1 million (1983 est.); 44%
agriculture; 34% industry and commerce,
18% services, 4% government; unemploy-
ment rate 25% (1986 est.)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asuncién
Administrative divisions: 19 departments
and the national capital
Legal system: based on Argentine codes,
Roman law, and French codes; constitu-
tion promulgated 1967; judicial review of
legislative acts in Supreme Court; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 14
May
Branches: President heads executive;
bicameral legislature (Senate, Chamber of
Deputies); judiciary headed by Supreme
Court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.) Alfredo
STROESSNER, President (since May 1954)
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between
ages of 18 and 60
Elections: President and Congress elected
at same time every five years (next elec-
tion March 1988)
Political parties and leaders: Colorado
Party, Juan Ramén Chaves; Authentic
Radical Liberal Party (PLRA), Juan
Zaldivar; Christian Democratic Party
(PDC), Geronimo Irala Burgos; Febrerista
Revolutionary Party (PRF), Fernando
Vera; Liberal Party (PL), Joaquin Burgos;
Popular Colorado Movement (MOPOCO),
Waldino Lovera; Radical Liberal Party
(PLR), Emilio Forestieri
Voting strength: (February 1983 general
election) 90% Colorado Party, 5.6% Radi-
cal Liberal Party, 3.2% Liberal Party;
Febrerista Party boycotted elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and
Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal);
est. 8,000 to 4,000 party members and
sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are
hard core; party in exile is small and
deeply divided
Other political or pressure groups: Na-
tional Accord includes MoPoCo and
Febrerista, Radical Liberal, and Christian
Democratic Parties; Gaspar Rodriguez de
Francia, Paraguayan Liberation Movement
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, 1DB—Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
1LO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, I1PU,
IRC, ITU, LAJA, OAS, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $3.8 billion 1986, $950 per capita
(1986), 66% private consumption, 7%
public consumption (1983); 28% gross
domestic investment; real growth rate
1985, 4.5%; 40% inflation rate (mid-1986)
Natural resources: iron, manganese,
limestone, hydroelectric power, forests
Agriculture: oilseeds, soybeans, cotton,
wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco,
corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most
foods; illegal producer of cannabis for the
international drug trade
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed
crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light
consumer goods, cement, construction
Electric power: 1,675,000 kW capacity;
1,130 million kWh produced, 280 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $350 million (f.0.b., 1986); cotton,
oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber,
coffee, essential oils, tung oil
Imports: $730 million (f.o.b., 1986); fuels
and lubricants, machinery and motors,
motor vehicles, beverages and tobacco,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports—26%
Brazil, 18% Netherlands, 11% Argentina,
11% Switzerland, 7% US, 6% FRG; im-
ports—33% Brazil, 16% Argentina, 18%
US, 7% Algeria, 6% Japan, 5% FRG, 5%
UK (1986)
Aid: bilateral commitments, US (FY70-85)
$157 million; other Western countries,
ODA and OOF (1970-84), $648 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $18
million
Budget: (1986 est.) revenues, $620 million;
expenditures, $762 million
Monetary conversion rate: 240
guaranies=US$1 at fixed rate, 650
guaranies=US$) at floating rate (Novem-
ber 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 470 km various narrow gauge
(privately owned)
Highways: 21,960 km total; 1,788 km
paved, 474 km gravel, and 19,698 km
earth
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
Ports: ] major (Asuncién), 9 minor (all
river)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 896 total, 791 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 39 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: principal center in
Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net;
78,300 telephones (2.8 per 100 popl.); 41
AM, 3 TV, 8 shortwave stations; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan
Navy, Paraguayan Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 997,000;
728,000 fit for military service; 46,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $66.1 million; 18.8% of
central government budget
195
Peru
500 km
South
Pacific
Ocean
Lago
Titicaca
Boundary representation 18
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map !V
Geography
Total area: 1,285,220 km?; land area:
1,280,000 km?
Comparative area: about five-sixths the
size of Alaska
Land boundaries: 6,131 km total
Coastline: 2,414 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Boundary disputes: Ecuador (two areas)
Climate: varies from tropical in east to
dry desert in west
Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high
and rugged Andes in center (sierra), east-
ern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 21% meadows and pastures;
55% forest and woodland; 21% other;
includes 1% irrigated
Environment: subject to earthquakes,
tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity;
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification
Special notes: shares control of Lago
Titicaca, world’s highest navigable lake,
with Bolivia
People
Population: 20,739,218 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.54%
Nationality: noun—Peruvian(s); adjec-
tive—Peruvian
Peru (continued)
Ethnic divisions: 45% Indian; 37% mestizo
(white-Indian); 15% white; 8% black,
Japanese, Chinese, and other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Quechua (official),
Aymara
Infant mortality rate: 80/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 60.2
Literacy: est. 80%
Labor force: 5.6 million; 44% government
and other services, 38% agriculture, 18%
industry; unemployment 10.9%; underem-
ployment 57.4% (1984)
Organized labor: about 40% of salaried
workers (1983 est.)
Government
Official name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic
Capital: Lima
Administrative divisions: 24 departments
with limited autonomy plus constitutional
Province of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system;
1979 constitution reestablished civilian
government with a popularly elected
president and bicameral legislature; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
July
Branches: executive, judicial, bicameral
legislature (Senate, Chamber of Deputies)
Government leaders: Alan GARCIA
Pérez, President (since July 1985); Luis
ALVA Castro, Prime Minister (since July
1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for president and
congress held every five years; last election
for president and congress held 14 April
1985; current government inaugurated 28
July 1985
Political parties and leaders: American
Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(APRA), Alan Garcia; United Left (IU),
Alfonso Barrantes; Popular Christian Party
(PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; Popular Action
Party (AP), Fernando Belatnde Terry
Voting strength: (1985 presidential elec-
tion) 48% APRA, 23% 1U, 14% PPC, 5%
AP
Communists: Peruvian Communist Party-
Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet, 2,000; other
minor Communist parties
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC,
ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IDB—Inter-American Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, 1LO, INTERPOL, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, ISO, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $19 billion, $970 per capita (1985);
68% private consumption, 11% public
consumption, 12.5% gross investment; 8.5%
net foreign balance (1983); real growth
rate, 1.6% (1985)
Natural resources: minerals, metals, petro-
leum, forests, fish
Agriculture: main crops—wheat, potatoes,
beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugar-
cane; imports—wheat, meat, lard and oils,
rice, corn; an illegal producer of coca for
the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 4.1 million metric tons
(1985); exports—oil, $7 million; edible
products, $98 million; fishmeal, $118
million (1985)
Major industries: mining of metals, petro-
leum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food
processing, cement, auto assembly, steel,
shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Electric power: 3,964,000 kW capacity;
13,700 million kWh produced, 680 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $2.4 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron
ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petro-
Jeum and byproducts
Imports: $2.2 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
foodstuffs, machinery, transport equip-
ment, iron and steel semimanufactures,
chemicals, pharmaceuticals
196
Major trade partners: exports—36% US,
23% EC, 11% Latin America, 10% Japan,
4% UK; imports—25% US, 20% Latin
America, 19% EC, 7% Japan, 6% FRG
(1985)
Budget: revenues, $3.3 billion; expendi-
tures, $3.9 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 13.95
intis=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter
gauge
Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km
paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km
improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable
tributaries of Amazon River system and
208 km Lago Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas
and natural gas liquids, 64 km
Ports: 7 major, 25 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 241 total, 225 usable; 33 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 23 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for
most requirements; nationwide radio-relay
system; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations,
12 domestic antennas; 544,000 telephones
(2.9 per 100 popl.); 241 AM, 175 short-
wave, 136 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Peruvian Army (Ejercito
Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de
Guerra del Peru), Peruvian Air Force
(Fuerza Aerea del Peru)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,082,000; 3,441,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 223,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Philippines
500 km ’
Philippine
South Sea
China SND
Sea Seone Say
3 Cab
Pal 4
‘ aa Negros (a) ¥
Sulu Sea 4
a
Zamboangaf/ A) Mindanao
“es
© CelebesSea .
See regional map 1X
Geography
Total area: 300,000 km?; land area:
298,170 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Nevada
Coastline: 36,289 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Continental shelf: to depth of exploita-
tion
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: irregular polygon up to
285 nm in breadth
Boundary disputes: none; involved in
complex dispute over Spratley Islands with
China, Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and
possibly Brunei
Climate: tropical marine; northeast mon-
soon (December to May); southwest mon-
soon (July to October)
Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to
extensive coastal lowlands
Land use: 26% arable land; 11% perma-
nent crops; 4% meadows and pastures;
40% forest and woodland; 19% other;
includes 5% irrigated
Environment: astride typhoon belt, af-
fected by 15 and struck by five to six
cyclonic storms per year; subject to land-
slides, active volcanoes, destructive earth-
quakes; deforestation; soil erosion; water
pollution
Special notes: none
People
Population: 61,524,761 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.70%
Nationality: noun—Filipino(s); adjective—
Philippine
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay,
4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protes-
tant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and
English (both official)
Infant mortality rate: 59/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: 64
Literacy: about 88%
Labor force: 21,643 million (1985); 47.0%
agriculture, 20% industry and commerce,
13.5% services, 10.0% government, 9.5%
other; 6.1% official unemployment rate
(1985); much underemployment
Organized labor: 2,064 registered unions;
total membership 4.8 million (includes 2.7
million members of the National Congress
of Farmers Organizations)
Government
Official name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital; Manila (de facto), Quezon City
(designated)
Administrative divisions: 73 provinces
and 61 chartered cities
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic,
and Anglo-American law; new constitution
passed 1987; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day
Branches: constitution provides for a
bicameral legislature and a presidential
form of government with a directly
elected President and Vice President;
judicial branch headed by Supreme Court
with descending authority in a three-tiered
system of local, regional trial, and interme-
diate appellate courts
Government leaders: Corazon AQUINO,
President (since February 1986); Salvador
LAUREL, Vice President and Foreign
Minister (since February 1986)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory
197
Elections: presidential election held on 7
February 1986; Ferdinand Marcos initially
declared winner; following civil unrest and
military rebellion, he left office and
Aquino assumed presidency; legislative
elections scheduled for May 1987, with
local elections to follow in August
Political parties: national parties are
PDP-Laban; United Nationalist Demo-
cratic Organization (UNIDO), Liberals,
Nacionalistas; Partido Ng Bayan (PNB)
Communists: the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) controls about 23,200
full-time insurgents; not recognized as
legal party; a second Communist party,
the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist
Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Co-
lombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
1HO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $34.5 billion, $580 per capita; 1%
real growth, (1986 est.)
Natural resources: timber, petroleum,
nickel, iron, cobalt, silver, gold
Agriculture: rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane,
bananas, abaca, tobacco; illegal producer
of cannabis for the international drug
trade
Fishing: catch 1.8 million metric tons
(1983)
Major industries: textiles, pharmaceuti-
cals, chemicals, wood products, food pro-
cessing, electronics assembly
Electric power: 6,350,000 kW capacity;
22,000 million kWh produced, 370 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $4.6 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
coconut products, sugar, logs and lumber,
copper concentrates, bananas, garments,
nickel, electrical components, gold
Imports: $5.2 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat
Major trade partners: (1983) exports—
36% US, 20% Japan; imports—23% US,
17% Japan
Philippines (continued)
Budget: revenues, $4.3 billion, expendi-
tures, $5.7 billion, deficit, $1.4 billion
(1986)
Monetary conversion rate: (floating) 20.43
pesos=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 378 km operable on Luzon
(1982), 34% government owned; 116 km
on Panay, privately owned
Highways: 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000
km paved; 77,000 km gravel, crushed
stone, or stabilized soil surface; 50,000 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to
shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
Ports: 10 major, numerous minor
Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 319 total, 270 usable; 69 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5] with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications; good international
radio and submarine cable services; do-
mestic and interisland service adequate;
872,900 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 267
AM stations, including 6 US; 55 FM sta-
tions; 33 TV stations, including 4 US;
submarine cables extended to Hong Kong,
Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan; 1
international satellite ground station; 1]
domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Con-
stabulary—Integrated National Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,926,000; 10,557,000 fit for military
service; 649,000 reach military age (20)
annually (1986)
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1987, $585 million; about 9.3%
of central government budget
Pitcairn Islands
: Sandy
Ct ,Henderson
Ducie,
ex ADAMSTOWN
Pitcairn -
South Pacific Ocean
See regional map X
a
Geography
Total area: 47 km?; land area: 47 km?
Comparative area: about one-fourth the
size of Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 51 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Climate: tropical, hot, humid, modified by
southeast trade winds; rainy season (No-
vember to March)
Terrain: rugged volcanic formation; rocky
coastline with cliffs
Land use: NA% arable land; NA% perma-
nent crops; NA% meadows and pastures;
NA% forest and woodland; NA% other
Environment: subject to typhoons (espe-
cially November to March)
Special notes: none
People
Population: 62 (July 1987), average annual
growth rate 3.28%
Nationality: noun—Pitcairn Islander(s);
adjective—Pitcairn Islander
Ethnic divisions: descendants of Bounty
mutineers
Religion: 100% Seventh Day-Adventists
Language: English (official); also a
Tahitian/English dialect
Literacy: probably high
198
Labor force: no business community in
the usual sense; some public works; subsis-
tence farming and fishing
Government
Official name: Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie,
and Oeno Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital; Adamstown
Legal system: Island Court; provisions for
a Supreme Court
Branches: administered locally by Island
Council consisting of four elected island
officers, a secretary, and five nominated
members
Government leaders: Terence D.
O’LEARY, Governor and UK High Com-
missioner to New Zealand (since 1982); B.
YOUNG, Island Magistrate and Chairman
of the Island Council (since 1985)
Suffrage: 18 years old and 3 years resi-
dency
Elections: annual; Island Magistrate
elected for a 3-year term
Communists: none
Economy
GNP: expenditure $NZ911,000 (1981/82);
bartering important part of life
Natural resources: miro trees (used for
handicrafts)
Agriculture: local use—citrus, sugarcane,
watermelons, bananas, yams, taro, beans,
pumpkin, coconuts, wild goats, poultry
Fishing: plentiful
Major industries: postage stamp sales
Electric power: 25 kW capacity; .05
million kWh produced, 810 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: fruits, vegetables, curios
Imports: fuel oil, machinery, building
materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs
Budget: revenue $NZ812,639, expenditure
$NZ1,119,882 (1983/84 est.)
Monetary conversion rate:
NZ$1.93=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 6.4 km dirt roads
Ports: boat harbor and jetty at Bounty Bay
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 24 telephones; party
line telephone service on the island; radio
station at Taro Ground; diesel generator
provides electricity
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Poland
Baltic Sea
Gdariak
qozezacin
« Bydgoszcz ie ache
Poznan
e WA RSAW
asa *
aWroctaw
dublin
a
Katowice
s Rreazéw
9 4
Krakow
Boundary representation ia
See regional map V not necessarily authoritative
Geography
Total area: 312,680 km?; land area:
304,510 km?
Comparative area: smaller than New
Mexico
Land boundaries: 3,090 km total
Coastline: 491 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: temperate with cold, cloudy,
moderately severe winters with frequent
precipitation; mild summers with frequent
showers and thundershowers
Terrain: mostly flat plain, mountains along
southern border
Land use: 48% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 29%
forest and woodland; 9% other; includes
NEGL& irrigated
Environment: plain crossed by a few
north-flowing, meandering streams
Special notes: historic area on North
European Plain for conflict because of flat
terrain and lack of natural barriers
People
Population: 37,726,699 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.67%
Nationality: noun—Pole(s); adjective—
Polish
199
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6%
Ukrainian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less than
0.05% Jewish
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75%
practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox,
Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Infant mortality rate: 19.3/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 71.6
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 17.54 million; 44% industry
and commerce, 30% agriculture, 11%
services, 8% government (1985)
Organized labor: new government trade
unions formed following dissolution of
Solidarity and all government unions in
October 1982
Government
Official name: Polish People’s Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Administrative divisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental
(Napoleonic) civil law and Communist
legal theory; constitution adopted 1952;
court system parallels administrative
divisions with Supreme Court, composed
of 104 justices, at apex; no judicial review
of legislative acts; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation
Day, 22 July
Branches: unicameral legislature (Sejm),
executive, judicial system dominated by
parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leaders: Zbigniew MESS-
NER, Chairman of Council of Ministers
(Premier; since November 1985); Army
Gen. Wojciech JARUZELSKI, Chairman
of Council of State (President; since No-
vember 1985)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: parliamentary and local govern-
ment every four years; last election held
October 1985
Political party and leader: Polish United
(Communist) Workers’ Party (PZPR),
Poland (continued)
Woiciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary (since
October 1981)
Voting strength: (October 1985 election)
78.86% voted for Communist-approved
candidates
Communists: 2.1 million (1986)
Other political or pressure groups: United
Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party
(SD); powerful Roman Catholic Church,
Patriotic Movement of National Rebirth
(PRON)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAO, ICES, THO, ILO, Indochina Truce
Commission, IMO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
Korea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $240.6 billion (1985), $6,420 per
capita; growth rate 1.6%; inflation rate
15% (1985)
Natural resources: coal, sulfur, copper,
natural gas, silver
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum
requirements; main crops—grain, sugar
beets, oilseed, potatoes, exporter of live-
stock products and sugar; importer of
grains
Fishing: catch 650,000 million metric tons
(1985)
Major industries: machinebuilding, iron
and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
shipbuilding, food processing
Crude steel: 16.1 million metric tons
produced, about 430 kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 80,737,000 kW capacity;
141,500 million kWh produced, 3,740
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $17.8 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 89.7%
machinery and equipment; 23.8% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 9.5% chemicals, 7.4%
manufactured consumer goods; 4.7%
agricultural and forestry products; 14.9%
other (1985)
Imports: $17.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 33.7%
machinery and equipment; 30.4% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 14.2% chemicals,
7.3% manufactured consumer goods, 4.7%
agricultural and forestry products; 9.7%
other (1985)
Major trade partners: $34.6 billion (1985);
61% Communist countries, 32% developed
countries, 7% less developed countries
Monetary conversion rate: 148 zlotys=
US$1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 27,092 km total; 23,961 km
1.435-meter standard gauge, 397 km
].524-meter broad gauge, 2,734 km nar-
row gauge; 8,964 km double track; 8,902
km electrified; government owned (1985)
Highways: 299,887 km total; 130,000 km
improved hard service (concrete, asphalt,
stone block); 24,000 km unimproved hard
service (crushed stone, gravel); 100,000 km
earth; 4,588 km other urban roads (1985)
Inland waterways: 3,989 km navigable
rivers and canals (1985)
Pipelines: 4,500 km for natural gas; 1,986
km for crude oil (1984); 360 km for re-
fined products
Freight carried: rail—419.4 million metric
tons, 120.6 billion metric ton/km (1985);
highway—1,394 million metric tons, 36.5
billion metric ton/km (1985); inland water-
way—14.54 million metric tons, 1.41
billion metric ton/km (1985); ocean—
177.75 billion metric ton/km (1985)
Ports: 4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin,
Swinoujécie), 12 minor (1979); principal
inland waterway ports are Gliwice,
Wroclaw, and Warsaw (1979)
Civil] air: 42 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 160 total; 36 with runways 2,500
m or longer
Telecommunications: 24 AM, 28 FM, 41
TV stations; 4 Soviet TV relays; 8,864,768
TV sets; 9,286,663 receiver sets; at least 1
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, National Air
Defense Forces, Air Force Command,
Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49,
9,398,000; 7,453,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 267,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, 371.6 billion
zlotys; 8.1% of total budget
200
Portugal
128 km
North
Atlantic
Ocean
LISBON
Azores and Madeira
Islands are not shown
See regional map Vand VII
Geography
Total area: 92,080 km?; land area: 91,640
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Indiana
Land boundary: 1,207 km with Spain
Coastline: 1,793 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; territory of
Macau will become a Special Administra-
tive Region of China in 1999; East Timor
question with Indonesia
Climate: maritime temperate; cool and
rainy in north, warmer and drier in south
Terrain: mountainous north of Tagus
River, rolling plains in south
Land use: 32% arable land; 6% permanent
crops; 6% meadows and pastures; 40%
forest and woodland; 16% other; includes
7% irrigated
Environment: Azores subject to severe
earthquakes
Special notes: Azores and Madeira Islands
occupy strategic locations along western
sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
People
Population: 10,314,727 July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.74%
Nationality: noun—Portuguese (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Portuguese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterra-
nean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira
Islands; citizens of black African descent
who immigrated to mainland during
decolonization number less than 100,000
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protes-
tant sects, 2% other
Language: Portuguese
Infant mortality rate: 19/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 73
Literacy: 83%
Labor force: 4.59 million; 45% services,
84% industry, 21% agriculture; unemploy-
ment, 11.1% (1986 est.)
Organized labor: about 55% of Portuguese
labor is organized; the Communist-
dominated General Confederation of
Portuguese Workers—Intersindical
(CGTP-IN) represents more than half of
theunionized labor force; its main compe-
tition, the General Workers Union (UGT),
is organized by the Socialists and Social
Democrats and represents less than half of
unionized labor
Government
Official name: Portuguese Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Lisbon
Administrative divisions: 18 districts on
the mainland, 3 in the Azores, 1 in the
Madeira Islands
Dependent area: Macau
Legal system: civil law system; constitu-
tion adopted April 1976 and revised Octo-
ber 1982; next round of discussions on
constitutional revision slated for October
1987; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews
the constitutionality of legislation; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: 25 April
Branches: executive with President and
Prime Minister; unicameral legislature
(popularly elected 250-seat Assembly of
the Republic); independent judiciary
Government leaders: Mario SOARES,
President since (February 1986), Anibal
Cavaco SILVA, Prime Minister (since
October 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections for Assembly
of the Republic normally to be held every
four years; Assembly elections held Octo-
ber 1985; national election for President to
be held every five years (last held January-
February 1986); local elections to be held
every three years (last held December
1985)
Political parties and leaders: Social Dem-
ocratic Party (PSD), Anibal Cavaco Silva;
Portuguese Socialist Party (PS), Vitor
Constancio; Party of Democratic Renewal
(PRD), Antonio Ramalho Eanes; Portu-
guese Communist Party (PCP), Alvaro
Cunhal; Social Democratic Center (CDS),
Adriano Moreira
Voting strength: (1985 parliamentary
election) Social Democrats, 29.87%; Social-
ists, 20.77%; Democratic Renewal, 17.92%;
Communists (in a front coalition called the
United Peoples Alliance—APU), 15.49%;
Center Democrats, 9.6%
Communists: Portuguese Communist
Party claims membership of 200,753
(December 1983)
Member of: Council of Europe, EC,
EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, 1DB—Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, 1SO, ITU,
IWC—International Wheat Council,
NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $20.7 billion (1985); 68% private
consumption; 23% fixed capital formation,
16% government consumption, —0.5%
change in stocks; —5% net exports; real
growth rate 3.3% (1985)
Natural resources: fish, forests (cork),
tungsten, iron, uranium ores
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped;
main crops—grains, potatoes, olives, grapes
for wine; deficit foods—sugar, grain, meat,
fish, oilseed
Fishing: catch 254,577 metric tons (1985)
Major industries: textiles and footwear;
wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalwork-
ing; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning;
wine
201
Crude steel: 420,000 tons produced, 40 kg
per capita (1985 est.)
Electric power: 5,615,000 kW capacity;
17,240 million kWh produced, 1,710 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $5.7 billion (f.0.b., 1985); cotton
textiles, cork and cork products, canned
fish, wine, timber and timber products,
resin, machinery, and appliances
Imports: $7.1 billion (c.i.f., 1985); petro-
leum, cotton, foodgrains, industrial ma-
chinery, iron and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: 47% EC, 10% US,
2% Communist countries, 19% other devel-
oped countries, 22% less developed coun-
tries
Aid: US, including Ex-lm, $1.6 billion
(FY70-85); other Western countries (ODA
and OOF), $848 million (1970-84)
Military transfers: US, $605 million
(FY70-85)
Budget: (1985) expenditures, $8.5 billion;
revenues, $6.0 billion; deficit, $2.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 149.40
escudos=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,630 km total: state-owned
Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates
2,858 km 1.665-meter gauge (434 km
electrified and 426 km double track), 760
km 1.000-meter gauge; 12 km (1.435-
meter gauge) electrified, double track,
privately owned
Highways: 57,499 km total; 61,599 km
paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed
stone), including 140 km of limited-access
divided highway; 7,962 km improved
earth; plus an additional 4,100 km of
unimproved earth roads (motorable tracks)
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable;
relatively unimportant to national econ-
omy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to
297-metric-ton cargo capacity
Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km; refined prod-
ucts, 58 km
Portugal (continued)
Ports: 7 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 69 total, 65 usable; 35 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 11 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are gener-
ally adequate; 1.8 million telephones (16.6
per 100 popl.); 56 AM, 64 FM, 66 TV
stations; 6 submarine cables; 3 Atlantic
Ocean satellite antennas (on mainland and
Azores)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,517,000; 2,048,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 87,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $899 million; about 8.3%
of central government budget
Qatar
50 km 7
Persian
Gulf
Hawar Islands are
disputed between ‘y
Bahrain and Qatar
Boundery representation ie
See regional map V1 not necessarily euthoritative.
2 a
Geography
Total area: 11,000 km?; land area: 11,000
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Connecticut
Land boundaries: 56 km total
Coastline: 563 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: not specific
Exclusive fishing zone: as delimited
with neighboring states, or to limit of
shelf, or to median line
Extended economic zone: to median
line
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Boundary disputes: UAE; territorial
dispute with Bahrain over Hawar island
and its ring of islets
Climate: desert; hot, dry; humid and
sultry in summer
Terrain: mostly flat and barren desert
covered with loose sand and gravel
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% per-
manent crops; 5% meadows and pastures;
0% forest and woodland; 95% other
Environment: haze, duststorms, sand-
storms common; limited fresh water re-
sources mean increasing dependence on
large-scale desalination facilities
Special notes: strategic location in central
Persian Gulf and close proximity to
region’s important crude ail sources
202
People
Population: 315,741 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.96%
Nationality: noun—Qatari(s); adjective—
Qatari
Ethnic divisions: 40% Arab, 18% Paki-
stani, 18% Indian, 10% Iranian
Religion: 95% Muslim
Language: Arabic (official); English is
commonly used as second language
Life expectancy: 72
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 104,000 (1983); 85% non-
Qatari in private sector
Government
Official name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence
declared in 1971
Capital: Doha
Legal system: discretionary system of law
controlled by the ruler, although civil
codes are being implemented; Islamic law
is significant in personal matters; a consti-
tution was promulgated in 1970
National holiday: Independence Day, 3
September
Branches: executive—Amir and Council
of Ministers; legislature—State Advisory
Council
Government leader: Khalifa bin Hamad
Al THANI, Amir and Prime Minister
(since February 1972)
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage
laid down
Elections: constitution calls for elections
for part of State Advisory Council, a
consultative body, but no elections have
been held
Political parties and leaders: none
Other political or pressure groups: a few
small clandestine organizations
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO,
1DB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
1LO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $6.4 billion; $22,940 per capita
(1984)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
fish
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small
scale; commercial fishing increasing in
importance; most food imported; rice and
dates staple diet
Major industries: oil production and
refining; crude oil production averaged
860,000 b/d (1986); oil revenues accrued
$2.6 billion, representing 85% of govern-
ment revenue (FY86 est.)
Electric power: 1,305,000 kW capacity;
4,000 million kWh produced, 18,180 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $2.6 billion (f.0.b., 1986), of
which petroleum accounted for $2.1 bil-
lion
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.0.b., 1986)
Budget: revenues, $2.8 billion; expendi-
tures, $3.1 billion (FY86)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.64 Qatar
riyals=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 840 km total; 490 km bitumi-
nous; 350 km gravel; undetermined mile-
age of earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas,
400 km
Ports: 2 major (Doha, Musay‘id), 1 minor
Civil air; 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; ] with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: modern system
centered in Doha; 96,000 telephones (37
per 100 popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1
Indian Ocean satellite station; 1 Arab
satellite station under construction; tropo-
spheric scatter to Bahrain; radio-relay to
Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Bahrain
and UAE; 2 AM, 1 FM, 8 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Sea Arm, Air Force,
Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 122,000;
66,000 fit for military service
203
Reunion
15 km
Indian
Ocean
Saint-Paul i.
Saint-Bancit
,paint-Louls
Saint-Jozeph
Indian Ocean
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 2,510 km?; land area: 2,500
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Rhode Island
Coastline: 201 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical, but moderates with
elevation; cool and dry from May to
November, hot and rainy from November
to April
Terrain: mostly rngged and mountainous;
fertile lowlands along coast
Land use: 20% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 35%
forest and woodland; 39% other; includes
2% irrigated
Environment: periodic devastating
cyclones
Special notes: none
People
Population: 549,697 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.84%
Nationality: noun—Reunionese (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Reunionese
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is
of thoroughly intermixed ancestry of
French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Paki-
stani, and Indian origin
Reunion (continued)
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official); Creole widely
used
Literacy: over 80% among younger gener-
ation
Labor force: primarily agricultural work-
ers; high seasonal unemployment
Government
Official name: Department of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France;
represented in French Parliament by three
deputies and two senators
Capital: Saint-Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a
Prefect appointed by the French Minister
of Interior, assisted by a Secretary General
and an elected 36-man General Council;
in 1974 France created an elected 45-
member Regional Assembly to coordinate
economic and social development policies;
in 1981 both the General Council and the
Regional Assembly received greater au-
thority for fiscal policy
Government leader: Jean Anciaux, Com-
missioner of the Republic
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal and General
Council elections in 1983; parliamentary
election June 1981; Regional Assembly
election February 1983
Political parties and leaders: Reunion
Communist Party (RCP), Paul Verges;
Popular Movement for the Liberation of
Reunion, Georges Sinamale; other political
candidates affiliated with metropolitan
French parties, which do not maintain
permanent organizations on Reunion
Voting strength: (parliamentary election
1981) Union for French Democracy—
Rally for the Republic coalition elected
two deputies; the Socialists elected one; in
the 1983 Regional Assembly election,
leftist parties received 45.7% of the vote
Communists: Communist Party small but
has support among sugarcane cutters and
the minuscule Popular Movement for the
Liberation of Reunion (MPLR) and in Le
Port District
Member of: WFTU
Economy
Agriculture: cash crops—almost entirely
sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla and
perfume plants; food crops—tropical fruit
and vegetables, manioc, bananas, corn,
market garden produce, some tea, tobacco,
and coffee; food crop inadequate, most
food needs imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing
mills, rum distilling plants, cigarette fac-
tory, 2 tea plants, fruit juice plant, canning
factory, a slaughterhouse, and several
small shops producing handicraft items
Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity; 394
million kWh produced, 730 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $128 million (f.0.b., 1980); 90%
sugar, 5% rum and molasses, 4% perfume
essences, 1% vanilla and tea
Imports: $871 million (c.i.f., 1980); manu-
factured goods, food, beverages, tobacco,
machinery and transportation equipment,
raw materials, and petroleum products
Major trade partners: France and
Mauritius
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-81), $4.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.974 French
francs=US$1 (81 October 1983)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,800 km total; 2,200 km
paved, 600 km gravel, crushed stone, or
stabilized earth
Ports: 1 major (Port de la Pointe des
Galets at Le Port)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
204
Telecommunications: adequate system for
needs; modern open-wire line and radio-
relay network; principal center Saint-
Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros
Islands, France, Madagascar; new radio-
relay route to Mauritius; 85,900 telephones
(15.9 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 13 FM stations;
2 TV stations with 17 relay transmitters; 1
Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 144,000;
75,000 fit for military service; 6,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Romania
200 km
Oradea asi
aciuj-Nspoce
Selitg 2 Sibiu
° Brasov, Galati
Timisoara re: a
BUCHAREST Constente
Craiova i
Giurgiu
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 237,500 km?; land area:
230,340 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Oregon
Land boundaries: 2,969 km total
Coastline: 225 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Transylvania
question with Hungary; Bessarabia ques-
tion with USSR
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters
with frequent snow and fog; sunny sum-
mers with frequent showers and thunder-
storms
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains;
some hills and mountains
Land use: 43% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 19% meadows and pastures; 28%
forest and woodland; 7% other; includes
11% irrigated
Environment: frequent earthquakes most
severe in south and southwest; geologic
structure and climate promote landslides
Special notes: controls most easily travers-
able land route between Balkans and
western USSR
People
Population: 22,936,503 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.44%
Nationality: noun—Romanian(s); adjec-
tive—Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 89.1% Romanian; 7.8%
Hungarian; 1.5% German; 1.6% Ukrainian,
Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6%
Roman Catholic; 4% Calvinist, Lutheran,
Jewish, Baptist
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Infant mortality rate: 25.6/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 67.0, women 72.6
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 10.6 million; 37.1% industry,
28.9% agriculture, 34.0% other nonagri-
cultural (1985)
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Roma-
nia
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Administrative divisions: 40 counties; city
of Bucharest has administrative status
equal to a county
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory that increas-
ingly reflects Romanian traditions; consti-
tution adopted 1965; has not accepted
compulsory I1CJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23
August
Branches: Presidency; Council of Minis-
ters; Grand National Assembly, under
which is Office of Prosecutor General and
Supreme Court; Council of State
Government leaders: Nicolae
CEAUSESCU, President of the Socialist
Republic (head of state; since 1967); Const-
antin DASCALESCU, Prime Minister
(since May 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: elections held every five years
for Grand National Assembly deputies and
local people’s councils; last election held
March 1985
205
Political parties and leaders: Communist
Party of Romania only functioning party,
Nicolae Ceausescu, Secretary General
(since March 1965)
Voting strength: (1985 election) overall
participation reached 99.99%; of those
registered to vote (15,733,060), 97.73%
voted for party candidates
Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $123.7 billion (1985), $5,450 per
capita; real growth rate, 1.8% (1985)
Natural resources: oil, timber, natural gas,
coal
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops—
corn, wheat, oilseed; livestock—cattle,
hogs, sheep; consumer and food supplies
weak
Fishing: catch 243,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining, forestry, con-
struction materials, metal production and
processing, chemicals, machine-building,
food processing
Shortages: energy, iron ore, coking coal,
metallurgical coke, cotton fibers, natural
rubber
Crude steel: 13.8 million metric tons
produced, 608 kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 20,899,000 kW capacity;
72,500 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $12.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 32.0%
machinery and equipment; 28.0% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 16.0% manufactured
consumer goods; 12.0% agricultural mate-
rials and forestry products; 12.0% other
(1984)
Imports: $10.4 billion (f.0.b. 1985); 24.7%
machinery and equipment; 52.6% fuels,
minerals, and metals; 10.8% agricultural
and forestry products; 4.2% manufactured
consumer goods; 7.7% other (1984)
Major trade partners: $22.6 billion in
1984; 40% non-Communist countries, 60%
Communist countries (1984)
Romania (continued)
Monetary conversion rate: 15.6 lei=US$1
(November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 11,106 km total; 10,589 km
1.435-meter standard gauge, 472 km
narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,113
km electrified, 2,712 km double track;
government owned (1984)
Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,526 km
concrete, asphalt, stone block; 20,199 km
asphalt treated; 27,874 km gravel, crushed
stone, and other paved surfaces; 9,200 km
unpaved roads (1984)
Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km
refined products; 6,400 km natural gas
Freight carried: rail—289.8 million metric
tons, 75.2 billion metric ton/km; high-
way—417.7 million metric tons, 7.8 billion
metric ton/km; waterway—17.21 million
metric tons, 2.5 billion metric ton/km
(1984)
Ports: 4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila,
Mangalia), 7 minor; principal inland ports
are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, and
Orsova
Civil air: 70 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 160 total; 15 with runways
2,500 m or longer
Telecommunications: 37 AM, 30 FM, 35
TV stations; 3,910,000 TV sets; 3,225,000
receiver sets; 1 satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Romanian People’s Army,
Security Troops; Patriotic Guard, Air and
Air Defense Forces, Romanian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,648,000; 4,780,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 218,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, 12.2 billion lei;
about 3.6% of total budget
Rwanda
R uhangeri
Byumba, 2 Gebire
See regional map VIl
Geography
Total area: 26,340 km?; land area: 24,950
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Maryland
Land boundaries: 877 km total
Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons
(February to April, November to January);
mild in mountains with frost and snow
possible
Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills;
mountains in west
Land use: 29% arable land; 11% perma-
nent crops; 18% meadows and pastures;
10% forest and woodland; 32% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing;
soil exhaustion; soil erosion; periodic
droughts
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 6,811,336 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.53%
Nationality: noun—Rwandan(s); adjec-
tive—Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi,
1% Twa (Pygmoid)
Religion: 65% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1%
Muslim; indigenous beliefs
Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official);
Kiswahili used in commercial centers
206
Infant mortality rate: 102/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 48
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: 3.6 million (1985); 91%
agriculture, 2% industry and commerce,
7% government and services
Government
Official name: Republic of Rwanda
Type: republic; presidential system in
which military leaders hold key offices
Capital: Kigali
Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures,
subdivided into 143 communes
Legal system: based on German and
Belgian civil law systems and customary
law; judicial review of legislative acts in
the Supreme Court; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President,
16-member Cabinet); unicameral legisla-
tive (National Development Council);
judiciary (4 senior courts, magistrates)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvénal
HABYARIMANA, President and Head of
State (since 1973)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: national elections, including
constitutional referendum and presidential
plebiscite, held December 1978; National
Development Council elected and Presi-
dent reelected in December 1983
Political parties and leaders: National
Revolutionary Movement for Development
(MRND), General Habyarimana (officially
a development movement, not a party)
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.6 billion, $270 per capita; real
growth rate, 5.5% (1984 est.)
Natural resources: gold, cassiterite, wol-
framite
Agriculture: cash crops—mainly coffee,
tea, some pyrethrum; main food crops—
bananas, cassava; stock raising; self-
sufficiency declining; country imports
foodstuffs
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin
ore) and wolframite (tungsten ore), tin
factory, cement factory, agricultural proc-
essing, and production of beer, soft drinks,
soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, tex-
tiles, cigarettes
Electric power: 42,000 kW capacity; 110
million kWh produced, 16 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $130.6 million (f.0.b., 1985 est.);
mainly coffee, tea, cassiterite, wolframite,
pyrethrum
Imports: $298.7 million (c.i.f., 1985 est.);
textiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment,
capital goods, steel, petroleum products,
cement and construction material
Major trade partners: US, Belgium, FRG,
Kenya
External debt: $225 million (1983), exter-
nal debt ratio 4.5% (1983)
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $161.5 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $164.3 million;
development expenditures, $30.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 85.9 Rwanda
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiseal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,000 km total; 460 km paved,
1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth,
2,700 km unimproved
Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by
shallow draft barges and native craft
Civil air: | major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system with
low-capacity radio-relay system centered
on Kigali; 6,600 telephones (0.1 per 100
popl.); 2 AM, 5 FM, and no TV stations;
SYMPHONIE satellite station, 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, paramilitary, Gendar-
merie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,415,000; 725,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
207
St. Christopher and Nevis
10 km
Saint
Christopher
Caribbean
BASSETERAE Sea
Caribbean
Sea
See regional map Ill
Geography
Total area: 360 km?; land area: 360 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 135 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: subtropical tempered by constant
sea breezes; little seasonal temperature
variation; one rainy season (May to No-
vember)
Terrain: volcanic with mountainous
interiors
Land use: 22% arable land; 17% perma-
nent crops; 3% meadows and pastures;
17% forest and woodland; 41% other
Environment: lies within Caribbean hurri-
cane belt
Special notes: none
People
Population: 54,775 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.96%
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African
descent
Nationality: noun—Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s);
adjective—Kittsian, Nevisian
Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects,
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: 80%
St. Christopher
and Nevis (continued)
Labor force: 20,000 (1981)
Organized labor: 6,700
Government
Official name: Federation of St. Chris-
topher and Nevis
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth 11 as Chief
of State
Capital: Basseterre, St. Christopher;
Charlestown, Nevis
Administrative divisions: 14 parishs
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
organ is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 11-member popu-
larly elected House of Assembly; execu-
tive, Cabinet headed by Prime Minister;
separate Nevis Island Legislature and
Nevis Island Assembly headed by Premier
Government leaders: Dr. Kennedy
Alphonse SIMMONDS, Prime Minister
(since 1980); Sir Clement ARRINDELL,
Governor General (since 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every five years; last
election held June 1984
Political parties and leaders: St. Chris-
topher and Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP),
Lee Moore; People’s Action Movement
(PAM), Kennedy Simmonds; Nevis Refor-
mation Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel
Voting strength: (June 1984 election)
House of Assembly—PAM, 6 seats;
SKNLP, 2 seats; NRP, 3 seats
Communists: none known
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, IBRD, IMF, ISO, OAS, UN
Economy
GDP: $66.7 million, $1,250 per capita;
1.0% real growth (1986 est.)
Agriculture: main crops—sugar on St.
Christopher, cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, tour-
ism, cotton, salt, copra
Electric power: 11,380 kW capacity; 32
million kWh produced, 800 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $30.6 million (1983); sugar
Imports: $47.3 million (1983); foodstuffs,
manufactures, fuel
Major trade partners: exports—50% US,
35% UK; imports—21% UK, 17% Japan,
11% US (1978)
Aid: bilateral commitments, including
Ex-lm, from Western (non-US) countries
(1970-81), $15 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $19 million;
expenditures, $26 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East
Caribbean dollars=US$1 (December 1985)
Communications
Railroads: 58 km 0.760-meter narrow
gauge on St. Christopher for sugarcane
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved,
125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unim-
proved earth
Ports: 1 major—Basseterre, St. Chris-
topher, and 1 minor—Charlestown, Nevis
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: good interisland
VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and
international link via Antigua and Barbuda
and St. Martin; about 2,400 telephones (5.0
per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 4 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Christopher and Nevis
Police Force
208
St. Helena
a EM _,
South
Atlantic
Ocean
“Ascension and Tristan
da Cunha islands ar
ip Fi] not shown
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 310 km?; land area: 310 km?
Comparative area: almost twice the size
of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 60 km
Maritime claims:
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical; marine; mild, tempered
by trade winds
Terrain: rugged, volcanic; small scattered
plateaus and plains
Land use: 7% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 7% meadows and pastures; 3% forest
and woodland; 83% other
Environment: very few perennial streams
Special notes: Ascension is major relay
station for cables running between Europe
and South Africa
People
Population: 8,524 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.54%
Nationality: noun—St. Helenian(s); adjec-
tive—St. Helenian
Religion: Anglican majority; also Baptist,
Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman
Catholic
Language: English
Infant mortality rate: 22.37/1,000 (1982)
Literacy: probably high
Labor force: large proportion employed
overseas
Organized labor: St. Helena General
Workers’ Union, 472 members; 10% pro-
fessional and technical, 9% mangement
and clerical, 5% sales, 9% farming and
fishing, 6% transport, 17% crafts, 10%
service, 1% security, and 33% other
Government
Official name: St. Helena
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: Jamestown
Administrative divisions: Ascension and
Triston da Cunha are dependencies of St.
Helena
Legal system: Constitution in effect since
1967; Supreme Court
Branches: Executive Council, 12-member
elected Legislative Council
Government leader: Francis BAKER,
Governor and Commander in Chief (since
1984)
Elections: general elections held in Octo-
ber 1984
Political parties and leaders: St. Helena
Labor Party, G. A. O. Thornton; St. Hel-
ena Progressive Party, leader unknown
Voting strength: both political parties
inactive since 1976
Communists: probably none
Economy
Natural resources: Ascension—sea turtle
and sooty tern breeding ground; no
minerals
Agriculture: maize, potatoes, vegetables;
timber production being developed;
crawlishing on Tristan da Cunha
Fishing: 214 metric ton catch (1983)
Major industries: crafts (furniture,
lacework, fancy woodwork)
Electric power: 9,800 kW capacity; 8
million kWh produced, 1,140 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: fish (frozen skipjack, tuna, salt-
dried skipjack), handicrafts
Imports: food, drink, tobacco, fuel oils,
animal feed, building materials, motor
vehicles and parts, machinery and parts
(1981/82)
Major trade partners: imports—59% UK,
29% South Africa
Aid: development aid from UK—7.5
million pounds sterling (1984 est.)
Budget: revenue, 5,656,518 pounds ster-
ling; expenditure, 5,681,933 pounds ster-
ling (1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: UK currency;
.70 pound sterling=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 87 km bitumen sealed roads,
20 km earth roads on St. Helena; 80 km
sealed on Ascension; 2.7 km sealed on
Tristan da Cunha
Ports: Jamestown on St. Helena, George-
town on Ascension, and St. James Bay
Airfields: none on St. Helena; airstrip
(Miracle Miles) near Georgetown on Ascen-
sion; 1 permanent-surface runway
2,440-3,659 on Tristan da Cunha
Telecommunications: 1,500 radio receiv-
ers; no television service; wireless service
to Cape Town and Ascension; telephones
$10 (1982); coaxial cable relay point be-
tween South Africa, Portugal, and UK at
Ascension
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Military manpower: St. Helena Constabu-
lary
209
St. Lucia
10 km
Caribbean
Sea
Caribbean
Sea
See regional map II]
Geography
Total area: 620 km?; land area: 610 km?
Comparative area: about one-fifth the size
of Rhode Island
Coastline: 158 km
Maritime claiins:
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Climate: tropical marine, moderated by
northeast trade winds; dry season from
January to April, rainy season from May to
August
Terrain: mostly mountainous with some
broad, fertile valleys
Land use: 8% arable land; 20% permanent
crops; 5% meadows and pastures; 13%
forest and woodland; 54% other; includes
2% irrigated
Environment: subject to hurricanes and
mild volcanic activity; deforestation; soil
erosion
Special notes: none
People
Population: 152,305 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.65%
Nationality: noun—St. Lucian(s); adjec-
tive—St. Lucian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% African descent,
5.5% mixed, 3.2% East Indian, 0.8% Cau-
casian
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protes-
tant, 3% Church of England
St. Lucia (continued)
Language: English (official), French patois
Infant mortality rate: 27.4/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 68.3, women 72.4
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 43,800 (1983 est.); 48.4%
agriculture, 38.9% services, 17.7% industry
and commerce; 30% unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
Government
Official name: St. Lucia
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief
of State
Capital: Castries
Administrative divisions: 11 quarters
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: bicameral legislative (Senate,
House of Assembly); executive, Cabinet
headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: John G. M. COMP-
TON, Prime Minister (since February
1975); Sir Allen LEWIS, Governor General
(since December 1982)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: every five years; last election
held May 1982
Political parties and leaders: United
Workers’ Party (UWP), John Compton; St.
Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Julian Hunte;
Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George
Odlum
Voting strength: (1982 election) House of
Assembly—UWP, 14 seats; SLP, 2 seats;
PLP, 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Member of; CARICOM, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $148.1 million (1984), $1,220 per
capita; 5.8% real GDP growth (1986 est.);
average annual inflation rate 2.4% (1985)
Natural resources: forests, beaches, miner-
als (pumice), mineral springs
Agriculture: bananas, coconuts, sugar,
cocoa, spices
Major industries: garments, electronic
components, beverages, corrugated boxes,
tourism, lime processing, tropical agricul-
ture
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 19,025 kW capacity; 80
million kWh produced, 650 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $49.7 million (f.o.b., 1983);
bananas, cocoa
Imports: $106.8 million (c.i.f., 1983);
foodstuffs, machinery and equipment,
fertilizers, petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports—58% UK,
16% US, 24% CARICOM; imports—37%
US, 138% UK, 17% CARICOM, 9% Trin-
idad and Tobago (1984 est.)
Aid: bilateral commitments, ODA and
OOF, Western (non-US) countries
(1970-81), $34 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $61 million;
expenditures, $64 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East
Caribbean dollars=US$1 (August 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved;
260 km otherwise improved
Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: fully automatic
telephone system with 9,500 telephones
(8.0 per 100 popl.); direct radio-relay link
with Martinique and St. Vincent and the
Grenadines; interisland troposcatter link to
Barbados; 3 AM stations, 1 cable TV
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Lucia Police Force
210
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
10 km
Chateaubelair,
Georgetown
Saint
KINGSTOW Vincent
Caribbean
Bequis Ff Sea
a i"
Caribbean Si cae
Sea ee @ Mustique
AS ae
&
)
fo) Jy Canouen
o
‘Union Islend
See regional map Il :
Geography
Total area: 340 km?; land area: 340 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 84 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical; little seasonal tempera-
ture variation; one rainy season (May to
November)
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous
Land use: 38% arable land; 12% perma-
nent crops; 6% meadows and pastures;
41% forest and woodland; 3% other; in-
cludes 3% irrigated
Environment: subject to hurricanes;
Soufriére volcano a constant threat
Special notes: islands of the Grenadines
group are divided politically with Grenada
People
Population: 131,215 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 4.04%
Nationality: noun—St. Vincentian(s) or
Vincentian(s); adjectives—St. Vincentian or
Vincentian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of black African
descent; remainder mixed, with some
white, East Indian, Carib Indian
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman
Catholic, Seventh-Day Adventist
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: 82%
Labor force: 67,000 (1984 est.); about 35%
unemployed (1986)
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
Government
Official name: St. Vincent and the Grena-
dines
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth Il as Chief
of State
Capital: Kingstown
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial
body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and
Windward Islands
Branches: bicameral legislature
(13-member elected House of Representa-
tives and 6-member appointed Senate),
judiciary (Supreme Court)
Government leaders: James (Son) MITCH-
ELL, Prime Minister (since 1984); Sir
Joseph EUSTACE, Governor General
(since February 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: every five years; last held 18
July 1984
Political parties and leaders: New Demo-
cratic Party (NDP), James (Son) Mitchell;
St. Vincent Labor Party (SVLP), Vincent
Beach and Hudson Tannis; United
People’s Movement (UPM), Oscar Allen;
Movement for National Unity (MNU),
Ralph Gonsalves
Voting strength: (1984 election) House of
Assembly—NDP, 9 seats; SVLP, 4 seats
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IMF, IMO, OAS, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $108 million (1985), $850 per capita;
7% real growth (1986 est.)
Agriculture: bananas, arrowroot
Major industries: food processing
Electric power: 14,440 kW capacity; 31
million kWh produced, 300 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $42.0 million (f.o.b., 1983);
bananas, arrowroot, copra
Imports: $64.9 million (c.i.f., 1983); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, chemi-
cals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Major trade partners: exports—32% UK,
57% CARICOM, 34% Trinidad and
Tobago (1983); imports 11% UK, 83% US,
32% CARICOM, 24% Trinidad and
Tobago, 6% Canada (1983 est.)
Aid: bilateral commitments, ODA and
OOF, from Western (non-US) countries
(1970-81), $25 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $32 million;
expenditures, $34 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East
Caribbean dollars=US$1 (August 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 1,000 km total; 300 km
paved; 400 km improved; 300 km unim-
proved
Ports: 1 major (Kingstown), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: islandwide fully
automatic telephone system with 6,500 sets
(4.6 per 100 popl.); VHF/UHF interisland
links to Barbados and the Grenadines; new
SHF links to Grenada and St. Lucia; 4 AM
and | FM stations; St. Vincentian-owned
cable television system
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Vincent and the
Grenadines Police Force
211
San Marino
Z2km
Com
Acquaviva
.
2 orga Maggiore
4 SAN MARINO
Fiorentino
Chiesangova, ° Monte”
Giardino j
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 60 km?; land area: 60 km?
Comparative area: about one-third the
size of Washington, D. C.
Land boundary: 34 km with Italy
Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool
winters; warm, sunny summers
Terrain: rugged mountains
Land use: 17% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 83% other
Environment: dominated by the Appeni-
nes
Special notes: landlocked; world’s smallest
republic; enclave of Italy
People
Population: 22,791 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.86%
Nationality: noun—Sanmarinese (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Sanmarinese
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Infant mortality rate: 9.6/1,000 (1983)
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: about 4,300
Organized labor: Democratic Federation
of Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with
ICFTU) has about 1,800 members;
Communist-dominated General Federation
of Labor, 1,400 members
San Marino (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic
Capital: San Marino
Administrative divisions: San Marino is
divided into 9 castles—Acquaviva, Borgo
Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano,
Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San
Marino, Serravalle
Legal system: based on civil law system
with Italian law influences; electoral law of
1926 serves some of the functions of a
constitution; has not accepted compulsory
IC] jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the
Liberation of the Republic, 5 February
Branches: the Grand and General Council
is the legislative body elected by popular
vote; its 60 members serve five-year terms;
Council in turn elects two Captains-Regent
who exercise executive power for term of
six months, the Congress of State whose
members head government administrative
departments, and the Council of Twelve,
the supreme judicial body; actual execu-
tive power is wielded by the Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary
of State for Internal Affairs
Government leaders: Gabriele GATTI
(Christian Democrat), Secretary of State
for Foreign and Political Affairs and for
Information (since July 1986); Alvaro
SELVA (Communist), Secretary of State
for Internal Affairs and Justice (since July
1978); Gabriele GATTI (Christian Demo-
crat), Secretary of State for Budget, Fi-
nance, and Planning (since July 1986)
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and
General Council required at least every
five years; last election was held 29 May
1983
Political parties and leaders: Christian
Democratic Party (DCS), Clara Boscaglia;
Social Democratic Party (PSDS), Alvaro
Casali; Socialist Party (PSS), Remy Gi-
acomini; Communist Party (PCS), Gilberto
Ghiotti; Unitary Socialist Party (PSU),
Emilio Della Balda; Committee for the
Defense of the Republic (CDR), leader
unknown
Voting strength: (1983 election) 42.1%
DCS, 24.4% PCS, 14.8% PSS, 13.9% PSU,
2.9% PSDS
Communists: about 300 members; the
PCS, in conjunction with the PSS, PSU,
and PSDS, has led the government since
1978
Other political parties or pressure
groups: political parties influenced by
policies of their counterparts in Italy
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for
Unification of Private Law, International
Relief Union, ITU, IRC, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WTO; observer status in
NAM
Economy
Principal economic activities of San Mar-
ino are farming, livestock raising, light
manufacturing, and tourism; the largest
share of government revenue is derived
from the sale of postage stamps throughout
the world and from payments by the
Italian Government in exchange for Italy’s
monopoly in retailing tobacco, gasoline,
and a few other goods; main problem is
finding additional funds to finance badly
needed water and electric power systems
expansions
Natural resources: building stones
Agriculture: wheat, grapes, other grains,
fruits, vegetables, animal feedstuffs,
cheese, livestock hides
Electric power: supplied by Italy
Manufacturing: cotton textiles, brick and
tile production, cement, pottery, tanned
hides, paper, candy, baked goods, Moscato
wine, gold and silver souvenirs
Foreign transactions: dominated by
tourism (in summer months about 25,000
foreigners visit every day); remittances
from Sanmarinese abroad also represent an
important net foreign inflow; commodity
trade consists primarily of exchanging
building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts,
wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and
ceramics for a wide variety of consumer
manufactures
Monetary conversion rate: 1337.0 Italian
lire=US$1 (January 1987)
212
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 104 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving 11,700 telephones (34.2 per
100 popl.); no radiobroadcasting or televi-
sion facilities; radio-relay and cable links
into Italian networks
Sao Tome and Principe
slihéu Bombom
Ihe do
Principe?,
Pedras ,
Tinhosas ¢
Gulf
of
anto Antonio
ithéu Carocgo
Guinea
Uhéu das Cabraa
o pe -
Neves SAO TOME
thew Santa Cruz
Gago Coutinho ¥
See regional map V11
Geography
Total area: 960 km?; land area: 960 km?
Comparative area: about one-third the
size of Rhode Island
Coastline: 209 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; one rainy
season (October to May)
Terrain: volcanic, mountainous
Land use: 1% arable land; 36% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 62% other
Environment: deforestation; soil erosion
Special notes: smallest country in Africa
People
Population: 114,025 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.89%
Nationality: noun—Sao Tomean(s); adjec-
tive—Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (de-
scendents of Angolan slaves), forros (de-
scendents of freed slaves), servicais (con-
tract laborers from Angola, Mozambique,
and Cape Verde), tongas (children of
servicais born on the islands), and Europe-
ans (primarily Portuguese)
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical
Protestant, Seventh-Day Adventist
Language: Portuguese (official)
Infant mortality rate: 63/1,000 (1983)
Literacy: est. 50%
Labor force: (1981) 21,096; most of popu-
lation engaged in subsistence agriculture
and fishing; some unemployment; labor
shortages on plantations and for skilled
workers
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of
Sao Tome and Principe
Type: republic
Capital: Sio Tomé
Administrative divisions: seven counties
Legal system: based on Portuguese law
system and customary law; constitution
adopted December 1975 and approved by
National People’s Assembly on 15 Decem-
ber 1982; has not accepted compulsory 1CJ
jurisdiction
National holidays: Martyr's Day, 4 Febru-
ary; Independence Day, 12 July; Armed
Forces Day, first week in September
(varies); Farmer’s Day, 30 September
Branches: President heads the government
assisted by a cabinet of ministers; unicam-
eral legislature (elected National People’s
Assembly)
Government leader: Dr. Manuel Pinto DA
COSTA, President (since 1975)
Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over
Elections: da Costa reelected by Popular
Assembly May 1980 and September 1985;
Assembly elections in August and Septem-
ber 1985
Political parties and leaders: Movement
for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Prin-
cipe (MLSTP), Manuel Pinto da Costa
Communists: no Communist party, proba-
bly a few sympathizers
Member of; AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, 1TU, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $30 million (1981 est.); per capita
income $260 (1983 est.); average annual
growth rate —10% (1981 est.); average
inflation rate 10% (1981)
213
Natural resources: agricultural products,
fish
Agriculture: cash crops—cocoa, copra,
coconuts, coffee, palm oil, bananas
Fishing: catch 4,050 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: light construction, shirts,
soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Electric power: 4,300 kW capacity; 3
million kWh produced (1986), 27 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $8.8 million (f.0.b., 1981 est.);
mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee,
palm oil
Imports: $20.0 million (f.0.b., 1981 est.);
food products, machinery and electrical
equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: main partner Neth-
erlands, followed by Portugal, US, and
FRG
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-81), $583 million; US
(FY77-85), $3.7 million; Communist coun-
tries (1970-85), $23 million
Budget: (1981 est.) central government
budget $22.0 million; (1979 est.) revenues,
$15.7 million; current expenditures, $10.4
million; capital expenditures, $9.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 46.2051
dobras=US$1 (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 300 km, of which two-thirds is
paved; roads on Principe are mostly
unpaved and in need of repair
Ports: 1 major (Sido Tomé), 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal system;
2,200 telephones (2.0 per 100 popl.); 1 AM,
2 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Saudi Arabia
500 km
eTabuk
Persian
Gulf
Ad Dammam
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 2,149,690 km?; land area:
2,149,690 km?
Comparative area: about one-third the
size of US
Land boundaries: 4,537 km total
Coastline: 2,510 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 18 nm
Continental shelf: not specific
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; no defined
boundaries with Oman, PDRY, UAE,
YAR; shares Neutral Zone with Iraq
Climate: harsh, dry desert with great
extremes of temperature
Terrain: mostly uninhabited, sandy desert
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 39% meadows and pastures;
1% forest and woodland; 59% other; in-
cludes NEGL®% irrigated
Environment: no perennial rivers or
permanent water bodies; developing exten-
sive coastal seawater desalination facilities;
desertification
Special notes: extensive coastlines on
Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great
leverage on shipping (especially crude oil)
through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal
People
Population: 14,904,794 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 4.95%
Nationality: noun—Saudi(s); adjective—
Saudi or Saudi Arabian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-
Asian
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 118/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 54
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: about one-third (one-half
foreign) of population; 45% commerce,
services, government, and other; 30%
agriculture; 15% construction; 5% industry;
5% oil and mining
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh
Administrative divisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on Islamic law, sev-
eral secular codes have been introduced;
commercial disputes handled by special
committees; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 September
Branches: King rules in consultation with
royal family and Council of Ministers
Government leader: FAHD bin ‘Abd
al-‘Aziz Al] Sa‘ud, King and Prime Minister
(since 1982)
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GCC, 1AEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International
Maritime Satellite Organization,
INTERPOL, ITU, [WC—International
Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $133.6 billion (FY85), $9,920 per
capita; annual growth in nonoil GDP in
constant 1969/70 prices about 7%
(1981-84)
Natural resources: oil, natural gas, iron
ore, gold, copper
214
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not
self-sufficient in food except wheat
Major industries: crude oil production 5.0
million b/d (1986); oil revenue payments
to Saudi Arabian Government, $15 billion
(FY86); petroleum refining, basic petro-
chemicals, cement production and small
steel-rolling mill; several other light indus-
tries, including factories producing deter-
gents, plastic products, furniture
Electric power: 20,005,000 kW capacity;
43,810 million kWh produced, 3,800 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $37 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 95%
petroleum and petroleum products
Imports: $34 billion (c.i.f., 1985); manufac-
tured goods, transportation equipment,
construction materials, and processed food
products
Major trade partners: exports and reex-
ports—Japan 32%, US 6%, Bahrain 5%,
Italy 4%; imports—US 21%, Japan 18%,
Italy 8%, FRG 8% (1985)
Budget: (FY87 proposed) appropriations,
$31 billion; expenditures, $45 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.74 Saudi
riyals=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year as of 1 January
1987 (previously followed Islamic calendar
months Rajab through Jumada II)
Communications
Railroads: 886 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge
Highways: 67,000 km total; 28,000 km
bituminous, 39,000 km gravel and im-
proved earth
Pipelines: 6,400 km crude oil; 150 km
refined products; 2,200 km natural gas,
includes 1,600 km of natural gas liquids
Ports: 7 major (Jiddah or Jeddah, Ad
Dammam, Ras Tanura, Jizin, Al Jubayl,
Yanbu‘ al Bahr, Yanbu‘ as Sind‘iyah), 17
minor
Civil air; 191 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 202 total, 174 usable; 60 with
permanent-surface runways; 11 with
runways over 3,659 m, 26 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 98 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system exists,
major expansion program completed with
extensive microwave and coaxial cable
systems; 1,624,000 telephones (14.1 per 100
popl.); 21 AM, 2 FM, 63 TV stations; 2
Atlantic and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT
stations, 1 ARABSAT satellite control
station; radio-relay to Bahrain, Jordan,
Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, and Sudan; coaxial
cable to Kuwait; submarine cable to
Djibouti
Defense Forces
Branches: Saudi Arabian Land Forces,
Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi Air
Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Force,
Saudi Arabian National Guard, Coast
Guard and Frontier Forces, Special Secu-
rity Force, Public Security Force, Special
Emergency Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,688,000; 3,209,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 154,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Senegal
150km
North
Atlantic
Ocaan
Ziguinchor
Boundary representation 1s
not necessarily authoritative
“See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 196,190 km?; land area:
192,000 km?
Comparative area: about the size of South
Dakota
Land boundaries: 2,680 km total
Coastline; 531 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: short section with The
Gambia is indefinite
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; rainy season
(December to April) has strong southeast
winds; dry season (May to November)
dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind
Terrain: generally low, rolling, plains
rising to foothills in southeast
Land use: 27% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 30% meadows and pastures; 31%
forest and woodland; 12% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: lowlands seasonally flooded;
deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification
Special notes: The Gambia is almost an
enclave
215
People
Population: 7,064,025 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.01%
Nationality: noun—Senegalese (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: 836% Wolof, 17% Fulani,
17% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9% Diola, 9%
Mandingo, 1% European and Lebanese
Religion: 92% Muslim, 6% indigenous
beliefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman Cath-
olic)
Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar,
Diola, Mandingo
Infant mortality: 112/1,000
Life expectancy: 48
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 2,509,000; 77% subsistence
agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earn-
ers—40% private sector, 60% government
and parapublic
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor
force represented by unions; however,
dues-paying membership very limited,
major confederation is National Confeder-
ation of Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an
affiliate of governing party
Government
Official name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic under multiparty demo-
cratic rule; (early in 1982, Senegal and
The Gambia formed a loose confederation
named Senegambia, which calls for the
eventual integration of their armed forces
and economic cooperation)
Capital: Dakar
Administrative divisions: 10 regions,
subdivided into 28 departments, 99 arron-
dissements
Legal system: based on French civil law
system; constitution adopted 1960, revised
1963, 1970, and 1981; judicial review of
legislative acts in Supreme Court, which
also audits the government’s accounting
office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day,
4 April
Senegal (continued)
Branches: government dominated by the
President; unicameral legislature (120-
member National Assembly), elected for
five years; President elected for five-year
term by universal suffrage; judiciary
headed by Supreme Court, with members
appointed by President
Government leaders: Abdou DIOUF,
President (since January 1981)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential and legislative
elections held February 1983; Socialist
Party holds 111 of 120 seats
Political parties and leaders: Socialist
Party (PS), Abdou Diouf; Senegalese Dem-
ocratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; 18
other small uninfluential parties
Communists: small number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: stu-
dents, teachers, labor, Muslim Brother-
hoods
Member of: AfDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
OIC, OMVS (Organization for the Devel-
opment of the Senegal River Valley), UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.3 billion, $850 per capita; real
growth rate 3.8% (1984)
Natural resources: fish, phosphates
Agriculture: peanuts (primary cash crop),
millet, sorghum, manioc, maize, rice,
livestock; deficit production of food
Fishing: catch 230,000 metric tons (1984);
exports $120 million (1984)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural
processing plants, light manufacturing,
mining
Electric power: 187,000 kW capacity; 737
million kWh produced, 105 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $525 million (f.0.b., 1984); pea-
nuts and peanut products, phosphate rock,
fish, petroleum products (reexport)
Imports: $805 million (f.0.b., 1984); food,
consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum
Major trade partners: France, other EC,
and franc zone
Budget: (1984/85) public revenues, $467
million; current expenditures, $489 mil-
lion; capital expenditures, $75 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 331.24
Communauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,084 km 1.000-meter gauge;
70 km double track
Highways: 13,898 km total; 3,461 km
paved, 6,741 km gravel or graded earth,
8,696 km of unimproved roads
Inland waterways: 1,505 km
Ports: ] major (Dakar), 2 minor
Civil air; 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 21 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above-average
urban system, using radio-relay and cable;
40,200 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 8
AM , no FM stations; 1 TV station; 3
submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Gendarmerie
Military manpower; males 15-49,
1,498,000; 782,000 fit for military service;
80,000 reach military age (18) annually
216
Seychelles
300 km
VICTORIAS. «>
, Mahe
Amiranta * Island
Isles fis
aes
Indian Ocean a
‘
Aldabra
yislands :
Ld ieee
t Cosmoledo Farquhar
Group +» Group
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 280 km?; land area: 270 km?
Comparative area: about one and one-half
times the size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 491 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical marine; humid; cooler
season during southeast monsoon (late May
to September); warmer season during
northwest monsoon (March to May)
Terrain: Mahé Group is granitic, narrow
coastal strip, rocky, hilly; others are coral,
flat, elevated reefs, no fresh water, mostly
uninhabited
Land use: 4% arable land; 18% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 18%
forest and woodland; 60% other
Environment: lies outside the cyclone belt,
so severe storms are rare; short droughts
possible; 40 granitic and about 50 coralline
islands
Special notes: none
People
Population: 67,552 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.52%
Nationality: noun—Seychellois (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of
Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 8% Angli-
can, 2% other
Language: English and French (official);
Creole
Infant mortality rate: 26/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 66
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 1984 (est.) formal employ-
ment (all sectors)—38.4 government, 30.7%
parastatal, 30.8% private; formal employ-
ment (by sector)—49.0% industry and
commerce, 39.0% services, 11.5% agricul-
ture, forestry, and fishing
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Seychelles
Type: republic; member of the Common-
wealth
Capital: Victoria, Mahé Island
Legal system: based on English common
law, French civil law, and customary law
National holidays: 5 and 29 June
Branches: President, Council of Ministers,
People’s Assembly
Government leader: France Albert RENE,
President (since June 1979)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election held June 1979
gave 98% approval to René as only presi-
dential candidate on yes/no ballot; re-
elected in June 1984 with 92% of vote
Political parties and leaders: René, who
heads the Seychelles People’s Progressive
Front, came to power by a military coup
in June 1977; until then he had been
Prime Minister in an uneasy coalition with
then President James Mancham, who
headed the Seychelles Democratic Party;
René banned the Seychelles Democratic
Party in March 1978 and announced a
new constitution in March 1979 that
turned the country into a one-party state
Communists: negligible, although some
Cabinet ministers espouse pro-Soviet line
Other political or pressure groups: trade
unions, Roman Catholic Church
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $175 million, $2,670 per capita, real
growth rate 6.0% (1985)
Natural resources: fish, copra, spices
Agriculture: islands depend largely on
coconut production and export of copra;
cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for
perfumes) are other cash crops; food
crops—small quantities of sweet potatoes,
cassava, sugarcane, and bananas; islands
not self-sufficient in foodstuffs and the
bulk of the supply must be imported; fish
is an important food source
Major industries: tourism is largest indus-
try; processing of coconut and vanilla,
fishing, small-scale manufacture of con-
sumer goods, coir rope factory, tea factory
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity; 59
million kWh produced, 880 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $4.5 million (f.0.b., 1985); fish,
copra, cinnamon bark
Imports: $90 million (f.0.b., 1985); manu-
factured goods, food, tobacco, beverages,
machinery and transport equipment, and
petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports—Pakistan,
France, Reunion, UK, Mauritius; im-
ports—Bahrain, UK, South Africa, Si-
ngapore, Japan, France
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1978-84), $232 million; US
(FY78-85), $14 million, Communist coun-
tries (1970-85), $42 million
Budget: (1984) revenues, $61 million;
grants, $4 million; current expenditures,
$64 million; capital expenditures, $11
million; net lending, $3.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5.99 Seychelles
rupees=US$1 (January 1987)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
217
Highways: 282 km total; 145 km bitumi-
nous, 137 km crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 port (Victoria); development
underway will double capacity
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 14 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: direct radio com-
munications with adjacent islands and
African coastal countries; 9,100 telephones
(13.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM stations;
1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite
station; USAF tracking station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,000;
8,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $10 million, 10.3% of
central government budget
Sierra Leone
Banana
islands
Turtle ,
Islands —_
Sherbro
island
North Atlantic Ocean
See regional map VII Sulima
Geography
Total area: 71,740 km?; land area: 71,620
km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
South Carolina
Land boundaries: 933 km total
Coastline: 402 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; summer
rainy season (May to December); winter
dry season (December to April)
Terrain: coastal belt of mangrove swamps,
wooded hill country, upland plateau,
mountains in east
Land use: 23% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 31% meadows and pastures; 29%
forest and woodland; 15% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: extensive mangrove swamps
hinder access to sea; deforestation; soil
degradation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 3,754,088 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.16%
Nationality: noun—Sierra Leonean(s);
adjective—Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African
(80% Temne, 30% Mende, 2% Creole), rest
European and Asian; 18 tribes
Religion: 830% Muslim, 30% indigenous
beliefs, 10% Christian, 30% other or none
Language: English (official); regular use
limited to literate minority; principal
vernaculars are Mende in south and
Temne in north; Krio is the language of
the resettled exslave population of the
Freetown area and is lingua franca
Life expectancy: 46
Literacy: about 15%
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of
population engages in subsistence agricul-
ture; only small minority, some 65,000,
earn wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
Government
Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime
since April 197]
Capital: Freetown
Administrative divisions: three provinces
(Eastern, Northern, Southern) and one area
(Western Area)
Legal system: based on English law and
customary laws indigenous to local tribes;
constitution adopted 1978; highest court of
appeal is the Sierra Leone Court of Ap-
peals; has not accepted compulsory 1CJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 19 April
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President; unicameral parliament consists
of 104 authorized seats, 85 of which are
filled by elected representatives of constit-
uencies and 12 by Paramount Chiefs
elected by fellow Paramount Chiefs in
each district; President authorized to
appoint up to seven members; indepen-
dent judiciary
Government leaders: Gen. Joseph
MOMOH, President (since 28 November
1985); Francis MINAH, First Vice Presi-
dent (since November 1985); Abu Bakar
KAMARA, Second Vice President (since
November 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
218
Political party and leader: All People’s
Congress (APC), Siaka Stevens, National
Chairman (constitution provides only for
one-party rule)
Communists: no party, although there are
a few Communists and a slightly larger
number of sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Common-
wealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAFA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IDB—Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ITU, Mano River Union, NAM,
OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: (current factor cost) $1 billion
(1983/84 est.); real growth rate 0.5%
(1983/84)
Natural resources: diamonds, rutile,
bauxite, iron ore, gold, chromite
Agriculture: palm kernels, coffee, cocoa,
rice, yams, millet, ginger, cassava; much of
cultivated land devoted to subsistence
farming; food crops insufficient for domes-
tic consumption
Fishing: catch 53,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining (diamonds, iron
ore, bauxite, rutile), manufacturing, bever-
ages, textiles, cigarettes, construction goods,
one oil refinery
Electric power: 65,000 kW capacity; 85
million kWh produced, 21 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $137 million (f.0.b., 1985); dia-
monds, iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa,
coffee
Imports: $167 million (c.i.f., 1985); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US, Japan,
Communist countries
Budget: (1983/84) revenues, $109 million;
current expenditures, $146 million; devel-
opment expenditures, $68 million
Monetary conversion rate: 40
leones=US$1 (March 1987)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: about 84 km 1.067-meter
narrow gauge privately owned mineral
line operated by the Sierra Leone Devel-
opment Company
Highways: 7,400 km total; 1,150 km
bituminous, 490 km laterite (some gravel),
remainder improved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km
navigable year round
Ports: 1 major (Freetown), 2 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 13 total, 10 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: fair telephone and
telegraph service; 16,000 telephones (0.4
per 100 popl.); 1 INTELSAT Atlantic
Ocean satellite ground station; 3 AM, 1
FM, 2 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 857,000;
413,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription
Singapore
(pS
—1okm_
Pulau
Tekong
Besar
e
Johore
Strait
Johore Pulau
oodiands Strait _Ubin
4,0,
ae
SINGAPORE
SB Santose
x
N
&
bd Singapore Strait
Main Strait
See regional map IX
Geography
Total area: 580 km?; land area: 570 km?
Comparative area: about three times the
size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline; 193 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid, rainy; no
pronounced rainy or dry seasons; thunder-
storms occur on 40% of all days (67% of
days in April)
Terrain: lowland; gently undulating cen-
tral plateau contains water catchment area
and nature preserve
Land use: 4% arable land; 7% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 5% forest
and woodland; 84% other
Environment: mostly urban and industri-
alized
Special notes: focal point for Southeast
Asian sea routes
People
Population: 2,616,236 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.18%
Nationality: noun—Singaporean(s), adjec-
tive—Singapore
Ethnic divisions: 76.4% Chinese, 14.9%
Malay, 6.4% Indian, 2.3% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Bud-
dhists or atheists; Malays nearly all Mus-
lim; minorities include Christians, Hindus,
Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists
219
Language: Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and
English (official); Malay (national)
Infant mortality rate; 8.3/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 69, women 74
Literacy: 84.2%
Labor force: 1,154,260 (June 1985); 30.2%
services, 25.5% manufacturing, 23.5%
trade, 10.1% transport and communica-
tion, 8.9% construction, 0.7% agriculture
and fishing; 6.5% unemployment (June
1986)
Organized labor: 202,302, 17.5% of labor
force (1985)
Government
Official name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Singapore
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution based on preindepend-
ence State of Singapore constitution; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 August
Branches: ceremonial President; executive
power exercised by Prime Minister and
Cabinet responsible to unicameral legisla-
ture (Parliament)
Government leaders: WEE Kim Wee,
President (since September 1985); LEE
Kuan Yew, Prime Minister (since June
1959)
Suffrage: amiversil and compulsory over
age 20
Elections: normally held every five years;
last held 1984
Political parties and leaders: govern-
ment—People’s Action Party (PAP), Lee
Kuan Yew; opposition—Barisan Sosialis
(BS), Dr. Lee Siew Choh; Workers’ Party
(WP), J. B. Jeyaretnam; United People’s
Front (UPF), Harbans Singh; Singapore
Democratic Party (SDP), Chiam See Tong;
Communist Party illegal
Voting strength: (1984 election) PAP won
77 of 79 seats in Parliament and received
63% of the vote; WP and SDP won one
seat each; WP member of Parliament
expelled November 1986
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis
infiltrated by Communists
Singapore (continued)
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN,
Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $17.25 billion (1985 est.), $6,740 per
capita; (1985 est.) real growth rate 1.9%
(1986 est.)
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor
importance in the economy, self-sufficient
in pork (but pig farming outlawed as of
1985), poultry, and eggs; must import
much of its other food requirements;
major crops—rubber, copra, fruit and
vegetables
Fishing: catch 22,76] metric tons, im-
ports—102,189 metric tons, exports 56,841
metric tons (1985)
Major industries: petroleum refining,
electronics, oil drilling equipment, rubber
processing and rubber products, processed
food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot
trade, financial services, biotechnology
Electric power: 3,486,000 kW capacity;
10,080 million kWh produced, 3,900 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $22.8 billion (f.0.b., 1985); manu-
factured goods, petroleum, rubber, elec-
tronics
Imports: $26.3 billion (c.i.f., 1985); major
retained imports—capital equipment,
manufactured goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—US, Ma-
laysia, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Aus-
tralia, FRG; imports—Japan, US, Malaysia,
Saudi Arabia
Aid: Western (non-US) countries (1970-84),
$630 million; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-
85), $590 million
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $2.3
million
Budget: (1985) revenues, $5.55 billion;
expenditures, $5.55 billion;
Monetary conversion rate: 2.14 Singapore
dollars=US$) (14 January 1987)
Fiscal year: 1 April-381 March
Communications
Railroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 2,597 km total (1984)
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Civil air: about 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439
m
Telecommunications: good domestic
facilities; good international service; good
radio and television broadcast coverage;
1.02 million telephones (39.0 per 100
popl.); 18 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV stations; sub-
marine cables extend to Sabah (Malaysia),
Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia, and the
Philippines; ) satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Army
Reserve, Singapore Armed Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 808,000;
606,000 fit for military service
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1987, $950 million;
about 11.2% of central government budget
220
Solomon Islands
400 km
South
Pacific
os Ocean
Choisaul
oy,
= = Santa Isabal
2
° :
Gizo SY, wy s
on atk a ow Malaita
anaing CHO 1ARA
Gusdsicanal 4 . Santa
@ Cruz
San
Ge Cristobal tq islands ,
Coral Sea
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 28,450 km?; land area: 27,540
km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Maryland
Coastline: 5,313 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical monsoon; few extremes
of temperature and weather
Terrain: mostly ruggedly mountainous
with some low coral atolls
Land use: 1% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 93%
forest and woodland; 4% other
Environment: subject to typhoons, but
rarely destructive; geologically active
region with frequent earth tremors
Special notes: none
People
Population: 301,180 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.62%
Nationality: noun—Solomon Islander(s);
adjective—Solomon Islander
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesian, 4.0%
Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian, 0.8% Euro-
pean, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% other
Religion: almost all at least nominally
Christian; Anglican, Seventh-Day Advent-
ist, and Roman Catholic churches domi-
nant
Language: 120 indigenous languages;
Melanesian pidgin in much of the country
is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2%
of population
Infant mortality rate: 46/1,000 (1980)
Life expectancy; 54
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 28,448 economically active
(1984); 32.4% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 7.0% construction, manufacturing,
and mining; 4.7% commerce, transport,
and finance
Organized labor: most of the cash econ-
omy workers have trade union representa-
tion
Government
Official name: Solomon Islands
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth
Capital; Honiara
Administrative divisions: 7 administrative
districts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magis-
trates Courts; also a system of native courts
throughout the islands
National day: 7 July—Independence Day
Branches: executive authority in Governor
General; unicameral legislature
(38-member National Parliament)
Government leaders: Sir Baddeley
DEVESI, Governor General (since July
1978); Ezekiel Alabna, Prime Minister
(since December 1986)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 21
Elections: at least every four years; last
held October 1984
Political parties and leaders: United
Party, Sir Peter Kenilorea; People’s Alli-
ance Party, Solomon Mamaloni, National
Democratic Party, Bartholemew Ulufa’alu
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth,
ESCAP, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, SPF, UN,
UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $137 million (1985), $640 per capita
Natural resources: fish, forests, agricul-
tural land, minerals (gold and bauxite)
Agriculture: dominated by coconut pro-
duction with subsistence crops of yams,
taro, bananas, rice
Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity; 30
million kWh produced, 110 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $70.1 million (f.0.b., 1985); copra,
timber, fish, palm oil, seashells and shell
products
Imports: $83.2 million (c.if., 1985)
Major trade partners: exports—Japan
87%, UK 11%, Australia 3%; imports—
Australia 31%, Singapore 16%, Japan 15%,
UK 9% (1981)
Aid: economic commitments from Austra-
lia and other Western donors, $16.1 mil-
lion (1985)
Budget: (1985) million revenues, $37.4
million; expenditures, $51.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.4808 So-
lomon Island dollars=US$1 (February
1986)
Communications
Railroad: none
Highways: about 2,100 km total (1982); 30
km sealed, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth,
800 private logging and plantation roads of
varied construction
Ports: 5 minor
Civil] air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 24 total, 22 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 3,000 telephones; 4
AM, no FM, no TV stations; 1 satellite
ground station
221
Somalia
Gulf of Adan
300 km
- Bender
Gerbera Caasim
* Hergeyse
Garoa
*
Boundary representation is
Not necessarily authoritative
Chisimayu
See regiona! map Vil
Geography
Total area: 637,660 km?; land area:
627,340 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Texas
Land boundaries: 2,263 km total
Coastline: 3,025 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 200 nm
Boundary disputes: southern half of
boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional
Administrative Line; territorial dispute
with Ethiopia over the Ogaden; possible
claims to Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Kenya
based on unification of ethnic Somalis
Climate: hot, dry desert; northeast mon-
soon (December to February), cooler
southwest monsoon (May to October);
irregular rainfall; hot, humid periods
(Tangambili) between monsoons
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plateau
rising to hills in north
Land use: 2% arable land, NEGL% per-
manent crops; 46% meadows and pastures;
14% forest and woodland; 38% other;
includes 3% irrigated
Environment: recurring droughts; fre-
quent dust storms over eastern plains in
summer; deforestation; overgrazing; soil
erosion; desertification
Special notes: strategic location on Horn
of Africa along southern approaches to
Bab el Mandeb and route through Red Sea
and Suez Canal
Somalia (continued)
People
Population: 7,741,859 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.01%
Nationality: noun—Somali(s); adjective—
Somali
Ethnic divisions: 85% Somali, rest mainly
Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800
Asians
Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim
Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian,
English
Infant mortality rate: 150/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 43.9
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: about 2.2 million; very few
are skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomad,
30% agriculturists, government employees,
traders, fishermen, handicraftsmen, other
Organized labor: General Federation of
Somali Trade Unions, a government-
controlled organization, established in 1977
Government
Official name: Somali Democratic Repub-
lic
Type: republic
Capital: Mogadishu
Administrative divisions: 18 regions, 60
districts
National holiday: 21 October
Branches: President dominates political
system; Cabinet carries out day-to-day
government functions; unicameral legisla-
ture (National People’s Assembly) exists
but has little power
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Mohamed
SIAD Barre, President and Commander in
Chief of the Army (since October 1969)
Political party and leader: the Somali
Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP),
created on 1 July 1976, is the sole legal
party; Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre is
general secretary of the SRSP
Elections: parliamentary elections held 31
December 1984; Presidential election held
December 1986 and President Siad won
99.92% of the votes in yes/no style elec-
tion for another seven-year term
Communists: probably some Communist
sympathizers in the government hierarchy
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, EAMA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.4 billion, about $200 per capita
(1982 est.)
Natural resources: uranium, iron, tin,
gypsum, bauxite
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country,
raising livestock; crops—bananas, sugar-
cane, cotton, cereals
Major industries: a few small industries,
including sugar refining, tuna, beef can-
ning, textiles, iron rod plant, and petro-
leum refining
Electric power: 63,000 kW capacity; 137
million kWh produced, 17 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $108 million (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
livestock, hides, skins, bananas
Imports: $407 million (c.i-f., 1986 est.);
textiles, cereals, transport equipment,
machinery, construction materials and
equipment, petroleum products; also
military materiel] in 1977
Major trade partners: exports—Saudi
Arabia 34.6%, Italy 19.6%; imports—Italy
26%, Saudi Arabia 12%, US 17% (1985)
External debt: $1.6 billion (1985 est.);
external debt service 78% of exports of
goods and services
Budget: (1985 est. in percent of GDP)
revenues and grants, 10.2%; current expen-
ditures, 8.5%; investment expenditures,
6.8%
Monetary conversion rate: official rate—
86.5 Somali shillings=US$1; legal free
market—140 Somali shiJlings=US$1 (No-
vember 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
222
Highways: 21,300 km total; including
2,335 km bituminous surface, 2,880 km
gravel, and 12,000 km improved earth or
stabilized soil
Pipelines: 15 km crude oil
Ports: 3 major (Mogadishu, Berbera, Chis-
imayu)
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 65 total, 53 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 21 with runways
],220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and
telegraph service; radio-relay system
centered on Mogadishu connects a few
towns; 6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.);
1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 2 AM, no
FM stations; 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Somali National Army (includ-
ing Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense
Force), National Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,710,000; 958,000 fit for military service;
no conscription
South Africa
400 km
Awalviea Bay
* Johanneaburg
Upington ,imbertay _ hadysmith
Bilpemfontein ®
"Oe Aar
South
Atlantic
Ocean
East London
Cape Town Port Elizabeth
oasetbaei
Indian Ocean
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 1,221,040 km; land area:
1,221,040 km?
Comparative area: about four-fifths the
size of Alaska
Land boundaries: 2,044 km total
Coastline: 2,88] km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; occupies
Namibia
Climate: mostly dry desert, subtropical
along coast; sunny days, cool nights
Terrain: vast interior plateau rimmed by
rugged hills and narrow coastal plain
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 65% meadows and pastures; 3%
forest and woodland; 21% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: lack of important arterial
rivers or Jakes requires extensive water
conservation and control measures
Special notes: Walvis Bay is almost an
enclave of Namibia; Lesotho is an enclave
People
Population: 34,313,356 (July 1987), aver-
age annua] growth rate 2.27%, includes the
four nominally independent homelands
that are not recognized by the US (Bophu-
thatswana 1,750,165, average annual
growth rate 3.85%; Ciskei 982,982, average
annual growth rate 2.62%; Transkei
2,832,345, average annual growth rate
2.70%; Venda 434,395, average annual
growth rate 2.72%)
Nationality: noun—South A frican(s);
adjective—South African
Ethnic divisions: 69.9% black, 17.8%
white, 9.4% colored, 2.9% Indian
Religion: most whites and coloreds and
roughly 60% of blacks are Christian;
roughly 60% of Indians are Hindu, 20%
Muslim
Language: Afrikaans, English (official);
many vernacular languages, including
Zulu, Xhosa, North and South Sotho,
Tswana
Infant mortality rate: whites 14.9/1,000
(1982), coloreds 80.6/1,000 (1982), blacks
80.6/1,000 (1982), Asians 25.3/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: whites 70 years, Asians
66 years, coloreds 59 years, blacks 55 years
Literacy: almost all white population
literate; government estimates 50% of
blacks literate
Labor force: 1) million economically
active (1985); 34% services, 30% agricul-
ture, 29% industry and commerce, 7%
mining
Organized labor: about 17% of total labor
force is unionized (mostly white workers);
African unions represent less than 15% of
black labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legisla-
tive, Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Administrative divisions: 4 provinces; 10
homelands (4 independent, 6 dependent)
administered in areas set aside for blacks
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and English common law; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 3] May
Branches: state president is chief of state,
head of government, and chairman of
cabinet; tricameral legislature—House of
223
Assembly (whites), House of Representa-
tives (coloreds), and House of Delegates
(Indians) elected directly by respective
racial electorates; judiciary maintains
substantial independence of government
influence
Government leader: Pieter Willem
BOTHA, State President (since September
1984)
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites
over 18 (17 in Natal Province) and to
coloreds and Indians over 18
Elections: must be held at least every five
years; last white elections April 1981; last
colored and Indian elections August 1984;
the next white elections will be held in
first half of 1987
Political parties and leaders: White
political parties and leaders— National
Party, P. W. Botha; Progressive Federal
Party, Colin Eglin; New Republic Party,
Bill Sutton; Conservative Party, Dr. Andr-
ies P. Treurnicht; Herstigte National Party,
Jaap Marais; Colored political parties and
leaders— Labor Party, Allan Hendrickse
(majority party); People’s Congress Party,
Peter Marais; Indian political parties and
leaders—National People’s Party,
Amichand Rajbansi (majority party); Soli-
darity, J. N. Reddy
Voting strength: white parliamentary
seats—National Party, 127; Progressive
Federal Party, 27; Conservative Party, 18;
New Republic, 5; Herstigte National
Party, 1]
Communists: small Communist Party
illegal since 1950; party in exile maintains
headquarters in London, Daniel Tloome,
(Chairman) and Joe Slovo, (General Secre-
tary)
Other political groups: (insurgent groups
in exile) African National Congress (ANC),
Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress
(PAC), Zephania Mothopeng
Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMF, INTELSAT, ISO,
ITU, IWC—International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC—International Wheat Coun-
cil, Southern African Customs Union, UN,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
South Africa (continued)
(membership rights in IAEA, ICAO, ITU,
WHO, WIPO, and WMO suspended or
restricted)
Economy
GDP: $51 billion (1985), about $1,560 per
capita; 2.0% real growth (1986)
Natural resources: gold, chromium, anti-
mony, coal, iron, manganese, nickel, phos-
phates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds,
platinum, copper, vanadium
Agriculture: corn, wheat, sugarcane,
tobacco, citrus, fruits; cattle and dairy
products; sheep and wool; self-sufficient in
foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 599,897 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining, automobile
assembly, metalworking, machinery,
textile, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer
Electric power: 29,954,000 kW capacity;
148,450 million kWh produced, 4,470
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $9.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985), gold,
coal, diamonds, corn, uranium, other
mineral and agricultural products; net gold
output $7.0 billion (1985)
Imports: $10.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); ma-
chinery, motor vehicle parts, petroleum
products, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Japan,
UK, Southern African Customs Union
Budget: (FY85/86) revenues, $10.6 billion;
current expenditures, $12.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 South
African rands=US$1 (29 January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1] April-3] March
Communications
Railroads: 36,499 km total (includes Nam-
ibia); 35,793 km 1.067-meter gauge, of
which 6,830 km are multiple track, 16,27]
km electrified; 706 km single track
Highways: 229,690 km total; 80,796 km
paved, 148,894 km crushed stone, gravel,
or improved earth
Pipelines: 93) km crude oil; 1,748 km
refined products; 322 km natural gas
Ports: 7 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port
Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha, East
London, and Mosselbaai); 1 minor (Walvis
Bay)
Civil air; 82 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 956 total, 846 usable; 112 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 1] with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 215 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is the
best developed, most modern, and highest
capacity in Africa and consists of carrier-
equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables,
radio-relay links, and radiocommunication
stations; key centers are Bloemfontein,
Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port
Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 3.47 million
telephones (13.4 per 100 popl.); 14 AM,
286 FM, 67 main TV stations with 450
relay transmitters; 1 submarine cable; |
Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medi-
cal Services
Military manpower: males 15-49,
8,490,000; 5,182,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 369,000 reach military age (18)
annually; obligation for service in Citizen
Force or Commandos begins at 18; volun-
teers for service in permanent force must
be 17; national service obligation is two
years; figures include Bophuthatswana,
Ciskei, Kwazulu, Lebowa, Transkei, and
Venda
224
Soviet Union
2000 km
Arctic Ocean
Barents Sea *i: | ne
Murmansk Be. rs
Baltic Saa y ‘
Leningrad :
*, u Othoisk
"kiay MOSCOW : &
° Svardiovsk
The Unstad States Government has not recognized
the incorporation of Eatoma Lata and Lithuania
into tha Sowat Union Other boundary representation
19 NOt Naceasarily authoritative
See regional maps VIII and XI
Geography
Total area: 22,402,200 km?; land area:
22,272,000 km?
Comparative area: almost two and one-
half times the size of US
Land boundaries: 20,217 km total
Coastline: 108,346 km (60,085 km main-
land; 48,261 islands)
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: China (Pamir, Argun,
Amur, and Khabarovsk areas); US Govern-
ment has not recognized incorporation of
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into Soviet
Union; Habomai Islands, Etorofu, Kunash-
iri, and Shikotan islands occupied by
Soviet Union since 1945, claimed by
Japan; Kuril Islands administered by
Soviet Union; maritime disputes with
Sweden, Norway; has made no territorial
claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the
right to do so) and does not recognize the
claims of any other nation; Bessarabia
question with Romania
Climate: mostly temperate to arctic conti-
nental; winters vary from cool along Black
Sea to frigid in Siberia; summers vary
from hot in southern deserts to cool along
Arctic coast
Terrain: broad plain with low hills west of
Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra in
Siberia, deserts in Central Asia, mountains
in south
Land use: 10% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 17% meadows and
pastures; 41% forest and woodland; 32%
other; includes 1% irrigated
Environment: despite size and diversity,
small percentage of land is arable and
much is too far north; some of most fertile
land is water deficient or has insufficient
growing season; many better climates have
poor soils; hot, dry, desiccating sukhovey
wind affects south; desertification
Special notes: largest country in world,
but unfavorably located in relation to
major sea lanes of world
People
Population: 284,008,160 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 0.90%
Nationality: noun—Soviet(s); adjective—
Soviet
Ethnic divisions: 52% Russian, 16% Ukrai-
nian, 32% among over 100 other ethnic
groups, according to 1979 census
Religion: 18% Russian Orthodox; 9%
Muslim; 3% Jewish, Protestant, Georgian
Orthodox, or Roman Catholic; population
is 70% atheist
Language: Russian (official); more than
200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with
more than | million speakers); 75% Slavic
group, 8% other Indo-European, 12%
Altaic, 3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Infant mortality rate: 27.9/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 64, women 74
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: civilian 148 million (midyear
1984), 20% agriculture, 80% industry and
other nonagricultural fields; unemployed
not reported; shortage of skilled labor
reported
Government
Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
Type: Communist state
Capital; Moscow
Administrative divisions: 15 union repub-
lics, consisting of 20 autonomous republics,
6 krays, 123 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts,
and 10 autonomous okrugs
Legal system: civil law system as modified
by Communist legal theory; revised consti-
tution adopted 1977; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: October Revolution
Day, 7 November
Branches: executive—USSR Council of
Ministers, legislative—USSR Supreme
Soviet, judicial—Supreme Court of USSR
Government leaders: Mikhail Sergeyevich
GORBACHEV, General Secretary of the
Central Committee of the Communist
Party (since 11 March 1985); Nikolay
Ivanovich RYZHKOV, Chairman of the
USSR Council of Ministers (since 28 Sep-
tember 1985); Andrey Andreyevich
GROMYKO, Chairman of the Presidium
of the USSR Supreme Soviet (since 2 July
1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct,
equal
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every five
years; 1,500 seats in 1984; 71.5% held by
party members
Political party: Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (CPSU) only party permitted
Voting strength: (1984 election) 99.95% of
the 197,292,000 persons over 18 voted for
Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: over 18 million party mem-
bers
Other political or pressure groups:
Komsomol, trade unions, and other organi-
zations that facilitate Communist control
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, Geneva
Disarmament Conference, IAEA, IBEC,
ICAC, ICAO, ICCAT, ICCO, ICES, ILO,
IMO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, INRO, 1IPU, ISO, iTC, 1TU,
JWC—International Whaling Commission,
1WC—international Wheat Council, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $2,062.6 billion (1985, in 1985
geometric mean prices), $7,396 per capita;
in 1985 percentage shares were—50%
consumption, 30% investment, 20% gov-
ernment and other, including elements of
defense (based on 1982 rubles at adjusted
225
factor cost); average annual growth rate of
real GNP 2.4% (1971-85); average annual
growth rate 2.1% (1976-85); 1.2% (1985)
Natural resources: fossil fuels, hydroelec-
tric power, timber, manganese, lead, zinc,
nickel, mercury, potash, phosphates
Agriculture: principal food crops—grain
(especially wheat), potatoes; main indus-
trial crops—sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers,
and flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends
on fluctuations in crop yields, particularly
grain; large grain importer over past
decade
Fishing: catch 10.7 million metric tons;
exports 501,598 metric tons, 418,912
metric tons; exports exclude canned fish,
canned crab, and caviar (1985)
Major industries: diversified, highly
developed capital goods industries; con-
sumer goods industries comparatively less
developed
Shortages: fertilizer, pesticides, feed,
natural rubber, bauxite and alumina,
tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar, molyb-
denum, and finished steel products
Crude steel: 174 million metric ton capac-
ity; 155 million metric tons produced, 558
kg per capita (1985)
Electric power: 327,000,000 kW capacity;
1,600,000 million kWh produced, 5,670
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $86,956 billion (f.0.b., 1985);
petroleum and petroleum products, natural
gas, metals, wood, agricultural products,
and a wide variety of manufactured goods
(primarily capital goods and arms)
Imports: $82,922 billion (f.o.b., 1985);
grain and other agricultural products,
machinery and equipment, steel products
(including large diameter pipe), consumer
manufactures
Major trade partners: $169.9 billion (1985
total turnover); 61% Communist countries,
27% industrialized West, 12% with less
developed countries
Aid: total extended to non-Communist less
developed countries (1954-85), $33 billion
Monetary conversion rate: official, 0.838
ruble=US$1 (1985 average); the exchange
rate is administratively set and should not
be used to convert domestic rubles to
dollars
Fiscal year: calendar year
Soviet Union (continued)
Communications
Railroads: 144,800 km total; 142,967 km
1.524-meter broad gauge; 1,833 km mostly
0.750-meter narrow gauge; 113,315 km
broad-gauge single track; 47,900 km elec-
trified; does not include industrial lines
(1984)
Highways: 1,516,700 km total; 439,000
km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 354,000
km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone;
723,700 km earth (1984)
Inland waterways: 136,700 km navigable,
exclusive of Caspian Sea (1984)
Freight carried: rail—3,958 million metric
tons, 3.72 trillion metric tons/km (1985);
highways—25.5 billion metric tons, 477
billion metric tons/km (1985); waterway—
632 million metric tons, 261.6 billion
metric tons/km, excluding Caspian Sea
(1984)
Pipelines: 78,300 km crude oil and refined
products; 165,000 km natural gas (1984)
Ports: 53 major (most important—Lenin-
grad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja,
Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel’sk,
Odessa, Novorossiysk, !l’ichevsk, Niko-
layev, Sevastopol’, Vladivostok, Nakhodka),
180 minor; 58 major inland ports (most
important—Astrakhan’, Baku, Gor’kiy,
Kazan’, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd,
Kiev)
Civil air: 4,500 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4,400 total; 470 with runways
2,500 m or longer
Telecommunications: extensive network
of AM-FM stations broadcasting both
Moscow and regional programs; main TV
centers in Moscow and Leningrad plus 11
more in the Soviet republics; hundreds of
TV stations; 85,000,000 TV sets;
162,000,000 receiver sets; many satellite
ground stations and extensive satellite
networks
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air
Defense Forces, Air Forces, Strategic
Rocket Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
69,563,000; 55,293,000 fit for military
service; 2,197,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Spain
300 km
Bay of Biscay
Balearic
Sea cy
Q
© Balearic
* Islands
Mediterranean
North Sea
Atlantic
Ocean = Strait of
Gibrattar Canary Islands. Ceuta,
and Malilla ara not shown
See regional map V and VII
Geography
Total area: 504,750 km/?; land area:
499,400 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Arizona and Utah combined
Land boundaries: 1,899 km total
Coastline: 4,964 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Gibraltar ques-
tion with UK; controls two presidios or
places of sovereignty (Ceuta, Melilla) on
the coast of Morocco
Climate: temperate; clear, hot summers in
interior, more moderate and cloudy along
coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior,
partly cloudy and cool along coast
Terrain: large, flat to dissected plateau
surrounded by rugged hills
Land use: 31% arable land; 10% perma-
nent crops; 21% meadows and pastures;
81% forest and woodland; 7% other; in-
cludes 6% irrigated
Environment: deforestation; desertification
Special notes: strategic location along
approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
People
Population: 39,000,804 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.54%
Nationality: noun—Spaniard(s); adjec-
tive—Spanish
226
Ethnic divisions: composite of Mediterra-
nean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other
sects
Language: Castilian Spanish; second
languages include 17% Catalan, 7% Galic-
ian, and 2% Basque
Infant mortality rate: 9.6/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 73, women 78
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 13.7 million (1986 est.);
52.0% services, 24.4% industry, 16.1%
agriculture, 7.5% construction; unemploy-
ment, 21.5% (June 1986)
Organized labor: no more than 25% of
labor force (1984)
Government
Official name: Spanish State
Type: parliamentary monarchy
Capital: Madrid
Administrative divisions: 50 provinces
Dependent areas: Ceuta, Islas Chafarinas,
Melilla, Pefién de Alhucemas, Pefién de
Vélez de la Gomera
Legal system: civil law system, with
regional applications; constitution provides
for rule of law, established jury system as
well as independent constitutional court to
rule on constitutionality of laws and serve
as court of last resort in protecting liberties
and rights granted in constitution; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 24 June
Branches: executive, with acts of the king
subject to countersignature, Prime Minister
and his ministers responsible to lower
house; bicameral! legislature—Cortes Gen-
erales, consisting of more powerful Con-
gress of Deputies (850 members) and
Senate (208 members), with possible addi-
tion of one to six members from each new
autonomous region; judiciary, independent
Government leaders: JUAN CARLOS 1,
King (since November 1975); Felipe
GONZALEZ Marquez, Prime Minister
(since December 1982)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: parliamentary election held 22
June 1986 for four-year term; local elec-
tions for municipal and provincial councils
held April 1983; regional elections stag-
gered
Political parties and leaders: principal
national parties, from right to left—Popu-
lar Alliance (AP), Antonio Hernandez
Mancha; Popular Democratic Party (PDP),
Oscar Alzaga; Liberal Party (PL), José
Antonio Segurado; Social Democratic
Center (CDS), Adolfo Suarez; Spanish
Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe
Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish Communist
Party (PCE), Gerardo Iglesias; chief re-
gional parties—Convergence and Unity
(CiU), Jordi Pujol, in Catalonia; Basque
Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier Arzallus;
Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos Garaicoe-
txea; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon
Idigoras; Basque Left (EE), Kepa Aulestia;
Andalusian Party (PA), Luis Urufiuela;
Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon
Regional Party (PAR); Valencian Union
(UV)
Voting strength: (1986 parliamentary
election in lower house—350 seats) PSOE
44%, 184 seats; AP, PDP, and PL in coali-
tion 26%, 105 seats (dissolution of coalition
and party defections in 1986—AP 68 seats,
PDP 21 seats, PL 12 seats, independent 4
seats); CDS 9%, 19 seats; Communist-led
coalition 5%, 18 seats; CiU 5%, 18 seats:
Basque Nationalist Party 1%, 1 seat; Popu-
lar Unity 1%, 1 seat; Basque Left 1%, 1
seat; Independent Canary Group, 0%, 1
seat; Aragon Regional Party, 0%, 1 seat;
Valencian Union 0%, 1 seat; 6%, vote
other, no seats
Communists; PCE membership has de-
clined from a possible high of 160,000 in
1977 to roughly 60,000 today; the party
lost 64% of its voters and 20 deputies in
the 1982 election; remaining strength is in
labor, where it dominates the Workers
Commissions trade union (one of the
country’s two major labor centrals), which
claims a membership of about 1 million;
experienced a modest recovery in 1986
national election, nearly doubling the share
of the vote it received in 1982
Other political or pressure groups: on the
extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and
Liberty (ETA) and the First of October
Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use
terrorism to oppose the government; free
labor unions (authorized in April 1977)
include the Communist-dominated Work-
ers Commissions (CCOOQ); the Socialist
General Union of Workers (UGT), and the
smaller independent Workers Syndical
Union (USO); the Catholic Church; busi-
ness and landowning interests; Opus Dei;
university students
Member of: ‘Andean Pact (observer),
ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, 1CO, IDA, 1DB—Inter-American
Development Bank, [EA, IFAD, IFC,
1HO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, Inter-
national Lead and Zinc Study Group,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU,
IWC—International Wheat Council,
NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $187.6 billion (1986 est.); 70% pri-
vate consumption, 138% government con-
sumption, 17% gross fixed capital invest-
ment; 0.2% change in stocks; 2% net ex-
ports; real growth rate 2.9% (1986); 8.6%
inflation (1986)
Natural resources: coal, lignite, iron ore,
uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar,
gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper,
kaolin, hydroelectric power
Agriculture: grains, citrus, fruits, vegeta-
bles; virtually self-sufficient in good crop
years
Fishing: catch, 1,100,000 metric tons
(1985)
Major industries: textiles and apparel
(including footwear), food and beverages,
metals and metal manufactures, chemicals,
shipbuilding, automobiles
Crude steel: 14.2 million metric tons
produced (1985), 370 kg per capita
Electric power: 41,120,000 kW capacity;
134,380 million kWh produced, 3,440
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1985); iron
and steel products, machinery, automo-
227
biles, citrus, fruits, vegetables, wine, soy-
bean oil, feed barley, textiles, footwear
Imports: $28.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); fuels
(88%), machinery, chemicals, iron and
steel, automobiles, corn, soybeans, coffee,
tobacco, forest products, hides and skins,
cotton, live cattle
Major trade partners: (1985) 42% EC,
81% less developed countries, 11% other
developed countries, 11% US, 5% Commu-
nist countries
Aid: US authorizations, $1.9 billion, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-85); other Western
bilateral (ODA and OOF), $545.0 million
(1970-79)
Military transfers: US (FY70-85), $2.4
billion
Budget: revenues, $56 billion; expendi-
tures, $67 billion; deficit, $10 billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 136.13
pesetas=US $1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 15,430 km total; Spanish Na-
tional Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691
km 1.668-meter gange, 6,050 km electri-
fied, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE
(government-owned narrow-gauge rail-
ways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly
1.000-meter gauge and 44] km electrified;
privately owned railways operate 918 km
of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512
km electrified, and 56 km double track
Highways: 150,896 km total; 82,070 km
national 2,433 km limited-access divided
highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated,
17,038 km intermediate bituminous, con-
crete, or stone block; the remaining 68,326
km are provincial or local roads (bitumi-
nous treated, intermediate bituminous, or
stone block)
Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor
importance as transport arteries and con-
tribute little to economy
Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,862 km
refined products; 1,475 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 175 minor
Civil air: 142 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 121 total, 117 usable; 61 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Spain (continued)
Telecommunications: generally adequate,
modern facilities; 14.4 million telephones
(34.5 per 100 popl.); 193 AM, 406 FM,
1,500 TV stations; 22 coaxial submarine
cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 6
antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
9,597,000; 7,810,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 337,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $5.9 billion; 12.3% of the
central government budget
Sri Lanka
ff
da tng 100km
-
Paik
Bay
Manna’
Gut
of
Mannar
Hambantota
See regional map Vill Indian Ocean
Geography
Total area: 65,610 km?; land area: 64,740
km?
Comparative area: about one-half the size
of North Carolina
Coastline: 1,340 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; monsoonal; northeast
monsoon (December to March); southwest
monsoon (June to October)
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plain;
mountains in south-central interior
Land use: 16% arable land; 17% perma-
nent crops; 7% meadows and pastures;
87% forest and woodland; 23% other;
includes 8% irrigated
Environment: occasional cyclones, torna-
dos; deforestation; soil erosion
Special notes: only 29 km from India;
near major Indian Ocean sea lanes
People
Population: 16,406,576 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.37%
Nationality: noun—Sri Lankan(s); adjec-
tive—Sri Lankan
228
Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese; 18%
Tamil; 7% Moor; 1% Burgher, Malay, and
Veddha
Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8%
Christian, 8% Muslim
Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and
Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala
spoken by about 74% of population, Tamil
spoken by about 18%; English commonly
used in government and spoken by about
10% of the population
Infant mortality rate: 37/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 68
Literacy: 87%
Labor force: 6.6 million (1985 est.); 45.9%
agriculture, 13.3% mining and manufac-
turing, 12.4% trade and transport, 26.3%
services and other; extensive underemploy-
ment; 19% unemployment (1985 est.)
Organized labor: about 33% of labor
force, over 50% of which employed on tea,
rubber, and coconut estates
Government
Official name: Democratic Socialist Re-
public of Sri Lanka
Type: republic
Capital: Colombo
Administrative divisions: 9 provinces, 24
administrative districts
Legal system: a highly complex mixture
of English common law, Roman-Dutch,
Muslim, and customary law; new constitu-
tion 7 September 1978 reinstituted a
strong, independent judiciary; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
May
Branches: the 1978 constitution estab-
lished a strong presidential form of gov-
ernment under J. R. Jayewardene, who
had been Prime Minister since his party’s
election victory in July 1977; Jayewardene
was elected to a second term in October
1982 and will serve until 1989 regardless
of whether Parliament is dissolved; the
current Parliament was extended until
August 1989 by a national referendum
held in December 1982
Government leader: Junius Richard
JAYEWARDENE, President (since 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections ordinarily
held every six years; must be held more
frequently if government loses confidence
vote; the constitution was amended in
August 1982 to permit the President to call
an early presidential election
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka
Freedom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Ratwatte
Dias Bandaranaike; Sri Lanka Mahajana
Party, Vijaya Kumaratunga; Lanka Sama
Samaja Party (LSSP; Trotskyite), C. R. de
Silva; Nava Sama Samaja Party (NSSP), V.
Nanayakkara; Tamil United Liberation
Front, A. Amirthalingam; United National
Party (UNP), J. R. Jayewardene; Commu-
nist Party/Moscow, K. P. Silva; Commu-
nist Party/Beijing, N. Shanmugathasan;
Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People’s
United Front), M. B. Ratnayaka; Janatha
Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP; People’s Libera-
tion Front), Rohana Wijeweera; All-Ceylon
Tamil Congress, Kumar Ponnambalam
Voting strength: (October 1982 presiden-
tial election) UNP 52.91%, SLFP 39.07%,
JVP 4.18%, All Ceylon Tamil Congress
2.67%, LSSP .9%, NSSP .27%
Other political or pressure groups: Tamil
separatist groups, Buddhist clergy, Sinha-
lese Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent
revolutionary groups; labor unions
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo
Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM,
SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $6.3 billion, $390 per capita (1985);
real growth rate 5% (1984); 50% services,
26% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 15%
manufacturing, 7% construction, 2% min-
ing and quarrying (1985)
Natural resources: limestone, graphite,
mineral sands, gems, phosphates
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about
26% of GDP; main crops—paddy, coco-
nuts, tea, rubber
Fishing: catch 140,000 metric tons (1985
est.)
Major industries: processing of rubber,
tea, coconuts, and other agricultural com-
modities; consumer goods manufacture;
garment industry
Electric power: 982,000 kW capacity;
8,200 million kWh produced, 190 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $].4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); tea,
textiles and garments, petroleum products,
coconut, rubber, agricultural products,
gems and jewelry, marine products
Imports: $2.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); petro-
leum, machinery and equipment, textiles
and textile materials, wheat, transport
equipment, electrical machinery, sugar,
rice
Major trade partners: (1985) exports—US
(22%), UAR, lraqg, UK, FRG, Singapore,
Japan; imports—Japan, Saudi Arabia, US,
India, Singapore, FRG, UK, Iran
Budget: (1985) revenues, $1.4 billion;
expenditures, $2.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 28.5
rupees=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,868 km total (1985); all 1.868-
meter broad gauge; 102 km double track;
no electrification; government owned
Highways: 66,176 km total (1985); 24,300
km paved (mostly bituminous treated),
28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960
km improved earth or unimproved earth;
in addition, several thousand km of tracks,
mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by
shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude, 14 km; refined products,
55 km
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Civil air; 8 major transport (including 1
leased)
Airfields: 14 total, 12 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; | with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
229
Telecommunications: good international
service; 106,500 (est.) telephones (0.6 per
100 popl.); 12 AM, 3 FM, and | TV sta-
tions; submarine cables extend to Indone-
sia, Djibouti, India; 1 satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Police
Force, Special Police Task Force, National
Auxiliary Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,262,000; 3,344,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 174,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $370 million, 18% of
central government estimated budget
Sudan
500 km
Red
Dunqulah Sea
*
Agbarah ,
KHARTOUM, Kassalé
Alfishir, © Wed Madani”
a
2 AUbavvid” kia
Nyala
Matekal
>
authoritative
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 2,505,810 km?; land area:
2,376,000 km?
Comparative area: about one-fourth the
size of US
Land boundaries: 7,805 km total
Coastline: 853 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 18 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; international
boundary and Administrative Boundary
with Kenya; international boundary and
Administrative Boundary with Egypt
Climate: tropical in south; arid desert in
north; rainy season (April to October)
Terrain: generally flat, featureless plain;
mountains in east and west
Land use: 5% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 24% meadows and pastures;
20% forest and woodland; 51% other;
includes 1% irrigated
Environment: dominated by Nile River
and tributaries; dust storms; desertification
Special notes: largest country in Africa
People
Population: 23,524,622 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.90%
Nationality: noun—Sudanese (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Sudanese
Ethnic divisions: 52% black, 39% Arab,
6% Beja, 2% foreigners, 1% other
Religion: 70% Sunni Muslim in north, 20%
indigenous beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in
south)
Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta
Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-
Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English;
program of Arabization in process
Infant mortality rate: 118.9/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 6.086 million (1982); roughly
78.4% agriculture, 9.8% industry and
commerce, 6.0% government; labor short-
ages for almost all categories of employ-
ment coexist with urban unemployment
Government
Official name: Republic of the Sudan
Type: republic
Capital: Khartoum
Administrative divisions: 9 regions
Legal system: based on English common
law and Islamic law; in September 1983
President Nimeiri declared the penal code
would conform to Islamic law; some sepa-
rate religious courts; interim constitution
promulgated August 1985; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: I January, Indepen-
dence Day
Branches: Supreme Council and Civilian
Cabinet; regional military governors
Government leaders: Ahmad
al-MIRGHANI, Chairman, Supreme Coun-
cil (since May 1986); Sadiq al- MAHDI,
Prime Minister (since May 1986)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: elections held in April 1986;
selected representation to a Constituent
Assembly that was to draft a new constitu-
tion in one year and thereafter turn itself
into a parliament to serve for three years
Political parties and leaders: following
coup in April 1985, more than 30 different
political parties declared; most significant
include the Umma Party (Ansar Muslim
Sect), the Democratic Unionist Party
(Khatmiyyah Muslim Sect), the rightist
230
Islamic fundamentalist National Islamic
Front (Muslim Brotherhood), the Sudanese
Communist Party, and the B‘ath Party;
major southern parties include the Sudan
African Congress and the Southern Sudan-
ese Political Association
Member of: AfDB, APC, Arab League,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IDB—Islamic Development Bank,
(IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.31 billion at current prices
(FY84), $330 per capita (FY84)
Natural resources: modest reserves of oil,
iron ore, copper, chrome, and other indus-
trial minerals
Agriculture: main crops—sorghum, millet,
wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not
self-sufficient in food production; main
cash crops—cotton, gum arabic, peanuts,
sesame
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles,
brewery, cement, edible oils, livestock,
soap, distilling, shoes, pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 552,000 kW capacity;
1,210 million kWh produced, 52 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $557 million (f.o.b., 1985); cotton
(26%), gum arabic, livestock, peanuts,
sesame; $40 million to Communist coun-
tries (FY82)
Imports: $1,235 million (c.i.f., 1985);
textiles, petroleum products, foodstuffs,
machinery and equipment, manufactured
goods
Major trade partners: UK, FRG, US,
Saudi Arabia, France, Egypt, Japan
Budget: (FY86) public revenues $630
million, total expenditures $1,023 million,
including development expenditure of
$255 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.50 Sudanese
pounds=US$] (October 1986) official; 5.00
Sudanese pounds=US$1 free market (De-
cember 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter gauge
plantation line
Highways: 20,000 km total; 2,000 km
bituminous treated, 4,000 km gravel, 2,304
km improved earth; remainder unim-
proved earth and track
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 815 km
Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan)
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 88 total, 79 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3] with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: large system by
African standards, but barely adequate;
consists of radio relay, cables, radio com-
munications, and troposcatter,; domestic
satellite system with 14 stations; 68,500
telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.}; 4 AM, 1
FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air
Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,314,000; 3,247,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 249,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1986, $134.4 million; 5.5% of central
government budget
Suriname
North Atlantic
Ocean
Nieuw
Nickerie
Brokopando,
Prof. Dr, tr.
W. # van
Blommestein
Meer
km
See regional map1V
Geography
Total area: 163,270 km?; land area:
161,470 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Georgia
Land boundaries: 1,561] km total
Coastline: 386 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: claims area in French
Guiana between Litani Rivier and Riviére
Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa),
claims area in Guyana between New
(Upper Courantyne) and Courantyne/Ku-
tari rivers (all headwaters of the Conran-
tyne)
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade
winds
Terrain: mostly rolling hills; narrow
coastal plain with swamps
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops, NEGL% meadows and
pastures; 97% forest and woodland; 3%
other; includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: mostly tropical rain forest
Special notes: none
People
Population: 388,636 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.61%
Nationality: noun—Surinamer(s), adjec-
tive—Surinamese
231
Ethnic divisions: 37.0% Hindustani (East
Indian), 31.0% Creole (black and mixed),
15.38% Javanese, 10.38% Bush black, 2.6%
Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europe-
ans, 1.1% other
Religion: 27.4% Hindu, 19.6% Muslim,
22.8% Roman Catholic, 25.2% Protestant
(predominantly Moravian), about 5%
indigenous beliefs
Language: Dutch (official); English widely
spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, some-
times called Taki-Taki) is native language
of Creoles and much of the younger popu-
lation and is lingua franca among others;
also Hindi Suriname Hindustani (a variant
of Bhoqpuri), and Javanese
Infant mortality rate: 23/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.8, women 69.8
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 104,000 (1984); unemploy-
ment 25% (1985); about 10.6% of work
force engaged in agriculture, animal hus-
bandry, and fishing
Organized labor: 49,000 members of labor
force organized
Government
Official name: Republic of Suriname
Type: military-civilian rule
Capital: Paramaribo
Administrative divisions: 9 districts, each
headed by District Commissioner responsi-
ble to Minister of Internal Affairs and
Local Administration; 100 People’s Com-
mittees installed at local level
Legal system: suspended constitution;
judicial system functions in ordinary civil
and criminal cases
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
November
Branches: civilian government controlled
by the military
Government leaders: Lt. Col. Desire
BOUTERSE, Head of Government, Army
Commander and strongman (since Febru-
ary 1980); Lachmipersad Frederick
RAMDAT-MISIER, Acting President
(figurehead; since February 1982); Jules
Wijdenbosch, Prime Minister (since Febru-
ary 1987)
Suriname (continued)
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: 25 February
National Unity Movement (November
1983) established by Bouterse; regular
party activity limited; given greater free-
dom of assembly in 1985; leftists (all small
groups)—Revolutionary People’s Party
(RVP), Michael Naarendorp; Progressive
Workers and Farmers (PALU), Iwan
Krolis; traditional parties—Progressive
Reform Party (VHP), Jaggermath
Lachmon; National Party of Suriname
(NPS), Henck Awon; Indonesian Peasants
Party (KTPI), Willy Soemita
Member of: ECLA, FAO, GATT, G-77,
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, 1DB—Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, LLO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.1 billion (1985); $2,920 per capita
(1985); real growth rate 2.0% (1985); an-
nual inflation rate 20-30% (1986)
Natural resources: forests, hydroelectric
power potential, fish, shrimp, bauxite, iron
ore, and other minerals
Agriculture: rice, bananas, palm oil, tim-
ber
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina
and aluminum production, lumbering,
food processing
Electric power: 420,000 kW capacity;
1,610 million kWh produced, 4,230 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $314 million (f.0.b., 1985); alu-
mina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and
wood products
Imports: $299 million (f.0.b., 1985); capital
equipment, petroleum, iron and steel,
cotton, flour, meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports—26%
Netherlands, 17% US, 18% FRG; im-
ports—30% US, 21% Trinidad and Tobago,
9% Netherlands (1983)
Aid: bilateral commitments, including
Ex-lm—US (FY70-83), $2.5 million; West-
ern (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-84), $1.4 billion
Budget: revenues, $270.9 million; expendi-
tures, $469.0 million (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.78 Suriname
guilders=US$1 (August 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-
meter gauge, government owned, and 80
km 1.435-meter standard gauge; all single
track
Highways: 8,300 km total; 500 km paved;
5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or
improved earth; 2,400 km sand or clay
Inland waterways: 1,200 km; most impor-
tant means of transport; oceangoing vessels
with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can
navigate many of the principal waterways
while native canoes navigate upper reaches
Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 45 total, 40 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: international facili-
ties good; domestic radio-relay system;
27,500 telephones (6.3 per 100 popl.); 4
AM, 7 FM, and | shortwave stations; 6 TV
stations; 2 Atlantic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: National Army (including
Infantry Battalion, Military Police Brigade,
Navy, Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 100,278;
59,971 fit for military service
Military budget: 1983, $41.8 million; 8.2%
of central government budget
232
Swaziland
50 km
Mhiume”
QiBABANE
hohe mba Siteki,
* Manzini
e S
Manksyane Pa
s
. Nhlangano
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 17,360 km?; land area: 17,200
km?
Comparative area: about the size of New
Jersey
Land boundaries: 435 km total
Climate: varies from tropical to near
temperate
Terrain: mostly mountains and hills; some
moderately sloping plains
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 67% meadows and pastures;
6% forest and woodland; 19% other; in-
cludes 2% irrigated
Environment: overgrazing; soil degrada-
tion; soil erosion
Special notes: landlocked; almost an
enclave of South Africa
People
Population: 715,160 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.75%
Nationality: noun—Swazi(s); adjective—
Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% Euro-
pean, 1% mulatto
Religion: 57% Christian, 43% indigenous
beliefs
Language: English and siSwati (official);
government business conducted in English
Infant mortality rate: 156/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 46.8, women 50.0
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 195,000; over 60,000 engaged
in subsistence agriculture; 55,000-60,000
wage earners, many only iutermittently,
with 86% agriculture and forestry, 20%
community and social services, 14% manu-
facturing, 9% construction, 21% other;
12,000 employed in South Africa (1982)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage
earners are unionized
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Swaziland
Type: monarchy; independent member of
Commonwealth since September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative);
Lobamba (legislative capital)
Administrative divisions: 4 administrative
districts
Legal system: based on South African
Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts,
Swazi traditional law and custom in tradi-
tional courts; has not accepted compulsory
IC) jurisdiction
National holiday: Somhlolo (Indepen-
dence) Day, 6 September
Branches: constitution was repealed and
Parliament dissolved by King Sobhuza II
(deceased August 1982) in April 1973; new
bicameral Parliament (Senate, House of
Assembly) formally opened in January
1979; 80-member electoral college chose
40 members of lower house and 10 mem-
bers of upper house; additional 10 mem-
bers for each house chosen by King; execu-
tive authority vested in the King or Queen
(with the advice of the Supreme Council
of State), whose assent is required before
parliamentary acts become law; King’s
authority exercised through Prime Minister
and Cabinet who must be members of
Parliament; judiciary is part of Ministry of
Justice but otherwise independent of
executive and legislative branches; cases
from subordinate courts can be appealed
to the High Court and the Court of Ap-
peal
Government leaders: MSWATI II, King
(since April 1986); Ntombi THWALA,
Queen (and co-Monarch), Sotsha Ernest
DLAMINI, Prime Minister (since October
1986)
Suffrage: universal for adults
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM,
OAU, Southern African Customs Union,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: about $478 million, $730 per capita;
real growth 11% (1984)
Natural resources: asbestos, coal, clay, tin,
diamonds, hydroelelectric power, forests
Agriculture: maize, cotton, rice, sugar, and
citrus fruits
Major industry: mining, pulping
Electric power: 46,000 kW capacity; 120
million kWh produced, 170 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $174 million (f.o.b., 1985); sugar,
asbestos, wood and forest products, citrus,
and canned fruit
Imports: $322 million (f.0.b., 1985); motor
vehicles, chemicals, petroleum products,
and foodstuffs
Major trade partners: South Africa, UK,
US; member of South African Customs
Union
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $369 million; US
(FY70-85), $90 million
Budget: revenues, $204 million; current
expenditures, $149 million (1984/85 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: the Swazi
lilangeni exchanges at par with the South
African rand; 2.2 emalangeni=US$I (29
January 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-3] March
Communications
Railroads: 515 km 1.067-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved,
1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabi-
lized soil, and 1,118 km improved earth
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 25 usable; 1 with
permanent-surfaced runways; 1 with
runways 2,440-8,659, 1 with runways
J,220-2,439 m
233
Telecommunications: system consists of
carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low
capacity radio-relay links; 15,400 tele-
phones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 6 FM,
11 TV stations; Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Umbutfo Swaziland Defense
Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 151,000;
87,000 fit for military service
Sweden
400 km
STOCKHOLM
’ Jonkoping
Gotebor: ry Gotland
Kattegat Hand Baltic Sea
Malmo Kariskrona
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 449,960 km?; land area:
411,620 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
California
Land boundaries: 2,196 km total
Coastline: 3,218 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with USSR
Climate: temperate in south with cold,
cloudy winters and cool partly cloudy
summers; subarctic in north
Terrain: mostly flat or gently rolling low-
lands; mountains in west
Land use: 7% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 2% meadows and pastures; 64%
forest and woodland; 27% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: water pollution; acid rain
Special notes: strategic location along
Danish Straits linking Baltic and North
Seas
People
Population: 8,383,026 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.15%
Nationality: noun—Swede(s); adjective—
Swedish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white
population; small Lappish minority; est.
12% foreign born or first generation immi-
grants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwe-
gians, Greeks)
Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran,
1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and
Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants
speak native languages
Infant mortality rate: 7/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 75, women 8]
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.41 million (1984); 32.8%
private services; 30.0% government ser-
vices; 22.0% mining and manufacturing;
5.9% construction; 5.0% agriculture, for-
estry, and fishing; 0.9% electricity, gas, and
waterworks; 2.8% unemployed (1985
average)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force (1985
est.)
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Administrative divisions: 24 counties, 284
municipalities (townships)
Legal system: civil law system influenced
by customary law; a new constitution was
adopted in 1975; accepts compulsory IC]
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: no national holiday;
King’s birthday, 30 April, celebrated as
such by Swedish embassies
Branches: legislative authority rests with
unicameral parliament (Riksdag); executive
power vested in Cabinet, responsible to
parliament; Supreme Court, 6 superior
courts, 108 lower courts
Government leaders: CARL XVI Gustaf,
King (since September 1973); Ingvar
CARLSSON, Prime Minister (since March
1986)
Suffrage: universal but not compulsory
over age 18; after three years of legal
residence immigrants may vote in county
and municipal but not national elections
Elections: every three years; next sched-
uled for September 1988
234
Political parties and leaders: Moderate
(conservative), Carl Bildt; Center, Olaf
Johansson; Liberal People’s Party, Bengt
Westerberg; Social Democratic, Ingvar
Carlsson; Left Party-Communist (VPK),
Lars Werner; Swedish Communist Party
(SKP), Roland Pettersson; Communist
Workers’ Party, Rolf Hagel
Voting strength: (1985 election) 45.0%
Social Democratic, 21.3% Moderate Coali-
tion, 12.5% Center (includes votes for
Christian Democratic Alliance), 14.3%
Liberal, 5.4% Communist, 1.5% other
Communists: VPK and SKP; VPK, the
major Communist party, is reported to
have roughly 17,800 members; in the 1985
election, the VPK attracted 293,543 votes;
in addition, there are 4 other active Com-
munist parties, including the SKP, for
which membership figures are not avail-
able; in the 1985 elections, these parties
obtained an additional 16,000 votes
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe,
DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA,
ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, JIHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission,
IWC—International Wheat Council,
Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $99 billion, $11,850 per capita;
50.8% private consumption, 27.8% govern-
ment consumption, 13.1% private invest-
ment; 5.9% public investment, —0.2%
change in stock building; 0.2% net exports
of goods and services; growth rate, 2.2%;
average exchange rate 8.6] kronors=US$1
(1985)
Natural resources: zinc, iron, lead, copper,
silver, gold, forests, hydroelectric power
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates, with milk and dairy products ac-
counting for 37% of farm income; main
crops—grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100%
self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85%
self-sufficient in sugar beets
Fishing: catch 285,000 metric tons (1984);
exports $74 million, imports $195.0 million
(1985)
Major industries: iron and steel, precision
equipment (bearings, radio and telephone
parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper
products, processed foods, motor vehicles
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers,
potash, salt, oils and fats, tropical products
Crude steel: 4.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 575 ke per capita
Electric power: 39,016,000 kW capacity;
150,500 million kWh produced, 18,010
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $30.5 billion (f.0.b., 1985); ma-
chinery, motor vehicles, paper products,
pulp and wood, iron and steel products,
chemicals, petroleam and petroleum
products
Imports: $28.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); ma-
chinery, petroleum and petroleum prod-
ucts, chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs,
iron and steel, clothing
Major trade partners: exports—EC 47.0%
(FRG 11.4%, UK 9.9%, Denmark 8.3%),
US 11.7%, Norway 10.5%; imports—EC
58.9% (FRG 17.9%, UK 14.1%, Denmark
6.8%), US 8.4%, less developed countries
7.6%
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
commitments (1970-84), $6 billion
Budget: (1985/86) revenues $35.87 billion,
expenditures $42.3 billion, deficit $7.7
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.0
kronors=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 12,520 km total; Swedish State
Railways (SJ)—11,180 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 6,960 km electrified and
1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-
meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service;
privately owned railways—51] km 1.435-
meter standard gange, 332 km electrified;
371 km 0.891-meter gauge electrified
Highways: 97,400 km (51,899 km paved,
20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved
earth)
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for
small] steamers and barges
Pipelines: 84 km natural gas
Ports: 17 major and 30 minor
_ Civil air: 65 major transports
Airfields: 265 total, 261 usable; 137 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international facilities; 7.8 million
telephones (89.0 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, 361
FM, 877 TV stations; 5 submarine coaxial
cables, 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas,
1 Eutelsat antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal
Swedish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,095,000; 1,840,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 57,000 reach military age (19) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1987, $3.45 billion; 7.9% of central
government budget
235
Switzerland
Scheffheusen
Bodensee
Basal
Ziirich 4 Zitricher
Seo
N ate! SERN «
“ * Lucerns
Fribourg
Leke
Genavi
See regions! map V
Geography
Total area: 41,290 km?; land area: 39,770
km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
New Jersey
Land boundaries: 1,884 km total
Climate: temperate, but varies with alti-
tude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters;
cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers
with occasional showers
Terrain: mostly mountains (Alps in south,
Jura in northwest) with central plateau of
rolling hills and plains
Land use: 10% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 40% meadows and pastures; 26%
forest and woodland; 23% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: dominated by Alps
Special notes: landlocked; crossroads of
northern and southern Europe
People
Population: 6,572,739 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.32%
Nationality: noun—Swiss (sing. & pl.);
adjective—Swiss
Ethnic divisions: total popnlation—65%
German, 18% French, 10% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 5% other; Swiss nationals—74%
German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1%
Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 49% Catholic, 48% Protestant,
0.3% Jewish
’
%
Switzerland (continued)
Language: total population—65% German,
18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch,
4% other; Swiss nationals—74% German,
20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1%
other
Infant mortality rate: 9/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 70.3, women 76.2
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 3.05 million, about 706,000
foreign workers, mostly Italian; 42% ser-
vices, 39% industry and crafts, 11% gov-
ernment, 7% agriculture and forestry, 1%
other; 0.9% unemployed (1985)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
Government
Official name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Administrative divisions: 23 cantons (3
divided into half cantons)
Legal system: civil law system influenced
by customary law; constitution adopted
1874, amended since; judicial review of
legislative acts, except with respect to
federal decrees of general obligatory
character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, ] August
Branches: bicameral parliament (National
Council, Council of States) has legislative
authority; federal council (Bundesrat) has
executive authority; justice left chiefly to
cantons
Government leaders: Pierre AUBERT,
President (1987—presidency rotates annu-
ally); Otto STICH, Vice President (term
runs concurrently with that of President)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every four years; next
elections scheduled for 1987
Political parties and leaders: Social Dem-
ocratic Party (SPS), Helmuth Hubacher,
chairman; Radical Democratic Party
(FDP), Bruno Hunziker, president; Chris-
tian Democratic People’s Party (CVP),
Flavio Cotti, president; Swiss People’s
Party (SVP), Adolf Ogi, president;
Workers’ Party (PdA), Armand Magnin,
secretary general; National Action Party
(NA), Hans Zwicky, chairman;
Independents’ Party (LdU), Dr. Franz
Jaeger, president; Republican Movement
(Rep), Dr. James Schworzenboch, Franz
Baumgartner, leaders; Liberal Party (LPS),
Gilbert Coutau, president; Evangelical
People’s Party (EVP), Max Diik, president;
Progressive Organizations of Switzerland
(POCH), Georg Degen, secretary; Federa-
tion of Ecology Parties (GP), Laurent
Rebeaud, president; Autonomous Socialist
Party (PSA), Werner Carobbio, secretary
Voting strength: (1983 election) 23.4%
FDP, 22.8% SPS, 20.5% CVP, 11.1% SVP,
3.5% NA, 2.9% GP
Communists: about 5,000 members
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe,
DAC, EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO,
IDB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, [!WC—Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OECD, UNESCO,
UPU, World Confederation of Labor,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO; permanent observer status at the
UN
Economy
GNP: $97.1 billion, $14,030 per capita;
58% consumption, 22% investment, 13%
government, 0% net foreign balance; real
growth rate 3.2% (1985); annual average
exchange rate 2.46 Swiss francs (SF)=US$1
(1985)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power
(potential), timber, salt
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates;
less than 50% self-sufficient; food short-
ages—fish, refined sugar, fats and oils
(other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits,
vegetables, meat
Major industries: machinery, chemicals,
watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw
materials except hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 17,690,000 kW capacity;
57,330 million kWh produced, 8,870 kWh
per capita (1986)
236
Exports: $27.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985), ma-
chinery and equipment, chemicals, preci-
sion instruments, metal products, textiles,
foodstuffs
Imports: $30.7 billion (c.i.f., 1985); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
metals and metal products, foodstuffs,
chemicals, textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: 59% EC, 21% other
developed, 17% less developed countries,
3% Communist
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF economic aid
committed (1970-84), $1.6 billion
Budget: receipts, $8.50 billion; expendi-
tures, $8.7 billion; deficit, $0.20 billion
(1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.69 Swiss
francs (SF)=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiseal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,174 km total, of which 2,971
km are government owned (SBB), and
2,203 km are nongovernment owned; the
SBB network consists of 2,897 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge and 74 km 1.000-
meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km
double track, 99% electrified; the nongov-
ernment network consists of 710 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 1,418 km 1.000-
meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter
gauge track, 100% electrified
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of
which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km
are national highways (740 km autobahn);
42,468 km are communal roads
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,438 km
natural gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River
(Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to
Bodensee); 12 navigable lakes
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland)
Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 73 total, 71 usable; 42 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic,
international, and broadcast services; 5.44
million telephones (78.9 per 100 popl.); 7
AM, 265 FM, 1,340 TV stations; 1 satellite
station with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian
Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,736,000; 1,502,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 47,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1985, $2.0 billion;
21.3% of proposed central government
budget
Syria
Al Heaskah
na)
"Ar Rlaqqeh
Latekia
Mediterranean
Sea
Day ax Zewr
*Tedmur
Boundary representation 1s
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 185,180 km?; land area:
184,050 km? (including 1,295 km? of
Israeli-occupied territory)
Comparative area: about the size of North
Dakota
Land boundaries: 2,196 km total (excludes
2,156 km occupied area)
Coastline: 193 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 35 nm
Boundary disputes: separated from Israel
by 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is
Israeli occupied; Hatay question with
Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over
Euphrates water rights; potential dispute
over water development plans by Turkey
for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Climate: mostly dry desert with hot, dry,
sunny summers (June to August) and mild,
rainy winters (December to February)
along coast
Terrain: primarily semiarid and desert
plain; narrow coastal plain; mountains in
west
Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 46 meadows and pastures; 3% forest
and woodland; 20% other; includes 3%
irrigated
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing;
soil erosion; desertification
237
Special notes: none
People
Population: 11,147,763 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.69%
Nationality: noun—Syrian(s); adjective—
Syrian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds,
Armenians, and other
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite,
Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Chris-
tian (various sects)
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish,
Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French
and English widely understood
Infant mortality rate: 57/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.9, women 67.6
Literacy: 47%
Labor force: 2.4 million; 836% miscella-
neous services, 32% agriculture, 32%
industry (including construction); majority
unskilled; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under leftwing military
regime since March 1963
Capital; Damascus
Administrative divisions: 13 provinces
and city of Damascus
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
civil law system; special religious courts;
constitution promulgated in 1973; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
April
Branches: executive powers vested in
President and Council of Ministers; power
rests in unicameral legislative (People’s
Council); seat of power is the Ba‘th Party
Regional (Syrian) Command
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Hafiz al-
ASSAD, President (since February 1971)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People’s Council election held
November 1983; presidential election held
February 1985
Syria (continued)
Political parties and leaders: ruling party
is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Bath)
Party; the Progressive National Front is
dominated by Ba’‘thists but includes inde-
pendents and members of the Syrian Arab
Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union
(ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and
Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
Communists: mostly sympathizers, num-
bering about 5,000
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Ba‘th parties have little effective political
influence; Communist Party ineffective;
greatest threat to Assad regime lies in
factionalism in the military; conservative
religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IPU, ITU, ['WC—International
Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $21.46 billion (1985), $2,040 per
capita; real GDP growth rate —3% (1984)
Natural resources: crude oil, phosphates,
chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron
ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum
Agriculture: cotton, wheat, barley, to-
bacco; sheep and goat raising; self-
sufficient in most foods in years of good
weather
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
beverages, tobacco; petroleum—210,000
b/d production (1986), 229,000 b/d re-
fining capacity
Electric power: 2,296,000 kW capacity;
8,050 million kWh produced, 740 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.0.b., 1985); petro-
leum, textiles and textile products, tobacco,
fruits and vegetables, cotton
Imports: $3.6 billion (f.0.b., 1985); petro-
leum, machinery and metal products,
textiles, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports—Romania,
Italy, France, USSR; imports—lIran, FRG,
Italy, Libya
Budget: 1985—revenues $6.3 billion
(excluding aid payments); expenditures
$10.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.925 Syrian
pounds=US$1 (official rate, February
1986); several other rates are sanctioned by
the government, including a promotional
rate for specific transactions and others
guided by supply and demand
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,28] km stan-
dard gauge, 262 km 1.050-meter narrow
gauge
Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km
paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone,
2,263 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little im-
portance
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km
refined products
Ports: 2 major (Tartts, Latakia), 1 petro-
leum terminal (Baniy4s), 2 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 99 total, 94 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 21 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system cur-
rently undergoing significant improve-
ment; 512,600 telephones (4.7 per 100
popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 40 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean INTELSAT station; 1 Inter-
sputnik satellite station under construction;
1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and
radio-relay to Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, and
Lebanon (inactive)
Defense Forces
Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab
Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49,
2,398,000; 1,341,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 182,000 reach military age (19)
annually
238
Tanzania
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 945,090 km?; land area:
886,040 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
California
Land boundaries: 3,883 km total
Coastline: 1,424 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 50 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Malawi
Climate: varies from tropical along coast
to temperate in highlands
Terrain: plains along coast; central pla-
teau; highlands in north, south
Land use: 5% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 40% meadows and pastures; 47%
forest and woodland; 7% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: lack of water and tsetse fly
limit agriculture; recent droughts affecting
marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is high-
est point in Africa
Special notes: none
People
Population: 23,502,472 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.28%
Nationality: noun—Tanzanian(s); adjec-
tive—Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions: mainland—99% native
African consisting of well over 100 tribes;
1% Asian, European, and Arab; Zanzibar—
almost all Arab
Religion: mainland—33% Christian, 833%
Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs; Zanzi-
bar—almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili and English (official);
English primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education;
Swahili widely understood and generally
used for communication between ethnic
groups; first language of most people is one
of the local languages; primary education
is generally in Swahili
Infant mortality rate: 103/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 52
Literacy: 79%
Labor force: 208,680 in paid employment
(1983); 90% agriculture, 10% industry and
commerce
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Republic of Tanza-
nia
Type: republic
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Administrative divisions: 25 regions—20
on mainland, 5 on Zanzibar
Legal system: based on English common
law; permanent constitution adopted 1977
(Zanzibar has its own constitution but
remains subject to provisions of the union
constitution); judicial review of legislative
acts limited to matters of interpretation;
has not accepted compulsory 1CJ jurisdic-
tion
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April;
Independence Day, 9 December
Branches: President Ali Hassan Mwinyi
has full executive authority on the main-
land; National Assembly dominated by the
Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary
Party); National Assembly consists of 233
members, 72 from Zanzibar, of whom 10
are directly elected, 65 appointed from the
mainland, and 96 directly elected from the
mainland (these numbers are slated to be
changed when amendments to the Consti-
tution are approved)
Government leaders: Ali Hassan
MWINYI, President (since November
1985); Joseph Sinde WARIOBA, Prime
Minister (since November 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Political party and leader: Chama Cha
Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only
political party, dominated by Nyerere; has
considerable power over domestic policies
and the enforcement of them
Voting strength: (October 1985 national
elections) close to 7 million registered
voters; Mwinyi received 92.2% of over 5
million votes cast
Communists: a few Communist sympa-
thizers, especially on Zanzibar
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
1CO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.2 billion (1984), $210 per capita;
real growth rate, 0.8% (1984 est.)
Natural resources: hydroelectric power
potential, large unexploited iron and coal,
gemstone and gold mines, natural gas,
nickel
Agriculture: cotton, coffee, sisal on main-
land; cloves and coconuts on Zanzibar
Major industries: primarily agricultural
processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal
twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes,
cement, textiles, wood products
Electric power: 379,000 kW capacity; 830
million kWh produced, 37 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $255 million (f.0.b., 1985); coffee,
cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, cloves,
tobacco, tea, coconut products
Imports: $1.0 billion (c.i-f., 1985); manu-
factured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports—FRG, UK,
US; imports—FRG, UK, US, Iran
External debt: $2.8 billion (1983); debt
service ratio 68.1% (1984—not including
IMF)
Budget: (1984/85) revenues, $891.8 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $1.017 billion;
development expenditures, $359.5 million
239
Monetary conversion rate: 45 Tanzanian
shillings=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-80 June
Communications
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge,
6.4 km double track, 962 km Tazara
(Tan-Zam) Railroad 1.067-meter gauge in
Tanzania; 115 km 1.000-meter gauge
planned by end of decade
Highways: total 81,900 km, 3,600 km
paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone;
remainder improved and unimproved
earth
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil
Inland waterways: several thousand km
navigable on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria,
and Nyasa; principal inland ports are
Mwanza on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on
Lake Tanganyika
Ports: 8 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara,
Tanga)
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 100 total, 92 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800
telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, no
FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satel-
lite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Tanzanian People’s Defense
Force includes Army, Navy, and Air
Force; paramilitary Police .Field Force
Unit; Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,813,000; 2,772,000 fit for military service
Thailand
See regional map 1X
Geography
Total area: 514,000 km?: land area:
511,770 km?
Comparative area: about the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 4,868 km total
Coastline: 3,219 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy
southwest monsoon (mid-May to October);
dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to
mid-March); southern isthmus always hot
and humid
Terrain: central plain; eastern plateau
(Khorat); mountains elsewhere
Land use: 34% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 30%
forest and woodland; 31% other; includes
7% irrigated
Environment: air and water pollution;
land subsidence in Bangkok area
Special notes: controls only land route
from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore
People
Population: 53,645,823 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.78%
Nationality: noun—Thai (sing. and pl.);
adjective—Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese,
11% other
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim,
0.5% other
Language: Thai; English is the secondary
language of the elite; ethnic and regional
dialects
Infant mortality rate: 51.4/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 59.5, women 65.1
Literacy: 82%
Labor force: 26 million (1984); 73% agri-
culture, 11% industry and commerce, 10%
services, 6% government; 8% unemploy-
ment rate
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Administrative divisions: 72 centrally
controlled provinces
Legal system: based on civil Jaw system,
with influences of common law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: King’s Birthday, 5
December
Branches: King is head of state with
nominal powers; bicameral legislature
(National Assembly—Senate appointed by
King, elected House of Representatives);
judiciary relatively independent except in
important political subversion cases
Government leaders: BHUMIBOL
ADULYADE], King (since June 1946);
Gen. (Ret.) PREM TINSULANONDA,
Prime Minister (since March 1980)
Suffrage: universal at age 20
Elections: last held July 1986
Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai
Nation Party, Thai People’s Party, Thai
Citizens Party, Democrat Party, United
Democratic Party, United Democracy
Party, Community Action Party, People’s
Party, Progressive Party; other small
parties represented in parliament
Voting strength: (July 1986 parliamentary
election) total number of seats—347;
Democrat Party 100 seats, Thai Nation 63
seats, Social Action 5] seats, United Demo-
cratic 38 seats, Thai Citizens 24 seats,
National Democracy 3 seats, minor parties
68 seats
240
Communists: strength of illegal Commu-
nist Party is probably less than J ,000;
Communist insurgents throughout Thai-
land total an estimated 1,000
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN,
ASPAC, Association of Tin Producing
Countries, Colombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, 1HO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $37.2 billion (1985), $720 per capita;
4.0% real growth in 1985
Natural resources: tin, rubber, natural gas,
tungsten, tantalum, timber, fisheries prod-
ucts
Agriculture: main crops—rice, sugar, corn,
rubber, manioc; an illegal producer of
opium poppy and cannabis for the inter-
national drug trade
Fishing: catch 2.2 million metric tons
(1984); major fishery export, shrimp,
24,041 metric tons, about $126 million
(1985)
Major industries: textiles and garments,
agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco,
cement, other light manufacturing; tin and
tungsten ore mining; world’s second largest
tungsten producer and third largest tin
producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal and
petroleum; scrap iron; and fertilizer
Electric power: 6,400,000 kW capacity;
24,060 million kWh produced, 460 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $7.1 billion (f.0.b., 1985); textiles
and garments, rice, tapioca, rubber, inte-
grated circuits, corn, gems, sugar, tin,
canned and frozen seafood, fruit
Imports: $9.2 billion (c.i.f., 1985); machin-
ery and transport equipment, fuels and
lubricants, base metals, chemicals, and
fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—US, Japan,
the Netherlands, Singapore, Malaysia,
Hong Kong; imports—Japan, US, Saudi
Arabia, Singapore, Malaysia, FRG; about
1% or less trade with Communist countries
Budget: (FY85) estimate of expenditures,
$7.8 billion; revenues $6.0 billion; deficit
$1.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 26.27
baht=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 3,940 km 1.000-meter gauge,
99 km double track
Highways: 44,534 km total; 28,016 km
paved, 5,132 km earth surface, 11,386 km
under development
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal
waterways; 3,70] km with navigable
depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the
year; numerous minor waterways naviga-
ble by shallow-draft native craft
Pipelines: natural gas, 350 km; refined
products, 67 km
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 30 (plus 2 leased) major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 131 total, 104 usable; 57 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 8,659 m, 13 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public adequate; bulk of service to govern-
ment activities provided by multichannel
cable and radio-relay network; satellite
ground station; domestic satellite system
being developed; 623,368 telephones; over
200 AM, about 100 FM, 11 TV transmit-
ters in government-controlled networks
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai
Navy (includes Royal Thai Marine Corps),
Royal Thai Air Force; paramilitary forces
include Border Patrol Police, Thahan
Phran (irregular soldiers), Village Defense
Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,557,000; 8,912,000 fit for military
service; 630,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
September 1987, $1.6 billion (est.); 18.1%
of central government budget
Togo
125 km
Kpelime
See regional map VII Bight of Benin
Geography
Total area: 56,790 km?: land area: 54,390
km?
Comparative area: about the size of West
Virginia
Land boundaries: 1,646 km total
Coastline: 56 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 30 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south;
semiarid in north
Terrain: gently rolling savanna in north;
central hills; southern plateau; low coastal
plain with extensive lagoons and marshes
Land use: 25% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 28%
forest and woodland; 42% other; includes
NEGL.% irrigated
Environment: hot, dry harmattan wind
can reduce visibility in north during win-
ter; recent droughts affecting agriculture;
deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 3,228,635 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.25%
Nationality: noun—Togolese (sing. and
pl.); adjective—Togolese
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and
most important are Ewe, Mina, and Ka-
byé; under 1% European and Syrian-
Lebanese
241
Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs,
20% Christian, 10% Muslim
Language: French, both official and lan-
guage of commerce; major African lan-
guages are Ewe and Mina in the south and
Dagomba and Kabyé in the north
Infant mortality rate: 114/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 18%
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 22% indus-
try; about 88,600 wage earners, evenly
divided between public and private sectors
Organized labor: one national union, the
National Federation of Togolese Workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Togo
Type: republic; one-party presidential
regime
Capital; Lomé
Administrative divisions: 21 prefectures
Legal system: French-based court system
with a court of appeals
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
April
Branches: strong executive President;
unicameral legislature (National Assembly);
separate judiciary, including State Security
Court, established in 1970; a new constitu-
tion was endorsed by referendum in 1979
that provided for an elective presidential
system and a 67-member National Assem-
bly
Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbé
EYADEMA, President (since 1967)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: to be held every seven years;
last held in December 1986; General
Eyadéma, the sole candidate, was elected
by almost 100% of votes cast
Political party: single party formed by
President Eyadéma in September 1969,
Rally of the Togolese People (RPT); struc-
ture and staffing of party closely controlled
by government
Communists: no Communist Party; possi-
bly some sympathizers
Togo (continued)
Member of: AfDB, CEAO (observer),
EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, 1CO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, ITU, Lomé Convention,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $790 million (1983 est.), about $280
(1983 est.) per capita; 3.2% real growth in
1982
Natural resources: phosphates, limestone,
marble
Agriculture: main cash crops—coffee,
cocoa, cotton; major food crops—yams,
cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum,
fish
Fishing: catch 14,556 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: phosphate mining,
agricultural processing, cement, handi-
crafts, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 116,000 kW capacity; 203
million kWh produced, 65 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $191 million (f.0.b., 1984); phos-
phates, cocoa, coffee, palm kernels
Imports: $233 million (f.0.b., 1984); con-
sumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: ‘mostly France and
other EC countries
Budget: (1984 proj.), revenues, $184.4
million; current expenditures, $219 mil-
lion; development expenditures, $89 mil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: 331.24 Com-
munauté Financiére Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$1 (average to midyear 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 570 km 1.000-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 7,000 km total; 1,600 km
paved, 2,700 km improved earth, remain-
der unimproved earth
Inland waterways: section of Mono River
and about 50 km of coastal lagoons and
tidal creeks
Ports: 1 major (Lomé), 1 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: fair system based on
network of open-wire lines supplemented
by radio-relay routes; 12,000 telephones
(0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, 4 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
and 1 SYMPHONIE station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, para-
military Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 714,000;
876,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription
242
Tokelau
50km
id uv
South Pacific Ocean
. tNukunonu
ty
Fakaofo
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 10 km2; Jand area: 10 km?
Comparative area: about one-eighteenth
the size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 101 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by trade
winds (April to November)
Terrain: coral atolls enclosing large lagoons
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: lies in Pacific typhoon belt
Special notes: none
People
Population: 1,713 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.95%
Nationality: noun—Tokelauan(s); adjec-
tive—Tokelauan
Ethnic divisions: all Polynesian, with
cultural ties to Western Samoa
Religion: 70% Congregational Christian
Church, 30% Roman Catholic—on Atafu,
all Congregational] Christian Church of
Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic;
on Fakaofo, both denominations
Language: Tokelauan (a Polynesian lan-
guage) and English
Literacy: probably high
Government
Official name: Tokelau
Type: New Zealand Associated Territory;
Tokelauans are British subjects and New
Zealand citizens; administered under the
Tokelau Islands Act of 1948 as amended in
1970
Capital: no capital—each atoll has its own
administrative center
Branches: the Minister of Foreign Affairs
of New Zealand is empowered to appoint
an Administrator to the region; the powers
of the Administrator are delegated to the
Official Secretary at the Office of Tokelau
Affairs, Apia, Western Samoa
Administrative divisions: each village has
a Council of Elders (Taupulega) made up
of heads of family groups together with
the commissioner (faipule) and the mayor
(pulenuku); the commissioner administers
the law and presides over the court
Legal system: British and local statutes
National holiday: 6 February (Waitangi
Day)
Government leaders: H. H. FRANCIS,
Administrator (since February 1985); A. H.
MACEY, Official Secretary, Office of
Tokelau Affairs (since February 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: elections for a commissioner
and a mayor from each atoll held at
three-year intervals
Communists: probably none
Economy
GDP: $1 million, $670 per capita (1983)
Natural resources: negligible
Agriculture: coconuts, copra; basic subsis-
tence crops—pulaka, breadfruit, pawpaw,
bananas; pigs, poultry
Fishing: ocean and lagoon fish and shell-
fish for local consumption
Major industries: copra production, wood
work, plaited craft goods, stamps, coins
Electric power: 200 kW capacity; .80
million kWh produced, 200 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $98,000 (1983); stamps, handi-
crafts
Imports: $323,400 (1983); foodstuffs,
machinery, fuel
Major trade partner: New Zealand
Budget: (1983/4) expenditures, $1,358,105;
revenue, $208,419; New Zealand subsidy,
$1,149,686
Monetary conversion rate: New Zealand
currency and the Tokelau souvenir coin
are legal tender—NZ$1.93=US$1 (Novem-
ber 1986); Western Samoan currency is
also used
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: no natural harbor; offshore anchor-
ages
Airfields: none; lagoon landings by am-
phibious aircraft from Western Samoa
Telecommunications: telephone service
links islands to each other and to Western
Samoa (1985)
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of New
Zealand
243
Tonga
— 200 km__ *Nivafo'ou =, Fafahi
Nivatoputapu
South
Pacific
Ocaan
Vava'u..
Group Ss
reneioiu
Ha’apai
Graup * +;
NUKU‘ALOFA® |
¥
Tongatapu
Group
Minerve Reef not shown
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 700 km?; land area: 670 km?
Comparative area: about four times the
size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 419 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; modified by trade
winds; warm season (December to May),
cool season (May to December)
Terrain: most have limestone base formed
from uplifted coral formation; others have
limestone overlaying volcanic base
Land use: 25% arable land; 55% perma-
nent crops; 6% meadows and pastures;
12% forest and woodland; 2% other
Environment: archipelago of 170 islands
(86 inhabited); subject to cyclones (October
to April); deforestation
Special notes: none
People
Population: 98,689 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.76%
Nationality: noun—Tongan(s); adjective—
Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300
Europeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan
Church claims over 30,000 adherents
Tonga (continued)
Language: Tongan, English
Infant mortality rate: 6.4/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 58
Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education
for children ages 6-14
Labor force: 70% engaged in agriculture;
600 engaged in mining
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy within the
Commonwealth
Capital: Nuku‘alofa
Administrative divisions: three island
groups (Tongatapu, Ha‘apai, Vava‘u)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: executive—King, Cabinet, and
Privy Council; unicameral legislature—
Legislative Assembly composed of seven
nobles elected by their peers, seven elected
representatives of the people, eight Minis-
ters of the Crown; the King appoints one
of the seven nobles to be the speaker;
judiciary—Supreme Court, Magistrate's
Court, Land Court
Government leaders: Taufa’ahau TUPOU
IV, King (since December 1965); Prince
Fatafehi TU IPELEHAKE), Premier (since
December 1965)
Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and
all literate females over 21
Elections: supposed to be held every three
years; last held in April 1978
Communists: none known
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, FAO,
ESCAP, GATT (de facto), IFAD, ITU,
South Pacific Bureau for Economic Coop-
eration, SPF, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP; $100 million, $1,030 per capita
(1985)
Natural resources: fish
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
and banana production; vanilla beans, taro,
yams, sweet potatoes, breadfruit, fruits and
vegetables
Major industry: tourism
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity; 8
million kWh produced, 80 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $7.83 million (1985 est.); coconut
oil, vanilla, copra, bananas, taro, vanilla
beans, fruits and vegetables
Imports: $41.36 million (1985 est.); textiles,
food, consumers products, machinery,
petroleum, building supplies
Major trade partners: exports—36%
Australia, 34% New Zealand, 14% US;
imports 38% New Zealand, 31% Australia,
6% Japan, 5% Fiji (1979)
Aid: $6.2 million; Australia and other
Western donors (1985 est.)
Budget: (1985 est.) revenues, 22.0 million
pa’anga; expenditures, 19.1 million pa’anga
Monetary conversion rate: .8463
pa’anga=US$1 (December 1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 198 km sealed road (Tonga-
tapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed
roads usable only in dry weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Nuku’alofa, Neiafu)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 3,529 telephones
(3.3 per 100 popl.); 66,000 radio sets; no
TV sets; 1] AM station; 1 satellite ground
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Land Force, Maritime Force
244
Trinidad and Tobago
SOkm
Se ae wl b
Scarborough
Ceribbean Sea
Toco
a yunapuna
«Sangre Granda
Gulf of Paria Trinidad
San Fernando
* Siparia Guayaguayare
See regional map III
Geography
Total area: 5,130 km?; land area: 5,130
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Delaware
Coastline: 362 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; rainy season (June to
December)
Terrain: mostly plains with some hills and
low mountains
Land use: 14% arable land; 17% perma-
nent crops; 2% meadows and pastures;
44% forest and woodland; 23% other;
includes 4% irrigated
Environment: outside usual path of hurri-
canes and other tropical storms
Special notes: southernmost of Southern
Antilles; only 11 km from Venezuela
People
Population: 1,250,839 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.36%
Nationality: noun—Trinidadian(s),
Tobagan(s); adjective—Trinidadian,
Tobagan
Ethnic divisions; 43% black, 40% East
Indian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1% Chinese,
1% other
Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0%
Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6.0% Muslim,
21.7% unknown
Language: English (official), Hindi,
French, Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 20/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 67, women 72
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: about 463,900 (est. 1985);
18.1% construction and utilities; 14.8%
manufacturing, mining, and quarrying;
10.9% agriculture; 47.9% other services
(1985); 15.4% unemployment (June 1985)
Organized labor: 40% of labor force
(1984)
Government
Official name: Republic of Trinidad and
Tobago
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Administrative divisions: 8 counties (29
wards, Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common
law; constitution came into effect 1976;
judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 31
August
Branches: bicameral legislature
(36-member elected House of Representa-
tives and 3l-member appointed Senate);
executive is Cabinet led by the Prime
Minister; judiciary is headed by the Chief
Justice and includes a Court of Appeal,
High Court, and lower courts
Government leaders: Arthur Napoleon
Raymond ROBINSON, Prime Minister
(since December 1986); Noor HASSAN-
ALI, President (since February 1987)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to be held at intervals
of not more than five years; last election
held 15 December 1986
Political parties and leaders: National
Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), A.N.R.
Robinson; People’s National Movement
(PNM), Patrick Manning (interim leader);
Organization for National Reconstruction
(ONR), Karl Hudson-Phillips
Voting strength: (1986 election) 62% of
registered voters cast ballots; House of
Representatives—NAR, 33 seats; PNM, 3
Communists: People’s Popular Movement
(PPM), Michael Als; February 18 Move-
ment (F/18), James Millette
Other political pressure groups: National
Joint Action Committee (NJAC), radical
antigovernment black-identity organiza-
tion; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council,
leftist organization affiliated with the
World Peace Council; Trinidad and To-
bago Chamber of Industry and Commerce;
Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress,
moderate labor federation; Council of
Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor
federation
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, Interna-
tional Coffee Agreement, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, !DB—Inter-American Development
Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC—Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.8 billion (1986 est.), $6,390 per
capita; real growth rate (1986 est.), —3.5%;
inflation rate 7.0% (1985)
Natural resources: oil, gas, petroleum,
asphalt
Agriculture: sugar, cocoa, coffee, rice,
citrus, bananas; largely dependent upon
imports of food
Fishing: catch 4,46] metric tons (1983)
Major industries: petroleum, chemicals,
tourism, food processing, cement
Electric power: 1,171,000 kW capacity;
2,720 million kWh produced, 2,260 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $2.0 billion (f.0.b., 1985); petro-
leum and petroleum products, ammonia,
fertilizer, chemicals, sugar, cocoa, coffee,
citrus; includes exports of oil under pro-
cessing agreement
245
Imports: $1.4 billion (f.0.b., 1985); crude
petroleum (33%), machinery, fabricated
metals, transportation equipment, manu-
factured goods, food, chemicals; includes
imports under processing agreement
Major trade partners: (1984 est.) exports—
US 56%, CARICOM 10%, UK 8%; im-
ports—US 37%, UK 10%, CARICOM 7%
Aid: bilateral commitments, US, including
Ex-lm (FY70-85), $370 million; (1970-84)
other Western countries, ODA and OOF,
$369 million
Budget: (1985 est.) consolidated central
government revenues, $2.6 billion; expen-
ditures, $3.0 billion (current, $2.4 billion;
capital, $438 million)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.60 Trinidad
and Tobago dollars=US$1 (August 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: minimal agricultural system
near San Fernando
Highways: 8,000 km total; 4,000 km
paved, 1,000 km improved earth, 3,000
km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km
refined products; 904 km natural gas
Ports: ] major (Port-of-Spain), 8 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional service via tropospheric scatter links
to Barbados and Guyana; good local ser-
vice; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station;
109,000 telephones (9.6 per 100 popl.); 2
AM, 4 FM, 5 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense
Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Military manpower: males 15-49, 322,434;
234,451 fit for military service
Tunisia
200 km__
See
See regional mop VII
Geography
Total area: 163,610 km?; land area:
155,360 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Missouri
Land boundaries: 1,408 km total
Coastline: 1,148 km
Maritime claim:
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Libya
Climate: temperate in north with mild,
rainy winters and hot, dry summers; hot,
dry desert in south year round
Terrain: mountains in north; hot, dry
central plain; semiarid south merges into
Sahara Desert
Land use: 20% arable land; 10% perma-
nent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
4% forest and woodland; 47% other; in-
cludes 1% irrigated
Environment: deforestation; overgrazing;
soil erosion; desertification
Special notes: strategic location in central
Mediterranean; only 144 km from Italy
across the Strait of Sicily; borders Libya on
east
People
Population: 7,561,641 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.33%
Nationality: noun—Tunisian(s); adjec-
tive—Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European,
less than 1% Jewish
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less
than 1% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); Arabic and
French (commerce)
Infant mortality rate: 83/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 60, women 63
Literacy: about 62%
Labor force: 1.9 million, 32% agriculture;
15%-25% unemployed; shortage of skilled
labor
Organized labor: about 360,000 members
claimed, roughly 20% of labor force;
General Union of Tunisian Workers
(UGTT), quasi-independent of Destourian
Socialist Party
Government
Official name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
Capital: Tanis
Administrative divisions: 23 governorates
Legal system: based on French civil law
system and Islamic law; constitution (pat-
terned on Turkish and US constitutions)
adopted 1959; some judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court in
joint session
National holiday: Independence Day,
1 June
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral
legislative (National Assembly) largely
advisory; judicial, patterned on French
and Koranic systems
Government leaders: Habib
BOURGUIBA, President (Prime Minister
since 1956, President since 1957, President
for Life since November 1974); Rachid
SFAR, Prime Minister (since July 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national election held every five
years; last election held 2 November 1986
Political parties and leaders: Destourian
Socialist Party is official ruling party; two
small parties—Movement of Social Demo-
crats and Movement of Popular Unity—
legalized in 1983; Communist Party legal-
ized in 1981
246
Voting strength: 1986 election
non-competitive; over 95% Destourian
Socialist Party, 3.2% Social Democrats,
under 1% Movement of Popular Unity,
under 1% Communist Party
Communists: a small number of nominal
Communists, mostly students
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—islamic Devel-
opment Bank, IFAD, IFC, 1LO, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, 100C,
ITU, 1WC—lInternational Wheat Council,
NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, Regional
Cooperation for Development, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $9.0 billion, $1,250 per capita (1985
est.); 63% private consumption, 16.5%
government consumption, 30.5% gross
fixed capital formation; real growth rate,
4.6% (1985)
Natural resources: oil, phosphates, iron,
ore, lead, zinc
Agriculture: not food self-sufficient; main
crops—cereals (barley and wheat), olives,
grapes, citrus fruits, and vegetables
Major sectors: agriculture, manufacturing,
mining (phosphate), energy (petroleum,
natural gas), services (transport, telecom-
munications, tourism, government)
Electric power: 1,502,000 kW capacity;
3,820 million kWh produced, 510 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $1.6 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 40%
hydrocarbons, 18% agricultural, 18%
phosphates and chemicals
Imports: $2.9 billion (c.i.f., 1985); 57%
industrial goods, 13% hydrocarbons, 12%
food, 18% other
Major trade partners: France, Italy, FRG,
US
Tourism and foreign worker remittances:
$780 million (1985)
Budget: (1985 est.) total revenues, $3.04
billion; operating budget, $2.5 billion;
capital budget, $1.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1.14 Tunisian
dinars (TD)=US$1 (7 May 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,089 km total; 508 1.435-meter
km standard gauge; 1,586 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 18 km 1.000-meter gauge double
track
Highways: 17,700 km total; 9,100 km
bituminous; 8,600 km improved and
unimproved earth
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 86 km re-
fined products; 742 km natural gas
Ports: 5 major, 14 minor; 2 petroleum,
oils, and lubricants terminal
Civil) air: 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 29 usable; 13 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: the system is above
the African average; facilities consist of
open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and
radio relay; key centers are Safaqis, Sisah,
Bizerte, and Tinis; 233,000 telephones (3.1
per 100 popl.); 18 AM, 4 FM, 14 TV
stations; 4 submarine cables; ARABSAT
satellite back-up control station; coaxial
cable to Algeria; radio-relay to Algeria,
Libya, and Italy
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,800,000; 1,036,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 83,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $308.5 million; 10.6% of
central government budget
Turkey
400 km
Black Sea
Mediterranean
Sea
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 780,580 km?; land area:
770,760 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
California
Land boundaries: 2,574 km total
Coastline: 7,200 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm in
Black Sea only
Territorial sea: 6 nm (12 nm in Black
Sea and Mediterranean Sea)
Boundary disputes: none; complex mari-
time and air (but not territorial) disputes
with Greece in Aegean Sea; Cyprus ques-
tion with Greece; Hatay question with
Syria; potential dispute with downstream
riparians (Syria and Iraq) over water
development plans for the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers
Climate: temperate; hot, dry summers
with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior
Terrain: mostly mountains; narrow coastal
plain; central plateau (Anatolia)
Land use: 30% arable land; 4% permanent
crops; 12% meadows and pastures; 26%
forest and woodland; 28% other; includes
3% irrigated
Environment: subject to severe earth-
quakes, especially along major river valleys
in west; air pollution; desertification
Special notes: strategic location controlling
Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Sea of Marmara,
Dardanelles) that link Black and Aegean
247
Seas; Turkey and Norway only NATO
members having a boundary with USSR
People
Population: 52,987,778 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.23%
Nationality: noun—Turk(s); adjective—
Turkish
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd,
3% other
Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2%
other (mostly Christian and Jewish)
Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish,
Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 15.3/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 57
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 18.5 million (1986); 58.3%
agriculture, 28.7% service, 13.0% industry
and energy; about 1 million Turks work
abroad (1986); effective unemployment
rate estimated to be over 20% (1986)
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republican parliamentary democ-
racy
Capital: Ankara
Administrative divisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various conti-
nental legal systems; constitution adopted
in November 1982; accepts compulsory
1CJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 29
October
Branches: executive—President empow-
ered to call new elections, promulgate laws
(elected for a seven-year term); unicameral
legislature (400-member Grand National
Assembly); independent judiciary
Government leaders: Gen. Kenan
EVREN, President (since 1982); Turgut
OZAL, Prime Minister (since 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Turkey (continued)
Elections: according to the 1982 Constitu-
tion, elections to the Grand National
Assembly to be held every five years; most
recent election 6 November 1983; by-
election held 28 September 1986
Political parties and leaders: military
leaders banned all traditional parties from
taking part in the parliamentary election
of November 1983 and banned many
prominent party leaders from taking part
in politics for five to 10 years; three new
parties allowed to take part in the elec-
tion—Motherland Party (ANAP), Turgut
Ozal; Populist Party (PP), Necdet Calp;
Nationalist Democracy Party (NDP), Ulk
Sdylemezoglu; additional parties permitted
to take part in local elections in March
1984—Social Democratcy Party (SODEP),
Erdal [nén; Correct Way Party (CWP),
Husamettin Cinderuk; SODEP and PP
merged in 1985 to form the Social Demo-
cratic Populist Party (SHP) now headed by
Erdal inén; Democratic Left Party (DLP)
founded in 1985 under Rahsan Ecevit
Voting strength: (1983 election) Grand
National Assembly—Motherland Party,
211 seats; Populist Party, 117 seats; Na-
tionalist Democracy Party, 71 seats; as of
March 1987, Grand National Assembly—
Motherland Party, 251 seats; Social Demo-
cratic Populist Party, 65 seats; Correct
Way Party, 35 seats; Democratic Left
Party, 24 seats; independents, 24 seats;
vacant, 2 seats
Communists: strength and support negligi-
ble
Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Eu-
rope, EC (associate member), ECOSOC,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IDB—Islamic Development Bank,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU,
ITC, ITU, NATO, OECD, OIC, Economic
Cooperation Organization, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $52.9 billion, $1,020 per capita;
7.8% real growth, 6.3% average annual
real growth (1984-86); inflation rate 33.7%
(1986)
Natural resources: antimony, coal, chro-
mium, mercury, copper, borate, oil
Agriculture: main products—cotton,
tobacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts,
and livestock products; self-sufficient in
food in average years; a legal producer of
opium poppy for the pharmaceutical trade
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron
minerals), steel, petroleum, construction
Crude steel: 3.5 million tons produced, 70
kg per capita (1984)
Electric power: 9,765,000 kW capacity;
38,490 million kWh produced (1986), 740
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $7,958 million (f.0.b., 1985);
cotton, tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, live-
stock products, textiles, clothing, cement,
leather, glass, ceramics
Imports: $1],344 million (c.i.f., 1985);
crude oil, machinery, transport equipment,
metals, pharmaceuticals, dyes, plastics,
rubber, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals
Major trade partners: (1986) exports—
18.2% FRG, 11.7% Iran, 10.7% Iraq, 6.6%
Italy, 5.4% US; imports—15.9% FRG,
10.6% US, 8.4% lraq, 7.7% Italy, 5.6%
Japan
Budget: (FY86) revenues, $9.08 billion;
expenditures, $10.7 billion; deficit, $1.6
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 747.07 Turkish
liras=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,193 km 1.485-meter standard
gauge; 204 km double track; 109 km
electrified (1985)
Highways: 49,615 km total; 26,915 km
bituminous; 16,500 km gravel or crushed
stone; 4,000 km improved earth; 2,200 km
unimproved earth (1985)
Inland waterways: about 1,200 km
Pipelines: 1,738 km crude oil; 2,321 km
refined products
Ports: 4 major, 10 secondary, 18 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
(1985)
248
Airfields: 122 total, 106 usable; 62 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 27 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic and
international systems; trunk radio-relay
network; 2.8 million telephones (5.5 per
100 popl.); 17 AM, 49 FM, 356 TV sta-
tions; 2 satellite ground station antennas, 1
submarine telephone cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force,
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
18,296,000; 8,136,000 fit for military
service; 582,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1986, $2.9 billion; 17.3% of
central government budget
Turks and
Caicos Islands
i ———20kms
North Atlantic ia
Ocean
North Caicos
att Middle Caicos
Anam East Caicos
g Providenciales
West
Carcos x
Cockburn, GRAND TURK*
Harbour (Cockburnf/
i Town) Si
i + Salt 4+;
x Cay 7
=# Turks
Islands
North Atlantic
Ocean
See regional map II]
Geography
Total area: 430 km?; land area: 430 km?
Comparative area: about two and one-
half times the size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: about 300 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Climate: tropical; marine; moderated by
trade winds; sunny and relatively dry
Terrain: low, flat limestone; extensive
marshes and mangrove swamps
Land use: 2% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 98% other
Environment: 30 islands (8 inhabited);
subject to frequent hurricanes
Special notes: none
People
Population: 9,052 (1987), average annual
growth rate 2.66
Ethnic division: majority of African
descent
Religion: Anglican, Roman Catholic
Baptist, Methodist, Church of God,
Seventh-Day Adventist
Language: English (official)
Infant mortality rate: 24.4/1,000
(1981/82)
Literacy: about 99%
,
Labor force: some subsistence agriculture;
majority engaged in fishing and tourist
industries
Organized labor: St. George’s Industrial
Trade Union (Cockburn Harbour), 250
members
Government
Official name: Turks and Caicos Islands
Type: British dependent territory
Capital; Grand Turk (Cockburn Town)
Administrative divisions: 3 districts
Legal system: based on laws of England
and Wales with a small number adopted
from Jamaica and The Bahamas; constitu-
tion introduced in 1976
National holiday: Commonwealth Day,
31 May
Branches: executive, bicameral legislature
(Executive Council, 14-member Legislative
Council), judicial (Supreme Court)
Government leader: Michael BRADLEY,
Governor (since 1987)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: last held in May 1984 for 11
Legislative Council seats
Political parties and leaders: People’s
Democratic Movement (PDM), Clement
Howell; Progressive National Party (PNP),
Nathaniel Francis
Voting strength: PDM, 3 seats, PNP, 8
seats
Communists: none
Economy
GDP: $15 million, per capita GDP $2,020
(1980)
Natural resources: spiny lobster, conch
Agriculture: corn, beans
Fishing: catch 1,050 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: fishing, tourism
Electric power: 1,500 kW capacity; 6
million kWh produced, 810 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $2.5 million (1982); crawfish,
dried and fresh conch, conch shells
Imports: $20.9 million (1982); foodstuffs,
drink, tobacco, clothing
249
Major trade partners: US (lobster, conch,
tourism) and UK
Budget: revenues, $5.9 million; expendi-
tures, $7.2 million (1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US
dollar
Fiscal year: calendar
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 121 km, including 24 km
tarmac
Ports: 4 major (Grand Turk, Salt Cay,
Providenciales, Cockburn Harbour)
Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger
service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)
Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair cable and radio
services; 1,400 telephones (16.9 per 100
popl.); 1 AM station; 2 submarine cables; 1
satellite ground station; several TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
Branches: police
Tuvalu
Nanumea —150km__
,Niutso
‘Nanumanga
{Nui
Vaitupu
Nukufetaug
FUNAFUTI *—>{
Funatuti
South
Pacitic .
Ocean Nukulaelae
Nurakita
.
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 26 km?; land area: 26 km?
Comparative area: about one-seventh the
size of Washington, D. C.
Coastline: 24 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by easterly
trade winds (March to November); west-
erly gales and heavy rain (November to
March)
Terrain: very low lying and narrow coral
atolls
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: severe tropical storms are
rare
Special notes: none
People
Population: 8,329 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.73%
Nationality: noun—Tuvaluanss); adjec-
tive—Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian
Religion: Christian, predominantly Protes-
tant
Language: Tuvaluan, English
Infant mortality rate: 42/1,000 (1979)
Life expectancy: men 57, women 60
Literacy: less than 50%
Government
Official name: Tuvalu
Type: independent state, special member
of the Commonwealth
Capital: Funafuti
Administrative divisions: 8 island councils
on the permanently inhabited islands
Branches: executive—Prime Minister and
Cabinet; unicameral legislature—12-
member House of Parliament; judicial—
High Court, 8 island courts with limited
jurisdication
Government leaders; Dr. Tomasi
PUAPUA, Prime Minister (since Septem-
ber 1981); Tupua LEUPENA, Governor
General (since 1 March 1986)
Elections: last general election September
1985, next scheduled for September 1989
Political parties: none
Member of: ESCAP (associate member),
GATT (de facto), SPF, SPC, UPU
Economy
GNP: $4 million (1984), $500 per capita
Agriculture: limited; coconut palms, copra
Major industry: copra
Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity; 3
million kWh produced, 380 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $1.0 million (1983 est.)
Imports: $2.8 million (1983); food and
mineral fuels
Major trade partners: UK, Australia
Aid: $4.2 million (1983); Western (non-US)
countries, ODA (1970-79), $22 million
Budget: (1983 est.) revenues, $2.59 million;
expenditures, $3.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.54 Australian
dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 8 km gravel
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Funafuti, Nukufetau)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 total, 1 usable with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about
300 radiotelephones (0.5 per 100 popl.);
4,000 radio receivers; 108 telephones (1.3
per 100 popl.)
Uganda
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 236,040 km?; land area:
199,710 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
Oregon
Land boundaries: 2,680 km total
Climate: tropical; generally rainy with two
dry seasons (December to February, June
to August); semiarid in northeast
Terrain: mostly plateau with rim of moun-
tains
Land use: 23% arable land; 9% permanent
crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 30%
forest and woodland; 13% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: straddles Equator; defores-
tation; overgrazing; soil erosion
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 15,908,896 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.70%
Nationality: noun—Ugandan(s); adjec-
tive—Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% Euro-
pean, Asian, Arab
Religion: 833% Roman Catholic, 33%
Protestant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous
beliefs
Language: English (official), Luganda and
Swahili widely used; other Bantu and
Nilotic languages
Infant mortality rate; 92/],000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 48, women 50
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million; about
250,000 in paid labor; remainder in subsis-
tence activities
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
Government
Official name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic
Capital: Kampala
Administrative divisions: 10 provinces
and 34 districts
Legal system: government plans to restore
system based on English common law and
customary law and reinstitute a normal
judicial system; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 9
October
Branches: present government, which
assumed power in January 1986, consists
of a National Resistance Council headed
by the President; the constitution has been
suspended and the unicameral legislature
(National Assembly) has been dissolved
Government leader: Yoweri Kaguta
MUSEVENI, Head of State and Chairman
of the National Resistance Council (since
January 1986)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: none scheduled
Political parties: Uganda Patriotic Move-
ment (UPM), Ugandan People’s Congress
(UPC), Democratic Party (DP), Conserva-
tive Party (CP); all are proscribed from
conducting public political activities
Other political] parties or pressure
groups: Uganda National Liberation Army
(UNLA), Uganda Freedom Movement
(UFM), Federal Democratic Movement of
Uganda (FEDEMU), Uganda National
Rescue Front (UNRF), Uganda People’s
Democratic Movement (UPDM)
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: Af{DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDB—Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, 1LO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
251
Economy
GDP: $5.9 billion; $220 per capita (1983
est.)
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, lime-
stone
Agriculture: cash crops—coffee (150,000
metric tons produced (1984/85 est.), cot-
ton, tobacco, tea, sugar, fish, livestock
Major industries: agricultural processing
(coffee, plywood, beer)
Electric power: 164,000 kW capacity; 287
million kWh produced, 18 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: $352 million (f.0.b., 1985/86 est.);
coffee (over 90%), cotton, tea
Imports: $325 million (c.i.f., 1985/86 est.);
petroleum products, machinery, cotton
piece goods, metals, transport equipment,
food
Major trade partners: exports—27% US,
14% UK, 9% Spain; imports—39% Kenya,
17% UK, 7% Japan (1985)
Budget: in percent of GDP—tax revenues
11.6%, grants 1.6%, expenditures, 15.5%
(FY85/86)
Monetary conversion rate: 400 Uganda
shillings=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,300 km, 1.000-meter gauge
single track
Highways: 30,500 km total; 3,500 km
paved; 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel,
and laterite; remainder earth roads and
tracks
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake
Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake
Edward; Victoria Nile, Albert Nile; princi-
pal inland water ports are at Jinja and Port
Bell, both on Lake Victoria
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 34 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Uganda (continued)
Telecommunications: fair system with
radio-relay and radio communications
stations in use; 61,600 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 9 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: National Resistance Army
(NRA)
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
8,393,000; about 1,831,000 fit for military
service
United Arab Emirates
125km
Persian Gulf pa‘e a Knaymah’
Ash Shiriqah # Ajman:
+ Dubayy, .
+ ABU OHABI + n03
° Ve os
a %. eit
Boundary representation 1s
not necessarily authoritative
See regional map Vi
Geography
Total area: 83,600 km?; land area: 83,600
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Maine
Land boundaries: 1,094 km total
Coastline: 1,448 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: defined by bilateral
boundaries or equidistant line
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Boundary disputes: Qatar; no defined
boundary with Saudi Arabia; no defined
boundary with most of Oman, Administra-
tive Line in far north; claims three islands
occupied by Iran in Strait of Hormuz
Climate: hot, dry desert; cooler in eastern
mountains
Terrain: flat, barren coastal plain merging
into rolling sand dunes of vast desert
wasteland; mountains in east
Land use: NEGL% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 2% meadows and pas-
tures; NEGL% forest and woodland; 98%
other; includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: frequent dust and sand
storms; lack of natural fresh water re-
sources being overcome by desalination
plants; desertification
Special notes: strategic location along
southern approaches to Strait of Hormuz, a
vital transit point for world crude oil
252
People
Population: 1,846,373 July 1987), average
annual growth rate 7.47%
Nationality: noun—Emirian(s), adjective—
Emirian
Ethnic divisions: 19% Emirian, 23% other
Arab, 50% South Asian (fluctuating), 8%
other expatriates (includes Westerners and
East Asians); fewer than 20% of the popu-
lation are UAE citizens (1982)
Religion: 96% Muslim (16% Shi'a); 4%
Christian, Hindu, and other
Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and
English widely spoken in major cities;
Hindi, Urdu
Infant mortality rate: 44/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 68, women 73
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: 580,000 (1985 est.); 85%
industry and commerce, 5% agriculture,
5% services, 5% government; 80% of labor
force is foreign
Government
Official name: United Arab Emirates
Member states: Abu Dhabi, ‘Ajman,
Dubayy, Al Fujayrah, Ra’s al Khaymah,
Ash Shariqah, Umm al Qaywayn
Type: federation; constitution signed
December 1971, which delegated specified
powers to the UAE central government
and reserved other powers to member
shaykhdoms
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Legal system: secular codes are being
introduced by the UAE Government and
in several member shaykhdoms; Islamic
law remains influential
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: executive—Supreme Council of
Rulers (seven members), from which a
President and Vice President are elected;
Prime Minister and Council of Ministers;
unicameral legislature—Federal National
Council; judicial—Union Supreme Court
Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid bin
Sultan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi,
President (since December 1971); Shaykh
Rashid ibn Sa‘id Al MAKTUM of Dubayy,
Vice President (since 1971) and Prime
Minister (since April 1979)
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Political or pressure groups: none; a few
small clandestine groups are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB—Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $24.0 billion, $18,900 per capita;
real growth - 3.0% (1986 est.)
Natural resources: oil and natural gas; oil
production 1.38 million b/d (1986)
Agriculture: food imported; some dates,
alfalfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised
Electric power: 5,158,000 kW capacity;
16,440 million kWh produced, 12,400
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $9.8 billion (f.0.b., 1986); $8.3
billion in crude oil, $1.45 billion consisting
mostly of gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
Imports: $6.6 billion (f.0.b., 1986); food,
consumer and capital goods
Major trade partners: Japan, EC, US
Budget: current expenditures, $3.5 billion;
development, $0.14 billion; revenue, $3.1
billion (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 3.67 UAE
dirhams=US$1 (October 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,000 km total; 1,800 km
bituminous, 200 km gravel and graded
earth
Pipelines: 880 km crude oil; 870 km
natural gas, including natural gas liquids
Ports: 7 major, 25 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 31 usable; 17 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio-relay and coaxial cable; key centers
are Abu Dhabi and Dubayy; 319,000
telephones (24.1 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 3
FM, 12 TV stations; 1 Atlantic and 2
Indian Ocean INTELSAT stations; 1
ARABSAT satellite station; submarine
cable to Qatar and Bahrain; planned
submarine cables to India and Pakistan;
tropospheric scatter to Bahrain; radio-relay
to Saudi Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Central
Military Command, Federal Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 793,000;
441,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1985, $1.385 billion; 42% of
central government budget
253
United Kingdom
— 300 km_ \‘Shetlend
Islands
< Orkney
islands
Hebrides | g
‘ North
North ce Sea
Atlentic
Ocean
English Channel
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 244,820 km?; land area:
241,590 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Oregon
Land boundary: 360 km with Ireland
Coastline: 12,429 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 3 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with lreland; Northern Ireland ques-
tion with Ireland; Gibraltar question with
Spain; Argentina claims Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas); Mauritius claims island of
Diego Garcia in British Indian Ocean
Territory; colony of Hong Kong will be-
come a Special Administrative Region of
China in 1997; Rockall continental shelf
dispute involving Denmark, Iceland,
Ireland; territorial claim in Antarctica
(British Antarctic Territory)
Climate: temperate; moderated by pre-
vailing southwest winds over Gulf Stream;
more than one-half of days are overcast
Terrain: mostly rugged hills and low
mountains; level to rolling plains in east
and southeast
Land use: 29% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 48% meadows and
pastures; 9% forest and woodland; 14%
other; includes 1% irrigated
United Kingdom (continued)
Environment: pollution control measures
improving air, water quality; because of
heavily indented coastline, no location is
more than 125 km from tidal waters
Special notes: lies near vital North Atlan-
tic sea lanes; only 35 km from France
People
Population: 56,845,195 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.15%
Nationality: noun—Briton(s), British
(collective pl.); adjective—British
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6%
Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8%
Ulster, 2.8% West Indian, Indian, Paki-
stani, and other
Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 mil-
lion Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyte-
rian, 760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jewish
(registered)
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of
population of Wales), Scottish form of
Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
Infant mortality rate: 10.1/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 7]
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: (1986) 27.94 million; 24.5%
manufacturing and construction, 49.8%
services, 9.8% self-employed, 13.0% gov-
ernment, 1.1% agriculture; 11.4% unem-
ployed (November 1986)
Organized labor: 42% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital; London
Administrative divisions: 54 counties in
England and Wales, 12 regions in Scotland
and islands area, 26 districts in Northern
Ireland
Dependent areas: Anguilla, Bermuda,
Britlsh Indian Ocean Territory, British
Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland
Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Hong Kong,
Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn
Islands, St. Helena, Turks and Caicos
Islands
Legal system: common law tradition with
early Roman and modern continental
influences; no judicial review of Acts of
Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Queen,
16 June
Branches: legislative authority resides in
Parliament (House of Lords, House of
Commons); executive authority lies with
collectively responsible Cabinet led by
Prime Minister; House of Lords is supreme
judicial authority and highest court of
appeal
Government leaders: ELIZABETH II,
Queen (since 1952); Margaret
THATCHER, Prime Minister (since 1979)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister
but must be held before expiration of a
five-year electoral mandate; last election
held 9 June 1983
Political parties and leaders: Conserva-
tive, Margaret Thatcher; Labor, Neil
Kinnock; Social Democratic, David Owen;
Communist, Gordon McLennan; Scottish
National, Donald Stewart; Plaid Cymru,
Dafydd Wigley; Official Unionist, James
Molyneaux; Democratic Unionist, lan
Paisley; Social Democratic and Labor,
John Hume; Provisional Sinn Fein, Gerry
Adams; Alliance, John Cushnahan; Liberal,
David Steel
Voting strength: (1983 election) House of
Commons—Conservative, 392 seats
(42.4%), Labor, 210 seats (27.6%); Social
Democratic-Liberal Alliance, 26 seats (19
Liberal, 7 SDP) (25.4%); Scottish National
Party, 2 seats; Plaid Cymru (Welsh Na-
tionalist), 2 seats; Ulster (Official) Unionist
(Northern Ireland), 10 seats; Ulster Demo-
cratic Unionist (Northern Ireland), 3 seats;
Ulster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland),
I seat; Social Democratic and Labor
(Northern Ireland), 1 seat; Sinn Fein
(Northern Ireland), 1 seat
Communists: 15,961
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress, Confederation of British
Industry, National Farmers’ Union, Cam-
paign for Nuclear Disarmament
254
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo
Plan, Council of Europe, DAC, EC,
ELDO, ESCAP, ESRO, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO,
IDA, IDB—Inter-American Development
Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, Inter-
national Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission,
1WC—International Wheat Council,
NATO, OECD, UN, UPU, WEU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $443.2 billion (1985), $7,860 per
capita; 59.8% consumption, 17.0% invest-
ment, 21.1% government; 0.3% stockbuild-
ing, 1.8% net foreign balance, real growth
8.4% (1985)
Natural resources: coal, oil, gas (North
Sea), tin, limestone, iron, salt, clay, chalk,
gypsum, lead, silica
Agriculture: wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar
beets, livestock, dairy products; 62.1%
self-sufficient (1983); dependent on imports
for more than half of consumption of
refined sugar, butter, oils and fats, bacon
and ham
Fishing: catch 746,000 metric tons (1985);
imports $774 million, exports $377 million
(1985)
Major industries: machinery and trans-
port equipment, metals, food processing,
paper and paper products, textiles, chemi-
cals, clothing
Crude steel: 15.8 million metric tons
produced (1985); 280 kg per capita (1985);
23.6 million tons capacity (1984)
Electric power: 95,213,000 kW capacity;
312.700 million kWh produced, 5,540
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $101.0 billion (f.0.b., 1985); man-
ufactured goods, machinery, fuels, chemi-
cals, semifinished goods, transport equip-
ment
Imports: $109.1 billion (c.i.f., 1985); manu-
factured goods, machinery, semifinished
goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports—46.2% EC
(11.4% FRG, 9.9% France, 9.4% Nether-
lands), 14.8% US, 2.3% Communist coun-
tries; imports—46.2% EC (14.9% FRG,
7.8% France, 7.7% Netherlands), 11.9%
US, 2.4% Communist countries (1985)
Aid: donor—ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-84) $15.4 billion
Budget: national and local government
revenues (FY86 est.), $222.3 billion; expen-
ditures, $232.2 billion; deficit $9.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.674 pound
sterling=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: Great Britain—16,800 km total;
British Railways (BR) operates 16,800 km
1.435-meter standard gauge (3,802 km
electrified and 12,591 km double or multi-
ple track); several additional small
standard-gauge and narrow-gauge lines are
privately owned and operated; Northern
Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 332 km
1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track
Highways: United Kingdom, 362,982 km
total; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved
(including 2,573 km limited-access divided
highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km
(22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)
Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly
owned; 605 km major commercial routes
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all
insignificant; 2,993 km refined products;
12,800 km natural gas
Ports: 9 major, 15 secondary, 190 minor
Civil air: 618 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 499 total, 332 usable; 243 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 36 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 133 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: modern, efficient
domestic and international system; 29.5
million telephones (52.5 per 100 popl.);
excellent countrywide broadcast systems
with 216 AM, 478 FM, 3,065 TV stations;
86 coaxial submarine cables; 4 satellite
ground stations with a total of 14 antennas
United States
Defense Forces
3000 km
Branches: Royal Army, Royal Navy,
Royal Air Force, Royal Marines
Military manpower; males 15-49,
14,315,000; 12,117,000 fit for military
service; no conscription
North
Atlantic
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 . Oceee
March 1986, $28.4 billion; about 20.1% of
central government budget
+, Hawaiian Gult of
* Islands México
Seeregiona! map Il
Note: this section was compiled from
information in the public domain and does
not represent Intelligence Community
estimates
Geography
Total area: 9,372,610 km?; land area:
9,166,600 km?
Comparative area: about four-tenths the
size of USSR; about one-third the size of
Africa; about one-half the size of South
America (or slightly larger than Brazil);
slightly smaller than China; about two and
one-half times the size of Western Europe
Land boundaries: 12,000 km total
Coastline: 19,924 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 8 nm
Boundary disputes: none; maritime dis-
pute with Canada; Guantanamo (US Naval
Base) leased from Cuba; Haiti claims
Navassa Island (US possession), has made
no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has
reserved the right to do so) and does not
recognize the claims of any other nation
Climate: mostly temperate, but varies
from tropical (Hawaii) to arctic (Alaska);
arid to semiarid with occasional warm, dry
chinook wind in west
Terrain: vast central plain, mountains in
west, hills and low mountains in east;
rugged mountains and broad river valleys
255
United States (continued)
in Alaska; rugged, volcanic topography in
Hawaii
Land use: 20% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 26% meadows and
pastures; 29% forest and woodland; 25%
other; includes 2% irrigated
Environment: pollution control measures
improving air and water quality; acid rain;
agricultural fertilizer and pesticide polfu-
tion; management of sparse natural water
resources in west; desertification; tsunamis,
volcanoes, and earthquake activity around
Pacific Basin
Special notes: world’s fourth largest coun-
try (after USSR, Canada, and China)
People
Population: 243,084,000 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 0.92%
Ethnic divisions: 83.1% white; 11.6%
black; 6.448% Spanish origin; 0.622%
American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut;
0.357% Chinese; 0.343% Filipino; 0.31%
Japanese, 0.1595% other Asian; 0.156%
Korean; 0.115% Vietnamese (1980)
Religion: total membership in religious
bodies 140.170 million; Protestant 76.8
million, Roman Catholic 52.7 million,
Jewish 5.7 million, other religions 5.0
million; 60% of the population have a
religious affiliation (1982)
Language: predominantly English; sizable
Spanish-speaking minority
Infant mortality rate: 10.6/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 71.6, women 76.3
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 117.17 million (includes the
armed forces and the unemployed)—
annual averages of monthly data; unem-
ployment rate 7.2% (1985); 7.1% unem-
ployed as a share of total civilian labor
force (1985)
Organized labor: 17.3 million members;
18% of civilian labor force (1985)
Government
Official name: United States of America
Type: federal republic; strong democratic
tradition
Capital: Washington, D. C.
t
Administrative divisions: 50 states and
the District of Columbia
Dependent areas: American Samoa, Baker
Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis
Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef,
Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Palmyra
Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake
Island. Since 18 July 1947, the US has
administered the Trust Territory of the
Pacific Islands, but recently entered into a
new political relationship with three of the
four political units. The Northern Mariana
Islands is a Commonwealth associated with
the US (effective 3 November 1986). Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association
with the US that was approved by the US
Congress but to date the Compact process
has not been completed in Palau, which
continues to be administered by the US as
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
The Federated States of Micronesia signed
a Compact of Free Association with the
US (effective 8 November 1986). The
Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a
Compact of Free Association with the US
(effective 21 October 1986). Maps and data
on the Federated States of Micronesia and
the Republic of the Marshall Islands will
be included in the next edition.
Legal system: based on English common
law; dual system of courts, state and fed-
eral; constitution adopted 1789; judicial
review of legislative acts; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (House of Representatives and
Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court);
branches, in principle, independent and
maintain balance of power
Government leaders: Ronald REAGAN,
President (since January 1981); George
BUSH, Vice President (since January 1981)
Suffrage: all citizens over age 18; not
compulsory
Elections: presidential, every four years
(next November 1988); all members of the
House of Representatives, every two years;
one-third of members of the Senate, every
two years
256
Political parties and leaders: Republican
Party, Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr., national
chairman, Maureen Reagan, cochairman;
Democratic Party, Paul G. Kirk, Jr., na-
tional committee chairman; several other
groups or parties of minor political signifi-
cance
Voting strength: 53.3% voter participation
(1984 presidential election); Republican
Party (Ronald Reagan), 59% of the popular
vote (525 electoral votes); Democratic
Party (Walter Mondale), 41% of the popu-
lar vote (13 electoral votes)
Communists: Communist Party (claimed
15,000-20,000 members), Gus Hall, general
secretary; Socialist Workers Party (claimed
1,800 members), Jack Barnes, national
secretary (1983)
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, Bank of Inter-
national Settlements, CCC, CENTO,
Colombo Plan, DAC, FAO, ESCAP,
GATT, Group of Ten, IADB, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM, ICES, ICO,
IDA, IDB—Inter-American Development
Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, Inter-
national Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC—International
Whaling Commission, [WC—International
Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD,
PAHO, SPC, UN, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $3,988.5 billion (1985); $2,186.5
billion (65%) personal consumption, $501.0
billion (14.9%) private investment, $701.8
billion (20.9%) government, - $25.9 billion
(—.1%) net exports; $16,710 per capita;
2.3 % real growth (1985)
Natural resources: coal, copper, lead,
molybdenum, phosphates, uranium, baux-
ite, gold, iron, mercury, nickel, potash,
silver, tungsten, zinc
Agriculture: food grains, feed crops, oil-
bearing crops, cattle, dairy products
Fishing: catch 4,143 thousand metric tons
(1983); 5.5 kg per capita consumption
(1981); imports $4.173 billion (1981);
exports $1.156 billion, (1981); est. value,
$2.388 billion (1981)
Crude steel: 80.1 million metric tons
produced, 335 kg per capita (1985)
Natural gas: 16.5 trillion cubic feet pro-
duced (1985)
Electric power: 717,643,000 kW capacity;
2,733,630 billion kWh produced, 11,850
kWh per capita (1986)
Exports: $213,144 billion (f.0.b., 1985);
machinery, chemicals, transport equip-
ment, agricultural products
Imports: $361,627 billion (c.i.f., 1985);
crude and partly refined petroleum, ma-
chinery, transport equipment (mainly new
automobiles)
Major trade partners: exports—$4,030
million Canada, $1,925.7 million Japan,
$1,015.7 million Mexico, $842.8 million
UK, $651.4 million FRG (1985); imports—
$6,153.8 million Canada, $6,451.8 million
Japan, $1,479.4 million Mexico, $1,300.1
million UK, $1,807.5 million FRG (1985)
Aid: including Ex-Im (FY80-85), $54.2
billion
Military transfers: (FY80-85) $27.4 billion
Budget: (1986) receipts, $769.1 billion;
outlays, $989.8 billion; deficit, $220.7
billion
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 270,312 km
Highways: 6,365,590 km, including 88,641
km expressways
Inland waterways: est. 41,009 km of
navigable inland channels, exclusive of the
Great Lakes
Freight carried: rai]—1,637.0 million
metric tons, 1,345.6 billion metric ton/km
(1984); highways—987.53 billion metric
ton/km (1984); inland water freight (ex-
cluding Great Lakes traffic)—582.81 mil-
lion metric tons, 358.29 billion metric
ton/km (1984); air—11,495 million metric
ton/km (1984)
Pipelines: petroleum, 883.3 billion metric
ton/km, 1,049.6 million metric tons car-
ried (1984)
Ports: 44 handling 10.9 million metric tons
or more per year
Civil air: 2,960 commercial multiengine
transport aircraft, including 2,724 jet, 185
turboprop, 51 piston (1984)
Airfields: 15,422 in operation (1981)
Telecommunications: 182,558,000 tele-
phones (791 telephones per 1,000 popl.);
4,892 AM, 3,915 FM, 1,285 noncommer-
cial FM stations (10,092 total); 796 com-
mercial, 300 noncommercial (public broad-
casting), 6,200 commercial cable TV
broadcast stations (7,296 total); 495 million
radio and 150 million TV receivers (1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Department of the Army,
Department of the Navy (including Ma-
rine Corps), US Coast Guard, Department
of the Air Force
Military manpower: 2,185,900 total;
780,800, army; 594,500, air force; 761,400,
navy (includes 196,600 marines) (1984)
Military budget: $289.1 billion; 29.2% of
central government budget (1986)
257
Uruguay
125km
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Embatse def
Rio Negro
"Peysandé ea
Ocean
See regional map IV.
Geography
Total area: 176,220 km?; land area:
178,620 km?
Comparative area: about the size of the
State of Washington
Land boundaries: 1,352 km total
Coastline: 660 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 200 nm (overflight and
navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)
Boundary disputes: Argentina, Brazil
Climate: warm temperate; freezing tem-
peratures almost unknown
Terrain: mostly rolling plains and low
hills; fertile coastal lowland
Land use: 8% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 78% meadows and pastures;
4% forest and woodland; 10% other; in-
cludes 1% irrigated
Environment: subject to seasonally high
winds, droughts, floods
Special notes: none
People
Population: 2,964,052 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.39%
Nationality: noun—Uruguayan(s); adjec-
tive—Uruguayan
Ethnic divisions: 88% white, 8% mestizo,
4% black
Uruguay (continued)
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than
half adult population attends church
regularly), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 30%
nonprofessing or other
Language: Spanish
Infant mortality rate: 32/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 67.1, women 73.7
Literacy: 94.3%
Labor force: about 1.28 million (1981);
25% government; 19% manufacturing; 11%
agriculture; 12% commerce; 12% utilities,
construction, transport, and communica-
tions; 21% other services; unemployment
11% (1986 est.)
Organized labor: Interunion Workers’
Assembly /National Workers’ Confedera-
tion (PIT/CNT) Labor Federation
Government
Official name: Oriental Republic of Uru-
guay
Type: republic
Capital: Montevideo
Administrative divisions: 19 departments
with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law
system; most recent constitution imple-
mented 1967; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
August
Branches: executive, headed by President;
bicameral National Congress (Senate and
House of Deputies); national judiciary
headed by Court of Justice
Government leaders: Julio M. SANGUI-
NETTI, President (since March 1985);
Enrique E. TARIGO, Vice President (since
March 1985)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: last November 1984; elections
held every five years
Political parties and leaders: National
(Blanco) Party, Wilson Ferreira; Colorado
Party, Julio Sanguinetti, Enrique Tarigo,
Jorge Pacheco Areco; Broad Front Coali-
tion, Liber Seregni; Communist Party
(legalized in March 1985), Rodney Arisme-
ndi; Civic Union, Humberto Ciganda;
Government of the People (List 99), Hugo
Batalla
Voting strength: (1984 elections) 41%
Colorado, 35% Blanco, 22% Broad Front,
2% Civic Union
Communists: 30,000
Other political or pressure groups: Na-
tional Liberation Movement (MLN)—
Tupamaros, leftist revolutionary terrorist
group, granted amnesty in 1985
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB—Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ITU, LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GDP: $5.2 billion, $1,760 per capita
(1986); 89% consumption, 138% gross invest-
ment, —2.0% foreign; real growth rate
1986, 3.0%
Natural resources: soil, hydroelectric
power (potential), minor minerals
Agriculture: large areas devoted to exten-
sive livestock grazing; main crops—wheat,
rice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most
basic foodstuffs
Major industries: meat processing, wool
and hides, rice, textiles, footwear, leather
apparel, tires, cement, fishing, petroleum
refining
Electric power: 1,379,000 kW capacity;
8,730 million kWh produced, 1,260 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $960 million (f.0.b., 1986); meat,
textiles, wool, hides, leather products, fish,
rice, furs
Imports: $708 million (f.0.b., 1986 est.);
fuels and lubricants (87%), metals, machin-
ery, transportation equipment, industrial
chemicals
Major trade partners: exports—20%
Brazil; 15% US, imports—39% LAIA (13%
Brazil, 11% Argentina), 15% EC, 7% US
(1986 est.)
Aid: US authorized, including Ex-Im
(FY70-84), $78 million; other Western
countries, ODA and OOF (1970-84) $175
million; Communist countries (1970-85),
$65 million
Military transfers: US authorized (FY70-
85) $39 million
258
Budget: (1986 est.) revenues, $709 million,
expenditures, $90] million
Monetary conversion rate: 173.36 new
pesos=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,000 km, all 1.4385-meter
standard gauge and government owned
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km
paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by
coastal and shallow-draft river craft
Ports: 1 major (Montevideo), 9 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 97 total, 94 usable; 16 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways 2,440-8,659 m, 14 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most modern facili-
ties concentrated in Montevideo; new
nationwide radio-relay network 337,000
telephones (11.3 per 100 popl.); 98 AM, 9
shortwave, 21 TV stations; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 689,000;
561,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription
Vanuatu
‘ : 200 km
S
oO.)
Espiritu
Ss. 4 :
aera Aoba \Meé wo
Luganvite,; 7 De niseas: South
Pacific Ocean
Amb
Malskule &y deste
Epi %
Coral Sea ie
apitore
PORT-VILA
QyFrromango
Tanna
Anatom
See regional map X MS
Geography
Total area: 14,760 km?; land area: 14,760
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Connecticut
Coastline: 2,528 km
Maritime claims: (measured from claimed
archipelagic baselines)
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; moderated by southeast
trade winds
Terrain: mostly mountains of volcanic
origin; narrow coastal plains
Land use: 1% arable land; 5% permanent
crops; 2% meadows and pastures; 1% forest
and woodland; 91% other
Environment: subject to cyclones (January
to April); volcanism causes minor earth-
quakes; over 80 islands
Special notes: none
People
Population: 149,652 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.36%
Nationality: noun—Vanuatuan(s); adjec-
tive—Vanuatuan
Ethnic divisions: 90% indigenous Melanes-
ian; 8% French; remainder Vietnamese,
Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
Language: English and French (official);
pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)
Life expectancy: 55
Literacy: probably 10-20%
Government
Official name: Republic of Vanuatu
Type: republic, formerly Anglo-French
condominium of New Hebrides, indepen-
dent 30 July 1980
Capital; Port-Vila
Administrative divisions: four administra-
tive districts
Legal system: unified system being cre-
ated from former dual French and British
systems
Branch: unicameral legislature
(39-member Parliament), elected Novem-
ber 1983
Government leader: Father Walter Hadye
LINI, Prime Minister (since 1980)
Political parties and leaders: National
Party (Vanuaaku Pati), Walter Lini, chair-
man
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFC, IMF, ITU, NAM, SPF, UN, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $79 million, $600 per capita (1984);
GDP decline of 2.0% (1986 est.)
Natural resources: manganese, hardwood
forests, cattle
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa,
coffee, some livestock and fish production;
subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams
Fishing: catch, 2,470 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: fish-freezing, canneries,
tourism
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity; 20
million kWh produced, 150 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $18.1 million (1985); 24% copra,
59% frozen fish, meat
Imports: $52.3 million (1985); 18% food
Aid: Australia (1970-84), $43.0 million
259
Monetary conversion rate: 118.57
vatu=US$1; 1.55 Australian dollars=US$1
(6 February 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,027 km total; at least 240 km
sealed or all-weather roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 3 minor (Port-Vila, Luganville,
Palikoulo)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 27 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2 AM stations; 3,000
telephones (2.2 per 100 popl.); 1 satellite
ground station
Defense Forces
Personnel: no military forces maintained;
however, a paramilitary force is responsi-
ble for internal and external security
Vatican City
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 0.438 km?; land area: 0.438
km?
Comparative area: about one-four hun-
dredth the size of Washington, D. C.
Land boundary: 3 km with Italy
Climate: temperate; mild, rainy winters
(September to mid-May) with hot, dry
summers (May to September)
Terrain: low hill
Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 100% other
Environment: urban
Special notes: landlocked; enclave of
Rome, Italy; world’s smallest state
People
Population: 738 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 0.14%
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but
also many other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various
other languages
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: about 1,500; Vatican City
employees divided into three categories—
executives, office workers, and salaried
employees
Government
Official name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Administrative divisions: outside the
Vatican, 13 buildings in Rome and Castel
Gandolfo (the Pope’s summer residence)
enjoy extraterritorial rights
Legal system: Canon laws of 1929 serve
some functions of a constitution
National holiday: 22 October (installation
day of Pope John Paul II)
Branches: the Pope possesses full execu-
tive, legislative, and judicial powers; he
delegates these powers to the President of
the Pontifical Commission, who is subject
to pontifical appointment and recall; the
administrative structure of the Roman
Catholic Church is known as the Roman
Curia; its most important temporal compo-
nents include the Secretariat of State and
Council for Public Affairs (which handles
Vatican diplomacy) and the Prefecture of
Economic Affairs; the College of Cardinals
act as chief papal advisers
Government leader: JOHN PAUL II,
Supreme Pontiff (Karol WOJTYLLA,
elected Pope 16 October 1978)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80
years old
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life
by College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none
(exclusive of influence exercised by other
church officers in universal Roman Catho-
lic Church)
Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, UPU,
WIPO, WTO; permanent observer status
at FAO, OAS, UN, and UNESCO
Economy
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is
supported financially by contributions
(known as Peter’s pence) from Roman
Catholics throughout the world; some
income derived from sale of Vatican
postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees
for admission to museums, and sale of
260
publications; industrial activity consists
solely of printing and production of a
small amount of mosaics and staff uni-
forms; worldwide banking and financial
activities; the Institute for Religious Works
(IOR) carries out fiscal operations and
invests and transfers funds of Roman
Catholic religious communities throughout
the world; the Administration of the
Patrimony of the Holy See manages the
Holy See’s capital assets
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity
(1986)—power supplied by Italy
Monetary conversion rate: the Vatican
issues its own coinage, which is inter-
changeable with the Italian lira; 1,337.0
lira=US$1 (January 1987)
Communications
Highways: none (city streets)
Telecommunications: 2 AM and 2 FM
stations; 2,000-line automatic telephone
exchange
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Italy; Swiss
Papal Guards are posted at entrances to
the Vatican City
Venezuela
Caribbean Sea
jaracsibo es
CARACAS
San Cristobal a 4
iS San Fernando
Puerto Ayachucho
Boundary representation 1s
not necessarily authontative
See regionsl map 1V
Geography
Total area: 912,050 km?; land area:
882,050 km?
Comparative area: about twice the size of
California
Land boundaries: 4,18] km total
Coastline: 2,800 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 15 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: claims Essequibo area
of Guyana; maritime dispute with Colom-
bia
Climate: tropical; hot, humid; more mod-
erate in highlands
Terrain: Andes mountains and Maracaibo
lowlands in northwest; central plains
(Ilanos); Guyana highlands in southeast
Land use: 3% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 20% meadows and pastures; 39%
forest and woodland; 37% other; includes
NEGL% irrigated
Environment: Angel Falls is world’s high-
est waterfall
Special notes: on major sea and air routes
linking North and South America
People
Population: 18,291,134 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.66%
Nationality: noun—Venezuelan(s); adjec-
tive—Venezuelan
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white,
10% black, 2% Indian
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic,
2% Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dia-
lects spoken by about 200,000 Amerind-
ians in the remote interior
Infant mortality rate: 36.2/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 64.0, women 69.0
Literacy: 85.6%
Labor force: 5.8 million (1985), 56%
services, 28% industry, 16% agriculture
(1980); 10.5% unemployment (December
1986)
Organized labor: 32% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Administrative divisions: 20 states, 1
federal district, 2 federal territories
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code;
constitution promulgated 1961; judicial
review of legislative acts in Cassation
Court only; dual court system, state and
federal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 5
July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (National Congress—Senate,
Chamber of Deputies), judiciary
Government leader: Jaime LUSINCHI,
President (since February 1984)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18, though rarely enforced
Elections: every five years by secret ballot;
last held December 1983; next national
election for President and bicameral
legislature scheduled for December 1988
Political parties and leaders: Social Chris-
tian Party (COPEI), Eduardo Fernandez
(secretary general), Democratic Action
(AD), Gonzalo Barrios, Movement Toward
Socialism (MAS), Pompeyo Marquez (presi-
dent), Freddy Mujfioz (secretary general)
261
Voting strength: (1983 election) 56.8%
AD, 34.5% COPEI, 4.17% MAS, 4.53%
others
Communists: 10,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups:
FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business
group
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
{DB—Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC—International Wheat Council,
LAIA, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA,
WFTU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $57 billion (1986 est.), $3,200 per
capita (1986 est.), 58% private consump-
tion, 13% public consumption, 16% gross
investment (1986); real growth rate 3%
(1986); 11.5% inflation rate (1986)
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas,
iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals,
hydroelectric power
Agriculture: cereals, fruits, sugar, coffee,
rice; an illegal producer of cannabis for
the international drug trade
Fishing: catch 301,372 metric tons (1985);
exports $31.9 million (1985), imports $30.0
million (1982)
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore
mining, construction, food processing,
textiles, steel, aluminum, motor vehicles
Crude steel: 2.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 160 kg per capita
Electric power: 17,000,000 kW capacity;
50,240 million kWh produced, 2,820 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $12.3 billion (f.0.b.1985) petro-
leum (84%)
Imports: $8.2 billion (c.i-f., 1985)
Major trade partners: imports—50% US,
6% Italy, 5% Japan, 5% FRG, 4.5%
France, 4% Brazil, 3% UK; exports—41%
US, 17% Netherlands Antilles, 7% FRG,
5% Canada, 4% Italy (1985)
Budget: revenues, $12.2 billion; expendi-
tures, $16.6 billion (1987 est.)
Venezuela (continued)
Monetary conversion rate: (official) 7.5
bolivares=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 439 km total; 260 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge all single track,
government owned; 179 km 1.435-meter
gauge, privately owned
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km
paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth
roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Rio Orinoco
and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing
vessels
Pipelines: 6,370 km crude oil; 480 km
refined products; 3,690 km natural gas
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 278 total, 253 usable; 108 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 86 with runways
1,220-2,489 m
Telecommunications: modern expanding;
1.44 million telephones (9.5 per 100 popl.);
178 AM, 42 shortwave, 62 TV stations; 3
submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station with 2 antennas, 3 domes-
tic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Naval Forces
(Marines, Coast Guard), Air Forces, Armed
Forces of Cooperation (National Guard)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
4,633,000; 3,371,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 199,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Vietnam
400 km
Gulf of
Tonkin
South
6B. dary representation «
natineoeusaly auhon aii China
Sea
Cam Ranh
eHoChi Minh
Gutt of *
Thailand
Con Ooo
See regional map 1X
Geography
Total area: 329,560 km?; land area:
$25,360
Comparative area: about the size of New
Mexico
Land boundaries: 4,562 km total
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: Cambodia (three
areas); occupies Cambodia; sporadic border
clashes with China; involved in complex
dispute over Spratly Islands with China,
Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possi-
bly Brunei; maritime dispute with China;
dispute with China over Paracel Islands
Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in
north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to
mid-September) and warm, dry season
(mid-October to mid-March)
Terrain: low, flat delta in south and north;
central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far
north and northwest
Land use: 22% arable land; 2% permanent
crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 40%
forest and woodland; 35% other; includes
5% irrigated
Environment: occasional typhoons (May to
January) with extensive flooding
Special notes: none
262
People
Population: 63,585,121 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.49%
Nationality: noun— Vietnamese (sing. and
pl.); adjective— Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly
Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities
include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man,
Cham; other mountain tribes
Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist,
Roman Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Is-
lamic, Protestant
Language: Vietnamese (official), French,
Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Infant mortality rate: 53/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 62, women 66
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 31.20 million, not including
military
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Viet-
nam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Administrative divisions: 40 provinces,
under central government control
Legal system: based on Communist legal
theory and French civil law system
National holiday: 2 September
Branches: unicameral legislature (National
Assembly); highest authority of the land is
technically the Council] of State, whose
chairman serves as the country’s President;
Council of Ministers oversees implementa-
tion of party policies—chairman is equiva-
lent of premier
Government leader: Nguyen Van LINH,
Secretary General of the Communist Party
(since December 1986)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for
national and local assemblies; last election
for National Assembly held on 25 April
1976
Political party and leader: Vietnam
Communist Party (VCP), Nguyen Van
Linh
Communists: probably more than 1 mil-
lion
Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN,
UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $18.1 billion, $300 per capita (1984)
at official exchange rates of 12.1
dong=US$1
Natural resources: phosphates, coal, man-
ganese, bauxite, apatite, chromate, possible
offshore oil deposits, forests
Agriculture: main crops—rice, rubber,
fruits and vegetables; some corn, manioc,
sugarcane; major food imports—wheat,
corn, dairy products
Fishing: catch 539,000 metric tons (1984)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
machinebuilding, mining, cement, chemi-
cal fertilizer, glass, tires, oil
Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital
goods and machinery, fertilizer
Electric power: 1,914,000 kW capacity;
5,400 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $763 million (1984); agricultural
and handicraft products, coal, minerals,
ores
Imports: $1,823 million (1984); petroleum,
steel products, railroad equipment, chemi-
cals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain
Major trade partners: exports—USSR,
East European countries, Japan, other
Asian markets; imports—USSR, East
Europe, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: official rate 80
dong=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,943 km total; 2,371 1.000-
meter gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230
km dual gauge, 212 km unoperable
Highways: about 85,000 km total; 9,400
km bituminous, 48,700 km gravel or
improved earth, 26,900 km unimproved
earth
Pipelines: 150 km, refined products
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km
navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable
at all times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft
Ports: 9 major, 23 minor
Civil air: controlled by military
Airfields: 217 total, 128 usable; 46 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 28 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 16 AM, 1 FM, 2 TV
stations, 2,300,000 TV sets; 6,000,000
receiver sets; at least 2 satellite ground
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
15,026,000; 9,582,000 fit for military
service; 735,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: no expenditure estimates
are available; military aid from the USSR
has been so extensive that actual allocation
of Vietnam’s domestic resources to defense
has not been indicative of total military
effort
263
Wallis and Futuna
50km
erp
ile Uvée¥.
South Pacific Ocean
fle Futuna
@leava
>
tie Aloti
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 200 km?; land area: 200 km?
Comparative area: slightly larger than
Washington, D.C.
Coastline: 129 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; hot, rainy season (No-
vember to April); cool, dry season (May to
October)
Terrain: volcanic origin; low hills
Land use: 5% arable land; 20% permanent
crops; 0% meadows and pastures; 0% forest
and woodland; 75% other
Environment: both island groups have
fringing reefs
Special notes: none
People
Population: 14,593 (July 1987) average
annual growth rate 2.35%
Nationality: noun—Wallisian(s), Futun-
an(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders,
adjective—Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis
and Futuna Islander
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynes-
ian
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
Wallis and Futuna (continued)
Government
Official name: Territory of the Wallis and
Futuna Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Mata-Utu
Administrative divisions: three districts
Branches: territorial assembly of 20 mem-
bers; popular election of one deputy to
National Assembly in Paris and one sena-
tor
Government leaders: Jacques LE
HENAFF, Administrator; and Jean
MONTPEZAT, High Commissioner
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years
Economy
GDP: Colonial Francs Pacifique (CFP)
1,100 million (est. 1985)
Agriculture: dominated by coconut pro-
duction, with subsistence crops of yams,
taro, bananas
Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity; 1
million kWh produced, 70 kWh per capita
(1986)
Exports: negligible
Imports: $3.4 million (1977); largely food-
stuffs and some equipment associated with
development programs
Aid: (1978) France, European Develop-
ment Fund, $2.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 138.23 Colo-
nial Francs Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (De-
cember 1985)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 100 km on fle Uvéa (Uvea
Island), 16 km sealed; 20 km earth surface
on [le Futuna (Futuna Island)
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 225 telephones (1.6
per 100 popl.); 1 AM station
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Western Sahara
200km
North
Atlantic
See regional map VII
a
Geography
Total area: 266,000 km?: land area:
266,000 km?
Comparative area: about the size of Utah
Land boundaries: 2,086 km total
Coastline: 1,110 km
Maritime claims: contingent upon resolu-
tion of sovereignty issue
Boundary disputes: none; claimed and
administered by Morocco, but sovereignty
is unresolved
Climate: hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold
offshore currents produce fog and heavy
dew
Terrain: mostly low, flat desert with large
areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising to
small mountains in south and northeast
Land use: NEGL% arable land; 0% per-
manent crops; 19% meadows and pastures;
0% forest and woodland; 81% other
Environment: hot, dry, dust/sand-laden
sirocco wind can occur during winter and
spring; widespread harmattan haze exists
60% of time, often severely restricting
visibility; sparse water and arable land
Special notes: none
People
Population: 93,859 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 1.78%
Nationality: noun—Saharan(s), Moroc-
can(s); adjective—Saharan, Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber
264
Religion: Muslim
Language: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan
Arabic
Literacy: about 20% among Moroccans,
5% among Saharans
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal hus-
bandry and subsistence farming
Government
Official name: Western Sahara
Type: legal status of territory and question
of sovereignty unresolved; territory con-
tested by Morocco, an insurgent group
(Popular Front for the Liberation of the
Saguia el Hamra), and Polisario (Rio de
Oro); territory partitioned between Mo-
rocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with
Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds;
Mauritania, under pressure from Polisario
guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its
portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to
occupy that sector shortly thereafter and
has since asserted administrative control;
the Polisario's government in exile was
seated as an OAU member in 1984; guer-
rilla activities continue to the present
Government leader: Mohamed
ABDELAZIZ, President, Sahara Demo-
cratic Arab Republic (since October 1982),
and secretary general, Polisario (since
August 1976)
Economy
Natural resources: phosphates, iron ore
Agriculture: practically none; some barley
is grown in nondrought years; fruit and
vegetables in the few oases; food imports
are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are
kept by the nomadic natives; cash econ-
omy exists largely for the garrison forces
Major industries: phosphate, fishing, and
handicrafts
Shortages: water
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity; 78
million kWh produced, 850 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: up to $5 million in phosphates,
all other exports valued at under $3 mil-
lion (1982)
Imports: up to $30 million (1982); fuel for
fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: Morocco claims
administrative control over Western Sa-
hara and controls all trade with the coun-
try; Western Sahara trade figures are
included in overall] Moroccan accounts
Aid: previously received small amounts
from Spain; Morocco is now the major
source of support
Monetary conversion rate: uses Moroccan
dirham; 10.06 dirham=US$1 (1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,100 km total; 1,850 km
surfaced, 4,750 km improved and unim-
proved earth roads and tracks
Ports: 2 secondary (El Aaiin, Ad Dakhla)
Airfields: 16 total, 15 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways, 3 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways
],220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: | AM, 0 FM, and 1
TV stations
Western Samoa
50 km
South Pacific Ocean
ag APIA
Manono
South Pacific Ocean
See regional map X
Geography
Total area: 2,860 km?; land area: 2,850
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Rhode Island
Coastline: 403 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Climate: tropical; rainy season (October to
March), dry season May to October)
Terrain: narrow coastal plain with volca-
nic, rocky, rugged mountains in interior
Land use: 19% arable land; 24% perma-
nent crops; NEGL% meadows and pas-
tures; 47% forest and woodland; 10% other
Environment: subject to occasional ty-
phoons; active volcanism
Special] notes: none
People
Population: 175,084 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.20%
Nationality: noun—Western Samoan(s);
adjective—Western Samoa
Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 12,000
Euronesians (persons of European and
Polynesian blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of
population associated with the London
Missionary Society; includes Congrega-
tional, Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter
Day Saints, Seventh-Day Adventist)
265
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Infant mortality rate: 36/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: 63
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: about 37,000 (1983); about
22,000 employed in agriculture
Government
Official name: Independent State of
Western Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under
native chief
Capital: Apia
Administrative divisions: 11] districts
Legal system: based on English common
Jaw and local customs; constitution came
into effect upon independence in 1962;
judicial review of legislative acts with
respect to fundamental rights of the citi-
zen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1
January
Branches: Head of State and Executive
Council; unicameral legislature
(47-member Legislative Assembly), Su-
preme Court, Court of Appeal, Land and
Titles Court, village courts
Government leaders: MALIETOA
Tanumafili [1, Head of State (since 1962);
Va’ai KOLONE, Prime Minister (since
December 1985)
Suffrage: 45 members of Legislative As-
sembly are elected by holders of matai
(heads of family) titles (about 12,000 per-
sons); two members are elected by univer-
sal adult suffrage of persons lacking tradi-
tional family ties
Elections: held triennially; last held in
February 1982
Political parties and Jeaders: no clearly
defined structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IMF, South Pacific Commission, SPF,
UN, UNESCO, WHO
. Western Samoa (continued)
Economy
GDP: $86.8 million, $532 per capita (1985)
Natural resources: hardwood forests, fish
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple
foods include coconuts, bananas, taro,
yams
Major industries: timber, tourism, light
industry
Electric power: 62,000 kW capacity; 79
million kWh produced, 480 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $16 million (f.0.b., 1985); copra
43.3%, cocoa 32.3%, timber 2.0%, mineral
fuel, bananas
Imports: $63 million (c.i.f., 1985); food
30%, manufactured goods 25%, machinery
Major trade partners: exports—31% FRG,
26% New Zealand, 12% US, 2% Australia;
imports—30% US, 28% New Zealand, 10%
Australia, 6% UK (1981)
Aid: US (FY70-85), $13 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-84), $195 million
Budget: (1982 est.) revenues, $36.9 million;
expenditures, $37.6 million; development
expenditure, $34.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.256 WS
tala=US$1 (November 1986)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,042 km total; 375 km sealed;
remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or
earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with
2,440-8,659 m
Telecommunications: 7,500 telephones
(4.5 per 100 popl.); 70,000 radio receivers;
1 AM station; 1 satellite station
Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 45,000;
23,000 fit for military service
Yemen Arab Republic
(North Yemen)
125 km
Boundary representation 1s.
nol necessarily authoritative
See regional map vi
Geography
Total area: 195,000 km?; land area:
195,000 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
South Dakota
Land boundaries: 1,528 km total
Coastline: 523 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 18 nm
Continental shelf: 200 meters
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: international boun-
dary/indefinite boundary/no defined
boundary with PDRY; international boun-
dary/no defined boundary with Saudi
Arabia
Climate: desert; hot and humid along
coast; temperate in central mountains;
harsh desert in east
Terrain: narrow coastal plain (Tihama),
western mountains; flat dissected plain in
center sloping into desert interior of Ara-
bian Peninsula
Land use: 14% arable land; NEGL%
permanent crops; 36% meadows and
pastures; 8% forest and woodland; 42%
other; includes 1% irrigated
Environment: subject to sand and dust
storms in summer; overgrazing; soil ero-
sion; desertification
Special notes: controls northern
approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking Red
Sea and Gulf of Aden, one of world’s most
active shipping lanes
266
People
Population: 6,533,265 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 2.93%
Nationality: noun—Yemeni(s); adjective—
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-
Arab (mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shi‘a)
Language: Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 152/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 37.3, women 88.7
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: about 30% expatriate labor-
ers; remainder almost entirely agriculture
and herding
Government
Official name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic; military regime assumed
power in June 1974
Capital: Sanaa
Administrative divisions: 1] provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law,
Islamic law, and local customary law; first
constitution promulgated December 1970,
suspended June 1974; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the
Republic, 26 September
Branches: President, Prime Minister,
Cabinet; People’s Constituent Assembly
Government leaders: Col. ‘Ali ‘Abdallah
SALIH, President (since 1978); ‘Abd al-
‘Aziz ‘ABD AL-GHANI, Prime Minister
(since 1983)
Communists: small number
Political parties or pressure groups: no
legal politica) parties; in 1983 President
Salih started the General People’s Con-
gress, which is designed to function as the
country’s sole political party; conservative
tribal groups, Muslim Brotherhood, and
leftist factions—pro-Iraqi Ba‘thists, Nasir-
ists, National Democratic Front (NDF)
supported by South Yemen—exert political
influence
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—lIslamic Devel-
opment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $3.1 billion, $520 per capita (1984)
Natural resources: petroleum, rock salt,
marble; small deposits of coal, nickel, and
copper
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a
mild narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and
vegetables, livestock
Major industries: small scale production
of cotton textiles and leather goods; food
processing; handicrafts; fishing; small
aluminum products factory; cement
Electric power: 254,000 kW capacity; 556
million kWh produced, 240 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $9.5 million (f.o.b., 1985); aat,
cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables
Imports: $1.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985); textiles
and other manufactured consumer goods,
petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour,
other foodstuffs, and cement (one of the
worst export/import ratios in the world)
Major trade partners: exports (1985)—
41% US, 14% PDRY, 12% Japan; imports
(1985)—10% Italy, 9% Saudi Arabia, 9%
Japan, 8% UK
Budget: (1985 est.) total receipts, $942
million; current expenditures, $946 mil-
lion; development expenditures, $580
million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.44
rials=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 4,000 km total; 1, 775 km
bituminous; 500 km crushed stone and
gravel; 1,725 km earth, sand, and light
gravel
Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 3 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 20 total, 14 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 7 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system poor but
improving; new radio-relay and cable
networks; 50,000 telephones (0.8 per 100
popl.); 3 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean, and 1
ARABSAT satellite station; tropospheric
scatter to South Yemen
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,183,000; 672,000 fit for military service;
about 83,000 reach military age (18)
annually
267
Yemen, People’s Democratic
Republic of
(South Yemen)
—A00km
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Arabian
Sea
Socotra
Gulf of Aden
See regional map V1
Geography
Total area: 332,970 km; land area:
332,970 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Nevada
Land boundaries: 1,802 km total
Coastline: 1,383 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Continental shelf: edge of continental
margin or 200 nm
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: international boun-
dary/indefinite boundary/no defined
boundary with YAR; Administrative Line
with Oman; no defined boundary with
Saudi Arabia
Climate: desert; extraordinarily hot and
dry
Terrain: mostly upland desert plains;
narrow, flat, sandy coastal plain backed by
flat-topped hills and rugged mountains
Land use: 1% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 27% meadows and pastures;
7% forest and woodland; 65% other; in-
cludes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: scarcity of natural fresh
water resources; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification
Special notes: controls southern
approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking Red
Sea to Gulf of Aden, one of world’s most
active shipping lanes
Yemen, People’s Democratic
Republic of
(South Yemen) (continued)
People
Population: 2,351,131 (July 1987); average
annual growth rate 3.07%
Nationality: noun—Yemeni(s); adjective—
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few
Indians, Somalis, and Europeans
Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian
and Hindu
Language: Arabic
Infant mortality rate: 114/1,000 (1980)
Life expectancy: men 40.6, women 42.4
Literacy: 25%
Government
Officia] name: People’s Democratic Re-
public of Yemen
Type: republic
Capital: Aden
Administrative divisions: six governorates
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for
personal matters) and English common law
(for commercial matters); highest judicial
organ, Federal High Court, interprets
constitution and determines disputes
between states
National holiday: 14 October
Branches: unicameral legislature (People’s
Assembly); Supreme Cabinet
Government leaders: Haydar Abu Bakr
al-‘ATTAS, Chairman, Presidium, Su-
preme People’s Council (since February
1986); ‘Ali Salim al-BID, Secretary Gen-
eral, Yemeni Socialist Party (since Febru-
ary 1986); Yasin Sa‘id NU‘MAN, Chair-
man, Council of Ministers (since February
1986)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: elections for legislative body
and Supreme People’s Council are called
for in the constitution, but none have been
held
Political parties and leaders: Yemeni
Socialist Party (YSP), the only legal party,
is a coalition of National Front, Ba‘th, and
Communist Parties
Communists: no information
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB—Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $1.1 billion (1985 est.), $500 per
capita
Natural resources: fish, oil, minerals (gold,
copper, lead)
Agriculture: cotton is main cash crop;
cereals, dates, qat (a mild narcotic), coffee,
and livestock are raised, and there is a
growing fishing industry; large amount of
food must be imported (particularly for
Aden); cotton, hides, skins, dried and
salted fish are exported
Major industries: petroleum refinery at
Little Aden operates on imported crude
Electric power: 254,000 kW capacity; 556
million kWh produced, 240 kWh per
capita (1986)
Exports: $316 million (f.0.b. 1985 est.)
Imports: $762 million (f.o.b., 1985 est.)
Major trade partners: 1985 imports
mainly from USSR 14%, Australia 9%, UK
7%; exports mainly to Japan 36%, North
Yemen 23%, Singapore 10%
Budget: (1985 est.) total receipts $433
million, current expenditures $495 million,
development expenditures $327 million
Monetary conversion rate: 0.3454
dinar=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,600 km total; 1,700 km
bituminous treated, 630 km crushed stone
and gravel, 3,270 km motorable track
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
Ports: 1 major (Aden), 5 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 30 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1) with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
268
Telecommunications: small system of
open-wire, radio-relay, multiconductor
cable, and radio communications stations;
only center Aden; estimated 15,000 tele-
phones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM,
5 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT,
1 Intersputnik, and 1 ARABSAT satellite
station; tropospheric scatter to North
Yemen
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force,
People’s Militia, People’s Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 491,000;
277,000 fit for military service
Yugoslavia
Novi
Sad
BELGRADE,
Adriatic SS
See Dubrovnik
See regional map V
Geography
Total area: 255,800 km?; land area:
255,400 km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Wyoming
Land boundaries: 3,001 km total
Coastline: 3,935 km (including 2,414 km
offshore islands)
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to
depth of exploitation
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; Kosovo question
with Albania; Macedonia question with
Bulgaria and Greece; Trieste question with
Italy
Climate: temperate; hot, relatively dry
summers with mild, rainy winters along
coast; warm summer with cold winters
inland
Terrain: mostly mountains with large areas
of karst topography; plain in north
Land use: 28% arable land; 3% permanent
crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 36%
forest and woodland; 8% other; includes
1% irrigated
Environment: subject to frequent and
very destructive earthquakes
Special notes: controls the most important
land routes from central and western
Europe to Aegean Sea and Turkish Straits
People
Population: 23,430,830 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 0.66%
Nationality: noun—Yugoslav(s); adjec-
tive—Yugoslav
Ethnic divisions: 36.3% Serb, 19.7%
Croat, 8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7%
Albanian, 5.9% Macedonian, 5.4%
Yugoslav, 2.5% Montenegrin, 1.9% Hun-
garian, 3.9% other (1981 census)
Religion: 50% Eastern Orthodox, 30%
Roman Catholic, 10% Muslim, 1% Protes-
tant, 9% other
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Mace-
donian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian
Infant mortality rate: 30/1,000 (1982)
Life expectancy: men 68, women 73
Literacy: 90.5%
Labor force: 10,1 million (1983); 25%
agriculture, 29% mining and manufactur-
ing; about 5% of labor force are guest
workers in Western Europe; unemploy-
ment about 10.0% of domestic labor force,
including private agriculture (August 1986)
Government
Official name: Socialist Federal Republic
of Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in
form
Capital: Belgrade
Administrative divisions: six republics
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1974; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 29 November (Day of
the Republic)
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Assembly—Federal Chamber, Chamber of
Republics and Provinces); executive in-
cludes cabinet (Federal Executive Council)
and the federal administration; judiciary;
the State Presidency is a collective, rotat-
ing policymaking body composed of a
representative from each republic and
province, Sinan Hasni presides as President
of the Republic until] May 1987, when he
will be replaced by the representative
from Macedonia, Lazar Mojsov
269
Government leader: Branko MIKULIC,
President of the Federal Executive Coun-
cil (since 1986); nonrenewable four-year
term expires May 1990
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every
four years by a complicated, indirect
system of voting
Political parties and leaders: League of
Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only;
leaders are 23 members of party Presid-
ium selected proportionally from repub-
lics, provinces, and Yugoslav People’s
Army, with the president rotating on an
annual basis and the secretary rotating
every two years; president until June 1987
is Milanko Renovica from Bosnia-
Hercegovina
Communists: 2,167,860 party members
(December 1985)
Other political or pressure groups: Social-
ist Alliance of Working People of Yugosla-
via (SAWPY), the major mass front organi-
zation; Confederation of Trade Unions of
Yugoslavia (CTUY), League of Socialist
Youth of Yugoslavia, Federation of
Veterans’ Associations of Yugoslavia
(SUBNOR)
Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer
but participates in certain commissions),
FAO, G-77, GATT, 1AEA, IBA, IBRD,
1CAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB—Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, JHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant
in some activities), UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $129.4 billion, $5,600 per capita;
real growth rate 0.2% (1985)
Natural resources: coal, copper, bauxite,
timber, iron, antimony, chromium, lead,
zinc, asbestos, mercury, crude oil, nickel,
uranium
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with
many small private holdings and large
agricultural combines; main crops—corn,
wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sun-
flowers; occasionally a net exporter of
corn, tobacco, foodstuffs, live animals
Yugoslavia (continued)
Fishing: catch 75,057 metric tons (1985)
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery
and equipment, oil refining, chemicals,
textiles, wood processing, food processing,
electric power
Crude steel: 4.5 million metric tons pro-
duced (1985), 195 kg per capita
Electric power: 20,113,000 kW capacity;
79,000 million kWh produced, 3,380 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $10.6 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 49%
raw materials and semimanufactures, 31%
consumer goods, 20% equipment
Imports: $12.2 billion (c.i-f., 1985); 81%
raw materials and semimanufactures, 14%
equipment, 4% consumer goods
Major trade partners: 59% non-Com-
munist countries; 41% Communist coun-
tries, of which 24% USSR (1985)
Monetary conversion rate: 408.0
dinars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 9,279 km total; (all 1.435-meter
standard gauge) including 898 km double
track, 3,462 km electrified (1984)
Highways: 116,602 km total; 65,222 km
asphalt, concrete, stone block; 33,048 km
macadam, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed
stone; 18,332 km earth (1983)
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)
Freight carried: rail—91.7 million metric
tons, 28.7 billion metric tons/km; high-
way—229.3 million metric tons, 121.8
billion metric tons/km; waterway—21.0
million metric tons, 4.3 billion metric
tons/km (excluding international transit
traffic) (1984)
Pipelines: 1,378 km crude oil; 2,900 km
natural gas; 150 km refined products
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka,
Split, Koper, Bar, and Ploée), 24 minor;
principal inland water port is Belgrade
Airfields: 185 total, 183 usable; 51 with
permanent-surface runways; 22 with
runways 2,440 to 3,659 m, 22 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 199 AM, 87 FM
stations; 11 main TV centers and about 50
TV stations; 3,915,113 TV sets; 4,456,213
receiver sets; 2 satellite ground stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Yugoslav People’s Army—
Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territo-
rial Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
6,029,000; 4,890,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 184,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1986, 889.0 billion
dinars; about 5.2% of national income
270
Zaire
500 km
Sumbs
e
e
Kisangant
* Mbandake Ne
Boundary representation is
not necessarily authoritative
Lubumbashi
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 2,345,410 km?; land area:
2,267,600 km?
Comparative area: about one-fourth the
size of US
Land boundaries: 9,902 km total
Coastline: 37 km
Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: sections with Congo
and Zambia are indefinite
Climate: tropical; hot, humid in river
basin; cooler, drier in southern highlands
Terrain: vast central basin is a low-lying
plateau; mountains in east
Land use: 3% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 4% meadows and pastures;
78% forest and woodland; 15% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: straddles Equator; periodic
droughts in south
Special notes: very narrow strip of land is
only outlet to Atlantic Ocean
People
Population: 32,342,947 (July 1987), aver-
age annual growth rate 2.88%
Nationality: noun—Zairian(s); adjective—
Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic
groups, the majority are Bantu; four larg-
est tribes—Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all
Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande
(Hamitic) make up about 45% of the
population
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20%
Protestant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim,
10% other syncretic sects and traditional
beliefs
Language: French (official), English,
Lingala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo,
Tshiluba
Infant mortality rate: 108/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: men 49, women 52
(1983)
Literacy: 55% males, 37% females
Labor force: about 15 million, but only
about 13% in wage structure
Government
Official name: Republic of Zaire
Type: republic; constitution establishes
strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Administrative divisions: eight regions
and federal district of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law
system and tribal law; new constitution
promulgated February 1978; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 30
June; Anniversary of the Regime, 24
November
Branches: President elected originally in
1970 for seven-year term; Marshal Mobutu
reelected July 1984; limits on reelection
removed by new constitution; unicameral
legislature (310-member National Legisla-
tive Council elected for five-year term);
the official party is the supreme political
institution
Government leader: Marshal MOBUTU
Sese Seko, President (since 1965)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: elections for rural collectivities’
urban zone councils, and the Legislative
Council of the Popular Movement of the
Revolution were held June-September
1982; presidential referendum /election
held July 1984; presidential election/refer-
endum scheduled for 1991
Political parties and leaders: Popular
Movement of the Revolution (MPR), only
legal party
Voting strength: Mobutu polled 99.6% of
vote in the 1984 election
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA,
EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, LDA, IFAD, 1FC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU,
OCAM, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.7 billion (1985), $150 per capita;
1.8% real growth (1986 est.)
Natural resources: cobalt, copper, cad-
mium, petroleum, industrial and gem
diamonds, gold, silver, zinc, manganese,
tin, germanium, uranium, radium, bauxite,
iron, coal, hydroelectric power (potential)
Agriculture: main cash crops—coffee,
palm oil, rubber, quinine; main food
crops—manioc, bananas, root crops, corn;
some provinces self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 102,000 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: mining, mineral process-
ing, consumer products (including textiles,
footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods
and beverages, cement
Electric power: 2,412,000 kW capacity;
5,280 million kWh produced, 170 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $1.913 billion (f.0.b., 1985);
$1.824 billion (1986 est.) copper (37%),
cobalt, diamonds, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $1.383 billion (f.0.b., 1985 est.);
$1.411 billion (1986 est.) consumer goods,
foodstuffs, mining and other machinery,
transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, US,
France, and West Germany
Budget: (1985) revenues, $827 million;
total expenditures, $1,096 million
Monetary conversion rate: 65.94
zaires=US$1 (November 1986)
271
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-
meter gauge (851 km electrified); 125 km
1.000-meter gauge; 1386 km 0.615-meter
gauge; 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 145,050 km total; 2,350 km
bituminous, 46,230 km gravel and im-
proved earth; remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: comprising the Congo,
its tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the
waterway system affords over 15,000 km
of navigable routes
Pipelines: refined products, 390 km
Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor
Civil] air: 49 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 335 total, 296 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 70 with runways
1,220-2,4389 m
Telecommunications: barely adequate
wire and radio-relay service, 31,200 tele-
phones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 3 FM,
17 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station and 13 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Na-
tional Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps,
Special Presidential Brigade
Military manpower: males 15-49,
7,141,000; 3,608,000 fit for military service
Zambia
300 km
Leake.
aN Tanganyika
Boundary representation is
not Necessarily authoritative
Mopulungy
“Keaame }
Oo. Loke
Bengweuta
Livingstone
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 752,610 km?; land area:
740,720 km?
Comparative area: about the size of Texas
Land boundaries: 6,003 km total
Boundary disputes: short section with
Zaire is indefinite
Climate: tropical; modified by altitude;
rainy season (October to April)
Terrain: mostly high plateau with some
hills and mountains
Land use: 7% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 47% meadows and pastures;
27% forest and woodland; 19% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: deforestation; soi] erosion;
desertification
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 7,281,738 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.73%
Nationality: noun—Zambian(s); adjec-
tive—Zambian
Ethnic divisions; 98.7% African, 1.1%
European, 0.2% other
Religion: 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim
and Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); about 70
indigenous languages
Infant mortality rate: 140/1,000 (1984)
Life expectancy: 47
Literacy: 54%
Labor force: 2,455,000; 85% agriculture;
6% mining, manufacturing, and construc-
tion; 9% transport and services
Organized labor: about 238,000 wage
earners are unionized
Government
Official name: Republic of Zambia
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lusaka
Administrative divisions: nine provinces
Legal system: based on English common
law and customary law; new constitution
adopted September 1973; judicial review
of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitu-
tional council; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
October
Branches: modified presidential system;
unicameral legislature (National Assembly),
judiciary
Government leaders; Dr. Kenneth David
KAUNDA, President (since October 1964);
Kebby MUSOKOTWANE, Prime Minister
(April 1985)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: general election held 27 Octo-
ber 1983; next general election scheduled
for 1988
Political parties and leaders: United
National Independence Party (UNIP),
Kenneth Kaunda; former opposition party
banned in December 1972 when one-party
state proclaimed
Voting strength: (1983 election) 63.5% of
eligible voters participated; Kaunda, the
only candidate for president, received a
93% yes vote; National Assembly seats
were contested by members of UNIP
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
1CAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
272
Economy
GDP: $2.3 billion (1985), $340 per capita;
real growth rate 3.4% (1985 est.)
Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc,
lead, coal, emeralds, gold, silver, uranium,
hydroelectric power
Agriculture: corn, tobacco, cotton; net
importer of most major agricultural prod-
ucts
Major industries: copper mining and
refinery, transport,, construction, foodstuffs,
beverages, chemicals, textiles, and fertilizer
Electric power: 1,900,000 kW capacity;
11,100 million kWh produced, 1,570 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $788 million (f.0.b., 1985); cop-
per, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $513 million (c.i.f., 1985); ma-
chinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs,
fuels, manufactures
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, South
Africa, US
Budget: revenues $610 million; expendi-
tures $733 million (1984 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 13.5 Zambian
kwachas=US$1 (December 1986)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,204 km, all 1.067-meter
gauge; 13 km double track
Highways: 36,370 km total; 6,500 km
paved, 7,000 km crushed stone, gravel, or
stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including
Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake
Tanganyika; Mpulungu is small port on
Lake Tanganyika
Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 128 total, 114 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are among
the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-
capacity radio relay connects most larger
towns and cities; 71,700 telephones (1.0
per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, 10 TV sta-
tions; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary
Police Mobile Force, Police Paramilitary
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,500,000; 786,000 fit for military service
Zimbabwe
—20 km
Boundary representation ta
Not necessarily authoritative
See regional map VII
Geography
Total area: 390,580 km?; land area:
386,670 km?
Comparative area: slightly smaller than
California
Land boundaries: 3,017 km total
Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude;
rainy season (November to March)
Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher
central plateau (high veld); mountains in
east
Land use: 7% arable land; NEGL% per-
manent crops; 12% meadows and pastures;
62% forest and woodland; 19% other;
includes NEGL% irrigated
Environment: recurring droughts; floods
and severe storms are rare; deforestation;
soil erosion; air and water pollution; deser-
tification
Special notes: landlocked
People
Population: 9,371,972 (July 1987), average
annual growth rate 3.60%
Nationality: noun—Zimbabwean(s); adjec-
tive-—Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions: about 96% African (over
73% members of Shona-speaking subtribes,
19% speak Ndebele); about 3% white, 1%
mixed and Asian
Religion: 50% syncretic (part Christian,
part indigenous beliefs), 25% Christian,
24% indigenous beliefs, a few Muslim
273
Language: English (official); ChiShona and
Si Ndebele
Infant mortality rate: 66/1,000 (1985)
Life expectancy: men 53.3, women 56.8
Literacy: 45-55%
Labor force: 1,985,000 (1985); 78% agri-
culture; 18% mining, manufacturing,
construction; 4% transport and services
Organized labor: about one-third of
European wage earners are unionized, but
only a small minority of Africans
Government
Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe
Type: independent, British-style parlia-
mentary democracy
Capital; Harare
Administrative divisions: 8 provinces
Legal system: Roman-Dutch
Branches: legislative authority resides in a
Parliament consisting of a 100-member
House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved
for whites) and a 40-member Senate (10
elected by white members of the House,
14 elected by the other members of the
House; 10 chiefs, 5 from Mashonaland and
5 from Matabeleland, elected by members
of the Council of Chiefs; 6 appointed by
the President, on the advice of the Prime
Minister); executive authority lies with a
Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; the
High Court is the superior judicial
authority
Government leaders: Rev. Canaan
Sodindo BANANA, President (since April
1980), Robert Gabriel MUGABE, Prime
Minister (since April 1980)
Suffrage: universal over age 18; for at least
seven years after independence (1980),
white, mixed, and Asians vote on a sepa-
rate roll for 20 seats in the House of As-
sembly
Elections: last held July 1985
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe
African National Union (ZANU), Robert
Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's
Union (ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Conserva-
tive Alliance of Zimbabwe (CAZ), Ian
Smith; Independent Zimbabwe Group
(1ZG), Bill Irving; Zimbabwe African
National Union - Sithole (ZANU-S),
Ndabaningi Sithole; others failed to win
any seats in Parliament
Zimbabwe (continued)
Voting strength: (July 1985 elections)
ZANU (also known as ZANU-PF), 64 seats;
ZAPU, 15 seats; CAZ, 15 seats; 1ZG, 4
seats, ZANU-S, 1 seat; independents, 1
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITO, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP; $2.3 billion, $260 per capita; real
growth 6.0% (1985)
Natural resources: coal, chrome, asbestos,
gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium,
lithium
Agriculture: tobacco, corn, tea, sugar,
cotton; livestock
Major industries: mining, steel, textiles,
chemicals, vehicles
Electric power: 1,600,000 kW capacity;
4,670 million kWh produced, 520 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.0.b., 1985), includ-
ing net gold sales and reexports; tobacco,
asbestos, cotton, copper, tin, chrome, gold,
nickel, meat, clothing, sugar, iron ore,
silver
Imports: $930 million (f.0.b. 1985); ma-
chinery, petroleum products, wheat, trans-
port equipment
Major trade partners: South Africa, UK
Aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-84), $1.3 billion; US,
including Ex-lm (1980-85), $327 million;
Communist countries (1970-85), $118
million
Budget: (CY85) revenues, $1.42 billion;
expenditures, $1.81 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1.70 Zimbab-
wean dollars=US$1 (November 1986)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 3,394 km 1.067-meter gauge;
42 km double track; 335 km electrified
Highways: 85,237 km total; 12,243 km
paved, 28,090 km crushed stone, gravel,
stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth;
21,807 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a
potential line of communication
Pipelines: 8 km refined products
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 530 total, 472 usable; 22 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system was one of
the best in Africa but now suffers from
poor maintenance; consists of radio-relay
links, open-wire lines, and radio communi-
cations stations; principal center Harare,
secondary center Bulawayo; 247,000 tele-
phones (2.7 per 100 popl.),; 8 AM, 15 FM,
8 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air
Force of Zimbabwe, Police Support Unit,
People’s Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1,876,000; 1,157,000 fit for military service
274
Taiwan
(China listed in
alphabetic order)
100 km Chi-lung
Taiwan Strait
Cheng-hua
Hus-lien
Pescadoras
.
’> Taiwan Philippine
> Ma-kung Sea
Quemoy and Matsu
istanda are not shown
a
See regional map VIII i.
Geography
Total area: 35,980 km?; land area: 35,980
km?
Comparative area: about the size of
Connecticut and New Hampshire com-
bined
Coastline: 1,448 km
Maritime claims:
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Boundary disputes: none; involved in
complex dispute over Spratly Islands with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam,
and possibly Brunei
Climate: tropical; marine; rainy season
during southwest monsoon (June to Sep-
tember); cloudiness is persistent and exten-
sive all year
Terrain: mostly mountains; flat to gently
rolling plains in west
Land use: 24% arable land; 1% permanent
crops; 5% meadows and pastures; 55%
forest and woodland; 15% other; 14%
irrigated
Environment: subject to earthquakes and
typhoons
Special notes: none
People
Population: 19,768,035, excluding the
population of Chin-men Tao (Quemoy),
Ma-tsu Tao (Matsu), and foreigners (July
1987), average annual growth rate 1.24%
Nationality: noun—Chinese (sing., pl.);
adjective—Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 85% Taiwanese, 14%
mainland Chinese, 2% aborigine
Religion: 98% mixture of Buddhist, Con-
fucian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5%
other
Language: Mandarin Chinese (official);
Taiwanese and Hakka dialects also used
Infant mortality rate: 11.01/1,000 (1983)
Life expectancy: men 69.9, women 74.9
Literacy: 94%
Labor force: 7,491,000 (1984); 41% indus-
try and commerce, 32% services, 20%
agriculture, 7% civil administration; 2.4%
unemployment (1984)
Organized labor: (1983) 1.8 million or
about 18.4% (government controlled)
Administration
Type: one-party presidential regime; the
new political organizations bill (due to be
passed in early 1987) will permit legal
formation of new political parties
Capital: Taipei
Administrative divisions: 16 counties, 5
cities, 2 special municipalities (Taipei and
Kao-hsiung)
Legal system: based on civil law system;
constitution adopted 1946, though 1948
amendments set most of the constitution
aside; martial law (declared in 1949) was
lifted in early 1987; accepts compulsory
IC] jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 10 October
Branches: five independent branches
(executive, legislative, judicial, plus tradi-
tional Chinese functions of examination
and control), dominated by executive
branch; President and Vice President
elected by National Assembly
Government leaders: CHIANG Ching-
kuo, President (since March 1978); YU
Kuo-hua, Premier (since June 1984)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level—Legislative Yuan
every three years; National Assembly and
Control Yuan every six years; no general
election held since 1948 election on main-
land (partial elections for Taiwan province
representatives in December 1969, 1972,
1975, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986);
local level—provincial assembly, county
and municipal executives every four years;
county and municipal assemblies every
four years
Politica] parties and leaders: Kuomint-
ang, or National Party, led by Chairman
Chiang Ching-kuo; Democratic Socialist
Party and Young China Party controlled
by Kuomintang; The Democratic Progres-
sive Party (new opposition party) not
formally recognized by Kuomintang
Voting strength: (1983 Legislative Yuan
elections) 62 seats Kuomintang, 19 seats
independents; 1981 local elections, with
63% turnout of eligible voters, Kuomintang
received 71% of the popular vote, non-
Kuomintang 29%
Member of: expelled from UN General
Assembly and Security Council on 25
October 1971 and withdrew on same date
from other charter-designated subsidiary
organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank
group April/May 1980; member of ADB
and PECC, seeking to join GATT and/or
MFA; attempting to retain membership in
ICAC, ISO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IWC—International Wheat Council, PCA;
suspended from IAEA in 1972, but still
allows [AEA controls over extensive atomic
development
Economy
GNP: $60.0 billion (1985), $3,110 per
capita; 8.0% real growth (1986)
Natural resources: small deposits of coal,
natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbes-
tos
Agriculture: rice, sweet potatoes, sugar-
cane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits;
food shortages—wheat, corn, soybeans
Fishing: catch 930,582 metric tons (1983)
Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemi-
cals, electronics, food processing, plywood,
sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding
Electric power: 16,200,000 kW capacity;
54,000 million kWh produced, 2,760 kWh
per capita (1986)
Exports: $30.4 billion (f.0.b., 1984 est.);
20.5% textiles, 18.8% electrical machinery,
9% general machinery and equipment, 9%
275
telecommunications equipment, 7.4% basic
metals and metal products, 5.4% food-
stuffs, 2.5% plywood and wood products
Imports: $21.6 billion (c.i-f., 1984 est.);
25% machinery and equipment, 17.7%
crude oil, 11.9% chemical and chemical
products, 6.7% basic metals, 6.3% food-
stuffs
Major trade partners: exports—49% US,
10% Japan; imports—29% Japan, 23% US,
8.6% Saudi Arabia (1983)
Aid: US authorizations, including Ex-Im
(FY46-82), $4.6 billion; Western (non-US)
countries, ODA and OOF (1970-84), $414
million
Budget: central government expenditure,
$42.5 billion (FY83)
Monetary conversion rate: NT (New
Taiwan) 40.39 dollars=US$1 (September
1985)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads; about 1,075 km common car-
rier lines and over 3,800 km industrial
lines; common carrier lines consist of the
1.067-meter gauge 708 km West Line and
the 367 km East Line; a 98.25 km South
Link Line connection is under construc-
tion; common carrier lines owned by the
government and operated by the Railway
Administration under Ministry of Commu-
nications; industrial lines owned and
operated by government enterprises
Highways: network totals 18,800 km
(15,800 km are bituminous or concrete
surface); 2,500 km are crushed stone or
gravel surface; and 500 km are graded
earth
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km
natural gas
Ports: 5 major (Kao-hsiung, Chi-lung,
Hua-lien, Su-ao, and T’ai-tung), 4 minor
(Tan-shui, T’ai-nan, Ta-p’eng, and Ma-
kung)
Airfields: 41 total; 89 usable; 34 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 17 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Taiwan
(China listed in
alphabetic order) (continued)
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 5.1 million
telephones () per 3.5 popl.); about 100
radio broadcast stations with 270 AM and
12 FM transmitters; 12 TV stations and 6
repeaters; 8 million radio receivers and 3.6
million TV receivers; 2 INTELSAT ground
stations; tropospheric scatter links to Hong
Kong and the Philippines available but
inactive; submarine cables to Okinawa
(Japan), the Philippines, Guam, Singapore,
and Hong Kong
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy (including Ma-
rines), Air Force, Combined Services Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
5,528,000; 4,337,000 fit for military ser-
vice; about 186,000 currently reach mili-
tary age (19) annually
Military budget: announced expenditures
for national defense for fiscal year ending
80 June 1987, $4.2 billion; about 37.1% of
central government budget; however, total
military expenditures may be closer to
$4.7 billion or about 50% of the central
government budget
West Bank and Gaza Strip
§0 km
Nablus
s
Boundary representation ts
not necessanly authoritative
WESY BANK
ilsraeli oceupied—
Status to
Jerusalem
cetnaniill
Meditarranean
See
STRIP
(isrseli occupied —
Stetus to be
determined)
See regiona! map V1
Note: The war between Israel and the
Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel
in control of the West Bank and the Gaza
Strip, the Sinai, and the Golan Heights. As
stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords
and reaffirmed by the President’s 1 Sep-
tember 1982 peace initiative, the final
status of the West Bank and the Gaza
Strip, their relationship with their neigh-
bors, and a peace treaty between Israel
and Jordan are ta be negotiated among the
concerned parties. Camp David further
specifies that these negotiations will resolve
the respective boundaries. Pending the
completion of this process, it is US policy
that the final status of the West Bank and
the Gaza Strip has yet to be determined.
In the view of the United States, the term
West Bank describes all of the area west of
the Jordan River under Jordanian adminis-
tration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.
However, with respect to negotiations
envisaged in the framework agreement, it
is US policy that a distinction must be
made between Jerusalem and the rest of
the West Bank because of the city’s special
status and circumstances. Therefore, a
negotiated solution for the final status of
Jerusalem could be different in character
from that of the rest of the West Bank.
276
Geography
Total area: West Bank—5,860 km? (in-
cludes West Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun
Salient, Jerusalem No Man’s Land, and
northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but
excludes Mt. Scopus) and Gaza Strip—
380km?; land area: West Bank—5,640 km?
and Gaza Strip—380 km?
Comparative area: West Bank—slightly
larger than Delaware; Gaza Strip— about
twice the size of Washington, D. C.
Land boundaries: West Bank—480 km
total; Gaza Strip—72 km total
Coastline: West Bank—none (landlocked),
Gaza Strip—40 km
Maritime claims: West Bank—none
(landlocked); Gaza Strip—to be deter-
mined
Boundary disputes: West Bank—Israeli
occupied with status to be determined;
Gaza Strip—lIsraeli occupied with status to
be determined
Climate: West Bank—temperate, tempera-
ture and precipitation vary with altitude,
warm to hot summers, cool to mild win-
ters; Gaza Strip— temperate, mild winters,
dry and warm to hot summers
Terrain: West Bank—mostly rugged
dissected upland, some vegetation in west,
but barren in east; Gaza Strip—flat to
rolling, sand and dune covered coastal
plain
Land use: West Bank—27% arable land,
0% permanent crops, 32% meadows and
pastures, 1% forest and woodland, 40%
other; Gaza Strip—13% arable land, 32%
permanent crops, 0% meadows and pas-
tures, 0% forest and woodland, 55% other
Environment: West Bank—highlands are
main recharge area for Israel’s coastal
aquifers; Gaza Strip—desertification
Special notes: West Bank—landlocked,
Israeli settlements; Gaza Strip— Israeli
settlements
People
Population: total, 1,529,235 July 1987);
average annual growth rate 2.57%; West
Bank (including East Jerusalem)—969,386
(July 1987), average annual growth rate
2.27%; Gaza Strip—559,849 (July 1987),
average annual growth rate 3.09%
Nationality: West Bank—to be deter-
mined; Gaza Strip—to be determined
Ethnic divisions: West Bank—88% Pales-
tinian Arab and other, 12% Jewish (includ-
ing expanded East Jerusalem), 4% Be-
douin; Gaza Strip—99.8% Palestinian Arab
and other, 0.2% Jewish
Religion: West Bank—80% Muslim (pre-
dominantly Sunni), 12% Jewish, 8% Chris-
tian and other; Gaza Strip—99% Muslim
(predominantly Sunni), 0.8% Christian,
0.2% Jewish
Language: West Bank—aArabic, Israeli
settlers speak Hebrew, English widely
understood; Gaza Strip—Arabic, Israeli
settlers speak Hebrew, English widely
understood
Labor force: West Bank—(excluding
Israeli Jewish settlers) 29.8% small indus-
try, commerce, and business, 24.2% con-
struction, 22.4% agriculture, and 23.6%
service and other (1984); Gaza Strip—
(excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) 32.0%
small industry, commerce and business,
24.4% construction, 25.5% service and
other, and 18.1% agriculture (1984)
Government
The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are
currently governed by Israeli military
authorities and their civil administrations.
It is US policy that the final status of these
areas will be determined by negotiations
among the concerned parties. These nego-
tiations will determine how this area is to
be governed.
Economy
GNP: West Bank—$1.1 billion (1983);
Gaza Strip—$550 million (1983)
Agriculture: olives, citrus, and other fruits,
vegetables, beef, and dairy products
Major industries: the Israelis have estab-
lished some small-scale modern industries
in the settlements and industrial centers (3
in West Bank and J in Gaza Strip); gener-
ally small family businesses that produce
cement, textiles, soap, olive wood carvings,
and mother-of-pearl souvenirs
Electric power: the Israel Electric Corpo-
ration, Ltd., exported 285 million kWh
during 1985 (exported is understood to
mean power provided to occupied territo-
ries); West Bank—bulk of installed capac-
ity contained in two diesel power plants:
Jerusalem-Shoufat plant (22,000 kW),
which is owned and operated by the East
Jerusalem Electric Co., and Nablus plant
(19,600 kW), which is owned and operated
by the Nablus municipality; total esti-
mated capacity for all West Bank power
plants is 45,000 kW (1985); 59 million
kWh produced (1985), 63 kWh per capita
(1986); Gaza Strip—no known installed
capacity; power probably obtained from
Israel
Exports: West Bank—$184.5 million
(1984); Gaza Strip—$114.9 million (1984)
Imports: West Bank—$406.8 million
(1984); Gaza Strip—$279.4 million (1984)
Major trade partners: West Bank—Jordan
and Israel; Gaza Strip—Egypt and Israel
Budget: within the occupied territories,
each municipality has its own budget; the
following data represent the sum of the
revenues and expenditures of the munici-
palities in each area for fiscal year begin-
ning 1 April 1984; West Bank—revenues,
$26.7 million and expenditures, $27.1
million; Gaza Strip— revenues, $14.2
million and expenditures, $18.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: West Bank—
units of currency used are Israeli new
sheqalim (1.1788=US$1, 1985 average),
Jordanian dinar (0.884=US$1, 1984 aver-
age) and US dollar; Gaza Strip—aunits of
currency used are Israeli new sheqalim
(1.1788=US$1, 1985 average), Egyptian
pound (1.48=US$1, February 1984 aver-
age), and US dollar
Communications
Railroads: West Bank—none; Gaza
Strip—one line, abandoned
Highways: West Bank—small, poorly
developed indigenous road network, Israe-
lis have improved major axial highways;
Gaza Strip—small, poorly developed
indigenous road network, Israelis have
improved major axial highways
Ports: West Bank—none (landlocked),
Gaza Strip—facilities for small boats to
service Gaza
277
Airfields: West Bank—2 total, 2 usable
with permanent-surface runways, 1 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m; Gaza Strip—1
total, 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways
Telecommunications: West Bank—
planned telephone system currently being
upgraded, no local radio or TV stations;
Gaza Strip—no local radio or TV stations
Main committees
Standing and procedural
committees
Other subsidiary organs of the
General Assembly
UNRWA,: United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees in the Near East
UNCTAD: United Nations
Conference on Trade and
Development
UNICEF: United Nations
Children’s Fund
UNHCR: United Nations Office
of High Commissioner for
Refugees
WEP: World Food Program
Instn for Trotting oad
institute for
Research
UNDP: United Nations
Development Program
UNIDO: United Nations
Industrial Development
Organization
UNEP; United Nations
Environment Program
UNU: United Nations
University
HABITAT: United Nations
Center for Human Settlements
UNFPA: United Nations Fund
for Population Activities
United Nations Special Fund
World Food Council
Based on a chart trom the UN Chronicle
Appendix A
The United Nations System
@ Principal organs of the United
Nations
* Other United Nations organs
O Specialized agencies and other
autonomous organizations
within the system
278
UNDOF: United Nations
Disengagement Observer Force
UNFICYP: United Nations
Force in Cyprus
UNIFIL: United Nations Interim
Forces in Lebanon
UNMOGIP: United Nations
Military Observer Group in
India and Pakistan
UNTSO: United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization
Military Staff Committee
C) IAEA: International Atomic
Energy Agency
r — —O GATT: General Agreement on
Tariffs yt
and Trade
C) ILO: International Labor
Organization
© FAO: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United
Nations
[] UNESCO: United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization
C1) WHO: World Health
Organization
2 IMF: International Monetary
Fund
0) IDA: International
Development
1 IBRD: International Bank for
Reconstruction and
O) IFC: International Finance
Corporation
1) ICAO: International Civil
Aviation Organization
© UPU: Universal Postal Union
1) ITU: International
Telecommunication Union
C WMO: World Meteorological
Organization
CO IMO: International Maritime
Organization
1} WIPO: World Intellectual
Property Organization
— — O IFAD: International Fund for
Agricultural Development
Appendix B
International Organizations
A AAPSO _ Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Organization
ADB Asian Development Bank = 2
AfDB 7 African Development Bank =
AIOEC Association of Iron Ore. Exporting Countries
ANRPC Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries
ANZUS ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and
the United States an ss
APC a African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
ae Arab ] League (League of Arab States) ae
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations _=
ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council
ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association
B BENELUX —— Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
Cc CACM | — Central American Common Market in a
CARICOM Caribbean Common Market 7
CARIFTA ; Caribbean Free Trade Association
CCC 2 ‘Customs Cooperation Council
CDB Caribbean Development Bank “3
CEAO West African Economic Community
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CENTO Central Treaty Organization
CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
Colombo Plan _ ee eee ae
Council of Europe .
D DAC : 7 ‘Development Assistance Committee (OECD) i”
E EAMA African States associated with the EEC
EC European Communities -
ECA a _Economic Commission for Africa (UN)
ECE : Economic Commission for Europe (UN) _
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America (UN) Zi
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council (UN) eee i
ECOWAS ____ Economic Community of West African States =
ECWA _ Economic Commission fo for Western Asia (UN) _
EFTA European Free Trade Association =
EIB European Investment Bank
ELDO European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
EMS _— European Monetary System :
ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Benin, Niger,
Burkina,and Togo) is =
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN) |
ESRO European Space Research Organization
F FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization (UN) 7
G G-77 Group of 77 X =
GA General Assembly (UN)
GATT 7 _ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (UN)
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
I IADB 7 ___ Inter-American Defense > Board a
IAEA International Atomic ‘Energy Agency (UN)
IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers
IBA International Bauxite Association
IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation
279
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank,” UN)
ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization (UN) a
ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
IcCO International Cocoa Organization
ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration S
ICES = International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
IC) International Court of Justice (UN)
Ico International Coffee Organization
IDA International Development Association (IBRD affiliate, UN) 7
IDB ___ Inter-American Development Bank
IDB Islamic Development Bank :
IEA International Energy Agency (associated with OECD)
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development (UN)
IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD affiliate, UN)
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
IIB International Investment Bank a a a .
ILO International Labor Organization (UN)
a ____ International Lead and Zinc Study Group
IMF International Monetary Fund (UN)
IMO International Maritime Organization (UN) —_
INRO International Natural Rubber Organization
INTELSAT International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
100C __ International Olive Oil Council a
IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC International Rice Council
ISO International Sugar Organization ‘
ITC International Tin Council : 7
ITU International Telecommunication Union (UN) a
IWC International Whaling Commission
IwC International Wheat Council
LAIA Latin American Integration Association
NAM Nonaligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS Organization of American States
OAU | Organization of African Unity =
OCAM Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
ODECA Organization of Central American States
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development =
OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference 7
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
PAHO Pan American Health Organization
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Committee
sc Security Council (UN) -
SELA Latin American Economic System -
SPC South Pacific Commission
SPEC South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation
SPF South Pacific Forum
TC Trusteeship Council (UN)
TDB Trade and Development Board (UN)
UDEAC Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
UEAC Union of Central African States
UNCTAD UN Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP UN Development Program
UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNICEF UN Children’s Fund
UNIDO UN Industrial Development Organization
UPEB Union of Banana Exporting Countries
UPU Universal Postal Union (UN)
WEU Western European Union
WFC World Food Council (UN)
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WHO World Health Organization (UN)
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization (UN)
WMO World Meteorological Organization (UN)
WPC World Peace Council
WSG International Wool Study Group
WTO World Tourism Organization
281
Appendix C
Country Membership in International Organizations
Country International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA EC G-77. GCC 1B? IDB INTELSAT LAIA | NAM NATO OAPEC OAS
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorras
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bahamas.
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados _
Belgium
Bhutan
Bolivia
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina
Burma
Burundi _
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada _
Cape Verde
Central African Republic ‘
China, People’s
Republic of
Colombia_
Comoros
Congo
Cook Islands¢
Costa Rica
Cuba
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
E] Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
4 Inter-American Development Bank » Islamic Development Bank © Not a member of UN
282
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD OIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO GATT IAEA IBRD ICAO IC] IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU. UNESCO UPU WIIO WMO
4 Ceased to participate in 1961 ¢ Suspended € Excluded since 1962
283
Country International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA EC G-77 GCC 1DB4 iDBe INTELSAT LAIA
LEAGUE
Zz
AM NATO
Fiji
Finland
France
French Guiana‘
Gabon
Gambia, The
German Democratic
Republic
Germany, Federal
Republic of
Ghana
Greece
ch
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong‘
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Kiribatic
Korea, Northe
Korea, Souths
Kuwait
Laos
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtensteine
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
oO
>
ia)
1c)
fo}
: : >
w
28
oy
United Nations Organizations
FAQ GATT
UPU WIHIOQ WMO
ITU UNESCO
IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO
IAEA
OPEC SELA WFTU
OAU OECD OIC
i
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285
Country International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA EC G-77. GCC 1DB? 1 twB> INTELSAT LAIA| NAM NATO OAPEC OAS
Malta
Martinique¢
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco‘
Mongolia
Morocco
Montserrat
Mozambique
Namibia‘
Nauru‘
Nepal
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles¢
New Caledonia‘
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Reunion‘
Romania
Rwanda :
St. Christopher and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
San Marinos
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
e
°
°
tz
} t ‘ E:
° >
2)
¢
co]
I
Bg
286
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD OIC OPEC SELA WFTU FAO GATT IAEA {IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO
287
Country International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA
LEAGUE
CC tDB? «wee INTELSAT LAIA
ro
2?
=|
iz]
Cc
Zz
AM NATO OAPEC OAS
Suriname — 4
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland:
Syria
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga‘
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Tuvalu ¢
Uganda
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Vatican City¢
Venezuela
Vietnam
Western Samoa
Yemen Arab Republic
Yemen, People’s Demo- ©
cratic Republic of
Yugoslavia
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Taiwan ¢
F
288
United Nations Organizations
FAQ GATT
UPU WHO WMO
UNESCO
IBRD ICAO 1CjJ IDA IFAD IFC 1LO0) IMF IMO ITU
IAEA
SELA WFTU
OPEC
OAU OECD OIC
289
Appendix D
Mathematical Conversions
To Convert From To Multiply By To Convert From To Multiply By
Acres Hectares 0.4046856 Meters, cubic Tons, register 0.353147
Acres Kilometers, square 0.004046856 Miles, nautical Kilometers ~—«*42-.852.
Acres Meters, square 4046.856 _ Miles, statute Centimeters ____160934.4 ers
Centimeters Meters 0.01 Miles, statute Meters 1609.344 7 2
Centimeters, square Meters, square 0.0001 Miles, statute Kilometers _ 1,609344
Degrees, Fahrenheit Degrees, Celsius subtract 32 and Miles, square Hectares 258.9998 :
multiply by 5/9 Miles, square Kilometers, square —-2.589998 7
Feet Centimeters 30.48 Ounces, avoirdupois Grams | fw 28.349523
Feet Meters 0.3048 Ounces, avoirdupois Kilograms 0.028349523
Feet Kilometers 0.0003048 Ounces, troy Pounds, troy 0.083333,
Feet, cubic Liters 28.316847 Ounces, troy Grams _ 31.10348
Feet, cubic Meters, cubic 0.028316847 Pints, liquid Milliliters 473.176473 =
Feet, square Centimeters, square 929.0804 Pints, liquid Liters 0.473176473 <==
Feet, square Meters, square 0.09290804 Pounds, avoirdupois Grams 453.59237
Gallons, US liquid Liters 3.785412 Pounds, avoirdupois Kilograms 0.45359237 aor
Gallons, US liquid Meters, cubic 0.003785412 Pounds, avoirdupois Quintals = 0.00453592
Grams Ounces, troy 0.032151 Pounds, avoirdupois Tons, metric 0.000453592
Grams Pounds, troy 0.002679 Pounds, troy Ounces, troy 12
Hectares Kilometers, square 0.01 Pounds, troy Grams 973.241722
Hectares Meters, square 10,000 Quarts, dry Liters 1.101221 Es
Inches Centimeters 2.54 Quarts, dry Dekaliters 0.1101 221
Inches Meters 0.0254 Quarts, liquid Milliliters ~ 946.352946
Inches, cubic Milliliters 16.387064 Quarts, liquid Liters 0.946352946
Inches, cubic Liters 0.016387064 Quintals Tons, metric 0.1 -
Inches, cubic Meters, cubic 0.000016387064 Tons, long Kilograms 1016.047 ae)
Inches, square Centimeters, square 6.4516 Tons, long Tons, metric _ 1.016047
Inches, square Meters, square 0.00064516 Tons, metric Quintals 10
Kilograms Ounces, troy 32.15075 Ton-miles, long Ton-kilometers, metric 1.635169 -_
Kilograms Pounds, troy 2.679229 Ton-miles, short Ton-kilometers, metric 1.459972 _ .
Kilograms Tons, metric 0.001 Tons, register Meters, cubic 2.831685 =
Kilometers, square Hectares 100 Tons, short Kilograms 907.185
Liters Milliliters 1000 Tons, short Tons, metric 0.907185
Liters Meters, cubic 0.001 Yards Centimeters 91.44
Meters Millimeters 1000 Yards Meters 0.9144
Meters Centimeters 100 Yards, cubic Liters 764.5549
Meters Kilometers 0.001 Yards, cubic Meters, cubic _0.7645549
Meters, cubic Liters 1000 Yards, square Meters, square 0.836127
290
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