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The
World
Factbook
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Four
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Central
Intelligence
Agency
The
World
Factbook
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Four
The World Factbook is produced annually
by the Directorate of Intelligence of the
Central Intelligence Agency. The data are
provided by various components of the
Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense
Intelligence Agency, the Bureau of the
Census, and the US Department of State. In
general, information available as of 1
January 1984 was used in the preparation of
this edition, with the following exceptions:
• Population figures are projected estimates
for 1 July 1984; the average annual
growth rates listed are projected estimates
for the period mid-1983 to mid-1984.
• Military manpower estimates are as of 1
January 1984, except the numbers of
males reaching military age, which are
projected averages for the five-year
period 1984-88.
• Major political developments through 13
April 1984 have been included.
Comments and queries are welcome and
may be addressed to:
Central Intelligence Agency
Attn: Public Affairs
Washington, D.C. 20505
(703) 351-7676
Publications are not available to the public
from the Central Intelligence Agency. For
information on how to obtain additional
copies, see the inside of the front cover.
Supersedes the 1983 edition of The
World Factbook.
April 1984
Contents
Page
Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes
Abu Dhabi (see United Arab Emirates)
Afghanistan
Ajman (see United Arab Emirates)
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Anguilla (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis- Anguilla)
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Australia
Austria 12_
Azores (see Portugal)
Bahamas, The
Bahrain 15
Balearic Islands (see Spain)
Bangladesh 16
Barbados 1§_
Belgian Congo (see Zaire)
Belgium 1°
Belize (formerly British Honduras) 21
Benin (formerly Dahomey) 22_
Bermuda 23
Bhutan ?4_
Bioko (see Equatorial Guinea)
Bolivia 25_
Bophuthatswana (see South Africa)
Botswana 27
Brazil 28
British Honduras (see Belize)
British Solomon Islands (see Solomon Islands)
Brunei 30
Bulgaria ?J_
Burma ?J5_
Burundi 34
Cabinda (see Angola)
Cambodia (see Kampuchea)
Cameroon 35
Canada ?J_
Canary Islands (see Spain)
Cape Verde
38
Central African Republic 39
D
Page
Ceylon (see Sri Lanka)
Chad -«
China (Taiwan listed at end of table)
Dahomey (see Benin)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
i Territory of the Afars and Issas (see Djibouti)
Fujayrah, al (see United Arab Emirates)
Germany, Federal Republic of
44
«
Czechoslovakia ____
Djibouti (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) 59
Dominic^: -~-
Dominican Republic _
Dubai (see United Arab Emirates)
68
69
Islands
ndo Po (see Equatorial Guinea)
ch Guiana _ -™-
ch Polynesia ____ ^~
Gabon
Gambia The 80
Gaza Strip (see West Bank and Gaza Strip, listed at end of table)
ft 1
German Democratic Republic
83
Ghana
G^bTaltarl -15-
Gilbert Islands (see Kiribati)
87
iv
Page
Greenland . ^
Grenada 89
Guadeloupe
Guatemala 92
Guinea . 94
Guinea-Bissau (formerly Portuguese Guinea) 95
Guyana 96
H Haiti
Honduras ?9_
Hong Kong 1*L
Hungary I?2-
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Ireland
Israel (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) _ 112_
Italy _ _ . _ 111
Ivory Coast __ _ _ 115
Jamaica
Japan . LUL
Jordan (West Bank and Gaza Strip listed at end of table) 120
Kampuchea (formerly Cambodia) 121
Kenya 123
Kiribati (formerly Gilbert Islands) 124
Korea, North ]%L.
Korea, South 1%L
Kuwait 128_
Laos
Libya
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
129
Lebanon _ _ . _ 131
Lesotho , _ ^?
M Macau
Madagascar
Madeira Islands (see Portugal)
Malagasy Republic (see Madagascar)
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Page
Mali
147
Malta
148
Martinique
149
Mauritania
151
Mauritius
152
Mexico
153
Monaco
155
Mongolia
156
Morocco
157
Mozambique
159
N Namibia (South- West Africa)
160
Nauru
161
Nepal
162
Netherlands
164
Netherlands Antilles
165
New Caledonia
167
New Hebrides (see Vanuatu)
New Zealand
168
Nicaragua
169
Niger
171
Nigeria
172
Northern Rhodesia (see Zambia)
Norway
173
O Oman
175
P Pakistan
176
Panama
178
Papua New Guinea
180
Paraguay
181
Pemba (see Tanzania)
Peru
182
Philippines
184
Poland
185
Portugal
187
Portuguese Guinea (see Guinea-Bissau)
Portuguese Timor (see Indonesia)
0 Qatar
188
R Ra's al-Khaymah (see United Arab Emirates)
Reunion
189
Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)
Rio Muni (see Equatorial Guinea)
Romania
191
Rwanda
192
Page
St. Christopher and Nevis (formerly St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla) 193
St. Lucia 194
St. Vincent and the Grenadines 195
San Marino 196
Sao Tome and Principe 198
Saudi Arabia 199
Senegal 200
Seychelles 201
Sharjah (see United Arab Emirates)
Sierra Leone 203
Singapore 204
Solomon Islands (formerly British Solomon Islands) 205
Somalia 206
South Africa 208
Southern Rhodesia (see Zimbabwe)
South- West Africa (see Namibia)
Soviet Union 209
Spain 211
Spanish Sahara (see Western Sahara)
Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon) 213
Sudan 215
Suriname 216
Swaziland 217
Sweden 219
Switzerland 220
Syria 222
Tanganyika (see Tanzania)
Tanzania 223
Tasmania (see Australia)
Thailand 225
Togo 226
Tonga 227
Transkei (see South Africa)
Trinidad and Tobago 228
Tunisia 230
Turkey 231
Turks and Caicos Islands 233
Tuvalu (formerly Ellice Islands) 234
U Uganda 235
Umm al-Qaywayn (see United Arab Emirates)
United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al Fujayrah, 236
Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm al-Qaywayn)
United Arab Republic (see Egypt)
Page
United Kingdom 237
United States 239
Upper Volta 241
Uruguay 242
Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides) 243
Vatican City 244
Venezuela 245
Vietnam 247
W Wallis and Futuna 248
Walvis Bay (see South Africa)
Western Sahara (formerly Spanish Sahara) 249
Western Samoa 250
Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) 251
Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) 252
Yugoslavia 253
Zaire 255
Zambia (formerly Northern Rhodesia) 256
Zanzibar (see Tanzania)
Zimbabwe (formerly Southern Rhodesia) 257
Taiwan (China listed alphabetically) 259
West Bank and Gaza Strip 260
Appendixes
A. The United Nations System 262
B. Selected UN Organizations 263
C. Selected International Organizations 264
D. Country Membership in Selected Organizations 266
E. Conversion Table 274
Maps
I. The World (Guide to Reference Maps II-XII)
II. North America
III. Central America and the Caribbean
IV. South America
V. Europe
VI. Middle East
VII. Africa
VIII. Soviet Union, East and South Asia
IX. Southeast Asia
X. Oceania
XI. Arctic Region
XII. Antarctic Region
Definitions, Abbreviations,
and Explanatory Notes
Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are
calendar years unless otherwise indicated.
GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and
services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a
particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the
income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad
less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners
abroad.
Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual
entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight),
f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF
(other official flows).
Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough
estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area
under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area.
Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal
states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits.
Maritime claims do not necessarily represent the position of the
United States Government.
Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless
otherwise indicated.
Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express
volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00
gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters.
Note: Some of the countries and governments included in this
publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially
recognized by the United States Government.
Afghanistan
(See reference map VIII)
Land
637,397 km2; 75% desert, waste, or urban;
22% arable(12% cultivated, 10% pasture); 3%
forest
Land boundaries: 5,510 km
People
Population: 14,448,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.9; these estimates in-
clude an adjustment for emigration to
Pakistan during recent years, but they do not
take into account other demographic conse-
quences of the Soviet intervention in
Afghanistan
Nationality: noun — Afghan(s); adjective —
Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtun, 25% Tajik,
9% Uzbek, 9% Hazara; minor ethnic groups
include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi,
and others
Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shi'a Mus-
lim, 1% other
Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian
(Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uz-
bek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor
languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai);
much bilingualism
Literacy: 12%
Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est); 67.8%
agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2% in-
dustry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce,
7.7% services and other; current figures un-
available because of fighting (1984)
Organized labor: government-controlled
unions are being established
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of Af-
ghanistan
Type: Communist regime backed by
multidivisional Soviet force
Capital: Kabul
Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with cen-
trally appointed governors
Legal system: not established; legal educa-
tion at University of Kabul; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as leg-
islature and final court of appeal; President
of Council acts as chief of state; Cabinet and
judiciary responsible to Council; Presidium
chosen by Council has full authority when
Council not in session; Loya Jirga (Grand Na-
tional Assembly) supposed to convene
eventually and approve permanent constitu-
tion
Government leaders: BABRAK Karmal,
President of the Revolutionary Council and
head of the People's Democratic Party of Af-
ghanistan; Soltan Ali KESHTMAND, Prime
Minister
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Political parties and leaders: The People's
Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) is
the sole legal political party; has two factions;
the Parcham faction of the PDPA has been in
power since December 1979; members of the
deposed Khalqi faction continue to hold
some important posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is a
much smaller pro-Beijing group
Communists: the PDPA claims 90,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: the mili-
tary and other branches of internal security
are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency
continues throughout the country; wide-
spread opposition on religious grounds;
widespread anti-Soviet sentiment
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, ITU, NAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO, WSG; suspended from QIC in
January 1980
Economy
GNP: $2.8 billion (FY79), $200 per capita
(1980); real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79); cur-
rent figures not available (1984)
Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal
husbandry; main crops— wheat, cotton,
fruits, nuts, karakul pelts, wool, mutton
Major industries: small-scale production of
textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, and
cement for domestic use; handwoven carpets
for export
Electric power: 415,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.1 billion kWh produced (1983), 77 kWh per
capita
Exports: $670 million (f.o.b., 1982); mostly
fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets
Imports: $880 million (c.i.f., 1982); mostly
food supplies and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — mostly
USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; im-
ports— mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc
countries
Budget: current expenditure Af22.7 billion,
capital expenditure Af 10.9 billion for FY82
(est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 50.6 afghanis=
US$1 (official, February 1984)
Afghanistan (continued)
Albania
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
Communications
Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter
gauge, spur of Soviet line from Kushka
(USSR) to Towraghondi and from Termez
(USSR) to Kheyrabad Transhipment Point
(15 km) on south bank Amu Darya (govern-
ment owned)
Highways: 18,752 km total (1978); 2,846 km
hard surface, 14,035 gravel and improved
earth and unimproved earth and tracks
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,200
km; chiefly Amu Darya, which handles
steamers up to about 500 metric tons
Pipelines: natural gas, 180 km
Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Sher Khan
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 41 total, 35 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone,
telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; tele-
vision introduced in 1980; telephones 31,200
(0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations,
1 TV station, 1 earth satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Air and Defense
Forces, border guard forces, Defense of the
Revolution Force, National Police Force,
Government Information Service (KHAD),
People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
3,422,000; 1,900,000 fit for military service;
about 140,000 reach military age (22) annu-
ally
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost
exclusively the USSR
Military budget: estimated expenditures for
fiscal year ending 31 March 1984, about $0.4
million
(See reference map V)
Land
28,748 km2; 43% forest and wood; 21% ara-
ble; 19% meadows and pasture; 5%
permanent crop; 5% inland water; 7% other
Land boundaries: 716 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm
Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island)
People
Population: 2,906,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Albanian(s); adjective —
Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian; remaining
4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgari-
ans
Religion: Albania claims to be the world's
first atheist state; prewar est. — 70% Muslim,
20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catho-
lic; observances prohibited
Language: Albanian (Tosk is official dialect),
Greek
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 584,000 (1978); about 22% agri-
culture, 40% industry and commerce, and
38% other (1978)
Government
Official name: People's Socialist Republic of
Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tirane
Political subdivisions: 26 rrethet (districts)
Legal system: based on constitution adopted
in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts
only in the Presidium of the People's Assem-
bly, which is not a true court; legal education
at University of Tirana; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 No-
vember
Branches: legislature (People's Assembly),
Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: Ramiz ALIA, Chair-
man, Presidium of the People's Assembly
(chief of state); Adil CARCANI, Chairman,
Council of Ministers (Premier)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18'
Elections: national elections held every four
years; last elections 12 November 1982; 100%
of electorate voted (with one dissenting vote)
Political parties and leaders: Albanian
Workers Party only; First Secretary, Enver
Hoxha
Communists: 122,600 party members (No-
vember 1981); 4.5% of population
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO;
has not participated in CEMA since rift with
USSR in 1961; officially withdrew from War-
saw Pact 13 September 1968
Economy
GNP: $2.15 billion (1979); $820 per capita
(1981)
Algeria
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops —
corn, wheat, potatoes, tobacco, sugar beets,
cotton
Major industries: agricultural products and
processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and
extractive industries (chrome and oil)
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and
equipment, wheat
Electric power: 1,390,000 kW capacity
(1983); 4.5 billion kWh produced (1983),
1,558 kWh per capita
Exports: $151 million (1978); asphalt, bitu-
men, and petroleum products; metals and
metallic ores; agricultural products, includ-
ing vegetables, fruits, and tobacco
Imports: $137 million from OECD countries
(1982); machinery, machine tools, iron and
steel products, textiles, chemicals, pharma-
ceuticals
Major trade partners: exports— Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, Poland,
Austria; imports — Yugoslavia, Czechoslo-
vakia, FRG, Poland, Italy, Greece
Budget: (1982 prov.) revenue $1.22 billion,
expenditure $1.21 billion; state investment
$1.1 billion (1984 planned)
Monetary conversion rate: 1. 1328
leks=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic
data reported for calendar years except for
caloric intake, which is reported for con-
sumption year 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 228 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track, government owned (1980
est.); claims over 400 km (1983)
Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved,
1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093
km improved or unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sec-
tions of Lake Shkoder, Lake Ohrid, and Lake
Prespa (1979)
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined prod-
ucts, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km
Freight carried: rail — 2.8 million metric
tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971); high-
ways— 39 million metric tons, 900 million
metric ton/km (1971)
Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979)
Civil air: no civil airline
Defense Forces
Branches: Albanian People's Army, Frontier
Troops, Interior Troops, Albanian Coastal
Defense Command, Air and Air Defense
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 768,000;
636,000 fit for military service; 31,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Ships: 4 submarines, 2 mine warfare ships, 54
coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 6 mine
warfare craft, 2 underway replenishment
ships, 1 other auxiliary
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, 910 million leks;
10.4% of total budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
2,460,500 km2; 80% desert, waste, or urban;
16% pasture and meadows; 3% cultivated; 1%
forest
Land boundaries: 6,260 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,183 km
People
Population: 21,351,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Algerian(s); adjective —
Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less
than 1% Europeans
Religion: 99% Sunni Muslim (state religion);
1% Christian and Hebrew
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber
dialects
Literacy: 46%
Labor force: (1982) 3.5 million; 40% industry
and commerce, 30% agriculture, 17% gov-
ernment, 10% services; at least 11% of urban
labor unemployed
Algeria (continued)
Organized labor: 16-19% of labor force
claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers
(UGTA) is the only labor organization and is
subordinate to the National Liberation Front
Government
Official name: Democratic and Popular Re-
public of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 31 wilayas (depart-
ments or provinces); 160 dairat (admin-
istrative districts); 691 communes
Legal system: based on French and Islamic
law, with socialist principles; new constitu-
tion adopted by referendum November
1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad
hoc Constitutional Council composed of vari-
ous public officials, including several
Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court di-
vided into four chambers; legal education at
Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constan-
tine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 Novem-
ber
Branches: executive; unicameral legislature
(National People's Assembly); judiciary
Government leader: Col. Chadli
BENDJEDID, President
Suffrage: universal over age 19
Elections (latest): presidential 12 January
1984; departmental assemblies 2 June 1974;
local assemblies 30 March 1975; legislative 5
March 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Liber-
ation Front (FLN), Secretary General Chadli
Bendjedid
Communists: 400 (est); Communist Party il-
legal (banned 1962)
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $42.9 billion (1982 est.), $2,142 per
capita; 3.1% real growth in 1982
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, barley,
oats, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, dates, veg-
etables, sheep, cattle, industrial crops
Fishing: catch 34,100 metric tons (1978)
Major industries: petroleum, light indus-
tries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical,
electrical, automotive plants (under con-
struction), and food processing
Crude steel: 550,000 metric tons produced
(1981)
Electric power: 3,040,000 kW capacity
(1983); 10.786 billion kWh produced (1983),
521 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); major
items — petroleum and gas 98.0%; France
29.0%, US 22.9%
Imports: $12.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); major
items — capital goods 35.0%, semifinished
goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 18.0%; France
23.9%, US 12.0%
Major trade partners: US, FRG, France,
Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Canada
Budget: $16 billion revenue, $16 billion ex-
penditure (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.041 Algerian
dinars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,908 km total; 2,659 km standard
gauge (1.435 m), 1,129 km 1.055-meter
gauge, 120 km 1.000-meter gauge; 302 km
electrified; 193 km double track
Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km con-
crete or bituminous, 33,340 km gravel,
crushed stone, unimproved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined prod-
ucts, 298 km; natural gas, 2,398 km
Ports: 4 secondary, 8 minor
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 177 total, 165 usable; 56 with
permanent-surface runways; 28 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 80 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Army, Navy, Air
Force, National Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,556,000;
2,816,000 fit for military service; 232,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1.449 billion; 7.1% of cen-
tral government budget
Andorra
(See reference map V)
Land
466km2
Land boundaries: 105 km
People
Population: 45,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 5.4%
Nationality: noun — Andorran(s);
adjective — Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61% Spanish,
30% Andorran, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan (official); many also
speak some French and Castilian
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds
and farmers
Government
Official name: Principality of Andorra
Type: unique coprincipality under formal
sovereignty of President of France and Span-
ish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are
represented locally by officials called
verguers
Capital: Andorra la Vella
Political subdivisions: 1 districts
Legal system: based on French and Spanish
civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866
serves as constitution; no judicial review of
legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislative (General Council of the
Valleys) consisting of 28 members; execu-
tive— syndic (manager) and a deputy
subsyndic chosen by General Council; judi-
ciary chosen by Co-princes who appoint two
civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two
battles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the
Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan,
France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the
Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain
Government leaders: head of state — Fran-
cois MITTERRAND (President of France)
and Juan Marti ALANIS (Bishop of Seo de
Urgel, Spain), Co-Princes; head of govern-
ment—Oscar RIBAS Reig (Chief Executive)
Suffrage: those of 21 or over who are third
generation Andorrans vote for General
Council members
Elections: General Council chosen every
four years; last election December 1981
Political parties and leaders: political parties
not yet legally recognized; traditionally no
political parties but only partisans for par-
ticular independent candidates for the
General Council, on the basis of competence,
personality, and orientation toward Spain or
France; various small pressure groups devel-
oped in 1972; first formal political party —
Andorran Democratic Association — formed
in 1976, reorganized in 1979 as Andorran
Democratic Party
Communists: negligible
Member of: UNESCO
Economy
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities
of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some
vegetables (less than 4% of land is arable)
Major industries: tourism (particularly ski-
ing), sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling
Electric power: 30,000 kW capacity (1983);
121 million kWh produced (1983), 3,170
kWh per capita; power is mainly exported to
Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
Monetary conversion rate: 8.445 French
francs=US$l (February 1984); 156.30 Span-
ish pesetas=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international landline
circuits to Spain and France; 1 AM station, 1
FM station, and 1 TV station; about 12,800
telephones (43.5 per 100 popl.); about 7,000
radio receivers (1982)
Defense Forces
Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and
France are responsible for protection as
needed
Angola
CSee reference map VII)
Land
1,245,790 km2; 44% forest; 22% meadow and
pasture; 1% cultivated; 33% other (including
fallow)
Land boundaries: 5,070 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,600km
People
Population: 7,770,000, including Cabinda
(July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.6%;
Cabinda, 125,000 (July 1984), average annual
growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Angolan(s); adjective —
Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 38% Ovimbundu, 23%
Kimbundu, 13% Bakongo, 2% Mestico, 1%
European
Religion: 68% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, about 10% indigenous beliefs
Language: Portuguese (official); various
Bantu dialects
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 1,865,000 economically active
(mid-1980 est.); 60% agriculture, 15% indus-
try
Organized labor: approx. 450,695 (1980)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Angola
Type: republic
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces includ-
ing the coastal exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese
civil law system and customary law; being
modified along "socialist" model
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 1
November
Branches: the official party is the supreme
political institution; legislative — National
People's Assembly
Government leader: Jose Eduardo dos SAN-
TOS, President
Suffrage: to be determined
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: Popular Move-
ment for the Liberation of Angola- Labor
Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos San-
tos, only legal party; National Union for the
Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), de-
feated in civil war, carrying out insurgencies
Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT,
ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO,
UNICEF, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $3.9 billion (1980 est), $591 per capita,
0.0% real growth (1980)
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, sisal, corn,
cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food
crops — cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains,
bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely
self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 106,073 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds),
fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar proc-
essing, textiles, cement, food processing
plants, building construction
Electric power: 630,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.6 billion kWh produced (1983), 210 kWh
per capita
Exports: est. $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); oil,
coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish prod-
ucts, iron ore, timber, corn, and cotton
Imports: est. $1.41 billion (c.i.f., 1982); capi-
tal equipment (machinery and electrical
equipment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork,
steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts, tex-
tiles and clothing, medicines; military
deliveries partially offset drop in imports in
1975-77
Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portugal,
and US
Budget: (1980) est. reserve $1.991 billion; est.
total expenditures $2.886 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 30.214
kwanza=US$l (23 February 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km
1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter
gauge
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km
bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km
crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth,
remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,165 km navigable
Ports: 3 major (Cabinda, Luanda, Lobito), 5
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Angola (continued)
Anguilla
Airfields: 383 total, 329 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 1 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 78 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of wire,
radio-relay and troposcatter routes;
HF used extensively for military /Cuban
links; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations;
29,100 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 16 AM,
13 FM, and 2 TV stations; 230,000 radio re-
ceivers and 21,000 television receivers (1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/ Air De-
fense; paramilitary forces — Peoples' Police
Corps, Peoples' Defense Organization, Fron-
tier Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,722,000;
867,000 fit for military service; 72,000 reach
military age (20) annually
At/antic Ocean
DOM-
REP.
.ANGUILLA
ST. CHRISTOPHER'. .
AMD NEVIS • ..
Caribbean Sea
(See reference map III)
Land
Anguilla, 91 km2; Sombrero, 5 km2 .
People
Population: 7,000 (1982 est.)
Nationality: noun — Anguillan(s); adjec-
tive— Anguillan
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Religion: Anglican and Methodist
Language: English (official)
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 2,000 Anguillans living overseas
send remittances home; high unemployment
(40% in 1977)
Organized labor: none
Government
Official name: Anguilla
Type: British dependent territory
Capital: The Valley
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution came into effect on 1 April 1982
Branches: 11-member House of Assembly,
seven-member Executive Council
Government leaders: Allistair BAILLE,
Governor; Emile GUMBS, Chief Minister
Suffrage: native born; resident before sepa-
ration from St. Christopher-Nevis; 15 years
residence for "belonger" status
Elections: general election, June 1982
Political parties and leaders: Anguilla Na-
tional Alliance (ANA), Emile Gumbs;
Anguillan People's Party (APP), Ronald
Webster
Voting strength: APP, 5 seats; ANA, 2 seats
Communists: none
Member of: Commonwealth
Economy
GDP: unknown
Agriculture: pigeon peas, corn, sweet pota-
toes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry
Fishing: inshore and reef fishing; catch un-
known
Major industries: lobster exports, tourism,
and salt
Electric power: island-wide system; capacity
unknown
Exports: lobsters
Budget: revenue, EC $9,899,801 (1982); ex-
penditure, EC $10,759,868 (1982); grant-in-
aid, EC $1,081,000 (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=$USl (February 1984)
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 64 km surfaced, 24 km gravel and
earth
Inland waterways: none
Anguilla (continued)
Antigua and Barbuda
Ports: 1 major (Road Bay), 1 minor (Blowing
Point)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfield: 1 with runway of 1,100 m at
Wallblake Airport
Telecommunications: modern internal tele-
phone system (1,200 telephones est); 1 radio
broadcasting service
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of UK
Branches: Police
DOMINICAN At/antic
REPUBLIC PUERTQ Ocean
RICO
ANTIGUA \»
AND (ft
BARBUDA
Caribbean Sea
(See reference map tit)
Land
280 km2; 54% arable; 18% waste and built on;
14% forest; 9% unused but potentially pro-
ductive; 5% pasture; the islands of Redonda
(less than 2.6 km2 and uninhabited) and Bar-
buda (161 km2) are dependencies
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 153 km
People
Population: 80,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Antiguan(s); adjective —
Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African
Negro
Religion: Anglican (predominant), other
Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 88%
Organized labor: 18,000, 22-26% unemploy-
ment (1983 est.)
Government
Official name: Antigua and Barbuda
Type: independent state recognizing Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. Johns
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 depend-
encies (Barbuda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English law; British
Caribbean Court of Appeal has exclusive
original jurisdiction and an appellate juris-
diction, consists of Chief Justice and five
justices
Branches: bicameral legislative, 17-member
popularly elected House of Representatives
and 17-member Senate; executive, Prime
Minister and Cabinet
Government leaders: Vere Cornwall BIRD,
Sr., Prime Minister; Lester BIRD, Deputy
Prime Minister; Sir Wilfred Ebenezer
JACOBS, Governor
Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over
Elections: every five years; last general elec-
tion 24 April 1980
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor
Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird;
United People's Movement (UPM), George
Herbert Walter; Progressive Labor Move-
ment (PLM), Robert Hall
Voting strength: (1980 election) House of
Representatives— ALP, 13 seats; PLM, 3
seats; independent, 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Antigua
Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a
small leftist nationalist group led by Leonard
"Tim" Hector
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
G-77, ICAO, ILO, IMF, ISO, OAS, UN,
UNESCO
Argentina
Economy
GDP: $125.6 million (1982 est.), $1,650 per
capita
Agriculture: main crop, cotton
Major industries: tourism, cotton production
Electric power: 43,000 kW capacity (1983);
60 million kWh produced (1983), 770 kWh
per capita
Exports: $33.6 million (f.o.b., 1981 est);
clothing, rum, lobsters
Imports: $139.3 million(c.i.f., 1981 est); fuel,
food, machinery
Major trade partners: 30% UK, 25% US, 18%
Commonwealth Caribbean countries (1975)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF (1970-80) from Western
(non-US) countries, $20 million; no military
aid
Budget: (current) revenues, $42 million
(1982); expenditures, $40.4 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean (EC) dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March
Communications
Railroads: 80.4 km 0.760-meter narrow
gauge, employed almost exclusively for han-
dling cane
Highways: 380 km total; 240 km main, 140
km secondary
Ports: 1 major (St. Johns), 1 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 1 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659m
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system; 6,700 telephones (9.2 per 100 popl.);
tropospheric scatter links with Saba and Gua-
deloupe; 5 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station; 1 coaxial submarine cable; about
19,000 radio and 16,000 television receivers
(1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Antigua and Barbuda Defense
Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police
Force
Major gound units: Defense Force
Aircraft: None
ARGENTINA
CHIUSf Buenos Aires
FALKLAND ISLANDS
admin, by U.K.,
claimed by Argentina)
(See reference map IV)
Land
2,771,300 km2; 57% agricultural (46% natural
meadow, 11% crop, improved pasture, and
fallow); 25% forest, 18% mountain, urban, or
waste
Land boundaries: 9,414 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty
over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 4,989 km
People
Population: 30,097,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Argentine^);
adjective — Argentine
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white,
15% mestizo, Indian, or other non white
groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic
(less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2%
Jewish, 6% other
Language: Spanish (official), English, Italian,
German, French
Argentina (continued)
Literacy: 94%
Labor force: 1 1.2 million (1982 est); 19% ag-
riculture, 25% manufacturing, 20% services,
1 1 % commerce, 6% transport and communi-
cations, 19% other; 6% estimated
unemployment (1982 est.)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.)
Government
Official name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic; changed from military to
civilian government in December 1983
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district
(Federal Capital), and 1 territory
Legal system: mixture of US and West Euro-
pean legal systems; constitution adopted
1853 is in effect; legal education at University
of Buenos Aires and other public and private
universities; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
May
Branches: executive (President, Vice Presi-
dent, Cabinet); legislative (National
Congress — Senate, Chamber of Deputies);
national judiciary
Government leaders: Raul ALFONSIN,
President; Victor MARTINEZ, Vice Presi-
dent
Elections: general elections held 30 October
1983; next congressional elections scheduled
for 1985
Political parties: operate under statute
passed in 1983 that sets out criteria for par-
ticipation in national elections; Radical Civic
Union (UCR) — moderately left of center;
Justicialist Party (JP) — Peronist umbrella po-
litical organization; Movement for Industrial
Development (MID); Intransigent Party (PI);
several provincial parties
Communists: some 70,000. members in vari-
ous party organizations, including a small
nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-
dominated labor movement, General
Economic Confederation (Peronist-leaning
association of small businessmen), Argentine
Industrial Union (manufacturers' associa-
tion), Argentine Rural Society (large
landowners' association), business organiza-
tions, students, and the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $130 billion (1981 est.), $4,610 per cap-
ita; 80% consumption, 20% investment; real
GDP growth rate 1982, -5.7%
Agriculture: main products — cereals, oil-
seed, livestock products; major world
exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 462,000 metric tons (1980
est.); exports $130 million (1980 est.)
Major industries: food processing (especially
meat packing), motor vehicles, consumer du-
rables, textiles, chemicals, printing, and
metallurgy
Crude steel: 2.5 million metric tons produced
(1981)
Electric power: 13,400,000 kW capacity
(1983); 39.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
1, 315 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); meat,
corn, wheat, wool, hides, oilseed
Imports: $5.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery, lubricating oils, iron and steel,
intermediate industrial products
Major trade partners: (1981) exports — 22%
USSR, 9% Brazil, 9% Netherlands, 9% US, 6%
Italy, 6% FRG, 5% Japan and Spain; im-
ports—22% US, 10% Brazil, 10% FRG, 9%
Japan, 6% Italy, 2% Chile
Budget: (1981) treasury revenues $7.6 billion;
expenditures $13.7 billion at average annual
exchange rate.
Monetary conversion rate: 19.3 pesos
argentinos=US$l (30 November 1983); Ar-
gentina redenominated its currency 1 June
1983, 10,000 pesos=l pesos argentine
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 39,738 km total; 3,086 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 22,788 km 1.676-
meter broad gauge, 13,461 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 403 km 0.750-meter gauge; of total in
country, 260 km are electrified
Highways: 208,100 km total, of which 47,550
km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km im-
proved earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km re-
fined products; 9,918 km natural gas
Ports: 1 major, 21 minor
Civil air: 55 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2,017 total, 1,845 usable; 118 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,695 m, 28 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 321 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: extensive modern sys-
tem; telephone network has 2.88 million sets
(10.3 per 100 popl.), radio relay widely used;
2 satellite stations with 3 Atlantic Ocean an-
tennas; 154 AM, 45 FM, and 191 TV stations
10
Australia
Defense Forces
Branches: Argentine Army, Navy of the Ar-
gentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,
National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval
Prefecture, National Aeronautical Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,455,000;
6,050,000 fit for military service; 247,000
reach military age (20) annually
C^/^fJv-
,\ J <A <"*"'
INDONE
tzCZx-<*f£*>'<?'
PAPUA
EW GUINEA
Indian Ocean
NEW ZEALAND
(See reference map X)
Land
7,692,300 km2; 58% pasture; 6% arable; 2%
forest; 34% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):^ nm
(fishing 200 nm; prawn and crayfish on conti-
nental shelf)
Coastline: about 25,760 km
People
Population: 15,462,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Australian(s);
adjective — Australian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian
and aborigine
Religion: 27.7% Anglican, 25.7% Roman
Catholic, 25.2% other Protestant
Language: English, native languages
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 7.0 million (April 1983); 10.3%
unemployment (April 1983)
Organized labor: 57% of total employees
(December 1982)
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Australia
Type: federal parliamentary state recogniz-
ing Elizabeth II as sovereign or head of state
Capital: Canberra
Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territo-
ries— Australian Capital Territory
(Canberra) and Northern Territory
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1900; High Court has
jurisdiction over cases involving interpreta-
tion of the constitution; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Australia Day, 26 January
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Parliament — Senate and House of Represen-
tatives); Prime Minister and Cabinet
responsible to House; independent judiciary
Government leaders: Sir Ninian STEPHEN,
Governor General; Robert HAWKE, Prime
Minister
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: held at three-year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election 5 March 1983
Political parties and leaders: government —
Australian Labor Party (Robert Hawke); op-
position— Liberal Party (Andrew Peacock),
National Party (Ian Sinclair), and Australian
Democratic Party (Donald L. Chipp)
Voting strength: (1983 parliamentary elec-
tion) House of Representatives — Labor Party
75 seats, Liberal-National coalition 50 seats;
Senate — Labor Party 30 seats, Liberal-
Country coalition 27 seats, Australian Demo-
cratic Party 5 seats, independents 2 seats
Communist*: 5,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Austra-
lian Democratic Labor Party (anti-
Communist Labor Party splinter group)
11
Australia (continued)
Austria
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CIPEC
(associate), Colombo Plan, Commonwealth,
DAC, ELDO, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whal-
ing Commission, IWC — International
Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: A$153.0 billion (1982), A$10,087 per
capita; 62% private consumption, 18% gov-
ernment expenditure, 25% investment; 2.2%
real average annual growth (1976-82)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to grazing;
60% of area used for crops is planted in
wheat; major products — wool, livestock,
wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in
food
Fishing: catch 122,947 metric tons (1978); ex-
ports $94.5 million (FY75), imports $86.2
million (FY75)
Major industries: mining, industrial and
transportation equipment, food processing,
chemicals
Crudesteel: 6.4 million metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 28,037,860 kW capacity
(1982); 105.758 billion kWh produced (1982),
7,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $20.8 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
products — coal, wool, wheat, iron ore, beef
Imports: $23.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
products — manufactured raw materials,
capital equipment, consumer goods
Major trade partners: (1982-83) exports —
27% Japan, 10% US, 5% New Zealand, 5%
UK; imports— 21% US; 21% Japan, 7% UK,
6% FRG
Aid: economic — Australian aid abroad in
Australian dollars, $662 million (FY81-82)
Budget: (FY83-84) expenditures, A$56.7 bil-
lion; receipts, A$48.3 billion; deficit, A$8.4
billion
Monetary conversion rate: .90 Australian
dollar=US$l (December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 42,855 km total (1980); 9,689 km
1.600-meter gauge, 15,783km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 17,383 km 1.067-meter
gauge; 900 km electrified (June 1979); gov-
ernment owned (except for few hundred
kilometers of privately owned track)
Highways: 837,872 km total (1980); 243,750
km paved, 228,396 km gravel, crushed stone,
or stabilized soil surface, 365,726 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by
small, shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,400 km; refined prod-
ucts, 500 km; natural gas, 5,600 km
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Civil air: around 150 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,591 total, 1,532 usable; 214 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways
over 3,659 m; 17 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 557 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 7.4 million
telephones (52 per 100 popl.); 223 AM, 5 FM,
and 111 TV stations; 3 earth satellite stations;
submarine cables to New Zealand, New
Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong,
and Guam
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Australian Air Force, Royal
Australian Navy, Australian Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,085,000;
3,480,000 fit for military service; 137,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $4.6 billion; about 9.3% of total
central government budget
(See reference map V)
Land
83,835 km2; 38% forest; 26% meadow and
pasture; 20% cultivated; 15% waste or urban;
1% inland water
Land boundaries: 2,582 km
People
Population: 7,579,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun — Austrian(s); adjective —
Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 98.1% German, 0.7% Cro-
atian, 0.3% Slovene, 0.9% other
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 7% Protes-
tant, 8% none or other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2.7 million (1981); 40% industry
and crafts, 25.5% services, 14% trade and
communications, 13.8% agriculture and for-
estry, 5% professions; 4.7% unemployed
(November 1982); an estimated 200,000 Aus-
trians are employed in other European
countries; foreign laborers in Austria number
160,500(1982)
Organized labor: 60% of wage and salary
workers (1979)
12
Government
Official name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivisions: 9 states (lander) in-
cluding the capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman
law origin; constitution adopted 1920,
repromulgated in 1945; judicial review of
legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; sep-
arate administrative and civil/penal
supreme courts; legal education at Universi-
ties of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg,
and Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: 26 October
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal
Assembly — Federal Council, National
Council), directly elected President whose
functions are largely representational,
independent federal judiciary
Government leaders: Rudolf KIRCH-
SCHLAGER, President; Fred SINOWATZ,
Chancellor, leads a Socialist/Freedom Party
coalition
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory
for presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every six years (next
1986); parliamentary, every four years (next
1987)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party
of Austria (SPO), Fred Sinowatz, chairman;
Austrian People's Party (OVP), Alois Mock,
chairman; Liberal Party (FPO), Norbert
Steger, chairman; Communist Party (KPO),
Franz Muhri, chairman; Alternative List
Austria (ALO), no leader; United Greens
(VGO), Alexander Tollmann, leader
Voting strength: (1983 election, prelimi-
nary) Parliamentary— SPO 47.80%, OVP
43.21%, FPO 4.97%, VGC- 1.89%, ALO
1.27%, KPO 0.66%
Communists: membership 25,000 est; activ-
ists 7,000-8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal
Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Aus-
trian Trade Union Federation (primarily
Socialist); three composite leagues of the Aus-
trian People's Party (OVP) representing
business, labor, and farmers; the OVP-
oriented League of Austrian Industrialists;
Roman Catholic Church, including its chief
lay organization, Catholic Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IDE— Inter-American Devel-
opment Bank, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $66.89 billion (1982), $10,995 per cap-
ita; 56% private consumption, 19% public
consumption, 23% investment; 1982 real
GNP growth rate, 1.1%
Agriculture: livestock, forest products, cere-
als, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, ma-
chinery, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper
and pulp; beer sales, 7,682,150 hectoliters
(1981)
Crude steel: 4. 7 million metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 14,289,000 kW capacity
(1983); 42.889 billion kWh produced (1983),
5,665 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.64 billion (f.o.b., 1982); iron
and steel products, machinery and equip-
ment, lumber, textiles, paper products,
chemicals
Imports: $19.50 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery and equipment, chemicals, textiles and
clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: (1982) imports —
40.6% FRG, 8.6% Italy, 6.0% East Europe,
5.3% OPEC, 5.1% USSR, 4.8% Switzerland,
4.1% US, exports— 29.3% FRG, 9.1% Italy,
7.7% OPEC, 7.6% East Europe, 7.0% Swit-
zerland
Aid: donor; bilateral economic aid commit-
ments (ODA and OOF), $1.081 billion
(1970-81)
Budget: expenditures, $21.12 billion; reve-
nues, $17.22 billion; deficit, $3.9 billion
(1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 18.91
shillings=US$l (third quarter 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,497 km total; 5.857 km govern-
ment owned; 5,403 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge of which 3,017 km electrified and
1,520 km double tracked; 454 km 0.760-
meter narrow gauge of which 91 km electri-
fied; 640 km privately owned 1.435- and
1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 95,412 km total; 34,612 are the
classified network (including 1,012 km of
autobahn, 10,400 km of federal and 23,200
km of provincial roads); of this number, ap-
proximately 21,812 km are paved and 12,800
km are unpaved; additionally, there are
60,800 km of communal roads (mostly gravel,
crushed stone, earth)
Inland waterways: 427 km
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,61 1 km natural
gas; 171 km refined products
Civil air: 55 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 56 total, 54 usable; 16 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
13
Austria (continued)
The Bahamas
Telecommunications: highly developed and
efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast
systems with 160 AM, 536 FM, and 988 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT sta-
tion; 3.01 million telephones (39.8 per 100
popl.)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Flying Division
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,935,000;
1,638,000 fit for military service; 67,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $840 million; about 3.7% of
the proposed federal budget
UNITED
.STATES
At/antic Ocean
Nassau THE
(\* 0 BAHAMAS
*, • «
AND
CAICOS IS.
Caribbean Sea
(See reference map III)
Land
13,934 kmz; 29% forest; 1% cultivated; 70%
built on, wasteland, and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Island,
76km)
People
Population: 228,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Bahamian(s);
adjective — Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 85% black, 15% white
Religion: Baptist 29%, Anglican 23%, Roman
Catholic 22%, smaller groups of other Protes-
tant, Greek Orthodox, and Jews
Language: English; some Creole among Hai-
tian immigrants
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: 82,000(1982); 30% government,
25% hotels and restaurants, 10% business
services, 6% agriculture; 30% unemployment
(1983)
Organized labor: 25% organized
Government
Official name: The Commonwealth of The
Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth rec-
ognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island)
Legal system: based on English law
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
July
Branches: bicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment— appointed Senate, elected House of
Assembly); executive (Prime Minister and
Cabinet); judiciary
Government leaders: Lynden Oscar
PINDLING, Prime Minister; Sir Gerald C.
CASH, Governor General
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly (June 1982);
next election due constitutionally in five
years
Political parties and leaders: Progressive
Liberal Party (PLP), predominantly black,
Lynden O. Pindling; Free National Move-
ment (FNM), Kendal Isaacs
Voting strength: 73,309 registered voters
(July 1977); (1982 election) House of Assem-
bly—PLP(55%)32 seats, FNM (45%) 11 seats,
others (3%) 0 seats
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure group: Vanguard
Nationalist and Socialist Party (VNSP), a
small leftist party headed by John
McCartney
•
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD,
ICAO, IDE — Inter-American Development
Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
14
Bahrain
Economy
GNP: $1.4 billion (1981), $6,000 per capita;
real growth rate 3% (1981)
Agriculture: food importer; main crops —
fish, fruits, vegetables
Major industries: banking, tourism, cement,
oil refining and transshipment, lumber, salt
production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuti-
cals, spiral weld, and steel pipe
Electric power: 320,000 kW capacity (1983);
830 million kWh produced (1983), 3,720
kWh per capita
Exports: $222 million (f.o.b., 1982); pharma-
ceuticals, cement, rum, crawfish
Imports: $740 million (f.o.b., 1982); food-
stuffs, manufactured goods, mineral fuels
Major trade partners: exports — US 90%, UK
10%; imports— Iran 30%, Nigeria 20%, US
10%, EC 10%, Gabon 10% (1981)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (1970-82), from US, $42
million; from other Western countries (1970-
81), $139 million; no military aid
Budget: (1982 actual) revenues, $274 million;
expenditures, $288 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian
dollar=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,350 km total; 1,350 km paved,
2,000 km gravel
Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 62 total, 59 usable; 28 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 24 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: telecom facilities
highly developed, including 71,880 tele-
phones (34.4 per 100 popl.) in totally
automatic system; tropospheric scatter link
with Florida; 3 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station; 3 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bahamas Defense Force,
Royal Bahamas Police Force
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982 $28.7 million, about 7.7% of
the total budget
BAHRAIN
SAUDI
ARABIA
IRAN
;%ATAR,/1
OMAN
Arabian
Sn
(See reference map VI)
Land
676 km2 plus group of 32 smaller islands; 5%
cultivated, negligible forest; remainder
desert, waste, or urban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
People
Population: 409,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.9%
Nationality: noun — Bahraini(s); adjective —
Bahrain!
Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahraini, 13% Asian,
10% other Arab, 8% Iranian, 6% other
Religion: Muslim (60% Shi'a, 40% Sunni)
Language: Arabic (official); English also
widely spoken; Farsi, Urdu
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 140,000(1981); 41% of labor
force is Bahraini; 85% industry and com-
merce, 5% agriculture, 5% services, 3%
government
Government
Official name: State of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy; independent
since 1971
15
Bahrain (continued)
Bangladesh
Capital: Manama
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
English common law; constitution went into
effect December 1973
National holiday: 16 December
Branches: Amir rules with help of a Cabinet
led by Prime Minister; Amir dissolved the
National Assembly in August 1975 and sus-
pended the constitutional provision for
election of the Assembly; independent judi-
ciary
Government leader: Isa bin Sulman Al
KHALIFA, Amir
Political parties and pressure groups: politi-
cal parties prohibited; several small,
clandestine leftist and Shi'a fundamentalist
groups are active
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDE—
Islamic Development Bank, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $4.0 billion at current prices (1982 est.),
$10,000 per capita; real growth rate 9%
(1981)
Agriculture: not self-sufficient in food pro-
duction; produces some fruit and vegetables;
dairy and poultry farming; shrimping and
fishing
Major industries: petroleum processing and
refining, aluminum smelting, offshore bank-
ing, ship repairing
Electric power: 1,444,800 kW capacity
(1983); 6.328 billion kWh produced (1983),
16,101 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); nonoil ex-
ports $485 million (1982); oil exports $3.1
billion (1982)
Imports: $3.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982); nonoil im-
ports $1.7 billion (1982); oil imports $1.8
billion (1982)
Major trade partners: Japan, UK, US, Saudi
Arabia
Budget: (1982) $740 million current expendi-
ture, $461 million capital
Monetary conversion rate: 0.376 Bahrain
dinar=US$l (December 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 155 km bituminous surfaced; un-
determined mileage of natural surface
tracks; 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Ara-
bia is under construction with completion
scheduled for January 1986
Ports: 1 major (Bahrain)
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined products,
16 km; natural gas, 32 km
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659
m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional telecommunications; limited domestic
services; 72,600 telephones (21.0 per 100
popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 2 satel-
lite stations; tropospheric scatter and
microwave to Qatar, United Arab Emirates,
Saudi Arabia
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Wing, Air Wing
Military manpower: males 15-49, 116,000;
68,000 fit for military service
Supply: from several West European coun-
tries, especially France and UK
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $103 million; 7.7% of cen-
tral government budget
(See reference map VIII)
Land
142,775 km2; 66% arable (including culti-
vated and fallow); 18% uncultivated (not
available); 16% forest
Land boundaries: 2,535 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 580 km
People
Population: 99,585,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Bangladeshi(s);
adjective — Bangladesh
Ethnic divisions: 98% Bengali; 300,000-
400,000 "Biharis" and fewer than one million
tribals
Religion: 83% Muslim, about 16% Hindu, less
than 1% Buddhist, Christian, and other
Language: Bangla (official), English widely
used
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: 31.5 million (FY82); extensive
export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman,
and Kuwait; 74% of labor force is in agricul-
ture, 15% services, 11% industry and
commerce (FY81/82)
16
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Bangla-
desh
Type: republic; under martial law since 24
March 1982
Capital: Dhaka
Political subdivisions: 21 districts, to be re-
vised to approximately 370 (lianas (rural
townships), consisting of 4,470 unions (village
groupings)
Legal system: martial law currently prevails
and civilian legal system suspended; tradi-
tionally based on English common law;
constitution adopted December 1972;
amended January 1975 to more authoritar-
ian presidential system; changed by proc-
lamation in April 1977 to reflect Islamic
character of nation; further change, by proc-
lamation in December 1978, to provide for
the appointments of the Prime Minister and
the Deputy Prime Minister, as well as other
ministers of Cabinet rank, and to further de-
fine the powers of the President
National holiday: National Day, 26 March
Branches: constitution (currently suspended)
provides for unicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment), strong President; independent
judiciary; President has substantial control
over the judiciary
Government leaders: Lt. Gen. Hussain
Mohammad ERSHAD, President and Chief
Martial Law Administrator
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: some local elections held in De-
cember 1983; higher local elections scheduled
for March 1984 postponed; presidential and
parliamentary elections may be held in 1984
Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh Na-
tionalist Party, Begum Ziaur Rahman;
Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wazed;
United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed;
Democratic League, Khondakar Mushtaque
Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A. Sabur;
Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist
Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh Communist
Party (pro-Soviet), Manindra Moni Singh; nu-
merous small parties; political activity
banned following March 1982 coup; ban
lifted in March 1984
Communists: 2,500 members (est.)
Member of: ADB, Afro-Asian People's Soli-
darity Organization, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO,INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOC, IRC, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $11.0 billion (FY82, current prices),
$117 per capita; real growth, 0.9% (FY82)
Agriculture: large-scale subsistence farming,
heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall;
main crops are jute and rice; shortages —
grain, cotton, and oilseed
Fishing: catch 600,000 metric tons (1981)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food
processing, and cotton textiles
Electric power: 1,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 3.3 billion kWh produced (1983), 34
kWh per capita
Exports: $650 million (f.o.b., FY83); raw and
manufactured jute, leather, tea
Imports: $2.3 billion (c.i.f, FY83);
foodgrains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, man-
ufactured products
Major trade partners .-exports— US 10%, Mo-
zambique 7%, Iran 6. 1%, Pakistan 5%, Sudan
5%; imports — Western Europe 16%, Japan
12%, US 6% (FY83)
Budget: (FY82) current expenditures, $670
million; capital expenditures, $1.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 23.75 takas=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 4,085 km total (1980); 2,198 km
1.000-meter gauge, 1,852km 1.676-meter
broad gauge, 35 km 0.762-meter narrow
gauge, 300 km double track; government
owned
Highways: 45,633 km total; 4,076 km paved,
2,693 km gravel, 38,864 km earth
Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers
navigate main waterways
Ports: 1 major (Chittagong), 2 minor
Pipelines: 433 km natural gas
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 20 total, 14 usable; 15 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radiocommunications and landline
service; fair domestic wire and microwave
service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.)
telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6 FM, 7
TV stations, and 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force; paramili-
tary forces — Bangladesh Rifles, Bangladesh
Ansars, Armed Police Reserve, Coastal Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
23,444,000; 14,420,000 fit for military
service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $249 million; about 11% of central
government budget
17
Barbados
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
PUERTCT
RICO
Caribbean Sea
A tlantic
Ocean
BARBADOS
CSee reference map III)
Land
430 km2; 60% crop; 30% unused, built on, or
waste; 10% meadow
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 97 km
People
Population: 252,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun— Barbadian(s);
adjective — Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 16% mixed,
4% European
Religion: 70% Anglican, 9% Methodist, 4%
Roman Catholic, and 17% other, including
Moravian
Language: English
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 103,900(1982); 65.6% services
and government, 24.6% industry and com-
merce, 9.8% agriculture; unemployment
11% (1979)
Organized labor: 32%
Government
Official name: Barbados
Type: independent sovereign state within the
Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth II as
Chief of State
Capital: Bridgetown
Political subdivisions: 1 1 parishes and city of
Bridgetown
Legal system: English common law; con-
stitution came into effect upon indepen-
dence in 1966; no judicial review of legisla-
tive acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
November
Branches: bicameral legislature (Parlia-
ment— 21-member appointed Senate and
27-member elected House of Assembly);
Cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: John M. G. "Tom"
ADAMS, Prime Minister; Sir Hugh
SPRINGER, Governor General
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members have
terms no longer than five years; last general
election held 18 June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Barbados La-
bor Party (BLP), J. M. G. "Tom" Adams;
Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Bar-
Voting strength: (1981 election) BLP, 52.4%;
DLP, 46.8%; independent, negligible; House
of Assembly seats— BLP 17, DLP 10
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Move-
ment for National Liberation (MONALI),
Ricky Parris; People's Progressive Move-
ment, Bobby Clarke; People's Pressure
Movement, Eric Sealy
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $997.5 million (1982), $3,977 per
capita
Agriculture: main products — sugarcane,
subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling,
light manufacturing, component assembly
for export
Electric power: 127,000 kW capacity (1983);
335 million kWh produced (1983), 1,335
kWh per capita
Exports: $209.4 million (f.o.b., 1982); sugar
and sugarcane byproducts, electrical parts,
clothing
Imports: $554 million (f.o.b., 1982); food-
stuffs, consumer durables, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: exports — 36% US,
27% CARICOM, UK; imports— 34% US, 18%
CARICOM, UK, Canada (1980)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), from US, $10
million; (1970-81) ODA and OOF commit-
ments from other Western countries, $66
million; no military aid
Budget: (1983) revenues, $242 million; ex-
penditures, $247.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.01 13 Barbados
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,533 km total; 1,476 km paved, 7
km unpaved, 3 km four-lane highways under
construction, and 96 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor
18
Belgium
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic
telephone system with 66,700 telephones
(26.6 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link
to Trinidad and St. Lucia; UHF/VHF links
to St. Vincent and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations, 1
FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Barbados Defense Force, Royal
Barbados Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 66,000;
47,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year 1982, $6.7
million; central government budget for 1982
is unknown
(See reference map V)
Land
30,540 km2; 28% cultivated; 24% meadow
and pasture; 20% forest; 28% waste, urban, or
other
Land boundaries: 1,377 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 64 km
People
Population: 9,872,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun— Belgian(s); adjective —
Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Fleming, 33% Wal-
loon, 12% mixed or other
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, remainder
Protestant, none, or other
Language: 56% Flemish (Dutch), 32%
French, 1% German; 11% legally bilingual;
divided along ethnic lines
•
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4 million (1983); 36% transporta-
tion, 33% industry and commerce, 21%
public services, 2.3% agriculture; 11% unem-
ployed (1983)
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: nine provinces; as of 1
October 1980, Wallonia and Flanders have
regional "subgovernments" with elected re-
gional councils and executive officials; those
regional authorities have limited powers over
revenues and certain areas of economic, ur-
ban, environmental, and housing policy; the
authority of the regional subgovernments
will increase over a five-year period;
Wallonia also has a separate Walloon Cul-
tural Council
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
English constitutional theory; constitution
adopted 1831, since amended; judicial re-
view of legislative acts; legal education at
four law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 21 July
Branches: executive branch consists of King
and Cabinet; Cabinet responsible to bicam-
eral parliament (Senate and Chamber of
Representatives); independent judiciary; co-
alition governments are usual
Government leaders: BAUDOUIN I, King;
Wilfried MARTENS, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at least once every four years;
last held 8 November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social
Christian (CVP), Frank Swaelen, president;
Walloon Social Christian (PSC), Gerard
Deprez, president; Flemish Socialist (SP),
Karel van Miert, president; Walloon Socialist
(PS), Guy Spitaels, president; Flemish Liberal
(PVV), Guy Verhofstadt, president; Walloon
Liberal (PRL), Louis Michel, president;
Francophone Democratic Front (FDF),
Lucien Outers, president; Volksunie (VU),
19
Belgium (continued)
Vic Anciaux, president; Communist Party
(PCB), Louis van Geyt, president; Walloon
Rally (RW), Henri Mordant; Ecologist Party
(ECOLO-AGALEV), president unknown;
Anti-Tax Party (UDRT-RAD), Robert
Hendrick and Thomas Delahaye, presidents;
Vlaams Blok (VB), president unknown
Voting strength: (1981 election) Chamber of
Representatives— CVP 43 seats, PS 35 seats,
PVV 28 seats, SP 26 seats, PRL 24 seats, VU
20 seats, PSC 18 seats, FDF and RW 8 seats,
ECOLO-AGALEV 4 seats, UDRT-RAD 3
seats, PCB 2 seats, VB 1 seat
Communists: 10,000 members (est, October
1981)
Other political or pressure groups: Christian
and Socialist Trade Unions; Federation of
Belgian Industries; numerous other associa-
tions representing bankers, manufacturers,
middle-class artisans, and the legal and medi-
cal professions; various organizations
represent the cultural interests of Flanders
and Wallonia; various peace groups such as
Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear
Weapons and Pax Christi
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council
of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, EIB,
ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
CNP: $85.42 billion (1982), $8,628 per cap-
ita; 66.6% consumption, 16.8% investment,
19% government consumption, 0.3% stock
building, -2.4% net foreign balance (1982);
0.7% real growth rate in 1982
Agriculture: livestock production predomi-
nates; main crops — grains, sugar beets, flax,
potatoes, other vegetables, fruits; 80% self-
sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 30,602 metric tons (1980); ex-
ports $63 million (1981), imports $317 million
(1981)
Major industries: engineering and metal
products, processed food and beverages,
chemicals, basic metals, textiles, glass, and
petroleum
Crude steel: 17.9 million metric tons capac-
ity (December 1981); 9.9 million metric tons
produced, 1,004 kg per capita (1982)
Electric power: 14,891,000 kW capacity
(1983); 50.4 billion kWh produced (1983),
5,1 10 kWh per capita
Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union) $55.2 billion (f.o.b., 1981); iron and
steel products, finished or semifinished pre-
cious stones, textile products
Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic
Union) $61.4 billion (c.i.f., 1981); nonelec-
trical machinery, motor vehicles, textiles,
chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: (Belgium-
Luxembourg Economic Union, 1981) 65.5%
EC (19.6% FRG, 16.5% France, 16.0% Neth-
erlands, 8.0% UK, 4.2% Italy), 5.8% US, 2.5%
Communist
Aid: donor; bilateral economic aid commit-
ments (OD A and OOF), $4.3 billion ( 1 970-8 1 )
Budget: (1982) revenues, $24 million; expen-
ditures, $35.5 million; deficit, $9.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 56.33 Belgian
francs=US$l (December 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,111 km total; 3,920 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, government owned;
2,563 km double track; 1,763 km electrified;
191 km 1.000-meter gauge, government
owned, electrified
Highways: 103,396 km total; approximately
1,317 km limited access, divided autoroute;
11,717 km national highway; 1,362 km pro-
vincial road; approximately 38,000 km other
paved; approximately 51,000 km unpaved
rural
Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528
km are in regular use by commercial trans-
port
Ports: 5 major, 1 minor
Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km; crude,
161 km; natural gas, 3,218 km
Civil air: 44 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 46 total, 45 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 14 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international telephone and telegraph
facilities; 3.64 million telephones (46.8 per
100 popl.); 6 AM, 36 FM, and 32 TV stations;
5 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,492,000;
2,108,000 fit for military service; 80,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1.904 billion; 5.6% of the
central government budget
20
Belize
(formerly British Honduras)
Gulf of
Mexico
Pacific
Ocean
(See reference map III)
Land
22,963 km2; 46% exploitable forest, 38% agri-
cultural (5% cultivated); 16% urban, waste,
water, offshore islands, or other
Land boundaries: 515 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 386 km
People
Population: 158,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Belizean(s); adjective —
Belizean
Ethnic divisions: 51% black, 22% mestizo,
19% Amerindian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Seventh-Day Adventist, Methodist, Baptist,
Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonite
Language: English (official), Spanish Maya,
and Carib
Literacy: over 80%
Labor force: 34,000 (1982); 30% services, 25%
agriculture, 23% industry and commerce,
22% government; shortage of skilled labor
and all types of technical personnel; over 15%
are unemployed
Organized labor: 8% of labor force
Government
Official name: Belize
Type: parliamentary; independent state; a
member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Belmopan
Legal system: English law
Branches: bicameral legislature (National As-
sembly— 18-member elected House of
Representatives and eight-member ap-
pointed Senate; either house may choose its
speaker or president, respectively, from out-
side its membership); Cabinet; judiciary
Government leaders: George Cadle PRICE,
Prime Minister; Dr. Elmira Minita GOR-
DON, Governor General
Suffrage: universal adult (probably 21)
Elections: Parliamentary elections held No-
vember 1979; next elections must be held
before February 1985
Political parties and leaders: People's United
Party (PUP), George Price; United Demo-
cratic Party (UDP), Manuel Esquivel, Curl
Thompson, and Dean Lindo
Voting strength: National Assembly — PUP
13 seats, UDP 4 seats, independents 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: United
Workers Union, which is connected with
PUP
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, Common-
wealth, GATT, IBRD, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF,
G-77, NAM, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO
Economy
GDP: $169 million (1982), $1,120 per capita
(1982); real growth rate -2% (1982)
Agriculture: main products — sugarcane, cit-
rus fruits, corn, molasses, rice, beans,
bananas, livestock products, honey; net im-
porter of food
Fishing: catch 1,349 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: sugar refining, garments,
timber and forest products, furniture, rum,
soap, beverages, cigarettes
Electric power: 21,000 kW capacity (1983);
50 million kWh produced (1983), 325 kWh
per capita
Exports: $93 million (f.o.b., 1982); sugar, gar-
ments, fish, molasses, citrus fruits, wood and
wood products
Imports: $131 million (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery and transportation equipment, food,
manufactured goods, fuels
Major trade partners: exports — US 43%, UK
37%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Mexico 2%;
imports— US 52%, UK 17%, Netherlands An-
tilles 5% (1979 est.)
Aid: economic — authorized from US, includ-
ing Ex-Im (FY70-82), $7.2 million; bilateral
ODA and OOF commitments from Western
(non-US) countries (1970-81), $98 million
Budget: revenues, $50 million; expenditures,
$93 million (projected budget for April 1982
through March 1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize
dollars=US$l (19 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved,
1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth and
310 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 825 km river network
used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navi-
gable
21
Belize (continued)
Benin
(formerly Dahomey)
Ports: 2 major (Belize City, Belize South-
west), 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 32 total, 31 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 6,250 telephones; (4.3
per 100 popl.); radio-relay system; above av-
erage system based on radio-relay; 5 AM
stations and 1 FM station; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: British Forces Belize, Belize De-
fense Force, Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 39,000;
24,000 fit for military service; 1,700 reach
military age ( 1 8) annually; the nucleus of the
Belize Defense Force (BDF) is the former
Special Force of the Belize Police, which was
transferred intact to the new organization;
the bulk of the early recruits were drawn
from the Belize Volunteer Guard, a home
guard force that had previously acted as a
police reserve; currently, the BDF consists of
full-time soldiers referred to as the "Regu-
lars" and an essentially reserve group, which
has maintained the "Volunteer Guard"
name; recruitment is voluntary and the terms
of service vary
(See reference map VII)
Land
1 12,622 km2; southern third of country is
most fertile; 80% arable land (11% actually
cultivated); 19% forest and game preserves;
1% nonarable
Land boundaries: 1,963 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (100 nm mineral exploitation limit)
Coastline: 121 km
People
Population: 3,910,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Beninese (sing., pi.); ad-
jective— Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (42 ethnic
groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba); 5,500 Europeans
Religion: 70% animist, 15% Muslim, 15%
Christian
Language: French (official); Fon and Yoruba
most common vernaculars in south; at least
six major tribal languages in north
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 1.5 million (1982); 70% of labor
force employed in agriculture; less than 2% of
the labor force work in the industrial sector
and the remainder are employed in trans-
port, commerce, and public services
Organized labor: approximately 75% of
wage earners, divided among two major and
several minor unions
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Benin
Type: Soviet-modeled civilian government
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de
facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 46 dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on French civil law and
customary law; legal education generally ob-
tained in France; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: Revolutionary National Assembly,
National Executive Council, Central Com-
mittee of party
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Mathieu
KEREKOU, President and Chief of State
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Assembly elections were
held in November 1979; Assembly then for-
mally elected Kerekou President in February
1980
Political parties: People's Revolutionary
Party of Benin (PRPB) is sole party
Communists: PRPB espouses Marxism-
Leninism
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, Niger River
Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
22
Bermuda
Economy
GNP: $1.1 billion (1982), $294 per capita;
—4.2% nominal growth during 1982
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms;
peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and to-
bacco also produced commercially; main
food crops — corn, cassava, yams, rice, sor-
ghum and millet; livestock, fish
Fishing: catch 24,056 metric tons (1982 est.)
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel
oil processing, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 21,000 kW capacity (1983);
20 million kWh produced (1983), 80 million
kWh imported from Ghana, 5 kWh per cap-
ita
Exports: $304.3 million (f.o.b., 1982); palm
products, cotton, other agricultural products
Imports: $590.3 million (f.o.b. 1982); thread,
cloth, clothing and other consumer goods,
construction materials, iron, steel, fuels,
foodstuffs, machinery, and transport equip-
ment
Major trade partners: France, EC, franc
zone; preferential tariffs to EC and franc
zone countries
Budget: (1982) revenues $168.2 million, cur-
rent expenditures $103.3 million,
development expenditures $83.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 397.45
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 579 km, all 1.000- meter gauge
Highways: 3,303 km total; 705 km paved,
2,598 km improved earth
Inland waterways: small sections, only im-
portant locally
Ports: 1 major (Cotonou)
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 8 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire and radio relay; 16,200 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 2 AM and 2 FM stations; 1 TV
station; satellite station under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
1,716,000; of the 846,000 males 15-49,
428,000 are fit for military service; of the
870,000 females 15-49, 440,000 are fit for
military service; about 39,000 males and
40,000 females reach military age (18) annu-
ally; both sexes are liable for military service
At/antic
Ocean
BERMUDA
(See reference map II)
Land
53.3 km2; 60% forest; 21% built on, waste-
land, and other; 11% leased for air and naval
bases; 8% arable
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 103 km
People
Population: 58,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Bermudian(s);
adjective — Bermudian
Ethnic divisions: 61% black, 39% white and
other
Religion: 37% Anglican, 21% other J>rotes-
tant, 28% Catholic, 28% Black Muslim and
other
Language: English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 29,669 employed (1980); 25%
clerical, 22% services, 22% laborers, 13% pro-
fessional and technical, 9% administrative
and managerial, 7% sales, 2% agriculture and
fishing
Government
Official name: Bermuda
23
Bermuda (continued)
Bhutan
Type: British colony
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Legal system: English law
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) ap-
pointed by governor, led by government
leader; bicameral legislature with an ap-
pointed Senate and a 40-member directly
elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court
Government leaders: Viscount John W.
DUNROSSIL, Governor; John William
David SWAN, Premier
Suffrage: universal adult over age 21
Elections: at least once every five years; last
general election December 1980
Political parties and leaders: United Ber-
muda Party (UBP), J. David Gibbons;
Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Lois Browne-
Evans
Voting strength: 1980 elections— UBP 54%,
PLP 46%; UBP holds 22 House of Assembly
seats; PLP, 18
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda
Industrial Union (BIU), headed by Ottiwell
Simmons
Member of: INTERPOL, WHO
Economy
GDP: $598 million (FY79/80), $16,150 per
capita (1983); real growth rate 2.5%
(FY82/83)
Agriculture: main products — bananas, veg-
etables, Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus
fruits
Major industries: tourism, finance, struc-
tural concrete products, paints, perfumes,
furniture
Electric power: 1 10,000 kW capacity (1983);
350 million kWh produced (1983), 6,035
kWh per capita
Exports: $15.7 million (1982); semitropical
produce, light manufactures
Imports: $351 million (1982); fuel, foodstuffs,
machinery
Major trade partners: 54% US; 16% Carib-
bean countries, 10% UK, 6% Canada, 14%
other; tourists, 90% US
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-81), from US $34
million; from Western (non-US) countries,
ODA and OOF (1970-81), $125 million; no
military aid
Budget: revenues, $132 million; expendi-
tures $132 million (FY81/82)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda
dollar=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 209 km public roads, all paved
(approximately 400 km of private roads)
Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George, Free-
port)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern telecom sys-
tem, includes fully automatic telephone
system with 46,290 sets (84.6 per lOOpopl.); 4
AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 3 submarine
cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
External defense is the responsibility of
United Kingdom
Branches: The Bermuda Regiment
(See reference map Vltl)
Land
46,620 km2; 70% forest; 15% agricultural;
15% desert, waste, urban
Land boundaries: about 870 km
People
Population: 1,417,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun — Bhutanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhote, 25% ethnic
Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25%
Buddhist-influenced Hinduism
Language: Bhotes speak various Tibetan dia-
lects— most widely spoken dialect is
Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various
Nepalese dialects
Literacy: 5%
Labor force: 95% agriculture, 1% industry
and commerce (1983); massive lack of skilled
labor
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship
with India
Capital: Thimphu
24
Bolivia
Political subdivisions: 4 regions(east, central,
west, south), further divided into 17 districts
Legal system: based on Indian law and
English common law; in 1964 the monarch
assumed full power — no constitution existed
beforehand; a Supreme Court hears appeals
from district administrators; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 17 December
Branches: appointed ministers and indirectly
elected National Assembly consisting of vil-
lage elders, monastic representatives, and all
district and senior government adminis-
trators
Government leader: Jigme Singye
WANGCHUCK, King
Suffrage: each family has one vote
Elections: popular elections on village level
held every three years
Political parties: no legal parties
Communists: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist
clergy
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, NAM,
UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO
Economy
GDP: $131 million (FY81/82), $109 per
capita; 9.4% growth in FY81/82
Agriculture: rice, corn, barley, wheat, pota-
toes, fruit
Major industries: cement, chemical prod-
ucts, mining, distilling, food processing,
handicrafts
Electric power: 15,680 kW capacity (1983); 9
million kWh produced (1983), 7 kWh per
capita
Exports: $20.2 million (FY81/82); agricul-
tural and forestry products, coal
Imports: (from India) $50.8 million
(FY81/82); textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels,
machinery
Major trade partner: India
Budget: total receipts $48.5 million, expendi-
tures $50.9 million (FY82/83 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums
and Indian rupees are legal tender; 10.224
ngultrums= 10.224 Indian rupees=US$l
(October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced,
515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth
Freight carried: not available, very light traf-
fic
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities inadequate;
1,300 telephones (0.1 per 100 pop!.); 11,000
est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM stations and
no TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Bhutan Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 350,000;
188,000 fit for military service; about 17,000
reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on India
(See reference map IV)
Land
1,098,160 km2; 45% urban, desert, waste, or
other; 40% forest; 11% pasture and meadow;
2% cultivated and fallow; 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 6,083 km
People
Population: 6,037,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Bolivian(s); adjective —
Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 30% Quechua, 25% Ay-
mara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic; active Prot-
estant minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara
(all official)
Literacy: est. 75%
Labor force: 1.7 million (1983); 47% agricul-
ture, 23% services, 19% industry and
commerce, 11% government
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concen-
trated in mining, industry, construction, and
transportation
Government
Official name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic
25
Bolivia (continued)
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre
(legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Political subdivisions: nine departments
with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and
Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967;
constitution in force except where contrary
to dispositions dictated by governments since
1969; legal education at University of San
Andres and several others; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day,
6 August
Branches: executive; bicameral legislature
(National Congress — Senate and Chamber of
Deputies); Congress began meeting again in
October 1982; judiciary
Government leader: Hernan SILES Zuazo,
President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
if married, 21 if single
Elections: presidential elections on 29 June
1980 were won by the UDP coalition candi-
date, Hernan Siles Zuazo; however, before
the planned August inauguration, the gov-
ernment was overthrown by the military; a
series of military leaders followed; in Sep-
tember 1982 the military moved to return the
government to civilian rule; the 1980-elected
congress met on 1 October and selected the
winner of the 1980 presidential election,
Hernan Siles Zuazo, to head the government;
Siles was inaugurated on 10 October
Political parties and leaders: the two tradi-
tional political parties in Bolivia, the
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement of the
People (MNR) and the Bolivian Socialist
Falange (FSB), are both seriously
factionalized; FSB, Mario Gutierrez; MNR,
Jaime Arellano; Nationalist Revolutionary
Movement of Left (MNRI), Hernan Siles
Zuazo; Movement of the Revolutionary Left
(MIR), Jaime Paz Zamora; Authentic Revolu-
tionary Party, Walter Guevara Arce;
Christian Democratic Party, Benjamin Mi-
guel; Nationalist Revolutionary Party of
Left, Juan Lechin Oquendo; Paz
Estenssorista MNR, Leonidas Sanchez; Na-
tionalist Democratic Action Party (ADN),
Hugo Banzer
Voting strength: (1980 elections) UDP—
Democratic Popular Unity Front, a coalition
of the MNRI, MIR, and several smaller
groups 38.5%; MNR 20.5%; ADN 16.8%
Communists: three parties; PCB/Soviet led
by Jorge Kolle Cueto, about 300 members;
PCB/Chinese led by Oscar Zamora, 150 (in-
cluding 100 in exile); POR (Trotskyist), about
50 members divided between three factions
led by Hugo Gonzalez Moscoso, Guillermo
Lora Escobar, and Amadeo Arze
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, I ATP,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO,
ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional
Group (created in May 1969 within LAIA
[formerly LAFTA]), NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $5.6 billion (1983), $933 per capita;
77% private consumption, 10% public con-
sumption, 13% gross domestic investment,
-2.0% net foreign balance (1981); 1980
growth, -12%
Agriculture: main crops — potatoes, corn,
rice, sugarcane, coca, yucca, bananas, coffee;
imports significant quantities of wheat
Major industries: mining, smelting, petro-
leum refining, food processing, textiles, and
clothing
Electric power: 480,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.8 billion kWh produced (1983), 306 kWh
per capita
Exports: $832 million (f.o.b., 1982); tin, pe-
troleum, lead, zinc, silver, tungsten,
antimony, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cot-
ton, natural gas
Imports: $522 million (c.i.f., 1982); food-
stuffs, chemicals, capital goods, pharma-
ceuticals, transportation
Major trade partners: exports — Argentina
36%, US 11%; UK 4%, other EC 10%; Brazil
3%; imports— Argentina 22%; US 21%; Brazil
17%; EC 12%; Japan 9%; FRG 6%; UK 2%,
other EC 12% (1982)
Budget: $720 million revenues, $1,175 mil-
lion expenditures (1981 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 500 pesos= US$1
(November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,651 km total; 3,514 km meter
gauge (1.000 m) and 32 km 0.760-meter
gauge, all government owned, single track;
105 km meter gauge (1.000 m) privately
owned
Highways: 38,830 km total; 1,300 km paved,
6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be
10,000 km of commercially navigable water-
ways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through
Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani,
Peru)
Civil air: 58 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 564 total, 505 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 10 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 114 with runways 1,220-2,409 m
Telecommunications: new radio-relay sys-
tem still inadequate; improved international
services; 135,000 telephones (2.6 per 100
popl.); 143 AM, 29 FM, and 43 TV stations;
1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
26
Botswana
Defense Forces
Branches: Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy,
Bolivian Air Force (literally the Army of the
Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the Air Force
of the Nation)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,346,000;
881,000 fit for military service; 61,000 reach
military age (19) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1982, $76.0 million;
12.3% of central government budget
MOZAMBIQUE
Atlantic
Ocean
Indian
\ SOUTH AFRICA"/ Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
600,372 km2; about 6% arable: less than 1%
cultivated; mostly desert
Land boundaries: 3,774 km
People
Population: 1,038,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.6%
Nationality: noun — Motswana (sing.),
Batswana (pi.); adjective — Botswana
Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen,
1% European
Religion: 40% indigenous beliefs, 15% Chris-
tian
Language: English (official), Setswana
vernacular
Literacy: about 24% in English; about 35% in
Tswana; less than 1% secondary school grad-
uates
Labor force: about 400,000 total;103,600 for-
mal sector employees (1980-81); most others
are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence
agriculture; 40,000 formal sector employees
spend at least six to nine months per year as
wage earners in South Africa (1980)
Organized labor: 16 trade unions organized
Government
Official name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic; independent
member of Commonwealth
Capital: Gaborone
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and local customary law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review limited to
matters of interpretation; legal education at
University of Botswana and Swaziland (two
and one-half years) and University of Edin-
burgh (two years); has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
September
Branches: executive — President appoints
and presides over the Cabinet, which is re-
sponsible to Legislative Assembly; bicameral
legislature (National Assembly with 32 popu-
larly elected members and four members
elected by the 32 representatives; House of
Chiefs with deliberative powers only); judi-
cial— local courts administer customary law,
High Court and subordinate courts have
criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court
of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leader: Dr. Quett K. J.
MASIRE, President
Suffrage: universal adult at age 21
Elections: general elections held 20 October
1979; next elections to be held by October
1984
Political parties and leaders: Botswana
Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire;
Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth
Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP);
Botswana Independence Party (BIP),
Motsamai Mpho
Voting strength: (October 1979 election)
Legislative Assembly— BDP, 29 seats; BNF,
2 seats; BPP, 1 seat
27
Botswana (continued)
Brazil
Communists: no known Communist orga-
nization; Koma of BNF has long history of
Communist contacts
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP. $721.6 million (FY81/82); average an-
nual real growth, 9.7% during 1976-82, 0% in
FY81/82
Agriculture: principal crops are corn, sor-
ghum, millet, cowpeas; livestock raised and
exported; heavy dependence on imported
food
Major industries: livestock processing, min-
ing of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt,
soda ash, potash, tourism
Electric power: 100,000 kW capacity (1983);
470 million kWh produced (1983), 470 kWh
per capita
Exports: $456.2 million (f.o.b. 1982); dia-
monds, cattle, animal products, copper,
nickel
Imports: $580.0 million (f.o.b 1982); food-
stuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products
Major trade partners: Switzerland, US, UK,
other EC members of Southern African Cus-
toms Union
Budget: (FY82/83) revenues $287.0 million,
expenditures $372.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.122 pula=US$l
(31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 726 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 1 1,214 km total; 1,300 km paved;
1,700 km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km
improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved
earth
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 87 total, 79 usable; 9 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439
m
Telecommunications: the small system is a
combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay
links, and a few radiocommunication sta-
tions; 11, 700 telephones (1.5 per 100popl.);3
AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Wing, Botswana Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 196,000;
104,000 fit for military service; 12,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1982, $26.6 million; 5% of central gov-
ernment budget
SURINAME
' FRENCH Atlantic
UIANA Ocean
(See reference map IV)
Land
8,512,100 km2; 60% forest; 23% built-on area,
waste, and other; 13% pasture; 4% cultivated
Land boundaries: 13,076 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 7,491 km
People
Population: 134,380,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Brazilian(s); adjective —
Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: Portuguese, Italian, Ger-
man, Japanese, black, Amerindian; 55%
white, 38% mixed, 6% black, and 1% other
Religion: (1980) 89% Roman Catholic (nomi-
nal)
Language: Portuguese (official)
Literacy: 74%
Labor force: about 50 million in 1982 —
29.9% agriculture, livestock, forestry, and
fishing; 24.4% industry, 20.3% services, trans-
portation, and communication; 9.4%
commerce; 7.0% social activities; 4.1% public
administration; 2.9% other
Organized labor: about 6 million (1982)
Government
Official name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; military-backed
presidential regime since April 1964
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 23 states, 3 territories,
federal district (Brasilia)
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual sys-
tem of courts, state and federal; constitution
adopted 1967 and extensively amended in
1969; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 Sep-
tember
Branches: strong executive with very broad
powers; bicameral legislature (National
Congress — Senate, Chamber of Deputies;
powers of the two bodies have been sharply
reduced); 1 1-man Supreme Court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.), JoSo
Baptista de Oliveira FIGUEIREDO, Presi-
dent
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except il-
literates; approximately 58,200,000 eligible
to vote in 1982
Elections: Figueiredo, who took office on 15
March 1979, was elected by an electoral col-
lege, composed of the members of Congress
and delegates selected from the state legisla-
tures on 15 October 1978; next presidential
election 1985
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party (PDS), progovernment, Jose
Sarney, president; Brazilian Democratic
Movement Party (PMDB), Ulysses
Guimaraes, president; three smaller parties
are Workers Party (PT), Brazilian Labor
Party (PTB), and Democratic Labor Party
(PDT)
Voting strength: (November 1982 federal
and state elections) 37% progovernment PDS;
63% divided among four opposition parties
(PMDB, PT, PTB, and PDT)
Communists: 6,000, less than 1,000 militants
Other political or pressure groups: the Cath-
olic Church, over the years, has been a
consistent critic of the regime; labor unions,
at least as far as wage demands, have been
active at times; business organizations can be
influential, especially in the economically
powerful states of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro,
and Minas Gerais
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $295 billion, $2,360 per capita (1982
est); 19% gross investment, 82% consump-
tion, — 1% net foreign balance (1982 est.);
real growth rate 0% (1982 est.)
Agriculture: main products — coffee, rice,
corn, sugarcane, soybeans, cotton, manioc,
oranges; nearly self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 858,183 metric tons (1979); ex-
ports, $162 million (f.o.b., 1982); imports, $80
million (f.o.b., 1982)
Major industries: textiles and other con-
sumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber,
steel, motor vehicles, other metalworking in-
dustries, capital goods
Crude steel: 17.5 million metric tons capac-
ity; 13.0 million metric tons produced (1982
est.)
Electric power: 40,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 150.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
1,140 kWh per capita
Exports: $20.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); soybeans,
coffee, transport equipment, iron ore, steel
products, chemicals, meat, shoes, sugar
Imports: $19.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); petro-
leum, machinery, chemicals, pharma-
ceuticals, wheat, copper, aluminum
Major trade partners: exports— 20% US, 6%
Netherlands, 6% FRG, 6% Japan, 5% Italy,
4% France (1982 est.); imports— 40% OPEC,
15% US, 5% Japan, 4% FRG, 4% Mexico, 3%
France, 3% Argentina (1982 est.)
Budget: (1982 est.) revenues $25.7 billion, ex-
penditures $25.7 billion (Treasury budget
only)
Monetary conversion rate: 842
cruzeiros=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 24,600 km total; 22,450 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 1,750km 1.600-meter gauge,
200 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 200 km
0.760-meter gauge; 1,050 km electrified
Highways: 1,399,440 km total; 83,965 km
paved, 1,315,475 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined prod-
ucts, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km
Civil air: 176 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4,351 total, 3,475 usable; 264 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m; 22 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m; 417 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom system;
extensive radio relay facilities; 2 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT stations with total of 3 an-
tennas; 18 domestic satellite stations; 7.5
million telephones (6.3 per 100 pop!.); 1,485
AM, 150 FM, and 200 TV stations; 3 coaxial
submarine cables
29
Brazil (continued)
Brunei
Defense Forces
Branches: Brazilian Army, Navy of Brazil,
Brazilian Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
33,609,000; 22,734,000 fit for military serv-
ice; 1,432,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $3.919 billion;
9.7% of central government budget
(See reference map IX)
Land
5,765 km2; 75% forest; 22% industry, waste,
urban, or other; 3% cultivable (of which only
10% is cultivated)
Land boundaries: 381 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(12 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 161 km
People
Population: 218,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.9%
Nationality: noun — Bruneian(s); adjective —
Bruneian
Ethnic divisions: 75% Malay, 20% Chinese,
5% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official reli-
gion); 8% Christian; 32% other (Buddhist and
animist)
Language: Malay and English official, Chi-
nese
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 32,155; 33.8% trade, transport,
and services; 32.8% industry, manufacturing,
and construction; 30.5% agriculture; 2.9%
other
Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force
Government
Official name: State of Brunei Darussalam
Type: became independent 1 January 1984;
constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
National holiday: National Day, 23 Febru-
ary
Political subdivisions: four administrative
districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitu-
tion promulgated by the Sultan in 1959
Branches: chief of state is Sultan (advised by
appointed Privy Council), who appoints Ex-
ecutive Council and Legislative Council
Government leader: Sir HASSANAL
Bolkiah, Sultan
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over;
three-tiered system of indirect elections;
popular vote cast for lowest level (district
councilors)
Elections: last elections— March 1965; fur-
ther elections postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: antigov-
ernment, exiled Brunei People's Party,
A. M. N. Azahari, chairman
Communists: information not available
Member of: ASEAN, INTERPOL, QIC; has
applied for membership in UN
Economy
GDP; $19.8 billion (1981 est), $27,000 per
capita (1981)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, pepper; must
import most food
Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied
natural gas, construction
30
Bulgaria
Electric power: 147,000 kW capacity (1981);
415 million kWh produced (1981), 1,646
kWh per capita
Exports: $18.6 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 95%
crude oil, liquefied natural gas, and petro-
leum products
Imports: $2.7 billion (c.i.f., 1981 est.); in-
cludes machinery and transport equipment,
manufactured goods, food, chemicals, bever-
ages and tobacco, mineral fuels and
lubricants, rice arid other agricultural goods
Major trade partners: exports of crude petro-
leum and liquefied natural gas to Japan;
imports from Japan 30%, US 24%, UK 15%,
Singapore 9%
Budget: (1979) revenues $883 million,
expenditures $500 million, surplus $383 mil-
lion; 35% defense
Monetary conversion rate: 2.1313 Brunei
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 13 km 0.610-meter narrow gauge
private line
Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bi-
tuminous treated), with another 52 km under
construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by
craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
Ports: 1 major (Muara), 4 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined prod-
ucts, 56 km; natural gas, 56 km; crude oil and
natural gas, 241 km under construction
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659
m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service throughout
country is adequate for present needs; inter-
national service good to adjacent Sabah and
Sarawak; radiobroadcast coverage good;
17,930 telephones (8.0 per 100 popl.); Radio
Brunei broadcasts from 6 AM/FM stations
and 1 TV station; 32,000 radio receivers; 1
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Brunei Armed Forces, in-
cluding air wing, navy, and ground forces;
British Gurkha Battalion; Royal Brunei Po-
lice
Military manpower: males 15-49, 56,000;
34,000 fit for military service; about 2,500
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $161 million; about 12.8%
of central government budget
CSee reference map V)
Land
110,912 km2; 41% arable; 33% forest; 15%
other; 11% other agricultural
Land boundaries: 1,883 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 354 km
People
Population: 8,969,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Bulgarian(s);
adjective — Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarian, 8.5%
Turk, 2.6% Gypsy, 2.5% Macedonian, 0.3%
Armenian, 0.2% Russian, 0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious
background of population is 85% Bulgarian
Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7%
Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant,
Gregorian-Armenian and other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages
closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 3,997,615 (1983); 42.6% indus-
try and commerce, 23.3% agriculture, 1.5%
government, 32.7% other
31
Bulgaria (continued)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofia
Political subdivisions: 28 okrugs (districts),
including capital city of Sofia
Legal system: based on civil law system, with
Soviet law influence; new constitution
adopted in 1971; judicial review of legislative
acts in the State Council; legal education at
University of Sofia; has accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day,
9 September
Branches: legislative (National Assembly); ju-
diciary, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Todor ZHIVKOV,
Chairman, State Council (President and
Chief of State); Georgi (Grisha) Stanchev
FILIPOV, Chairman, Council of Ministers
(Premier)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: held every five years for National
Assembly; last election held on 7 June 1981;
99.96% of the electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian
Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, General
Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian
Union, a puppet party, Petur Tanchev, secre-
tary of Permanent Board
Communists: 825,81 1 party members (April
1981)
Moss organizations and front groups: Fa-
therland Front, Dimitrov Communist Youth
Union, Central Council of Trade Unions, Na-
tional Committee for Defense of Peace,
Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Cap-
italism, Committee of Bulgarian Women,
All-National Committee for Bulgarian-
Soviet Friendship
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMO, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO; Warsaw Pact, International
Organization of Journalists, International
Medical Association, International Radio and
Television Organization
Economy
GNP: $35.3 billion, 1982 (1981 dollars),
$3,963 per capita; 1982 real growth rate,
2.8%
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main
crops — grain, tobacco, fruits, vegetables,
sheep, hogs, poultry, cheese, sunflower seeds
Fishing: catch 144,000 metric tons (1981)
Major industries: food processing, machine
building, chemicals, metallurgical products,
electronics, textiles and clothing
Shortages: some raw materials, metal prod-
ucts
Crude steel: 2. 6 million metric tons produced
(1982), 280 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,524,000 kW capacity
(1983); 41.04 billion kWh produced (1983),
4,582 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 47% ma-
chinery and equipment; 17% agricultural
products; 13% fuels, mineral raw materials,
and metals; 9% manufactured consumer
goods; 10% other
Imports: $1 1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 46% fuels
and minerals, 34% machinery and equip-
ment, 5% manufactured consumer goods, 5%
chemicals, 10% other (1982)
Major trade partners: $21.031 billion in
1981; 54% with USSR, 21% with other Com-
munist countries, 25% with non-Communist
countries
Monetary conversion rate:0.965 leva= US$1
(June 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year; economic data re-
ported for calendar years except for caloric
intake, which is reported for consumption
year 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 4,267 km total; all government
owned (1980); about 4,022 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 245 km narrow gauge; 654
km double track; 1,730 km electrified
Highways: 36,058 km total; 2,910 km trunk
roads, 3,833 km class I concrete, asphalt,
stone block; 5,910 km class II asphalt treated,
gravel, crushed stone; 19,701 km class III
earth; 3,704 km other (1983)
Inland waterways: 471 km (1981)
Pipelines: crude, 193 km; refined product,
418 km; natural gas, 1,120 km
Freight carried: rail — 81.5 million metric
tons, 17.7 billion metric ton/km (1981); high-
way— 816 million metric tons, 16.0 billion
metric ton/km (1981); waterway — 4.9 mil-
lion metric tons, 2.8 billion metric ton/km
(excluding international transit traffic; 1981)
Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West, Burgas), 6
minor (1981); principal river ports are Ruse
and Lom (1981)
Defense Forces
Branches: Bulgarian People's Army, Frontier
Troops, Air and Air Defense Forces, Bulgar-
ian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,166,000;
1,816,000 fit for military service; 63,000
reach military age (19) annually
Ships: 2 submarines, 2 principal surface com-
batants, 3 patrol combatants, 2 mine warfare
ships, 16 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft,
25 amphibious warfare craft, 20 mina war-
fare craft, 1 underway replenishment ship, 1
fleet support ship, 2 other auxiliaries
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, 1 billion leva; 5.9% of total
budget
32
Burma
(See reference maps VIII and IX)
Land
678,576 km2; 62% forest; 28% arable, of
which 1 2% is cultivated; 10% urban and other
Land boundaries: 5,850 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(24 nm security zone and 200 nm exclusive
economic zone)
Coastline: 3,060 km
People
Population: 36,196,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Burmese; adjective —
Burmese
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen,
6% Shan, 6% Indian, 3% Chinese, 2% Kachin,
2% Chin, 2% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% indigenous be-
liefs, Christian, or other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups
have their own languages
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: 14.19 million (1982/83); 63.6%
agriculture, 12% government, 9.5% trade,
9.4% industry, 5.5% other
Organized labor: Workers' Asiayone or
"association" (1.56 million members) and
Peasants' Asiayone (7.83 million members)
integrated into sole political party (1983)
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of the
Union of Burma
Type: republic under 1974 constitution
Capital: Rangoon
Political subdivisions: seven divisions (pre-
dominantly Burman population) and seven
states (based on ethnic minorities), subdi-
vided into townships, village-tracts (rural)
and wards (urban)
Legal system: People's Justice system and
People's Courts instituted under 1974 con-
stitution; legal education at Universities of
Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 Jan-
uary
Branches: Council of State rules through a
Council of Ministers; National Assembly
(Pyithu Hluttaw or People's Congress) has
legislative power
Government leader: U SAN YU, President
and Chairman of Council of State
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: National Assembly and local Peo-
ple's Councils elected in 1981
Political parties and leaders: government-
sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party
only legal party; U Ne Win, party chairman
Communists: est. 15,000 (primarily as an in-
surgent group on the northeast frontier)
Other political or pressure groups: Kachin
Independence Army; Karen Nationalist
Union, several Shan factions (all insurgent
groups)
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC,
ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $5.9 billion (1981/82, in current
prices), $180 per capita; real growth rate 8%
(1981/82)
Agriculture: accounts for nearly 70% of total
employment and about 27% of GDP; main
crops — paddy, pulses, sugarcane, beans, and
peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient; most
rice grown in deltaic land
Fishing: catch 597,000 metric tons (1981/82)
Major industries: agricultural processing;
textiles and footwear; wood and wood prod-
ucts; petroleum refining
Electric power: 725,000 kW capacity (1981);
1.5 billion kWh produced (1981), 42 kWh per
capita
Exports: $405 million (1982/83); rice, teak,
hardwoods, base metals, ores
Imports: $845 million (c.i.f., 1982/83); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
building materials, oil industry equipment
Major trade partners: exports — Singapore,
Western Europe, China, UK, Japan; im-
ports— Japan, Western Europe, Singapore,
UK
Budget: (1982/83) $4.7 billion est. revenues,
$5.3 billion expenditures, $600 million defi-
cit
Monetary conversion rate: 8.1004 kyats=
US$1 (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,353 km total; all government
owned; 3,878 km 1.000-meter gauge, 113km
narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double
track
33
Burma (continued)
Burundi
Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bitumi-
nous, 17,700 km improved earth, gravel,
6,100 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km
navigable by large commercial vessels
Pipelines: crude, 530 km
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: about 17 major transport aircraft
(including 3 helicopters)
Airfields: 90 total, 86 usable; 22 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 38 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: provide minimum re-
quirements for local and intercity service;
international service is good; radiobroadcast
coverage is limited to the most populous
areas; 49,597 telephones (1982/83; 1 per
1,000 popl.); 1 AM station, no FM stations,
and 2 TV stations (December 1982); 1 ground
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
16,743,000; of the 8,338,000 males 15-49,
4,615,000 are fit for military service; of the
8,405,000 females 15-49, 4,638,000 are fit for
military service; about 395,000 males and
385,000 females reach military age (18) annu-
ally; both sexes are liable for military service
(See reference map VII)
Land
27,834 km2; about 37% arable (about 66% cul-
tivated); 23% pasture; 10% scrub and forest;
30% other
Land boundaries: 974 km
People
Population: 4,691,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Burundian(s);
adjective — Burundi
Ethnic divisions: Africans — 85% Hutu
(Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1% Twa
(Pygmy); other Africans include around
70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zair-
ians; non-Africans include about 3,000
Europeans and 2,000 South Asians
Religion: about 67% Christian (62% Roman
Catholic, 5% Protestant), 32% indigenous be-
liefs, about 1% Muslim
Language: Kirundi and French (official);
Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the
Bujumbura area)
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: about 1.9 million (1983); 93%
agriculture, 4% government, 1.5% industry
and commerce, 1.5% services
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of
Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, mem-
bership is extended to all Burundi workers
(informally); figures denoting "active mem-
bership" have been unobtainable
Government
Official name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic; presidential system; previous
military government overthrown in military
coup in 1976
Capital: Bujumbura
Political subdivisions: 15 provinces, subdi-
vided into arrondissements and communes
according to a 1982 redistricting
Legal system: based on German and French
civil codes and customary law; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President and Cabinet);
judicial; legislature (National Assembly) con-
vened in 1982
Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste
BAGAZA, President and Head of State
Suffrage: universal
Elections: new constitution approved by na-
tional referendum in November 1981;
election to National Assembly held in Octo-
ber 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Party
of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a Tutsi-led
party, declared sole legitimate party in 1966;
Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
Communists: no Communist party; resumed
diplomatic relations with the People's Re-
public of China in October 1971, following a
six-year suspension; USSR, North Korea, and
Romania also have diplomatic missions in
Burundi
34
Cameroon
Member of: AfDB, EAMA, EGA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: about $1.2 billion (1982), $272 per cap-
ita; 6% real growth rate (1982)
Agriculture: major cash crops — coffee, cot-
ton, tea; main food crops — manioc, yams,
corn, sorghum, bananas, haricot beans; mar-
ginally self-sufficient
Major industries: light consumer goods such
as blankets, shoes, soap; assembly of imports;
public works construction; beverages
Electric power: 27,000 kW capacity; 4 mil-
lion kWh produced (1983), 30 million kWh
imported from Zaire, 1 kWh per capita
(1983)
Exports: $86 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee
), tea, cotton, hides, skins
Imports: $214 million (c.i.f., 1982); textiles,
foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: US, EEC countries
Budget: (1982) revenue $126.5 million, ex-
penditure $23.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 90 Burundi
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,950 km total; 2,500 km gravel,
or laterite; 3,000 km improved or unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika naviga-
ble for lake steamers and barges; 1 lake port at
Bujumbura
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659m
Telecommunications: sparse system of wire
and low-capacity radio-relay links; about
6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM
and 2 FM stations; no TV station; 1 Indian
Ocean satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (including naval and air
units); paramilitary Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,070,000;
556,000 fit for military service; 52,000 reach
military age (16) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $50 million; about 22.1% of
central government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
475,439 km2; 50% forest; 18% meadow; 13%
fallow; 4% cultivated; 15% other
Land boundaries: 4,554 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 402 km
People
Population: 9,506,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Cameroonian(s);
adjective — Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions: about 200 tribes of widely
differing background; 31 % Cameroon High-
landers, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi,
10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7%
Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less than
1% non-African
Religion: about one-half indigenous beliefs,
one-third Christian, one-sixth Muslim
Language: English and French (official), 24
major African language groups
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: (1983) 83% agriculture, 14% in-
dustry and commerce, 3% tertiary sector
35
Cameroon (continued)
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: United Republic of Came-
roon
Type: unitary republic; one-party presiden-
tial regime
Capital: Yaounde
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces further
divided into departments, arrondissements,
districts
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem, with common law influence; unitary
constitution adopted 1972; judicial review in
Supreme Court, when a question of constitu-
tionality is referred to it by the President of
the Republic; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 20 May
Branches: executive (President), legislative
(National Assembly), and judicial (Supreme
Court)
Government leader: Paul BIYA, President
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: parliamentary elections held May
1983; presidential elections held January
1984
Political parties and leaders: single party,
Cameroon National Union (UNC), instituted
in 1966, Paul Biya, president
Communists: no Communist party or signifi-
cant number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Came-
roon People's Union (UPC), remains an
illegal group with its factional leaders in exile
Member of: Af BD, KAMA, EGA, EIB (asso-
ciate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM,
Niger River Commission, OAU, OIC,
UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.0 billion (1981), about $845 per cap-
ita; real annual growth rate, 6.0-7.0% (1981)
Agriculture: commercial and food crops —
cocoa, coffee, timber, cotton, rubber, ba-
nanas, peanuts, palm oil and palm kernels;
root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and
rice
Fishing: 109,500 metric tons (1980/81); fish
and shrimp
Major industries: crude oil; small aluminum
plant, food processing, and light consumer
goods industries; sawmills
Electric power: 575,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.7 billion kWh produced (1983), 185 kWh
per capita
Exports: $12.64 million (f.o.b., 1982); crude
oil, cocoa, coffee, timber, aluminum, cotton,
natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco,
and tea
Imports: $1.198 billion (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, alumina for refining, petroleum
products, food and beverages
Major trade partners: most trade with
France, other EC countries, and the US
Budget: (1981-82) revenues $1,002 million,
current expenditures $644 million, develop-
ment expenditures $275 million
Monetary conversion rate: 397.45
Communaute Financiere Africaine
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: approximately 59,000 km total;
including 2,682 km bituminous, 7,000 km
gravel and earth, 7,400 km improved earth,
42,000 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing
importance
Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 57 total, 52 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system of open
wire and radio relay; 30,000 telephones (0.3
per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1 FM, and no TV sta-
tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station;
planned TV network
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,115,000;
1,064,000 fit for military service; about
88,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $85.4 million; 10.7% of central
government budget
36
Canada
0 Arctic Ocean
UNITED STATES
(See reference map tl)
Land
9,971,500 km2; 44% forest; 42% waste or ur-
ban; 8% inland water; 4% cultivated; 2%
meadow and pasture
Land boundaries: 9,010 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 90,908 km
People
Population: 25,142,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Canadian(s);
adjective — Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 45% British Isles origin,
29% French origin, 23% other European,
1.5% indigenous Indian and Eskimo
Religion: 46% Roman Catholic, 18% United
Church, 12% Anglican
Language: English and French official
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 12.2 million (December 1983);
68% services (37% government, 23% trade
and finance, 8% transportation), 18% manu-
facturing, 6% construction, 4% agriculture,
5% other; 11.9% unemployment (1983 aver-
age); 11.1% unemployment (December 1983)
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
Government
Official name: Canada
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II
as sovereign
Capital: Ottawa
Political subdivisions: 1 0 provinces and 2 ter-
ritories
Legal system: based on English common law,
except in Quebec, where civil law system
based on French law prevails; constitution as
of 1982 (formerly British North America Act
of 1867 and various amendments); accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July
Branches: federal executive power vested in
cabinet collectively responsible to House of
Commons, and headed by Prime Minister;
federal legislative authority resides in Parlia-
ment (282 seats) consisting of Queen
represented by Governor General, Senate,
and House of Commons; judges appointed by
Governor General on the advice of the gov-
ernment; Supreme Court is highest tribunal
Government leaders: Pierre Elliott TRU-
DEAU, Prime Minister; Jeanne SAUVE,
Governor General
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legal limit of five years; but in
practice usually held within four years; last
election February 1980; voter turnout, 72%
Political parties and leaders: Liberal, Pierre
Trudeau; Progressive Conservative, Brian
Mulroney; New Democratic, Edward
Broadbent
Voting strength: (1980 election) Liberal,
44%; Progressive Conservative, 33%; New
Democratic Party, 20%; parliamentary seats
as of January 1984 — Liberal (147), Progres-
sive Conservative (102), New Democratic
Party (31), independent (1), vacant (1)
Communists: approx. 2,000
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, DAC, FAQ, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC — International Wheat
Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD,
PAHO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $288.8 billion (1982 in 1982 prices),
$11,725 per capita (1982); 59% consumption,
22% investment, 22% government, 0.4% net
foreign trade; —3% change in inventories;
real growth rate 1.8% (1976-82)
Agriculture: main products — livestock,
grains (principally wheat), dairy products,
feedgrains, oilseeds, tobacco; food short-
ages— fresh fruits and vegetables
Fishing: catch 1.39 million metric tons (1979)
Major industries: processed and unprocessed
minerals, food products, wood and paper
products, transportation equipment, chemi-
cals, fish products, petroleum and natural gas
Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, preci-
sion instruments
Crude steel: 11.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982)
Electric power: 89,937,000 kW capacity
(1983); 412.717 billion kWh produced (1983),
16,585 kWh per capita
Exports: $70.461 billion (f.o.b., 1982; princi-
pal items — transportation equipment, wood
and wood products including paper, ferrous
and nonferrous ores, crude petroleum,
wheat; Canada is a major food exporter
37
Canada (continued)
Cape Verde
Imports: $55.044 billion (f.o.b., 1982); princi-
pal items — transportation equipment,
machinery, crude petroleum, communica-
tion equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated
metals, office machines, fruits and vegetables
Major trade partners: 69% US, 9% EC, 5%
Japan (1981)
Aid: economic — (received US, $1.8 billion
Ex-Im Bank, FY70-81); Canada commit-
ments to LDCs, bilateral ODA and OOF, $16
billion (1970-81)
Budget: total revenues $52.275 billion; cur-
rent expenditures $68.575 billion; gross
capital expenditure $2.064 billion; budget
deficit $16.607 billion (1982; National Ac-
counts Basis)
Monetary conversion rate: there is no desig-
nated par value for the Canadian dollar,
which was allowed to float freely on the ex-
changes beginning 1 June 1970; since then
the Canadian dollar has moved between
US$0. 76-1.04 in value; 1.247 C$=US $1 (22
December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 66,372 km total; 65,096 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 63 km electrified;
1,131 km 1.067-meter gauge (in Newfound-
land); 145 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 884,272 km total; 712,936 km sur-
faced (250,023 km paved), 171,336 km earth
Inland waterways: 3,000 km
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and re-
fined; natural gas, 74,980 km
Ports: 13 major, numerous minor
Civil air: 635 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,652 total, 1,398 usable; 369 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
over 3,659 m, 30 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 328 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent service pro-
vided by modern telecom media; 16.2
million telephones (67.1 per 100 popl.);
countrywide AM, FM, and TV coverage, in-
cluding 630 AM, 80 FM, and 500 TV stations;
6 coaxial submarine cables; 3 satellite stations
with total of 5 antennas and 100 domestic
satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Mobile Command, Maritime
Command, Air Command, Communications
Command, Canadian Forces Europe, Train-
ing Command
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,945,000;
5,943,000 fit for military service; 195,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984 the proposed defense budget is
$6.4 billion; about 9.3% of central
gevernment budget
MAURITANIA
CAPE VERDE
o
o
At /antic Ocean
GUINEA"
BISSAU
(See reference map VII)
Land
4,040 km2, divided among 10 islands and sev-
eral islets
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing
200 nm, economic 200 nm)
Coastline: 965 km
People
Population: 300,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Cape Verdean(s);
adjective — Cape Verdean
Ethnic divisions: about 71% Creole (mu-
latto); 28% African; 1% European
Religion: Catholicism, fused with local su-
perstitions
Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend
of Portuguese and West African wonls
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture .
Government
Official name: Republic of Cape Verde
National holiday: 12 September
Type: republic
38
Central African Republic
Capital: Praia
Political subdivisions: 10 islands
Legal system: based on constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: National People's Assembly, 56
members; the official party is the supreme
political institution
Government leaders: Aristides PEREIRA,
President; Pedro PIRES, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: National Assembly election held
December 1980, the first since independence
Political parties and leaders: only legal
party, African Party for Independence of
Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides
Pereira, secretary general; PAICV estab-
lished in January 1981 to replace the former
ruling party in both Cape Verde and Guinea
Bissau, the African Party for the Independ-
ence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde
(PAIGC), in protest of the November 1980
coup in Guinea-Bissau
Communists: a few Communists, some sym-
pathizers
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO.IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $142 million (1980 prov.); $473 per
capita income(1980); 0.0% growth rate(1978)
Agriculture: main crops — corn, beans, man-
ioc, sweet potatoes; barely self-sufficient in
food
Fishing: catch 8,331 metric tons (1979 est);
largely undeveloped but provides major
source of export earnings
Major industries: salt mining
Electric power: 8,000 kW capacity (1983); 10
million kWh produced (1983); 35 kWh per
capita
Exports: $4.0 million (f.o.b., 1980); fish, ba-
nanas, salt, flour
Imports: $64.5 million (c.i.f., 1980); petro-
leum products, corn, rice, machinery, textiles
Major trade partners: Portugal, UK, Japan,
African neighbors
Budget: $17.1 million public revenue, $22.1
million current expenditures (1980 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 72.644 escudos=
US$1 (Feburary 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Ports: 1 major (Mindelo), 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland radio-
relay system, HF radio to mainland Portugal
and Guinea-Bissau, about 1,740 telephones
(0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 FM and 2 AM stations; 1
small TV station; 2 coaxial submarine cables;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force
are separate components of FARP
Military manpower: males 15-49, 82,000;
48,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year including 31
December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of
central government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
626,780 km2; 80%-85% meadow, fallow, va-
cant arable land, urban, or waste; 10%-15%
cultivated; 5% dense forest
Land boundaries: 4,981 km
People
Population: 2,585,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Central African(s);
adjective — -Central African
Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic
groups, the majority of which have related
ethnic and linguistic characteristics; 34%
Baya, 28% Banda, 10% Sara, 9% Mandjia, 9%
Mboum, 7% M'Baka; 6,500 Europeans, of
whom 3,600 are French
Religion: 25% Protestant, 25% Roman Cath-
olic, 24% indigenous beliefs, 10% Muslim;
animistic beliefs and practices strongly influ-
ence the Christian majority
Language: French (official); Sangho, lingua
franca and national language
Literacy: est. 33%
Labor force: 1,320,000(1983); 88% agricul-
ture, 4% industry and commerce, 4%
services, 4% government; approximately
64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1 % of labor force
39
Central African Republic
(continued)
Government
Official name: Central African Republic
Type: republic, under military rule since
September 1981
Capital: Bangui
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47
subprefectures
Legal system: based on French law; constitu-
tion, which was approved in February 1981
referendum, was suspended after September
1981 military takeover; judiciary, Supreme
Court, court of appeals, criminal court, and
numerous lower courts
National holiday: Independence Day, 13
August; National Day, 1 December
Branches: Gen. Andre- Dieudonne Kolingba
is Chief of State and President of the Military
Committee for National Recovery, which re-
placed the Council of Ministers; no
legislature; separate judiciary
Government leader: Gen. Andre-Dieudonne
KOLINGBA, Chief of State and President of
the Military Committee for National Recov-
ery
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: no scheduled presidential, legisla-
tive, or municipal elections
Political parties and leaders: political parties
were banned in September 1981
Communists.- no Communist party; small
number of Communist sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, EGA, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UEAC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $658 million (1982 est), $273 per cap-
ita, 0.4% real growth
Agriculture: commercial — cotton, coffee,
peanuts, sesame, wood; main food crops —
manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes
Major industries: sawmills, brewery, dia-
mond mining and splitting
Electric power: 46,000 kW capacity (1983);
65 million kWh produced (1983), 25 kWh per
capita
Exports: $111.5 million (f.o.b., 1982); cotton,
coffee, diamonds, timber
Imports: $149.7 million (f.o.b., 1982 est); tex-
tiles, petroleum products, machinery,
electrical equipment, motor vehicles, chemi-
cals, Pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — France, Bel-
gium, Japan, US; imports — France and other
EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia
Budget: (1982) revenues $102 million; cur-
rent expenditures $111 million; development
expenditures $18 million
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 21,950 km total; 454 km bitumi-
nous, 10,196 km improved earth, 11,300
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,080 km; traditional
trade carried on by means of shallow-draft
dugouts on the extensive system of rivers and
streams
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 54 total, 45 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are meager;
network is composed of low-capacity,
low-powered radio-communication stations
and radio-relay links; 6,000 telephones (0.2
per 100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station,
and 1 TV station; satellite ground station un-
der construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 570,000;
295,000 fit for military service
Supply: mainly dependent on France, but
has received equipment from Israel, Italy,
USSR, FRG, South Korea, and PRC
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983; $12.2 million; about 14.5%
of central government budget
40
Chad
(See reference map VII)
Land
1,284,640 km2; 46% other use and waste; 35%
pasture; 17% arable; 2% forest and scrub
Land boundaries: 5,987 km
People
Population: 5,116,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Chadian(s); adjective —
Chadian
Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic
groups, including Muslims (Arabs, Toubou,
Fulani, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou,
Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the north
and center and non-Muslims (Sara,
Mayo-Kebbi, and Chari) in the south; some
150,000 nonindigenous, 3,000 of them
French
Religion: 52% Muslim, 43% indigenous be-
liefs, 5% Christian
Language: French official; Chadian Arabic
is lingua franca in north, Sara and Sangho in
south; more than 100 different languages and
dialects are spoken
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: 85% agriculture (engaged in un-
paid subsistence farming, herding, and
fishing)
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic
Capital: N'Djamena
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and Chadian customary law;
constitution adopted 1962; constitution sus-
pended and National Assembly dissolved
April 1975; Fundamental Act, a quasi-
constitution decreed in October 1982, pro-
vides juridical framework whereby decrees
are promulgated by the president; judicial re-
view of legislative acts in theory a power of
the Supreme Court; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 13 April
Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers;
National Consultative Council
Government leaders: Hissein HABRE,
President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: political parties
banned; nascent political organization, the
Popular Committees of the Northern Armed
Forces
Communists: no front organizations or un-
derground party; probably a few
Communists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: the devel-
opment of a stable government continues to
be hampered by prolonged tribal and re-
gional antagonisms; ex- President Goukouni
Weddeye heads a rebel government, with
Libyan backing, that has driven Habre's
forces out of the northern third of Chad
Member of: Af DB, CEAO, Conference of
East and Central African States, EAMA,
EGA, EEC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, Lake Chad
Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
During the last decade droughts and plagues
of locusts have caused widespread food short-
ages, and years of civil war have devasted the
Chadian economy; reliable current eco-
nomic data are unavailable
GDP: $500 million (1980), $1 10 per capita
(1980-1983); estimated real annual growth
rate 0.6% (1971-81)
Agriculture: commercial — cotton, gum ara-
bic, livestock, peanuts, fish; food crops —
millet, sorghum, rice, sweet potatoes, yams,
cassava, dates; imports food
Fishing: catch 1 15,000 metric tons(1979 est.)
Major industries: agricultural and livestock
processing plants (cotton textile mill, slaugh-
terhouses, brewery), natron
Electric power: 40,000 kW capacity (1983);
50 million kWh produced (1983), 10 kWh per
capita
Exports: $134.1 million (1980); cotton 75%,
meat, fish, animal products
Imports: $162.9 million (1980); cement, pe-
troleum, flour, sugar, tea, machinery,
textiles, motor vehicles
Major trade partners: imports — 50% Nige-
ria, 13% Netherlands Antilles, 8% France, 7%
Cameroon, 5% Gabon; exports — 37% Nige-
ria, 10% Portugal, 9% France, 8% FRG, 6%
Cameroon
Budget: (1978 est.) public revenue $67.4 mil-
lion, current revenue $89.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1984)
41
Chad (continued)
Chile
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 27,505 km total; 242 km bitumi-
nous, 4,385 km gravel and laterite, and
remainder unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 2,000 km
navigable
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 65 total, 59 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of radio-
communication stations for intercity links;
satellite ground station; 5,000 telephones (0. 1
per 100 popl.); 1 FM and 3 AM stations; most
facilities inoperative
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,167,000;
603,000 fit for military service; about 48,000
reach military age (20) annually
Supply: primarily dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1977, $21.4 million; about 33% of
total budget
(See reference map IV)
Land
759,871 km8; 47% barren mountain, desert,
and urban; 29% forest; 15% permanent pas-
ture, meadow; 7% other arable; 2% cultivated
Land boundaries: 6,325 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 6,435 km
People
Population: 11, 655,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Chilean(s); adjective-
Chilean
Ethnic divisions: 95% European and
European-Indian, 3% Indian, 2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protes-
tant
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90% (1978)
Labor force: 3.0 million total employment
(1982); 33% industry and commerce; 31%
services; 9% agriculture, forestry, and fish-
ing; 9% mining; 5% construction
Organized labor: 12% of labor force orga-
nized into labor unions (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one
metropolitan district, 41 provincial subdi-
visions
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived
from Spanish law and subsequent codes in-
fluenced by French and Austrian law;
current constitution came into effect in
March 1981; the constitution provides for
continued direct rule until 1989, with a
phased return to full civilian rule by 1997;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Su-
preme Court; legal education at University of
Chile, Catholic University, and several oth-
ers; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
September
Branches: four-man Military-Police Junta,
which exercises constituent and legislative
powers and has delegated executive powers
to President of Junta; the President has an-
nounced a plan for transition from military to
civilian rule by 1 989; National Congress (Sen-
ate, House of Representatives) dissolved;
civilian judiciary remains
Government leaders: Gen. Augusto PINO-
CHET Ugarte, President; Adm. Jose Toribio
MERINO Castro, Air Force Maj. Gen. Fer-
nando MATTHEI Aubel, Carabinero Gen.
Cesar MENDOZA Duran, Army Lt. Gen.
Cesar BENAVIDES Escobar, Junta members
Suffrage: none
42
Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral
registers were destroyed in 1974
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties are officially recessed or outlawed, but
they have been allowed to function on a very
limited basis since 1982; National Party (PN),
Patricio Philips; Independent Democratic
Union (UDI), Sergio Fernandez; National
Unity Movement (MUN), Andres Allamand;
Movement of National Action (MAN),
Federico Willoughby; Radical Party (PR),
Enrique Silva Cimma; Social Democratic
Party (PSD), Luis Bossay; Christian Demo-
cratic Party (PDC), Gabriel Valdes;
Republican Right, Hugo Zepeda; Socialist
Party, Ramon Silva Ulloa and Julio Stuardo
(the PR, PSD, PDC, Republican Right, and
some elements of the Socialist Party form the
Democratic Alliance [AD]); Movement of
Unitary Popular Action (MAPU); Movement
of Unitary Popular Action — Workers/
Peasants (MAPU-OC), Bias Tomic and Oscar
Garreton Purcell; Christian Left (1C), Luis
Maira; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh),
Luis Corvalan Lepe (in exile); Socialist
Party— Almeyda faction (PSCh/Alm),
Clodomiro Almeyda (in exile); Socialist
Party— Altamirano faction (PSCh/Alt), Car-
los Altamirano (in exile); Movement of the
Revolutionary Left (MIR), Andres Pascal
Allende (in exile; the MIR, PSCh/Alm, and
PCCh form the leftist Popular Democratic
Movement [MDP])
Voting strength: (1970 presidential election)
36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% con-
servative independent, 28.1% Christian
Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 44%
Popular Unity coalition, 56% Democratic
Confederation (PDC and PN)
Communists: 248,000 when PCCh was legal
in 1973; active militants now estimated at
about 20,000
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Command (CUD), a social
grouping of 300 labor organizations and other
groups, dominated by the PCCh; labor — Na-
tional Workers Command (CNT), includes
trade unionists from the country's five largest
labor confederations; Roman Catholic
Church
Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, LAIA,
OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $23.6 billion (1982), $2,178.1 per cap-
ita; 77% private consumption, 14.8%
government consumption; 9.9% gross invest-
ment, — 1.7% net foreign balance; real
growth rate -14.3% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, potatoes,
corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net ag-
ricultural importer
Fishing: catch 4 million metric tons (1982);
exports $339 million (1979)
Major industries: copper, other minerals,
foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel,
pulp, paper, and forestry products
Crude steel: 765.0 billion metric tons capac-
ity (1980); 715,600 metric tons produced
(1980)
Electric power: 3,200,000 kW capacity
(1983); 12.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
1,045 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); copper,
molybdenum, iron ore, paper products,
fishmeal, fruits, wood products
Imports: $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles
Major trade partners: exports — 20.8% US,
11.5% Japan, 11.3% FRG, 8% Brazil, 5.3%
UK (1980); imports— 26% US, 7.4% Venezu-
ela, 7.3% Brazil, 6.5% Japan, 6% FRG (1982)
Budget: $4. 1 billion revenues, $4.4 billion ex-
penditures (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 81 pesos=US$l
(October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,478 km total; 4,257 km
1.676-meter gauge, 135 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 4,221 km 1.000-meter
gauge; electrification — 1,503 km, 1.676-
meter gauge, 79 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 78,025 km total; 9,365 km paved,
37,700 km gravel, 32,000 km improved and
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined prod-
ucts, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km
Ports: 10 major, 13 minor
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 373 total, 328 usable; 43 with
permanent-surface runways; 13 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 50 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telephone
system based on extensive radio-relay facili-
ties; 570,800 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 domestic
satellite stations; 151 AM, 81 FM, and 122 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Nation, National
Navy, Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros
of Chile
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,079,000;
2,316,000 fit for military service; about
1 17,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $900.1 million; 19.1% of
central government budget
43
China
(Taiwan listed
at end of table)
SOVIET UNION
(See reference map VIII)
Land
9.6 million km2; 74.3% desert, waste, or urban
(32% of this area consists largely of denuded
wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins
from which about 3% could be reclaimed);
11% cultivated (sown area extended by
multicropping); 12.7% forest and woodland;
2%-3% inland water
Land boundaries: 24,000 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 14,500 km
People
Population: 1,034,907,000 (July 1984), aver-
age annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Chinese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 93.3% Han Chinese; 6.7%
Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and numer-
ous lesser nationalities
Religion: officially atheist; most people, even
before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclec-
tic, not seriously religious; most important
elements of religion are Confucianism, Tao-
ism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about
2-3% Muslim, 1% Christian
Language: Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or
Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect); also
Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei
(Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese),
Xiang, Can, Hakka dialects, and minority
languages (see ethnic divisions)
Literacy: over 75%
Labor force: est. 447.1 million (December
1983); 74.4% agriculture, 15% industry and
commerce, 10.6% other
Government
Official name: People's Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies
with Communist Party's Political Bureau;
the National People's Congress, in theory the
highest organ of government, usually ratifies
the party's programs; the State Council actu-
ally directs the government
Capital: Beijing (Peking)
Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 cen-
trally governed municipalities, and 5
autonomous regions
Legal system: a complex amalgam of custom
and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible
development of uniform code of adminis-
trative and civil law; highest judicial organ is
Supreme People's Court, which reviews
lower court decisions; laws and legal proce-
dure subordinate to priorities of party policy;
regime has attempted to write civil and Com-
munist codes; new legal codes in effect 1
January 1980; party and state constitutions
revised in September and November 1982,
respectively; continuing efforts are being
made to improve civil and commercial law
National holiday: National Day, 1 October
Branches: control is exercised by Chinese
Communist Party, through State Council,
which supervises ministries, commissions,
bureaus, etc., all technically under the Stand-
ing Committee of the National People's
Congress
Government leaders: ZHAO Ziyang, Pre-
mier of State Council; LI Xiannian,
President; PENG Zhen, Chairman of NPC
Standing Committee
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections held for People's Con-
gress representatives at county level
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Com-
munist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang;
Hu is General Secretary of Central Commit-
tee; General Secretary became head of the
party when position of Chairman was abol-
ished at 12th Party Congress, held in
September 1981
Communists: about 39 million party mem-
bers in 1981
Other political or pressure groups: such op-
position as exists consists of loose coalitions
that vary by issue rather than organized
groups; the People's Liberation Army has
conventionally been seen as a major force,
but its political influence has been much re-
duced over the past few years
Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, ITU, Multifiber Arrangement,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $313 billion (1983 est.), $308 per capita
Agriculture: main crops — rice, wheat, other
grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly
subsistence; grain imports 15 million metric
tons in 1982
Major industries: iron, steel, coal, machine
building, armaments, textiles, petroleum
Shortages: complex machinery and equip-
ment, highly skilled scientists and
technicians, energy, and transport
Crude steel: 37.2 million metric tons pro-
duced, 37 kg per capita (1982)
44
Colombia
Electric power: 73,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 345.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
325 kWh per capita
Exports: $23.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); manufac-
tured goods, agricultural products, oil,
minerals
Imports: $16.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); grain,
chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw ma-
terials, machinery, equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong,
US, FRG, Canada, Australia, Singapore,
(1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.9875 renminbi
yuan=US$l (30 November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: networks total about 52,500 route
km common carrier lines; about 600 km
1.000-meter gauge; rest 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge; all single track except
approximately 9,345 km double track on
standard gauge lines; approximately 1,500
km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial
lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 me-
ters)
Highways: about 1,001,000 km all types
roads; about 250,000 km unimproved natural
earth roads and tracks; about 581 ,000 km im-
proved earth roads; about 170,000 paved
roads
Inland waterways: 138,600 km; about
136,000 km navigable
Pipelines: crude, 5,600 km; refined products,
1,100 km; natural gas, 3,000 km
Ports: 15 major, approximately 180 minor
Airfields: 325 total; 256 with permanent-
surface runways; 13 with runways 3,500 m
and over; 63 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m;
221 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 28 with
runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane sta-
tions; 10 airfields under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Chinese People's Liberation Army
(CPLA), CPLA Navy, CPLA Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
277,707,000; 155,464,000 fit for military
service; 13,159,000 reach military age (18)
annually
CSee reference map IV)
Land
1,139,600 km2; 72% unsettled (mostly forest
and savannah); 28% settled (consisting of 5%
crop and fallow, 14% pasture, 6% forest,
swamp, and water, and 3% urban and other)
Land boundaries: 6,035 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,414 km
People
Population: 28,248,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Colombian(s);
adjective — Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% Cauca-
sian, 14% mulatto, 4% black, 3% mixed
black- Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 81%
Labor force: 9 million (1982); 53% services,
26% agriculture, 21% industry, (1980); 12%
official unemployment (1983)
Organized labor: 1,418,321 members (1982)
45
Colombia (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates
government structure
Capital: Bogota
Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 3
Intendancies, 5 Commissariats, Bogota Spe-
cial District
Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious
courts regulate marriage and divorce; con-
stitution decreed in 1886, amendments
codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of
legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
July
Branches: President, bicameral legislature
(Parliament — Senate, House of Represen-
tatives), judiciary
Government leader: Belisario BETANCUR
Cuartas, President
Suffrage: age 18 and over
Elections: every fourth year; last presidential
election held in May 1982; last congressional
election March 1982; municipal and depart-
mental elections every two years, next
scheduled for March 1984
Political parties and leaders: Liberal
Party — leadership currently undergoing
changes, with light congressmen sharing plu-
ral leadership; two main dissident factions
are headed by Luis Carlos Galan and Alberto
Santofimio; official group leadership supple-
mented by Luis Carlos Galan, who heads a
new faction within the party; Conservative
Party — Alvaro Gomez Hurtado and Misael
Pastrana Borrero head the two principal
wings united behind current President
Belisario Betancur, who leads a small faction
Voting strength: (1982 presidential election)
Belisario Betancur 46.8%, Alfonso Lopez
Michelsen 40.7%, Luis Carlos Galan 11.1%,
Gerardo Molina 1.2%, other 1.2%; 49% ab-
stention
Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est.
Other political or pressure groups: Commu-
nist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White;
Communist Party/Marxist-Leninist
(PCC/ML), Maoist orientation
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter- American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group,
NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $40 million (1983 est.; in current dol-
lars), $1,435 per capita (1983; in current
dollars); 68% private consumption, 28% gross
investment 8% public consumption, (1981);
growth rate 1% (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, rice, corn,
sugarcane, marijuana, coca, plantains, ba-
nanas, cotton, tobacco
Fishing: catch 68,525 metric tons 1981
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals,
metal products, and cement
Crude steel: 391,000 metric tons produced
(1980/81 est.), 14 kg per capita
Electric power: 7,520,000 kW capacity
(1983); 24.0 billion kWh produced(1983), 870
kWh per capita
Exports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); coffee,
fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle
and hides, bananas, fresh cut flowers
Imports: $5.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982); transporta-
tion equipment, machinery, industrial
metals and raw materials, chemicals and
Pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and
paper products, foodstuffs and beverages
Major trade partners: exports — 25% US,
17% FRG, 10% Venezuela, 4% Japan, 3%
Netherlands; imports — 38% US, 12% Japan,
6% Venezuela, 5% FRG, 2% France, 1.8%
UK, 1% Ecuador (1982)
Budget: (1982) revenues $3.9 billion; expend-
itures $5.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 84.25 pesos=
US$1 (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,403 km, all 0.914-meter gauge,
single track
Highways: 75,450 km total; 9,350 km paved,
66,100 km earth and gravel surfaces
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by
river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural
gas liquids, 125 km
Ports: 6 major (Barranquilla, Buenaventura,
Cartagena, Covenas, Santa Marta, and
Tumaco)
Civil air: 1 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 625 total, 619 usable; 57 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,660 m; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
94 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide
radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station with 2 antennas and 8 domestic satel-
lite stations; 1.62 million telephones (6.0 per
100 popl.); 375 AM, 130 FM, and 85 TV sta-
tions
46
Comoros
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of Colombia, Colombian
Air Force, National Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,270,000;
5,154,000 fit for military service; about
349,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $468.1 million;
about 10.3% of central government budget
Indian Ocean
MADAGASCAR
(See reference map VII)
Land
2,171 km2; 4 main islands; 48% cultivated;
29% uncultivated; 16% forest; 7% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: 340 km
People
Population: 455,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Comoran(s); adjective —
Comoran
Ethnic divisions: Antalote, Caf re, Makoa,
Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Religion: 86% Shirazi Muslim, 14% Roman
Catholic
Language: Shaafi Islam (a Swahili dialect),
Malagasy, French
Literacy: 15%
Labor force: 140,000(1982); 87% agriculture,
3% government
Government
Official name: Federal Islamic Republic of
the Comoros
Type: three of the four islands compose an
independent republic, following local gov-
ernment's unilateral declaration of inde-
pendence from France in July 1975; the other
island, Mayotte, disallowed declaration and
is now a French territorial community but is
claimed by the Comoros
Capital: Moroni
Political subdivisions: the three islands are
organized into seven regions
Legal system: French and Muslim law in a
new consolidated code
Branches: presidency; 38-member legisla-
ture (Federal Assembly)
Government leader: Ahmed ABDALLAH
ABDEREMANE, President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: Abdallah Abderemane won 1978
presidential election with 99% majority; next
presidential election scheduled to take place
in 1984 and legislative election in 1987
Political party: sole legal political party is
Comoran Union for Progress (UCP)
Voting strength: UCP won 37 seats in the
Federal Assembly (March 1982)
Communists: information not available
Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $90 million (1981), about $230 per cap-
ita
Agriculture: food crops — rice, manioc,
maize, fruits, vegetables, coconuts, cinna-
mon, yams; export crops — essential oils for
perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, co-
pra, cloves
47
Comoros (continued)
Congo
Major industry: perfume distillation
Electric power: 5,500 kW capacity (1983); 10
million kWh produced (1983); 25 kWh per
capita
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1981); perfume
oils, vanilla, copra, cloves
Imports: $33 million (f.o.b., 1981); rice and
other foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals,
textiles
Major trade partners: France, Madagascar,
Kenya, Italy, FRG, Tanzania, and US
Budget: (1980) revenues $10.2 million, for-
eign revenue $12.9 million, current
expenditures, $20 million, development ex-
penditures $3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1983)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,000 km total; approximately
295 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone
or gravel
Ports: 1 minor (on Anjouan Island); Moroni
on Grande Comore); Majunga, Madagascar,
is used for major trade
Civil air: 4 major transports
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of
radio-relay and HF radiocommunication sta-
tions for interisland, island, and external
communications to Malagasy and Reunion;
1,200 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM
stations and 1 FM station; no TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 102,000;
60,000 fit for military service
.S/ii;),s: 1 landing craft
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of
the central government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
349,650 km2; 63% dense forest or wood; 31%
meadow; 4% urban or waste; 2% cultivated
(est.)
Land boundaries: 4,514 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
Coastline: 169 km
People
Population: 1,745,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Congolese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups di-
vided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu;
most important ethnic groups are Kongo
(48%) in south, Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi
(12%) in north, Teke (17%) in center; about
8,500 Europeans, mostly French
Religion: 48% animist, half nominally 47%
Christian, 2% Muslim
•
Language: French (official); many African
languages with Lingala and Kikongo most
widely used
Literacy: over 50%
48
Labor force: about 40% of population eco-
nomically active (1983); 75% agriculture,
25% commerce, industry, government;
79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
(1979 est.)
Government
Official name: People's Republic of the
Congo
Type: republic; military regime established
September 1968
Capital: Brazzaville
Political subdivisions: nine regions divided
into districts
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1973
National holiday: National Day, 15 August
Branches: presidential executive, Council of
State; judiciary; all policy made by Congolese
Workers Party Central Committee and Polit-
buro
Government leaders: Col. Denis SASSOU-
NGUESSO, President; Col. Louis-Sylvain
GOMA, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for local and regional or-
gans and the National Assembly were held in
July 1979— the first elections since June 1973
Political parties and leaders: Congolese
Workers Party (PCX) is only legal party
Communists: unknown number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union of
Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese
Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary
Union of Congolese Women (URFC), Gen-
eral Union of Congolese Pupils and Students
(UGEEC)
Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EAMA, EGA, EIB (as-
sociate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU,
UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: about $1.8 billion (1982 est.), $1,140
per capita; real growth rate 8.1% per year
(1982)
Agriculture: cash crops — sugarcane, wood,
coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts, to-
bacco; food crops — root crops, rice, corn,
bananas, manioc, fish
Fishing: catch 20,600 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: crude oil, sawmills, brew-
ery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 222,000 kW capacity (1983);
160 million kWh produced (1983), 95 kWh
per capita
£xpor«s:$1.108billion(f.o.b., 1982); oil, lum-
ber, tobacco, veneer, plywood, coffee, and
cocoa
Imports: $663.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); ma-
chinery, transport equipment, manu-
factured consumer goods, iron and steel,
foodstuffs, chemical products, sugar
Major trade partners: France, other EC
countries, and US
Budget: (1982 est.) revenues $933 million,
current expenditures $545 million, develop-
ment expenditures $388 million
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 800 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 8,246 km total; 555 km bitumi-
nous surface treated; 848 km gravel, laterite,
1,623 km improved earth, and 5,220 km
unimproved roads
Inland waterways: 6,485 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 60 total, 44 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: services adequate for
government use; primary network is com-
posed of radio-relay routes and coaxial
cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-
Noire, and Loubomo; 13,900 telephones (1.1
per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station,
and 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 386,000;
194,000 fit for military service; about 17,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $68.9 million; about 7% of
central government budget
Cook Islands
V
Pacific Ocean
SFUI
Pacific Ocean
ZEALAND
(See reference map X)
Land
About 240 km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 120 km
People
Population: 16,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate —1.6%
Nationality: noun — Cook Islanders);
adjective — Cook Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full
blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7%
Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9%
other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace
members of Cook Islands Christian Church
Government
Official name: Cook Islands
Type: self-governing in "free association"
with New Zealand; Cook Islands Govern-
ment fully responsible for internal affairs
and has right at any time to move to full
independence by unilateral action; New
Zealand retains responsibility for external
affairs, in consultation with Cook Islands
Government
Capital: Rarotonga
Branches: New Zealand Governor General
appoints Representative to Cook Islands, who
represents the Queen and the New Zealand
Government; Representative appoints the
Prime Minister; Parliament of 24 members,
popularly elected; House of Arikis (chiefs), 15
members, appointed by Representative, an
advisory body only
Government leader: Dr. Thomas DAVIS,
Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years, latest in Novem-
ber 1983
Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands
Party, Geoffrey Henry; Democratic Party,
Thomas Davis
Voting strength: (1983) Parliament— Cook
Islands Party, 11 seats; Democratic Party, 13
seats
Member of: ADB, IDA, IFC, IMF
Economy
GDP: $15.4 million (1977), $860 per capita
(1978)
Agriculture: export crops include copra, cit-
rus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and bananas,
with subsistence crops of yarns and taro
Major industry, fruit processing
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1981); 13
million kWh produced (1981), 764 kWh per
capita
Exports: $3.0 million (1977); copra, fresh and
canned fruit
Imports: $16.8 million (1977); foodstuffs, tex-
tiles, fuels
Major trade partners: (1970) exports — 98%
New Zealand; imports — 76% New Zealand,
7% Japan
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $2.0 million; Aus-
tralia and New Zealand (1977), $6.5 million
Government budget: $121 million (1977)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 New
Zealand$=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved,
35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, and no
TV stations; 7,000 radio receivers, and 1,186
telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.)
50
Costa Rica
(See reference map HI)
Land
51,022 km2; 60% forest; 30% agricultural
(22% meadow and pasture, 8% cultivated);
10% waste, urban, and other
Land boundaries: 670 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; specialized competence over
living resources to 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,290 km
People
Population: 2,693,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Costa Rican(s);
adjective — Costa Rican
Ethnic divisions: 96% white (including mes-
tizo), 3% black, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official), with Jamaican
dialect of English spoken around Puerto
Limon
Literacy: 93%
Labor force: 891,000(1982 est); 40.4% indus-
try and commerce, 32.6% agriculture, 25%
government and services, 2% other; 12% un-
employment (1983 est.)
Organized labor: about 13.8% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: democratic republic
Capital: San Jose
Political subdivisions: seven provinces di-
vided into 80 cantons and districts
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law sys-
tem; constitution adopted 1949; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; legal education at University of Costa
Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: executive — President (head of
government and chief of state), elected for a
single four-year term; two vice presidents;
legislative — 57-delegate unicameral Legisla-
tive Assembly elected at four-year intervals;
judiciary — Supreme Court of Justice (17
magistrates elected by Legislative Assembly
at eight-year intervals)
Government leader: Luis Alberto MONGE
Alvarez, President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18
and over
Elections: every four years; last, February
1982
Political parties and leaders: National Liber-
ation Party (PLN), Luis Alberto Monge,
Daniel Oduber, Jose "Pepe" Figueres; Na-
tional Movement (MN), Mario Echandi; new
Social Christian Union (USC) comprised of
the four Unity Coalition (UNIDAD) par-
ties— Democratic Renovation Party (PRO),
Oscar Aguilar Bulgarelli; Christian Demo-
cratic Party (PDC), Rafael Grille Rivera;
Republican Calderonista Party (PRC), Rafael
Angel Calderon Fournier; Popular Union
Party (PUP), Cristian Tallenbach Iglesias;
United People's Coalition (PU) comprised of
the three Marxist parties — Popular Van-
guard Party (PVP), Humberto Vargas
Carbonell; Popular Revolutionary Move-
ment (MRP), Sergio Erick Ardon; Socialist
Party (PS), Alvaro Montero Mejia; National
Defense Party, J. Francisco Herrera Romero;
National Republican Party, Ronaldo Rodri-
guez Varela; Democratic Radical Party, Juan
Jose Echeverria Brealey
Voting strength: (1982 election) PLN 57.3%,
33 seats; UNIDAD 32.7%, 18 seats; PU 3.2%,
4 seats; MN 3.7%, 1 seat; other, 1 seat
Communists: 10,000 members and
sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa Ri-
can Confederation of Democratic Workers
(CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), Confed-
erated Union of Workers (CUT; Communist
Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers,
National Association for Economic Develop-
ment (ANFE), Free Costa Rica Movement
(MCRL; rightwing militants), National Asso-
ciation of Educators (ANDE)
Member of: CACM, Central American Dem-
ocratic Community, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multina-
tional Shipping Line — Naviera
Multinacional del Caribe), OAS, ODECA,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.3 billion (1983 est., in current
prices), $1,390 per capita; 65% private con-
sumption, 15% public consumption, 23%
gross domestic investment, —4% net foreign
balance (1981); 0% real growth rate (1983 est.)
Agriculture: main products — coffee, ba-
nanas, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock
products
Fishing: catch 14,854 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: food processing, textiles
and clothing, construction materials, fertil-
izer
51
Costa Rica (continued)
Cuba
Electric power: 820,000 kW capacity (1983);
2.2 billion kWh produced (1983), 845 kWh
per capita
Exports: $870.8 million (f.o.b., 1983); coffee,
bananas, beef, sugar, cacao
Imports: $870 million (c.i.f., 1983); manufac-
tured products, machinery, transportation
equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, fer-
tilizer
Major trade partners: exports — 35% US,
27% CACM, 10% FRG; imports— 36% US,
17% CACM, 12% Japan, 4% FRG (1980)
Aid: economic bilateral commitments — US
authorized (FY70-82), including Ex-Im, $217
million, other Western countries ODA and
OOF (1970-81) $160 million, Communist
countries (1971-74) $17 million; military
commitments negligible
Budget: (1983) $321 million total revenues,
$544 million total expenditures including
debt amortization
Monetary conversion rate: 43.15
colones=US$l (November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 700 km total, all 1.067-meter
gauge; 234 km electrified
Highways: 28,525 km total; 2,570 km paved,
9,360 km gravel, 16,595 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: about 730 km, seasonally
navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 176 km
Ports: 4 major (Limon, Golfito, Puntarenas,
Caldera), 3 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 208 total, 203 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good domestic
telephone service; 236,100 telephones (10.4
per 100 popl.); connection into Central
American microwave net; 55 AM, 46 FM,
and 14 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Civil Guard, Rural Assistance
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 717,000;
487,000 fit for military service; about 31,000
reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on imports from US
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982, $8.4 million for Ministry of
Public Security, including the Civil Guard;
about 2.1% of total central government
budget
N \
1 UKiTED
(See reference map Iff)
Land
114,471 km2; 35% cultivated; 30% meadow
and pasture; 20% waste, urban, or other; 15%
forest
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: 3,735 km
People
Population: 9,995,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — Cuban(s); adjective —
Cuban
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white,
11% black, 1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman
Catholic before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 96%
Labor force: 2.9 million in 1979; 26% agricul-
ture, 26% services, 20% industry, 11%
construction, 10% commerce, 7% transporta-
tion and communication; 2% unemployed
Government
Official name: Republic of Cuba
52
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169
municipalities
Legal system: based on Spanish and Ameri-
can law, with large elements of Communist
legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 re-
placed constitution of 1940; a new con-
stitution was approved at the Cuban Com-
munist Party's First Party Congress in
December 1975 and by a popular referen-
dum, which took place on 15 February 1976;
portions of the new constitution were put into
effect on 24 February 1976, by means of a
Constitutional Transition Law, and the en-
tire constitution became effective on 2
December 1976; legal education at Universi-
ties of Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas; does
not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revo-
lution, 1 January
Branches: executive; legislature (National
Assembly of the People's Power); controlled
judiciary
Government leader: Fidel CASTRO Ruz,
President
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 16
Elections: National People's Assembly (indi-
rect election) every five years; election held
November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Com-
munist Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel
Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro
Ruz
Communists: approx. 400,000 party mem-
bers
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, lADB(nonparticipant), IAEA, ICAO,
IFAD, IHO, ILO, IMO, IRC, ISO, ITU,
IWC — International Wheat Council, NAM,
NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship-
ping Line — Naviera Multinacional del
Caribe), OAS (nonparticipant), PAHO, Per-
manent Court of Arbitration, Postal Union of
the Americas and Spain, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $14.9 billion in 1974 dollars (1982 est);
$1,534 per capita in 1974 dollars (1982 est.);
real growth rate 1.4% (1982 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — sugar, tobacco,
rice, potatoes, tubers, citrus fruits, coffee
Fishing: catch 195,000 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports $125 million (1980)
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum
refining, food and tobacco processing, tex-
tiles, chemicals, paper and wood products,
metals, cement
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and
industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 301,200 metric tons produced
(1982); 31 kg per capita
Electric power: 4,100,000 kW capacity
(1983); 10.5 billion kWh produced (1983),
1,065 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.9 billion (f.o.b., 1982); sugar,
nickel, shellfish, tobacco
Imports: $6.6 billion (c.i.f., 1982); capital
goods, industrial raw materials, food, petro-
leum
Major trade partners: exports — 67% USSR,
18% other Communist countries; imports —
68% USSR, 21% other Communist countries
(1982 prelim.)
Aid: from US (FY46-61), $41.5 million (loans
$37.5 million, grants $4.0 million); economic
aid (1960-78) from USSR, $5.7 billion in eco-
nomic credit and $11.0 billion in subsidies;
military assistance from the USSR (1959-78),
$1.6 billion
Budget: $12.1 billion (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.8547
peso=US$l (1 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 14,725 km total, government
owned; 5,070 km common carrier lines of
which 4,990 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
80 km 0.914-meter gauge; about 9,655 km
plantation/industrial lines, 6,455 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 3,200 km narrow
gauge
Highways: 21,000 km total; 9,000 km paved,
12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced
Inland waterways: 240 km
Pipelines: natural gas, 80 km
Ports: 8 major (including US Naval Base at
Guantanamo), 44 minor
Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 203 total, 194 usable; 58 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Revolutionary Armed Forces,
Ground Forces, Revolutionary Navy, Air and
Air Defense Force; Ministry of Interior —
Special Troops, Border Guard Troops
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
5,440,000; of the 2,751,000 males 15-49,
1,730,000 are fit for military service; of the
2,689,000 females 15-49, 1,689,000 are fit for
military service; 117,000 males and 113,000
females reach military age (17) annually
53
Cyprus
(See reference map VI)
Land
9,251 km2; 60% arable (including permanent
crop); 25% waste, urban areas, and other; 15%
forest pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: approximately 648 km
People
Population: 662,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Cypriot(s); adjective —
Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish;
4% Armenian, Maronite, and other
Religion:78% Greek Orthodox; 18% Muslim;
4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: about 89%
Creek Sector labor force: 240,900 (1982); 42%
services, 33% industry, 22% agriculture, 3.1%
unemployed
Government
Official name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two
ethnic communities inhabiting the island be-
gan after the outbreak of communal strife in
1963; this separation was further solidified
following the Turkish invasion of the island
in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypri-
ots de facto control over the northern 37
percent of the republic; Greek Cypriots con-
trol the only internationally recognized
government; on 15 November 1983, Turkish
Cypriot "President" Rauf Denktash declared
independence and the formation of a "Turk-
ish Republic of Northern Cyprus," which has
been recognized only by Turkey; both sides
publicly call for the resolution of inter-
communal differences and creation of a new
federal system of government
Capital: Nicosia
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on common law, with
civil law modifications; negotiations to create
the basis for a new or revised constitution to
govern the island and relations between
Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Oc-
tober
Branches: currently the Government of Cy-
prus has effective authority over only the
Greek Cypriot community, as provided for
by constitution; headed by President of the
Republic and comprising Council of Minis-
ters, House of Representatives, and Supreme
Court; Turkish Cypriots declared their own
"constitution" and governing bodies within
the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus" in
1975 ("legislature" was "Turkish Cypriot
Legislative Assembly," which was dissolved
in late 1983); "state" renamed "Turkish Re-
public of Northern Cyprus" in 1983; the
Turkish Cypriots are currently forming a
consultative assembly that will devise a new
constitution for the Turkish sector and pre-
pare elections for a new executive and
legislature
Government leaders: Spyros KYPRIANOU,
President; Turkish Sector: Rauf DENK-
TASH, "President"
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: officially every five years (last
presidential election held in February 1983);
parliamentary elections held in May 1981;
Turkish sector "presidential" and "par-
liamentary" elections held in June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Greek Cyp-
riot— Progressive Party of the Working
People (AKEL; Communist Party), Ezekias
Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DESY),
Glaf kos Clerides; Democratic Party (DEKO),
Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic
Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos
Lyssarides; New Democratic Movement
(NDP), Alecos Michaelides; Center Union
Party (CUP), Tassos Papadopoulos; Pan-
Cyprian Renewal Party (PAME), Khryso-
stomos Sofianos; Turkish sector — National
Unity Party (NUP), none; Communal Liber-
ation Party (CLP), Alpay Durduran;
Republican Turkish Party (RTP), Ozker
Ozgur; other minor parties
Voting strength: in the 1983 presidential
election, incumbent Spyros Kyprianou re-
tained his position by winning 56% of the
vote; in the 1981 parliamentary election, the
pro- Western Democratic Rally and Commu-
nist AKEL each received 12 of the 35 seats;
Kyprianou 's center-right Democratic Party
received eight seats; and socialist EDEK won
three seats; in "presidential" and "par-
liamentary" elections in the Turkish Cypriot
sector, Rauf Denktash won with 52 percent
of the vote; his party (NUP) had 18 of 40 seats
in the "Assembly," while the center-left CLP
had 12 seats and the RTP had 6 seats; the
remainder were divided among the other
parties
Communists: about 12,000
Other political or pressure groups: United
Democratic Youth Organization (EDON;
Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus
Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cy-
prus Farmers Union (PEK; pro- West); Pan-
Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Commu-
54
nist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot
Workers (SEK; pro- West); Federation of
Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen);
Confederation of Revolutionary Labor
Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Eu-
rope, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO; Turkish Federated State of Cyprus-
QIC (observer)
Economy
GNP: $2.172 billion (1982), $3,342 per cap-
ita; 1982 est. real growth rate 3.8%
Turkish Sector GDP: $237 million (1981
prov.), $1,558 per capita
Agriculture: main crops — potatoes and other
vegetables, grapes, citrus fruit, wheat, carob
beans, olives
Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gyp-
sum, asbestos), manufactures principally for
local consumption — beverages, footwear,
clothing, cement
Electric power: 620,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.364 billion kWh produced (1983), 2,090
kWh per capita
Exports: $554.3 million (f.o.b., 1982); princi-
pal items — food and beverages, including
citrus, raisins, potatoes and wine; also cement
and clothing
Turkish Sector exports: $37.5 million (f.o.b.,
1981); principal items — citrus fruits, pota-
toes, metal pipes, and pyrites
Imports: $1.212 billion (c.i.f., 1982); princi-
pal items — manufactured goods, machinery
and transport equipment, fuels, food
Turkis h Sector imports: $107.6 million (c.i.f.,
1981); principal items — foodstuffs, raw ma-
terials, fuels, machinery
Major trade partners: imports (1982) —
12.7% UK, 10.3% Italy, 9.1% Iraq, 9.0% Ja-
pan; exports (1982)— 20.4% UK, 12.2%
Lebanon, 9.3% Saudi Arabia, 6.8% Iraq
Turkish Sector major trade partners: im-
ports (1981 prov.)— 41.6% Turkey, 20.6%
UK, 7.3% FRG, 6.0% Italy; exports (1981
prov.)— 53.1% UK, 20.6% Turkey, 12.2%
Syria, 3.6% Lebanon
Budget: (1982 est.) revenues $527.7 million,
expenditures $625.2 million, deficit $99.1
million
Turkish Sector budget: (1981) revenues $46.7
million, expenditures $64.9 million, deficit
$18.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: .56 Cyprus
pound=US$l (4 January 1984)
Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate:
162.55 Turkish liras=US$l (1982 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 10,778 km total; 5,169 km bitumi-
nous surface treated; 5,609 km gravel,
crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca,
Limassol), 6 minor; Famagusta under Turk-
ish Cypriot control
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 13 total, 12 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: moderately good tele-
communication system in both Greek and
Turkish sectors; 1 13,400 telephones (17.9 per
100 popl.); 10 AM, 6 FM, and 30 TV stations;
tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and
Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite antenna and 1 Indian
Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Cyprus National Guard; Turkish
sector — Turkish Cypriot Security Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 179,000;
125,000 fit for military service; about 5,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $23.0 million; about 4.6% of
central government budget
55
Czechoslovakia
(See reference map V)
Land
127,870 km2; 60% arable; 35% forest; 14%
other agricultural; 9% other
Land boundaries: 3,540 km
People
Population: 15,466,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Czechoslovak(s);
adjective — Czechoslovak
Ethnic divisions: 65% Czech, 30% Slovak,
4.0% Hungarian, 0.6% German, 0.5% Polish,
0.4% Ukrainian, 0.2% other (Jewish, Gypsy)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, 2% Orthodox, 1 % other
Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hun-
garian
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 7.8 million; 38.1% industry,
12.5% agriculture, 49.4% construction, com-
munications, and other (1982)
Government
Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist Re-
public (CSSR)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate
and nominally autonomous republics (Czech
Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Re-
public); seven regions (kraj) in Czech lands,
three regions in Slovakia; national capitals of
Prague and Bratislava have regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on
Austrian-Hungarian codes, modified by
Communist legal theory; revised constitution
adopted 1960, amended in 1968 and 1970; no
judicial review of legislative acts; legal educa-
tion at Charles University School of Law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May
Branches: executive — President (elected by
Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed by
President); legislative (Federal Assembly;
elected directly — House of Nations, House of
the People), Czech and Slovak National
Councils (also elected directly) legislate on
limited area of regional matters; judiciary —
Supreme Court (elected by Federal Assem-
bly); entire governmental structure
dominated by Communist Party
Government leaders: Gustav HUSAK, Presi-
dent; Lubomir STROUGAL, Premier
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies and presi-
dent every five years (last election June 1981)
Dominant political party and leader: Com-
munist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC),
Gustav Husak, General Secretary; Commu-
nist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status of
"provincial KSC organization"
Voting strength: (1981 election) 99.96% for
Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.48 million party members
and candidate members (November 1982)
Other political groups: puppet parties —
Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak
People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slo-
vak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAO, ICO, ILO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
CNP: $147.1 billion in 1982 (in 1982 dollars),
$9,550 per capita; 1982 real growth rate 0.5%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main
crops — wheat, rye, oats, corn, barley, pota-
toes, sugar beets, hogs, cattle, horses; net food
importer — meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh
fruits and vegetables
Major industries: iron and steel, machinery
and equipment, cement, sheet glass, motor
vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics,
wood, paper products
Shortages: ores, crude oil
Crude steel: 15.0 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982), 974 kg per capita
Electric power: 18,645,000 kW capacity
(1983); 75.282 billion kWh produced (1983),
4,875 kWh per capita
Exports: $16.265 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 54%
machinery, equipment; 17% manufactured
consumer goods; 15% fuels, raw materials
and metals; 7% foods, food products, live ani-
mals, and forestry (1982)
Imports: $16.219 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 39%
fuels, raw materials, and metals; 33% ma-
chinery, equipment; 14% foods, food
products, live animals, and forestry; 5% man-
ufactured consumer goods (1980)
Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Poland,
Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria, Bul-
garia, Romania; $32,484 million (1982); 71%
with Communist countries, 29% with non-
Communist countries (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 6.45
koronas=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
56
Denmark
NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted
at the rate of 6.9 koronas=US$l (January
1982)
Communications
Railroads: 13,142 km total; 12,883 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 102 km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 157 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter
narrow gauge; 2,866 km double track; 3,171
km electrified; government owned (1982)
Highways: 73,881 km total; 60,582 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 13,299 km gravel,
crushed stone (1982)
Inland waterways: 475 km (1982)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined prod-
ucts, 861 km; natural gas, 7,000 km
Freight carried: rail — 288.7 million metric
tons, 71.6 billion metric ton/km (1982); high-
way— 1,281.2 million metric tons, 20.9
billion metric ton/km (1982); waterway —
11.4 million metric tons, 3.8 billion metric
ton/km (excluding international transit traf-
fic) (1982)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia,
Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and
Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Ros-
tock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague,
Decin, Komarno, Bratislava (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army,
Frontier Guard, Air and Air Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,774,000;
2,910,000 fit for military service; 108,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, 23.8 billion
koronas, 7.7% of total budget
(See reference map V)
Land
43,076 km2 (exclusive of Greenland and
Faroe Islands); 64% arable; 11% forest; 8%
meadow and pasture; 17% other
Land boundaries: 68 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,379 km
People
Population: 5,112,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate —0.1%
Nationality: noun — Dane(s); adjective —
Danish
Ethnic divisions: Scandinavian, Eskimo,
Faroese, German
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 2%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1%
other
Language: Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an
Eskimo dialect); small German-speaking mi-
nority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2,700,000 (1983 average); 34. 1%
social services; 21% manufacturing; 13.3%
commerce; 8.2% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 7.9% construction; 7.0% banking and
business services; 6.8% transportation; 9.2%
unemployment rate
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 com-
munes, 88 towns
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative
acts; legal education at Universities of Co-
penhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: birthday of the Queen, 16
April
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Folketing); ex-
ecutive power vested in Crown but exercised
by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Su-
preme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower
courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen; Poul SCHLUTER, Prime Minister.
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at
least every four years (last election 10 January
1984)
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic, Anker J0rgensen; Liberal, Henning
Christophersen; Conservative, Poul Schliiter;
Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen; So-
cialist People's, Gert Petersen; Communist,
Jorgen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben Wil-
hjelm; Center Democratic, Erhard Jakobsen;
Christian People's, Christian Christensen;
Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristiansen; Trade and
Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger; Progress
Party, Mogens Glistrop; Socialist Workers
Party, no chairman; Communist Workers'
Party (KAP), Benito Scocozza
57
Denmark (continued)
Voting strength: (\§&\ election) 31. 6% Social
Democratic, 23.4% Conservative, 12.1% Lib-
eral, 11.5% Socialist People's, 5.5% Radical
Liberal, 4.6% Center Democrats, 3.6%
Progress, 2.7% Christian, 2.6% Left Socialist,
1.5% Justice, 0.7% Communist, 0.2% others
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, ELDO (observer), EMS, ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES,
ICO, IDA, IDE, Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $56.4 billion (1982), $11,016 per cap-
ita; 56% private consumption, 12.4% private
investment, 28% government consumption,
3% government investment; 0.6% net exports
of goods and services; 1982 growth rate, 3.1%
in 1980 prices.
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in
dairying and animal husbandry; main
crops — cereals, root crops; food imports —
oilseed, grain, animal feedstuffs
Fishing: catch 1.98 million metric tons
(1980), exports $750 million, imports $295
million (1981)
Major industries: food processing, machin-
ery and equipment, textiles and clothing,
chemical products, electronics, transport
equipment, metal products, bricks and mor-
tar, furniture and other wood products
Crude steel: 0.6 million metric tons produced
(1981), 117 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,119,000 kW capacity
(1983); 25.830 billion kWh produced (1983),
5,050 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
items — meat, dairy products, industrial ma-
chinery and equipment, textiles and
clothing, chemical products, transport equip-
ment, fish, furs, and furniture
Imports: $16.8 billion (c.i.f., 1982); principal
items — industrial machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and
yarns, iron an«l steel products, chemicals,
grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper
Major trade partners: 1982 exports — 47.7%
EC, 17.4% FRG, 14.1 UK, 10.9% Sweden,
6.5% Norway, 6% US
Aid: donor — economic aid commitments
(ODA and OOF) $2.8 billion (1970-81)
Budget: (1984) expenditures $24.8 billion,
revenues $18.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 9.670
kroner=US$l (November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 Janu-
ary
Communications
Railroads: 2,770 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Danish State Railways (DSB) operate
2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail
ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km
double tracked; 650 km of standard gauge
lines are privately owned and operated
Highways: approximately 66,482 km total;
64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block;
1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved
earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: refined products, 418 km; natural
gas, 95 km
Ports: 10 major, 50 minor
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 148 total, 119 usable; 24 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent telephone,
telegraph, and broadcast services; 3.32 mil-
lion telephones (63.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 46
FM, and 38 TV stations; 1 4 submarine coaxial
cables; satellite earth station for domestic
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Danish Army, Royal Danish
Navy, Royal Danish Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,306,000;
1,100,000 fit for military service; 41,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1.150 billion; 4.6% of cen-
tral government budget
58
Djibouti
(See reference map VII)
Land
23,310 km2; 89% desert waste; 10% perma-
nent pasture; less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 517 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
National holiday: 27 June
Type: republic
Capital: Djibouti
Political subdivisions: 5 cercles (districts)
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem, traditional practices, and Islamic law;
partial constitution ratified January 1981 by
National Assembly
Branches: legislative — 65-member parlia-
ment (National Assembly), executive,
judiciary
Government leader: HASSAN Gouled
Aptidon, President
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Parliament elected May 1982
Political parties and leaders: Peoples
Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled
Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands) Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
People
Population: 289,000 (July 1984) average an-
nual growth rate —8.8%
Nationality: noun — Djiboutian(s);
adjective — Djiboutian
Ethnic divisions: 60% Somali (Issa), 5% Afar
5% French Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: French (official), Somali, Afar,
and Arabic all widely used
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled
laborers at port
Organized labor: some 3,000 railway
workers organized
Government
Official name: Republic of Djibouti
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $116 million (1980); per capita income
$400
Agriculture: livestock; limited commercial
crops, including fruit and vegetables
Major industries: transit trade, port, railway,
services; live cattle and sheep exports to Ara-
bia; secondary services to French military
Electric power: 70,000 kW capacity (1983);
230 million kWh produced (1983), 730 kWh
per capita
Exports: $66 million (1981); hides and skins
and transit of coffee; values plummeted after
railroad line was cut
Imports: $152 million (1981); almost all do-
mestically needed goods — foods, machinery,
transport equipment
Budget: 1980 revenues $68 million, current
expenditures $62 million, development ex-
penditures $6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 177.67 Djibouti
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: the Ethiopian-Djibouti railroad
extends for 97 km through Djibouti
Highways: 2,800 km total; 279 km bitumi-
nous surface, 229 km improved earth; 2,292
km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Djibouti)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of urban
facilities in Djibouti and radio-relay stations
at outlying places; 4,400 telephones (1.2 per
100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, 1 TV
station; 1 INTELSAT satellite station at
Ambouli, working with Indian Ocean satel-
lite
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendar-
merie Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
63,000; about 37,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $27.8 million; about 22% of
central government budget
59
Dominica
DOMINICAN
PUERTO
Atlantic
Ocean
DOMINICA
(See reference map 111)
Land
752.7 km2; 67% forest; 24% arable; 2% pas-
ture; 7% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone; 20 nm economic zone)
Coastline: 148 km
People
Population: 74,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate —0.2%
Nationality: noun — Dominican(s);
adjective — Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly black; some Carib-
Indians
Religion: 80% Roman Catholic; Anglican,
Methodist
Language: English (official); French patois
widely spoken
Literacy: about 95%
Labor force: 23,000; 40% agriculture, 32% in-
dustry and commerce, 28% services; 15-20%
unemployment
Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
Government
Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Roseau
Political subdivisions: 10 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law;
three local magistrate courts and the British
Caribbean Court of Appeals
Branches: legislative, 11 -member popularly
elected unicameral House of Assembly; exec-
utive, Cabinet headed by Prime Minister;
judicial, magistrate's courts, and regional
court of appeals
Government leader: (Mary) Eugenia
CHARLES, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage at age 18
Elections: every five years; most recent 21
July 1980
Political parties and leaders: United Domi-
nica Labor Party (UDLP), Michael Douglas,
Roosevelt Douglas; Dominica Labor Party
(DLP), Oliver Seraphin; Dominica Freedom
Party (DFP), (Mary) Eugenia Charles
Voting strength: (1980 election) House of As-
sembly seats— DFP 17, DLP 2, independ-
ent 2
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Dominica
Liberation Movement Alliance (DLMA), a
small leftist group led by William Riviere
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, GATT (de facto), G-77, IBRD, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $56.4 million (1983), $883 per capita;
1981 real growth rate, 9.5%
Agriculture: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa,
essential oils
Major industries: agricultural processing,
tourism, soap and other coconut-based prod-
ucts, cigars
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1983); 16
million kWh produced (1983), 215 kWh per
capita
Exports: $28.5 million (1982); bananas, coco-
nuts, lime juice and oil, cocoa, reexports
Imports: $48.5 million (1982); machinery
and equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured
articles, cement
Major trade partners: exports — US, UK,
other EC, other CARICOM countries
Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF
(1970-80), from Western (non-US) countries,
$22.6 million; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $32 million; expenditures,
$40 million (1982 proj.)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 750 km total; 370 km paved, 380
km gravel and earth
Ports: 2 minor (Roseau, Portsmouth)
Civil air: unknown number of major trans-
port aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4,600 telephones in
fully automatic network (5.6 per 100 popl.);
VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia; new SHF
links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; 3 AM
stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Dominica Police Force
60
Dominican Republic
v
Atlantic
Ocean
DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC
JAMAICA
Caribbean Sea
(See reference map III)
Land
48,464 km2; 45% forest; 20% built on or waste;
17% meadow and pasture; 14% cultivated;
4% fallow
Land boundaries: 361 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: 1,288 km
People
Population: 6,416,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Dominican(s);
adjective — Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mixed, 16% white,
11% black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: 1.3 million; 47% agriculture,
23% industry and commerce, 16% govern-
ment, 14% services
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
Government
Official name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the
National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes;
1966 constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
February
Branches: President popularly elected for a
four-year term; bicameral legislature (Na-
tional Congress — 27-seat Senate and 91-seat
Chamber of Deputies elected for four-year
terms); Supreme Court
Government leader: Salvador JORGE
Blanco, President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over
age 18 or married, except members of the
armed forces and police, who cannot vote
Elections: last national election May 1982;
next election May 1986
Political parties and leaders: Dominican
Revolutionary Party (PRD), Jose Francisco
Pefta Gomez; Reformist Party (PR), Joaquin
Balaguer; Dominican Liberation Party
(PLD), Juan Bosch; Democratic Q uisqueyan
Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y Wessin; Revolu-
tionary Social Christian Party (PRSC),
Rogelio Delgado Bogaert; Movement of Na-
tional Conciliation (MCN), Jaime Manuel
Fernandez Gonzalez; Antireelection Move-
ment of Democratic Integration (MIDA),
Francisco Augusto Lora; National Civic
Union (UCN), Guillermo Delmonte Urraca;
National Salvation Movement (MSN), Luis
Julian Perez; Popular Democratic Party
(PDF), Luis Homero Lajara Burgos; Four-
teenth of June Revolutionary Movement
(MR-1J4), Hector Aristy Pereyra; Dominican
Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde,
central committee, legalized in 1978; Domin-
ican Popular Movement (MPD), illegal; 12th
of January National Liberation Movement
(ML-12E), Plinio Matos Moquete, illegal;
Communist Party of the Dominican Repub-
lic (PACOREDO), Luis Montas Gonzalez,
illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal;
Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Ivan
Rodriguez; Democratic Union (UD), Ramon
Antonio Flores; Revolutionary League of
Workers (LRT), Claudio Tavarez; several ad-
ditional small leftist parties
Voting strength: (1982 election) 74% voter
turnout; 46.76% PRD, 39.14% PR, 9.69%
PLD; 4.41% minor parties
Communists: an estimated 7,000 to 9,000
members in several legal and illegal factions;
effectiveness limited by ideological differ-
ences and organizational inadequacies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $7.6 billion (1981), $1,400 per capita;
no real growth in 1982
Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, coffee,
cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn
Major industries: tourism, sugar processing,
nickel mining, gold mining, textiles, cement
Electric power: 1,144,000 kW capacity
(1983); 3.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 480
kWh per capita
Exports: $768 million (f.o.b., 1982); sugar,
nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa
Imports: $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); foodstuffs,
petroleum, industrial raw materials, capital
equipment
Major trade partners: exports — 46% US, in-
cluding Puerto Rico (1980); imports— 45%
US, including Puerto Rico (1980)
61
Dominican Republic
(continued)
Ecuador
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), from US, $536
million; (1970-81) ODA and OOF from other
Western countries, $162 million; military —
authorized from US (1970-82), $27 million
Budget: revenues, $753 million; expendi-
tures, $1,989 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$l
(February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,600 km total; 104 km 1.065-me-
ter gauge, government owned, common
carrier; 1,496 km privately owned plantation
lines (gauges ranging from 0.600- to 1.430-
meter, with 0.760-meter gauge predomi-
nating)
Highways: 12,000 km total; 5,800 km paved,
5,600 km gravel and improved earth
Pipelines: refined products, 69 km
Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Barahona,
Haina, Puerto Plata), 17 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 47 total, 36 usable; 14 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: relatively efficient
domestic system based on islandwide radio-
relay network; 165,300 telephones (2.9 per
100 popl.); 122 AM, 62 FM, and 37 TV sta-
tions; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,575,000;
1,039,000 fit for military service; 80,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $123.4 million,
about 12.5% of the central budget
Pacific Ocean
(See reference map IV)
Land
283,561 km2 (including Galapagos Islands);
55% forest; 11% cultivated, 8% meadow and
pasture; 26% waste, urban, or other (excludes
the Oriente and the Galapagos Islands, for
which information is not available
Land boundaries: 1,931 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos
Islands)
People
Population: 9,091,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Ecuadorean(s);
adjective — Ecuadorean
Ethnic divisions: 55% mestizo (mixed Indian
and Spanish), 25% Indian, 10% Spanish, 10%
black
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority
nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects,
especially Quechua
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: (1983) 2.8 million; 52% agricul-
ture, 13% manufacturing, 7% commerce, 4%
construction, 4% public administration, 16%
other services and activities
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Ecuador
National holiday: Independence Day, 10
August
Type: republic
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces includ-
ing Galapagos Islands
Legal system: based on civil law system; pro-
gressive new constitution passed in January
1978 referendum; came into effect following
the installation of a new civilian government
in August 1979; legal education at four state
and two private universities; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; unicameral legislature
(Chamber of Representatives); independent
judiciary
Government leader: Dr. Osvaldo
HURTADO Larrea, President
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory
for literates
Elections: parliamentary and presidential
elections held January 1984; second-stage
presidential election to be held May 1984
Political parties and leaders: Popular De-
mocracy (DP, the party of President
Hurtado); Christian Democratic, Julio Cesar
Trujillo; Democratic Left (ID); Social Demo-
cratic, Rodrigo Borja; Radical Alfarist Front
(FRA), Cecilia Calderon de Castro, populist;
Social Christian Party (PSC), Leon Febres
Cordero, center-right; Democratic Party
(PD), Francisco Huerta, center-left; Radical
Liberal Party, Blasco Pefiaherrera, center-
right; Conservative Party, JoseTeran,
center-right; Concentration of Popular
62
Forces (CFP), Averroes Bucaram, populist;
People, Change, and Democracy (PCD),
Aquiles Rigail, center-left; Ecuadorean
Roldocist Party (PRE), Abdala Bucaram,
populist; Democratic Popular Movement
(MPD), Jaime Hurtado, Communist; Revolu-
tionary Nationalist Party (PNR), Carlos Julio
Arosemena, center-right; Democratic Insti-
tutionalist Coalition, Otto Arosemena,
center-right; Broad Leftist Front (FADI),
Rene Mauge, pro-Moscow Communist
Voting strength: (January 1984 presidential
results of top two contenders in runoff elec-
tion scheduled for May 1984 — Rodrigo Borja
of Democratic Left, 28%; Leon Febres
Cordero of Social Christian Party, 27%
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador
(PCE, pro-Moscow, Rene Mauge — secretary
general), 6,000 members; Communist Party
of Ecuador/Marxist Leninist (PCMLE, inde-
pendent), 6,000 members; Revolutionary
Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE, pro-
Cuba), 100 members plus an estimated 5,000
sympathizers
Member of: Andean Pact, ECOSOC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, LAIA,
NAM, OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB. UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $13.3 billion (1982), $1,507 per capita;
61% private consumption, 15% public con-
sumption, 26% gross investment, —2%
foreign (1982); growth rate - 1.5% (1983)
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coffee,
cocoa, sugarcane, corn, potatoes, rice
Fishing: catch 746,100 metric tons (1982
est); exports $210 million (1982), imports
negligible
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
chemicals, fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity
(1983); 3.2 billion kWh produced (1983), 360
kWh per capita
Exports: $2. 1 billion(f.o.b., 1982); petroleum,
bananas, coffee, cocoa, fish products
Imports: $2.0 billion (c.i.f., 1982); agricul-
tural and industrial machinery, industrial
raw materials, building supplies, chemical
products, transportation and communication
equipment
Major trade partners: exports (1982) — 52%
US, 25% Latin America and Caribbean, 1%
Japan, 1% Italy, 1% FRG; imports (1982)—
45% US, 15% Latin America and Caribbean,
12% Japan (1982)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments of
ODA and OOF (FY70-82), US, $233 million;
other Western countries (1970-81), $276 mil-
lion; military— (FY70-82) US, $53 million
Budget: (1982) revenues, $1,424 million; ex-
penditures, $2,155 million
Monetary conversion rate: official, 47.40
sucres=US$l; market, 96.50 sucres=US$l
(August 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,965 km total; all 1.067-meter
gauge single track
Highways: 69,280 km total; 11,925 km
paved, 24,400 km gravel, 32,955 km earth
roads
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,358 km
Ports: 3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bo-
livar), 11 minor
Civil air: 48 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 152 total, 151 usable; 21 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities
generally adequate; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite station; 280,000 telephones (3.3 per 100
popl.); 260 AM, 38 FM, and 23 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Ecuadorean Army, Ecuadorean
Air Force, Ecuadorean War Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,073,000;
1,409,000 fit for military service; 93,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: estimated for the fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $199 million;
about 8.7% of the central government budget
Egypt
CSee reference maps VI and VII)
Land
1,001,449 km*; 96.5% desert, waste, or urban;
2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% is multi-
ple crop); 0.7% inland water
Land boundaries: approximately 2,580 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,450 km (1967)
People
Population: 47,049,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Egyptian(s); adjective —
Egyptian or Arab Republic of Egypt
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock;
10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim
(mostly Sunni), 6% Coptic Christian and
other
Language: Arabic (official); English and
French widely understood by educated
classes
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 13.4 million; 45-50% agriculture,
13% industry, 11% trade and finance, 26%
services and other; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 1 to 3 million
Government
Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic
Capital: Cairo
Political subdivisions: 26 governorates
Legal system: based on English common law,
Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; perma-
nent constitution written in 1971; judicial
review of limited nature in Supreme Court,
also in Council of State, which oversees valid-
ity of administrative decisions; legal educa-
tion at Cairo University; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 23 July
Branches: executive power vested in Presi-
dent, who appoints Cabinet; People's
Assembly is principal legislative body, with
Shura Council having consultative role; inde-
pendent judiciary administered by Minister
of Justice
Government leader: Mohammed Hosni
MUBARAK, President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: regular elections to People's As-
sembly every five years (most recent June
1979); two-thirds of Shura Council is elected
for six-year term (first elections were in Sep-
tember 1980) with remaining members
appointed by President; presidential election
every six years (President Mubarak was
elected in October 1981)
Political parties and leaders: formation of
political parties must be approved by govern-
ment; National Democratic Party, led by
Mubarak, is the dominant party; legal opposi-
tion parties are Socialist Liberal Party, Kamal
Murad; Socialist Labor Party, Ibrahim
Shukri; National Progressive Unionist
Grouping, Khalid Muhyi-al-Din; Umma
Party, Ahmad al-Sabahi; and New Wafd
Party, Fu'ad Siraj al-Din
Communists: approximately 500 party
members
Other political or pressure groups: Islamic
groups are illegal, but the largest one, the
Muslim Brotherhood, is tolerated by the gov-
ernment; trade unions and professional
associations are officially sanctioned
Member of: AAPSO, Af DB, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended
from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979
Economy
GNP: $30.8 billion (1982), $690 per capita;
real growth of 6% in 1982
Agriculture: main cash crop — cotton; other
crops — rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit,
wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in
food
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement
Electric power: 6,757,800 kW capacity
(1983); 29.599 billion kWh produced (1983),
645 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); crude pe-
troleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fabric
Imports: $9.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); foodstuffs,
machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Monetary conversion rate: official rate 0.07
Egyptian pound=US$l; official "incentive"
rate 0.84 Egyptian pound=US$l; parallel or
"own" exchange market rate 1.15 Egyptian
pounds=US$l (October 1983)
64
El Salvador
Fiscal year: July through June
Communications
Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double
track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km 1,435-
meter standard gauge, 347 km 0.750-meter
gauge
Highways: 47,025 km total; 12,300 km
paved, 2,500 km gravel and crushed stone,
14,200 km improved earth, 18,025 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 3,360 km; Suez Canal,
195 km long, used by oceangoing vessels
drawing up to 16. 1 meters of water;
Alexandria-Cairo waterway navigable by
barges of 550-metric ton capacity; Nile and
large canals by barges of 420-metric-ton ca-
pacity; Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to
300-
metric-ton capacity; secondary canals by
sailing craft of 10- to 70-metric-ton capacity
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1981)— 196 mil-
lion metric tons, of which 55 million metric
tons were petroleums, oils, and lubricants
Pipelines: crude oil, 930 km; refined prod-
ucts, 596 km; natural gas, 460 km
Ports: 3 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez);
16 minor; 7 petroleum, oil, and lubricant ter-
minals
Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 109 total, 80 usable; 66 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 46 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is large but still
inadequate for needs; principal centers are
Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia,
and Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial
cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in
progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.3 per 100
popl.); 25 AM, 5 FM, and 47 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 1 Indian
Ocean antenna under construction; 2 subma-
rine coaxial cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1 1,702,000; 7,631,000 fit for military service;
about 482,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Caribbean
Sea
Pacific Ocean
(See reference map HI)
Land
21,476 km2; 32% crop (9% corn, 7% coffee,
5% cotton, 11% other); 31% nonagricultural;
26% meadow and pasture; 11% forest
Land boundaries: 515 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 307 km
People
Population: 4,829,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Salvadoran(s);
adjective — Salvadoran
Ethnic divisions: 89% mestizo, 10% Indian,
1% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
(probably 97-98%), with activity by Protes-
tant groups throughout the country
Language: Spanish, Nahuati (among some
Indians)
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 50% agri-
culture; 29% public and private services; 14%
manufacturing and construction; 7% com-
merce; shortage of skilled labor and large
pool of unskilled labor, but manpower train-
ing programs improving situation
65
El Salvador (continued)
Organized labor: 8% total labor force; 10%
agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force
(1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with
traces of common law; Constitution adopted
1962; Constitution enacted in December
1983; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court; legal education at University
of El Salvador; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: Legislative Assembly (60 seats),
Provisional Executive, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Alvaro Alfredo
MAGANA Borja, President; Raul MOLINA
Martinez, First Vice President; Gabriel
Mauricio GUTIERREZ Castro, Second Vice
President; Pablo Mauricio ALVERGUE,
Third Vice President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Legislative Assembly, 28 March
1982; presidential election held 25 March
1984; Legislative Assembly election sched-
uled for 1985
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Party (PDC), Jose Napoleon Duarte;
National Conciliation Party (PCN), Fran-
cisco Jose Guerrero; Democratic Action (AD),
Rene Fortin Magana; Salvadoran Popular
Party (PPS), Francisco Quiflonez; Popular
Orientation Party (POP), Gen. Jose Alberto
Medrano; National Republican Alliance
(ARENA), Maj. Roberto D'Aubuisson; Salva-
doran Authentic Institutional Party (PAISA),
Roberto Escobar Garcia; Stable Centrist Re-
publican Movement (MERECEN), Juan
Ramon Rosales y Resales
Voting strength: Legislative Assembly —
PDC, 24 seats; ARENA, 19 seats; PAISA, 9
seats; PCN, 5 seats; AD, 2 seats; PPS, 1 seat
Other political or pressure groups:
leftist revolutionary movement —
Unified Revolutionary Directorate (DRU)
and Farabundo Marti National Liberation
Front (FMLN), leadership bodies of the in-
surgency; Farabundo Marti Popular
Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of
the National Resistance (FARN), People's
Revolutionary Army (ERP), Communist
Party of El Salvador/Liberation Armed
Forces (PCES/FAL), and Central American
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC)/
Popular Liberation Revolutionary Armed
Forces (FARLP); militant front organiza-
tions— Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses
(CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular
Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular
Action Front (FAPU), 28 February Popular
Leagues (LP-28), National Democratic
Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation Move-
ment (MLP); revolutionary coalition —
Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), co-
alition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD),
controlled by DRU; FD consists of moderate
leftist groups — Independent Movement of
Professionals and Technicians of El Salvador
(MIPTES), National Revolutionary Move-
ment (MNR), and Popular Social Christian
Movement (MPSC); extreme rightist vigi-
lante organizations or death squads — Secret
Anti-Communist Army (ESA); Maximiliano
Hernandez Brigade; Organization for Liber-
ation from Communism (OLC)
Labor organizations: Federation of Con-
struction and Transport Workers Unions
(FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salva-
doran Communal Union (UCS), peasant
association; General Confederation of Trade
Unions (CGS); United Confederation of
Workers (CUT), leftist; Popular Democratic
Unity (UPD), moderate political pressure
group headed by FESINCONSTRANS,
UCS, and other democratic labor organiza-
tions
Business organizations: National Associa-
tion of Private Enterprise (ANEP),
conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), mod-
erate; National Federation of Salvadoran
Small Businessmen (FENAPES), moderate
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.6 billion (1982), $700 per capita;
80% private consumption, 15% government
consumption, 13% gross domestic invest-
ment; growth rate -5% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, cotton,
corn, sugar, rice, beans
Fishing: catch 13,958 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 495,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.6 billion kWh produced (1983), 340 kWh
per capita
Exports: $700 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee,
cotton, sugar
Imports: $883 million (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery, intermediate goods, petroleum,
construction materials, fertilizers, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 38% EC,
31% US, 20% CACM; imports— 34% US, 28%
CACM, 14% EC; 11% oil exporters (1981)
Aid: economic — authorized from US, includ-
ing Ex-Im(FY70-82), $445 million; ODA and
GOF committed by other Western countries
(1970-81), $81 million; military— from US
(FY70-82), $134 million
66
Equatorial Guinea
Budget: (1982) $458 million government rev-
enues, $699 million expenditures (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved,
4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially
navigable
Ports: 2 major ( Acajutla, La Union), 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 152 total, 124 usable; 5 with
permanent-surfaced runways; 1 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk
radio-relay system; connection into Central
American microwave net; 75,900 telephones
(1.6 per 100 popl.); 76 AM, 9 FM, and 9 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean Satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,097,000;
697,000 fit for military service; 58,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $108.8 million;
about 13.2% of the central government
budget
EQUATORIAL
GUINEA
SAO TOME
AND PRINCIP£0
(See reference map VII)
Land
28,051 km2; Rio Muni, about 25,900 km2,
largely forest; Bioko (formerly known as Fer-
nando Po), about 2,072 km2
Land boundaries: 539 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 296 km
People
Population: 275,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Equatorial Guinean(s);
adjective — Equatorial Cuinean
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of
Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of
Rio Muni, primarily Fang; less than 1,000
Europeans, primarily Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian and
predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan
practices retained
Language: Spanish (official); pidgin English,
Fang
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans in-
volved in subsistence agriculture; labor
shortages on plantations
Government
Official name: Republic of Equatorial
Guinea
Type: republic
Capital: Malabo
Political subdivisions: 3 regions; 7 provinces
with appointed governors
Legal system: in transition; constitution ap-
proved 15 August 1982 by popular refer-
endum; in part based on Spanish civil law and
custom
National holiday: 12 October
Branches: constitution provides for president
with broad powers, prime minister, unicam-
eral legislature (Chamber of Representatives
of the People) and free judiciary
Government leader: Col. Teodoro OBIANG
NGUEMA MBASOGO, President
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: parliamentary elections held Oc-
tober 1983
Political parties and leaders: political parties
suspended; before coup of 3 August 1979,
National Unity Party of Workers (PUNT)
was the sole legal party
Communists: no significant number of Com-
munists but some sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Conference of East and
Central African States, EGA, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: $100 million (1980); $417 per capita
(Note: economy destroyed by former Presi-
dent Masie Nguema)
Agriculture: major cash crops — Rio Muni,
timber, coffee; Bioko, cocoa; main food prod-
ucts— rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm
nuts, manioc, and livestock
67
Equatorial Guinea
(continued)
Ethiopia
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: 1 1,000 kW capacity (1983);
30 million kWh produced (1983), 1 10 kWh
per capita
Exports: $13.3 million (1980 est); cocoa, cof-
fee, and wood
Imports: $37. 1 million (1980 est.); foodstuffs,
chemicals and chemical products, textiles
Major trade partner: Spain
Budget: (1976) receipts $2.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 312.6
ekueles=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni — 2,460 km, including
approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder
gravel and earth; Bioko — 300 km, including
146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and
earth
Inland waterways: no significant waterways
Ports: 1 major (Malabo), 3 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system with ade-
quate government services; international
communications from Bata and Malabo to
African and European countries; 2,000 tele-
phones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and no FM
stations; 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 62,000;
31,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central
government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
1 ,178,450 km2; 55% meadow and natural pas-
ture; 10% crop and orchard; 6% forest and
wood; 29% wasteland, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 5,198 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 1 2 nm ;
for sedentary fisheries, territorial sea extends
to limit of fisheries
Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore
islands)
People
Population: 31,998,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Ethiopians);
adjective — Ethiopian
Ethnic divisions: 40% Galla, 32% Amhara
and Tigrai, 9% Sidamo, 6% Shankella, 6% So-
mali, 4% Afar, 2% Gurage, 1% other
Religion: 40-45% Muslim, 35-40% Ethiopian
Orthodox, 15-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic (official); Tigrinya,
Orominga, Arabic, English (major foreign
language taught in schools)
"Literacy: about 15%
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal hus-
bandry; 10% government, military, and
quasi-government
68
Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union
formed by the government in January 1977
to represent 273,000 registered trade union
members
Government
Official name: Socialist Ethiopia
Type: under military rule since mid-1974;
monarchy abolished in March 1975, but re-
public not yet declared
Capital: Addis Ababa
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also re-
ferred to as regional administrations)
Legal system: complex structure with civil,
Islamic, common and customary law influ-
ences; constitution suspended September
1974; military leaders have promised a new
constitution but established no time frame
for its adoption; legal education at Addis
Ababa University; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Popular Revolution Com-
memoration Day, 12 September
Branches: executive power exercised by the
Provisional Military Administrative Council
(PMAC), dominated by its chairman and
small circle of associates; predominantly ci-
vilian Cabinet holds office at sufferance of
military; legislature dissolved September
1974; judiciary at higher levels based on
Western pattern, at lower levels on tradi-
tional pattern, without jury system in either
Government leader: Lt. Col. MENGISTU
Haile-Mariam, Chairman of the Provisional
Military Administrative Council
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: urban dwellers' association offi-
cials elected June 1981
Political parties and leaders: single political
organization, Commission for the Organiza-
tion of the Party of the Working People of
Ethiopia, was established in December 1979
to study the formation of a Marxist-Leninist
party; official party is expected to be for-
mally announced in September 1984
Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas)
Communists: government is officially
Marxist-Leninist and is officially committed
to organize a Communist party, but progress
is slow
Other political or pressure groups: impor-
tant dissident groups include Eritrean
Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's
Liberation Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Lib-
eration Front/Popular Liberation Forces in
Eritrea; Tigrean Peoples Liberation Front
(TPLF) in Tigre Province; Western Somali
Liberation Front (WSLF) in the Ogaden Re-
gion
Member of: AfDB, EGA, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.8 billion (1982/83 est.), $141 per
capita (1983); real growth rate 4.8%
(1982/83)
Agriculture: main crop — coffee; also grain
Major industries: cement, sugar refining,
cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery
Electric power: 360,000 kW capacity (1983);
800 million kWh produced (1983), 25 kWh
per capita
Exports: $427 million (f.o.b., 1982/83 est.);
56% coffee, 13% hides and skins
Imports: $715 million (f.o.b., 1982/83)
Major trade partners: imports — USSR, Ja-
pan, Italy, FRG, UK, and US; exports— US,
Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Italy, FRG,
and France
Budget: revenues and cash grants $922 mil-
lion, current expenditures $926 million,
development expenditures $349 million
(1982/83)
External debt: $1.0 billion, 1981/82; debt
service payment 11.7% of exports of goods
and nonfactor services (1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian
birr=US$l (30 November 1983)
Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
Communications
Railroads: 1,089 km total; 782 km 1.000-
meter gauge, of which 97 km are in Djibouti;
307 km 0.950-meter gauge
Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,888 km bitumi-
nous, 8,344 km gravel, 2,456 km improved
earth, 29,612 km unimproved earth
Ports: 2 major (Aseb, Mits'iwa)
Civil air: 18 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 186 total, 159 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 9 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 88,000 telephones in
use (1980)
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces Command, Air
Force Command, Navy Command
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,256,000;
3,898,000 fit for military service; 370,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 7 July
1980, $362.8 million; 31.8% of central gov-
ernment budget
CHILE
At/antic
Ocean
FALKLAND
^?P ISLANDS
{Islas Malv.nas)
(admin, by U.K..
claimed by Arg.)
(See reference map IV)
NOTE.-The possession of the Falkland Is-
lands has been disputed by the UK and
Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas
Malvinas) since 1833.
Land
Colony — 12,168 km2; area consists of some
200 small islands and two principal islands,
East Falkland (6,680 km2) and West Falkland
(5,276 km2); dependencies — South Sandwich
Islands, South Georgia, and the Shag and
Clerke Rocks
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 1,288km
People
Population: 2,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate —0.7%
Nationality: noun — Falkland Islanders);
adjective — Falkland Island
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Anglican
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14
Labor force: l,100(est); est. over 95% in agri-
culture, mostly sheepherding
Falkland Islands
(continued)
Faroe Islands
Government
Official name: Colony of the Falkland Is-
lands
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Stanley
Political subdivisions: local government is
confined to capital
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Civil Commissioner (replaced gov-
ernors in post-Falklands war period); shares
power with local garrison commander
Government leaders: Rex M. HUNT, Civil
Commissioner; Maj. Gen. Keith SPACIE,
Military Commissioner and Commander in
Chief Land Forces
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Economy
Agriculture: predominantly sheep farming
Major industry: wool processing
Electric power: l,250kW capacity (1983); 2.2
million kWh produced (1983), l.lOOkWhper
capita
Exports: to UK, $4.5 million (1982); wool,
hides and skins, and other
Imports: from UK, $7.3 million (1982); food,
clothing, fuels, and machinery
Major trade partners: nearly all exports to
the UK, also some to the Netherlands and to
Japan; imports from Curacao, Japan, and the
UK
Aid: economic commitments — (1970-79)
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF,
$24 million
Budget: revenues, $4.3 million (1982); expen-
ditures, $4.3 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: .7062 Falkland
Island pound=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km
gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable, 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
1, 200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: government-
operated radiotelephone networks providing
effective service to almost all points on both
islands; approximately 590 telephones (est.
30 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station; satellite sta-
tion under construction
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of the United
Kingdom
ICELAND
Norwegian
Sea
FAROE .
ISLANDS T
Atlantic
Ocean
¥e
Lj UNITED
' MKINGDOM
_^
(See reference map V)
Land
1,340 km2; less than 5% arable, of which only
a fraction cultivated; archipelago consisting
of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited
islets
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm;
fishing 200 nm
Coastline: 764 km
People
Population: 45,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Faroese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Faroese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu-
lation
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Languages: Faroese (derived from Old
Norse), Danish
Literacy: 99%
*
Labor force: 17,585; largely engaged in fish-
ing, manufacturing, transportation, and
commerce
Government
Official name: Faroe Islands
70
Fiji
Type: self-governing province within the
Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in
Danish parliament
Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy
Political subdivisions: 1 districts, 49 com-
munes, 1 town
Legal system: based on Danish law; Home
Rule Act enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown, acting through appointed High
Commissioner, and 32-member provincial
parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly
Faroese concern; executive power vested in
Crown, acting through High Commissioner,
but exercised by provincial cabinet responsi-
ble to provincial parliament
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen; Pauli ELLEFSEN, Lagmand (Chair-
man); Niels BENTSEN, Danish Governor
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 21
Elections: held every four years; most recent,
8 November 1980
Political parties and leaders: Coalition, Pauli
Ellefsen; Peoples, Jogvan Sundstein; Repub-
lican, Erlendur Patursson; Home Rule,
Tobj0rn Poulsen; Progressive and Fisher-
men's, Adolf Hansen; Social Democratic, Atli
Dam
Voting strength: (1980 election) Coalition,
23.8%; Social Democratic, 21.7%; Republi-
can, 17.0%; Peoples, 18.9%; Home Rule,
8.4%; Progressive and Fishermen's, 8.2%
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
Economy
GDP: $369.3 million (1980), about $8,799 per
capita
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
Fishing: catch 27 1 ,900 metric tons ( 1 980); ex-
ports, $162.3 million (1980)
Major industry: fishing
Electric power: 66,600 kW capacity (1983);
195 million kWh produced (1983), 4,315
kWh per capita
Exports: $178.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); mostly
fish and fish products
Imports: $222.1 million (c.i.f., 1980); ma-
chinery and transport equipment, petroleum
and petroleum products, food products
Major trade partners: exports 21.3% Den-
mark, 13.4% UK, 12.4% FRG, 11.7% US
(1980)
Budget: (FY81) expenditures $98.8 million,
revenues $98.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 9.670 Danish
kroner=US$l (November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 200 km
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
communications; fair domestic facilities;
20,400 telephones (46.3 per 100 popl.); 1 AM
and 3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of Denmark
Military manpower: males 15-49 included
with Denmark
Coral Sea
THALIA
Pacific Ocean
\; VANUATU
FIJI
NEW CALEDONIA
(See reference map X)
Land
18,376 km2; consists of more than 300 islands
and many more coral atolls and cays; the
larger islands — Viti Levu, Taveuni, and
Kadavu — are mountainous and volcanic in
origin, with peaks rising over 1,210 meters;
land ownership — 83.6% Fijians, 7.2% Euro-
pean, 6.4% government, 1.7% Indians, 1.1%
other; about 30% of land area is suitable for
farming
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(200 nm economic zone; 200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 1,129km
People
Population: 686,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Fijian(s); adjective —
Fijian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Indian, 45% Fijian; 5%
European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas
Chinese, and others
Religion: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indi-
ans are Hindu with a Muslim minority
Language: English (official), Fijian, Hindu-
stani spoken among Indians
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 176,000(1979); 43.8% agricul-
ture, 15.6% industry
71
Fiji (continued)
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force
organized into about 60 unions; unions orga-
nized along lines of work and ethnic origin
Government
Official name: Fiji
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recog-
nized as chief of state
Capital: Suva, located on the south coast of
the island of Viti Levu
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on British system
National holiday: Fiji Day, 10 October
Branches: executive — Prime Minister and
Cabinet; legislative — 52-member House of
Representatives; 22-member appointed Sen-
ate; judicial — Supreme Court, Court of
Appeal, Magistrate's Courts
Government leader: Ratu Sir Kamisese
Kapaiwai Tuimacilai MARA, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years unless House dis-
solves earlier; last held July 1982
Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian,
headed by Ratu Mara; National Federation,
primarily Indian, headed by Jai Ram Reddy;
Western United Front, Fijian, Ratu Osea
Cauidi
Voting strength: (July 1 982) House of Repre-
sentatives— (Alliance Party 28 seats; National
Federation Party/Western United Front co-
alition 24 seats
Communists: few, no figures available
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth, EC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU,
UN, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.85 billion (1982), $1,852 per capita;
annual growth rate, 0.5% (1979-82)
Agriculture: main crops— sugar, copra,
ginger, rice; major deficiency, grains
Major industries: sugar refining, tourism,
gold, lumber, small industries
Electric power: 298,500 kW capacity (1983);
317 million kWh produced (1983), 469 kWh
per capita
Exports: $280 million (f.o.b., 1981); 70%
sugar; copra
Imports: $562 million (c.i.f., 1981); 24% man-
ufactured goods, 20.0% machinery, 16.3%
foodstuffs, 16% fuels
Major trade partners: Australia, New Zea-
land, Japan, UK, Singapore, US
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries (1980-81), $135 million
Budget: (1981 est.) revenues $259 million; ex-
penditures $239 million
Monetary conversion rate: .9612 Fiji
dollar=US$l (30 November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 644 km 0.610-meter narrow
gauge; owned by Fiji Sugar Corp., Ltd.
Highways: 2,960 km total (1981); 390 km
paved, 2, 150 km gravel, crushed stone, or sta-
bilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km naviga-
ble by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton
barges
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft
Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439
m
Telecommunications: modern local,
interisland, and international (wire/radio in-
tegrated) public and special-purpose
telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facili-
ties; regional radio center; important
COMPAC cable link between US/Canada
and New Zealand/Australia, et al.; 37,515
telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM and 2
FM stations; no TV stations; 1 ground satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 179,000;
99,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: military budget for 1982,
$17.0 million; 5% of central government
budget
72
Finland
(See reference map V)
Land
337,113 km2; 58% forest; 34% other; 8%
arable
Land boundaries: 2,534 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm;
fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm
Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes is-
lands and coastal indentations
People
Population: 4,873,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Finn(s); adjective —
Finnish
Ethnic divisions: Finn, Swede, Lapp, Gypsy,
Tatar
Religion: 97% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.2%
Greek Orthodox, 1.8% other
Language: 93.5% Finnish, 6.3% Swedish
(both official); small Lapp- and Russian-
speaking minorities
Literacy: almost 100%
Labor force: 2.530 million; 24.6% mining and
manufacturing; 24.3% services; 18.3% com-
merce; 12.3% agriculture, forestry, and
fishing; 7.2% construction; 7.1% transporta-
tion and communications; 6.2% unemployed
(1982 average)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Political subdivisions: 12 provinces, 443
communes, 78 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on
Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Su-
preme Court may request legislation
interpreting or modifying laws; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Helsinki and Turku;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 De-
cember
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with President and unicameral legislature
(Eduskunta); executive power vested in Presi-
dent and exercised through coalition Cabinet
responsible to parliament; Supreme court,
four superior courts, 193 lower courts
Government leaders: Dr. Mauno
KOIVISTO, President; Kalevi SORSA, Prime
Minister
Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not
compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every four years
(last in 1983); presidential, every six years
(President Koivisto elected in January 1982)
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party, Kalevi Sorsa; Center Party,
Paavo Vayrynen; People's Democratic
League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto;
Conservative Party, Illka Suominen; Liberal
Party, Arne Berner; Swedish Peoples Party,
Par Stenback; Rural Party, Pekka Vennamo;
Finnish Communist Party, Jouko Kajanoja;
Finnish Christian League, Esko Almgren;
Constitutional Right Party, Georg Ehrn-
rooth; League for Citizen Power, Kaarlo
Pitsinki
Voting strength: (1983 parliamentary elec-
tion) 26% Social Democratic, 22.1%
Conservative, 17.6% Center-Liberal, 14.0%
People's Democratic League, 9.7% Finnish
Rural, 4.9% Swedish Peoples, 3.0% Christian
League, 1.5% Greens, 0.4% Constitutional
Peoples, 0.1% League for Citizen Power
Communists: 28,000 registered members; an
additional 45,000 persons belong to Peoples'
Democratic League
Member of: ADB, CEMA (special coopera-
tion agreement), DAC, EC (free trade
agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GNP: $49.1 billion (1982), $10,124 per cap-
ita; 55.5% consumption, 20.7% investment,
23.4% government; 0.5% net exports of goods
and services; 1982 growth rate 2.5% (1975
prices)
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially
dairying, predominates; forestry important
secondary occupation for rural population;
main crops — cereals, sugar beets, potatoes;
85% self-sufficient; shortages — food and fod-
der grains
Fishing: catch 130,700 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: include metal manufac-
turing and shipbuilding, forestry and wood
processing (pulp, paper), copper refining
foodstuffs, textiles and clothing
Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materi-
als, except wood, and iron ore
Crude steel: 2.4 million metric tons produced
(1982), 500 kg per capita
73
Finland (continued)
France
Electric power: 1 1,800,000 kW capacity
(1983); 42.439 billion kWh produced (1983),
8,750 kWh per capita
Exports: $13.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); timber,
paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and
steel, clothing and footwear
Imports: $13.4 billion (c.i.f., 1982); food-
stuffs, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, transport equipment, iron and
steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics
Major trade partners: (1982) exports 34.9%
EC (9.1% FRG; 10.8% UK), 26.7% USSR,
12.0% Sweden, 3.2% US
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ments (ODA), $436 million (1970-81)
Budget: (1982) expenditures $14.2 billion,
revenues $12.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 5.868 Finnmark
(Fim)=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 6,071 km total; Finnish State Rail-
ways (VR) operate a total 6,043 km 1.524-
meter gauge, 477 km multiple track,
and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750-meter
gauge and 6 km 1.524-meter gauge are
privately owned
Highways: about 74,960 km total in national
classified network, including 31,000 km
paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous-
treated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved
(stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional
29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads
Inland waterways: 6,675 km total (including
Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for
steamers
Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km
Ports: 1 1 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 39 major transport
Airfields: 162 total, 159 usable; 44 with
permanent-surface runways; 20 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom service
from cable and radio-relay network; 2.37
million telephones (49.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM,
90 FM, and 181 TV stations; 3 submarine
cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,313,000;
1,109,000 fit for military service; 35,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $851 million;
about 6.3% of proposed central government
budget
At/antic
Ocetn
(See reference map V)
Land
551,695 kmz; 35% cultivated; 26% meadow
and pasture; 25% forest; 14% waste, urban, or
other
Land boundaries: 2,888 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone
200 nm)
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644
km)
People
Population: 54,872,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Frenchman (men);
adjective — French
Ethnic divisions: Celtic and Latin with Teu-
tonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese,
and Basque minorities
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 2% Protes-
tant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African
workers), 6% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population); rap-
idly declining regional patois — Provencal,
Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan,
Basque, Flemish
Literacy: 99%
74
Labor force: 23.4 million (1981); 54%
services, 30% industry, 8% agriculture; 8.5%
unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 20% of la-
bor force
Government
Official name: French Republic
Type: republic, with President having wide
powers
Capital: Paris
Political subdivisions: 96 metropolitan de-
partments, 21 regional economic districts
Legal system: civil law system with indige-
nous concepts; new constitution adopted
1958, amended concerning election of Presi-
dent in 1962; judicial review of
administrative but not legislative acts; legal
education at over 25 schools of law
National holiday: National Day, 14 July
Branches: presidentially appointed Prime
Minister heads Council of Ministers, which is
formally responsible to National Assembly;
bicameral legislature — National Assembly
(491 members), Senate (304 members) —
restricted to a delaying action; judiciary inde-
pendent in principle
Government leader: Francois MIT-
TERRAND, President
Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compul-
sory
Elections: National Assembly — every five
years, last election June 1981, direct universal
suffrage, two ballots; Senate — indirect colle-
giate system for nine years, renewable by
one-third every three years, last election Sep-
tember 1983; President, direct, universal
suffrage every seven years, two ballots, last
election May 1981
Political parties and leaders: majority coali-
tion— Socialist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin;
Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais;
Left Radical Movement (MRG), Jean-Michel
Baylet; right opposition — Rally for the Re-
public (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques
Chirac; Union for French Democracy (fed-
eration of PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean
Lecanuet; Republicans (PR), Francois Leo-
tard; Center for Social Democrats (CDS),
Pieire Mehaignerie; Radical (RAD), Andre
Rossinot
Voting strength: (first ballot, 1981 election)
diverse left, Socialist 36.12%; RPR, 20.8%;
UDF, 19.2%; Communist, 16.17%; Left Rad-
ical 1.39%; diverse right, 2.8%; diverse left,
2.05%; other 1.47%
Communists: 600,000 claimed; Communist
voters, 4 million in 1981 elections
Other political or pressure groups:
Communist-controlled labor union (Confed-
eration Generale du Travail) nearly 2.4
million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning
labor union (Confederation Francaise
Democratique du Travail— CFDT) about
800,000 members est; independent labor
union (Force Ouvriere) about 1,000,000
members est.; independent white collar
union (Confederation Generale des Cadres)
340,000 members (claimed); National Coun-
cil of French Employers (Conseil National du
Patronat Francais — CNPF or Patronat)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, EMS, ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— In-
ternational Whaling Commission, NATO
(signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, South
Pacific Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $542 billion (1982), $9,996 per capita;
64.6% private consumption, 20.9% invest-
ment (including government), 16.4% gov-
ernment consumption; 1981 real growth rate,
1.6%; average annual growth rate (1972-81),
2.7%
Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost pro-
ducer; main products — beef, dairy products,
cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes;
self-sufficient for most temperate zone food-
stuffs; food shortages — fats and oils, tropical
produce
Fishing: catch 713,530 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports (includes shellfish, etc.) $221 million,
imports $632 million (1982)
Major industries: steel, machinery and
equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals,
food processing, metallurgy, aircraft, elec-
tronics
Shortages: crude oil, natural gas, textile fi-
bers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats
and oils
Crude steel: 21.3 million metric tons pro-
duced (1981), 432 kg per capita
Electric power: 82,926,000 kW capacity
(1983); 285.759 billion kWh produced (1983),
5,235 kWh per capita
Exports: $91.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
items — machinery and transportation equip-
ment, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron
and steel products, textiles and clothing,
chemicals
Imports: $107.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); princi-
pal items — crude petroleum, machinery and
equipment, chemicals, iron and steel prod-
ucts, foodstuffs, agricultural products
Major trade partners: (1982) imports — 47%
EC, 16% petroleum exporting countries, 8%
US, 3% Japan, 2% USSR, 2% other Commu-
nist countries; exports — 47% EC, 11%
petroleum exporting countries, 5% US, 2%
USSR, 1.5% other Communist countries, 1%
Japan
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ments (ODA and OOF), $36 billion ( 1 970-8 1 )
Budget: (proposed for 1984) expenditures
937.8 billion francs, revenues 815.5 billion
francs, deficit 122.3 billion francs
Monetary conversion rate: 8.40 French
francs=US$l (4 January 1984)
75
France (continued)
French Guiana
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 36,500 km total; French National
Railways (SNCF) operates 34,362 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; 10,079 km electrified,
15,132 km double or multiple track; 2,138
km of various gauges (1.000-meter to 1.440-
meter), privately owned and operated
Highways: 1,533,940 km total; 29,000 km na-
tional highway; 345,000 km departmental
highway; 404,000 km community roads;
750,000 km rural roads; 5,940 km of
controlled-access divided "autoroutes";
approx. 803,000 km paved
Inland waterways: 14,912 km; 6,969 km
heavily traveled
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,059 km; refined prod-
ucts, 4,344 km; natural gas, 24,746 km
Ports: 8 major, 14 secondary
Civil air: 290 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 463 total, 449 usable; 243 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,659 m, 35 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 125 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed sys-
tem provides satisfactory telephone, tele-
graph, and radio and TV broadcast services;
24.7 million telephones (45.9 per 100 popl.);
39 AM, 541 FM, and 9,400 TV stations; 21
submarine coaxial cables; 2 communication
satellite ground stations with total of 7
antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army of the Ground, Navy, Army
of the Air
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,902,000; fit for military service
11,784,000; 428,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $21.4 billion;
about 18.0% of proposed central government
budget
Atlantic Ocean
FRENCH
^Cayenne
BflAZIL
(See reference map IV)
Land
90,909 km2; 90% forest; 10% waste, built on,
inland water, and other, of which .05% is cul-
tivated and pasture
Land boundaries: 1,183 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 378 km
People
Population: 80,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun— French Guianese (sing.,
pi.); adjective — French Guiana
Ethnic divisions: 66% black or mulatto; 12%
Caucasian; 12% East Indian, Chinese, Amer-
indian; 10% other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 23,265 (1980); services, govern-
ment and commerce 60.6%; industry
21.2 %; agriculture 18.2%; information on
unemployment unavailable
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
Government
Official name: Department of French
Guiana
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by one deputy in French
National Assembly and one senator in French
Senate
Capital: Cayenne
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19
communes each with a locally elected munic-
ipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is Court of Appeals based in Martinique
with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guade-
loupe, and French Guiana
Branches: executive: prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative — popularly elected 16-
member General Council and a Regional
Council composed of members of the local
General Council and of the locally elected
deputy and senator to the French parlia-
ment; judicial, under jurisdiction of French
judicial system
Government leader: Claude
SILBERZAHNL, Prefect of the Republic
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections nor-
mally are held every five years; last election
February 1983
Political parties and leaders: Guianese So-
cialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy (senator),
Leopold Helder; Union of the Guianese Peo-
ple (UPG), weak leftist party allied with, but
also reported to have been absorbed by, the
PSG; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Hector
Rivierez
Communists: Communist party member-
ship negligible
Member of: WFTU
Economy
GNP: $120 million (1976), $1,935 per capita
76
French Polynesia
Agriculture: limited vegetables for local con-
sumption— rice, corn, manioc, cocoa,
bananas, sugar
Fishing: catch 4,457 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: construction, shrimp pro-
cessing, forestry products, rum, gold mining
Electric power: 31,000 kW capacity (1983);
137 million kWh produced (1983), 1,780
kWh per capita
Exports: $35.4 million (1981); shrimp, tim-
ber, rum, rosewood essence
Imports: $245.9 million (1981); food (grains,
processed meat), other consumer goods, pro-
ducer goods, and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 54% US,
17% Japan, 15% France, 5% Martinique; im-
ports— 53% France, 15% Trinidad and
Tobago, 10% US (1981)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF (FY70-79), from Western
(non-US) countries, $700 million, no military
aid
Budget: $101 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 8.445 French
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 680 km total; 510 km paved, 170
km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by
small oceangoing vessels and river and coastal
steamers; 3,300 km possibly navigable by na-
tive craft
Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 10 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair open- wire and
radio-relay system with about 18,100 tele-
phones (25.9 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and
2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 20,000;
14,000 fit for military service
U.S.
Pacific Ocean
KIRIBATI
FRENCH
POLYNESIA
(See reference map X)
Land
About 4,000 km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing
200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: about 2,525 km
People
Population: 159,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — French Polynesian(s);
adjective — French Polynesian
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chi-
nese, 6% local French, 4% metropolitan
French
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant,
32% Catholic
Government
Official name: Territory of French Polyne-
sia
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Papeete
Political subdivisions: five districts
Legal system: based on French; lower and
higher courts
77
French Polynesia
(continued)
Gabon
Branches: 30-member Territorial Assembly,
popularly elected; 5-member Council of
Government, elected by Assembly; popular
election of two deputies to National Assem-
bly and one senator to Senate in Paris
Government leader: Alain OHREL, High
Commissioner and President of the Council
of Government, appointed by French Gov-
ernment; Gaston FLOSSE, Vice President of
the Council of Government (highest elected
official in the territory)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years, last in May 1982
Political parties and leaders: Tahoeraa
Huiraatira (Gaullist), Gaston Flosse; Ai'a Api
(New Country Party), Emile Vernaudon;
Here Ai'a; la Mana (Socialist)
Voting strength: (1982 election) Tahoeraa
Huiraatira, 13 seats; Ai'a Api, 3 seats; Here
Ai'a, 6 seats; la Mana, 3 seats; Independents,
4 seats; Te E'a Api, 1 seat
Economy
GDP: A$931.3 million (1980), US$6,400 per
capita (1980)
Agriculture: main crop — coconuts
Major industries: maintenance of French
nuclear test base, tourism
Electric power: 67,000 kW capacity (1981);
235 million kWh produced (1981), 1,516
kWh per capita
Exports: $21 million (1977); principal prod-
ucts— coconut products (79%), mother-of-
pearl (14%), vanilla (1971)
Imports: $419 million (1977); principal
items — fuels, foodstuffs, equipment
Major trade partners: imports — 59%
France, 14% US; exports— 86% France
Aid: France $91 million (1978)
Budget: $180 million in 1979; ODA and OOF
commitments from Western (non-US coun-
tries)
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial
Francs Pacifique (CFP)=$US1 (February
1984)
Communications
Highways: 3,700 km, all types
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 15 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Civil air: about 6 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 17,302 telephones
(12.9 per 100 popl.); 72,000 radio and 14,000
TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, and 6 TV stations; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
At/antic
Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
266,024 km2; 75% forest; 15% savanna; 9%
urban and waste; less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 2,422 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100
nm; fishing, 150 nm
Coastline: 885 km
People
Population: 958,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.9%
Nationality: noun — Gabonese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Gabonese
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, in-
cluding 4 major tribal groupings (Fang,
Eshira, Bapounou, Bateke); about 100,000 ex-
patriate Africans and Europeans, including
35,000 French
Religion: 55-75% Christian, less than 1%
Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French (official); Fang, Myene,
Bateke
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 120,000 salaried (1983); 65% ag-
riculture, 30% industry and commerce, 2.5%
services, 2.5% government
78
Organized labor: there are 38,000 members
of the national trade union, the Gabonese
Trade Union Confederation (COSYGA)
Government
Official name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Political subdivisions: nine provinces subdi-
vided into 36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1961; judicial review of legislative acts in
Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme
Court; legal education at Center of Higher
and Legal Studies at Libreville; compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
National holidays: Renovation Day, 12
March; Independence Day, 17 August; major
Islamic and Christian holidays
Branches: power centralized in President,
elected by universal suffrage for seven-year
term; unicameral legislature (93-member
National Assembly, including nine members
chosen by Omar Bongo) has limited powers;
constitution amended in 1979 so that Assem-
bly deputies will serve five-year terms; inde-
pendent judiciary
Government leader: El Hadj Omar BONGO,
President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: presidential election last held De-
cember 1979, next scheduled for 1986;
parliamentary election last held February
1980, next scheduled for 1985; constitutional
change separates dates for presidential and
parliamentary elections
Political parties and leaders: Gabonese
Democratic Party (PDG) led by President
Bongo is only legal party
Communists: no organized party; probably /'
some Communist sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, African Wood Organiza-
tion, Confi rence of East and Central African
States, BDECA (Central African Develop-
ment Bank), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCO,
ICO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OIC, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.5 billion (1982), $2,742 per capita;
0.7% annual growth rate (1981)
Agriculture: commercial — cocoa, coffee,
wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops — pine-
apples, bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops;
imports food
Fishing: catch 13,600 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: petroleum production,
sawmills, petroleum refinery, food and bev-
erage processing; mining of increasing
importance; major minerals — manganese,
uranium, iron (not produced)
Electric power: 280,000 kW capacity (1983);
800 million kWh produced (1983), 870 kWh
per capita
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); crude pe-
troleum, wood and wood products, minerals
(manganese, uranium concentrates, gold)
Imports: $0.7 billion (f.o.b., 1982); mining,
roadbuilding machinery, electrical equip-
ment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: France, US, FRG, and
Curacao
Budget: (1982) revenues $1.4 billion, current
expenditures $0.5 billion; capital expendi-
tures $0.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 970 km 1.437-meter standard
gauge under construction; 180 km are com-
pleted
Highways: 6,500 km total; 300 km paved,
2,600 km gravel and improved and 3,600 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km
perennially navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km
Ports: 2 major (Owendo and Port-Gentil), 3
minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 77 total, 75 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
open-wire, radio-relay, tropospheric scatter
links and radiocommunication stations; 2 At-
lantic Ocean satellite stations; 6 AM, 6 FM,
and 8 TV stations; 1 1 ,600 telephones ( 1 . 2 per
100 popl.)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 227,000;
117,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $88.3 million; 7.2% of cen-
tral government budget
79
The Gambia
(See reference map VII)
Land
11,295 km2; 55% upland cultivable, built on,
and other; 25% uncultivated savanna; 16%
swamp; 4% forest park
Land boundaries: 740 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 80 km
People
Population: 725,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Gambian(s); adjective —
Cambian
Ethnic divisions: 90% African (37.7%
Mandinka 16.2% Fula, 14% Wolof, 8.5% Jola,
7.8% Serahuli, 5.3% other); 10.5% non-
Gambian
Religion: 85% Muslim, 14% Christian, 1% in-
digenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Mandinka, Wo-
lof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
Literacy: about 15%
Labor force: 378,850(1980 est); 75% agricul-
ture; 18.9% industry, commerce, and
services; 6.1% government
Organized labor: 25% to 30% of wage labor
force at most
Government
Official name: Republic of The Gambia
Type: republic; independent since February
1965 (The Gambia and Senegal in early 1982
formed a loose confederation named Sen-
egambia, which calls for the integration of
their armed forces, economies and monetary
systems, and foreign policies)
Capital: Banjul
Political subdivisions: Banjul and five divi-
sions
Legal system: based on English common law
and customary law; constitution came into
force upon independence in 1965, new re-
publican constitution adopted in April 1970;
state of emergency has existed since August
1981; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
February
Branches: Cabinet of 13 members; unicam-
eral legislative (44-member House of
Representatives), in which four seats are re-
served for chiefs, four are government
appointed, 35 are filled by election for
five-year terms, a Speaker is elected by the
House, and the Attorney General is an ap-
pointed member; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Dawda Kairaba
JAWARA, President
Political parties and leaders: People's Pro-
gressive Party (PPP), Secretary General
Dawda K. Jawara; United Party (UP), Pierre
N'Jie; and National Convention Party (NCP),
Sherrif Dibba
Suffrage: universal adult over 21
Elections: general election held May 1982;
PPP 27 seats, NCP 3 seats, independents 5
seats
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: Af BD, APC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IMF, IMO, IRC, ITU,
NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $240 million (1981), about $370 per
capita; real growth rate 11.97% (FY83)
Agriculture: main crops — groundnuts, mil-
let, sorghum, rice, maize, palm kernels,
cotton
Fishing: catch 25,000 metric tons (early
1980s)
Major industries: peanut processing, brew-
ing, soft drinks, agricultural machinery
assembly, small woodworking and metal-
working, clothing
Electric power: 22,000 kW capacity (1983);
50 million kWh produced (1983), 80 kWh per
capita
Exports: $60 million (f.o.b., FY83 est.) pea-
nuts and peanut products, fish, and palm
kernels
Imports: $85 million (f.o.b., FY83 est.); tex-
tiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery,
petroleum products, chemicals
Major trade partners: exports — mainly EC;
imports — EC, China
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $141 million; US (FY70-82), $36 million
Budget: (1982-83 est.) revenues $46.3 mil-
lion, current expenditures $42.0 million,
development expenditures $21.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1
dalasi=US$2.67 (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
80
German Democratic
Republic
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved,
501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 400 km
Ports: 1 major (Banjul)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate network of
radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5
per 100 popl.); 2 FM and 3 AM stations; no
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 162,000;
82,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central gov-
ernment budget; includes fire and police
expenditures
(See reference map V)
Land
107,774 km2; 43% arable; 27% forest; 15%
meadow and pasture; 15% other
Land boundaries: 2,309 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 901 km (including islands)
People
Population: 16,718,000, including East Ber-
lin (July 1984), average annual growth rate
0.0%
Nationality: noun — German(s); adjective —
German
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic
and other
Religion: 47% Protestant, 7% Roman Catho-
lic, 45% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of
Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catho-
lics actively participate
Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic)
minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8.7 million; 38.0% industry,
20.5% services, 10.6% agriculture, 10.2%
commerce, 7.4% transport and communica-
tions, 7.0% construction, 3.1% handicrafts,
3.2% other (1982)
Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force
Government
Official name: German Democratic Repub-
lic
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recog-
nized by US, UK, and France, which together
with the USSR have special rights and
responsibilities in Berlin)
Political subdivisions: (excluding East Ber-
lin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties
(Kreise), 7,600 communities (Gemeinden)
Legal system: civil law system modified by
Communist legal theory; new constitution
adopted 1974; court system parallels admin-
istrative divisions; no judicial review of
legislative acts; legal education at Universi-
ties of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, and Jena; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction;
more stringent penal code adopted 1968,
amended in 1974 and 1979
National holiday: Foundation of German
Democratic Republic, 7 October
Branches: unicameral legislature (People's
Chamber — Volkskammer; elected directly);
executive — Council of State, Council of Min-
isters, Cabinet (approved by Volkskammer);
judiciary — Supreme Court; entire structure
dominated by Socialist Unity (Communist)
Party
Government leaders: Erich HONECKER,
Chairman, Council of State (Head of State);
Willi STOPH, Chairman, Council of Minis-
ters (Premier)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national every five years; pre-
pared by an electoral commission of the
National Front; ballot supposed to be secret
and voters permitted to strike names off bal-
lot; more candidates than offices available;
parliamentary election held 14 June 1981,
and local elections held 20 May 1979
81
German Democratic
Republic (continued)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity
(Communist) Party (SED), headed by Gen-
eral Secretary Erich Honecker, dominates
the regime; four token parties (Christian
Democratic Union, National Democratic
Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and Demo-
cratic Peasants' Party) and an amalgam of
special interest organizations participate
with the SED in National Front
Voting strength: 1981 parliamentary elec-
tions and 1979 local elections; over 99% voted
the regime slate
Communists: 2. 1 million party members
Other special interest groups: Free German
Youth, Free German Trade Union Federa-
tion, Democratic Women's Federation of
Germany, German Cultural Federation (all
Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO, IMO,
IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw
Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $165.6 billion (1982, 1981 dollars),
$9,903 per capita; 1982 growth rate 0.5%
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops —
potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats
Fishing: catch 269,867 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: metal fabrication, chemi-
cals, light industry, brown coal, and
shipbuilding
Shortages: grain, vegetables, vegetable oil,
beef, coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel
products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel: 7.168 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982), approx. 429 kg per capita
Electric power: 23,010,000 kW capacity
(1983); 109.2 billion kWh produced (1983),
6,529 kWh per capita
Exports: $24.2 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1982)
Imports: $22.4 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1982)
Major trade partners: $46.6 billion (1982);
66.0% Socialist countries, 28.1% developed
West, 5.8% less developed countries
Monetary conversion rate: 2.749
ostmarks=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic
data reported for calendar years except for
caloric intake, which is reported for the con-
sumption year 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 14,232 km total; 13,937 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 295 km 1.000-meter
or other narrow gauge, 3,830 (est.) km 1.435-
meter double track standard gauge; 1,934 km
overhead electrified (1982)
Highways: 120,455 km total; 47,455 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1 ,887 km
are autobahn and limited access roads; over
73,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed
stone, and earth (1982)
Inland waterways: 2,314 km (1982)
Freight carried: rail — 322.5 million metric
tons, 54.0 billion metric ton/km (1982); high-
way— 607.6 million metric tons, 16.2 billion
metric ton/km (1982); waterway— 16.8 mil-
lion metric tons, 2.3 billion metric ton/km
(excluding international transit traffic)
(1982)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,200 km; refined prod-
ucts, 500 km; natural gas 1,200 km
Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund,
Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland water-
way ports are E. Berlin, Riesa, Magdeburg,
and Eisenhuttenstadt (1979)
Telecommunications: 3.07 million tele-
phones in use (1980)
Defense Forces
Branches: National People's Army, Border
Troops, Ministry of State Security Guard
Regiment, Air and Air Defense Command,
People's Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,336,000;
3,475,000 fit for military service; 125,000
reach military age (18) annually
Ships: 12 principal surface combatants, 6 pa-
trol combatants, 12 amphibious warfare
ships, 82 coastal patrol river/roadstead craft,
30 mine warfare craft, 6 underway replen-
ishment ships, 2 fleet support ships, 30 other
auxiliaries
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, 11.4 billion marks; 6% of to-
tal budget
82
Germany, Federal
Republic of
("See reference map V)
Land
249,535 km2 (including West Berlin); 33%
cultivated; 29% forest; 23% meadow and pas-
ture; 13% waste or urban; 2% inland water
Land boundaries: 4,232 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.)
People
Population: 61,387,000, including West Ber-
lin (July 1984), average annual growth rate
-0.2%
Nationality: noun — German(s); adjective —
German
Ethnic divisions: primarily German; Danish
minority
Religion: 45% Roman Catholic, 44% Protes-
tant, 11% other
Language: German
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 25.668 million (1982); 33.8%
manufacturing, 29.2% services, 16.8% gov-
ernment, 5.9% construction, 5.4% agri-
culture, 1.7% other; 7.2% unemployed (1982
average)
Organized labor: 37% of total labor force;
46.4% of wage and salary earners (1982)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of Ger-
many
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bonn
Political subdivisions: 10 LSnder (states);
Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately con-
trolled by US, UK, and France, which,
together with the USSR, have special rights
and responsibilities in Berlin
Legal system: civil law system with indige-
nous concepts; constitution adopted 1949;
judicial review of legislative acts in the Su-
preme Federal Constitutional Court; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral parliament — Bundes-
rat (Federal Council, upper house),
Bundestag (National Assembly, lower house);
President (titular head of state), Chancellor
(executive head of government); independ-
ent judiciary
Government leaders: Dr. Karl CARSTENS,
President; Dr. Helmut KOHL, Chancellor
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national election generally held
every four years; last held on 6 March 1983
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Union (CDU), Helmut Kohl, Gerhard
Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Richard von
Weizsacker; Christian Social Union (CSU),
Franz Josef Strauss, Edmund Stoiber,
Friedrich Zimmermann, Theo Waigel; Free
Democratic Party (FDP), Hans-Dietrich
Genscher, Otto Graf Lambsdorff, Wolfgang
Mischnick; Social Democratic Party (SPD),
Willy Brandt, Hans-Jochen Vogel, Johannes
Rau, Hans Apel, Horst Ehmke; National
Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug;
Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies;
Green Party (Greens), Petra Kelly, Otto
Schily, Gerd Bastian
Voting strength: (1983 election) 48.8%
CDU/CSU (CDU 38.2%, CSU 10.6%), 38.2%
SPD, 6.9% FDP, 5.6% Greens, .5% other
Communists: about 40,000 members and
supporters
Other political or pressure groups: expellee,
refugee, and veterans groups
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC, EIB, ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU,
NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $658.4 billion (1982), $10,682 per cap-
ita (1982); 56.3% private consumption, 20.4%
public consumption, 17.5% private invest-
ment, 30% public investment, 0.4%
inventory change, 2.4% net foreign balance;
growth, rate -1.1% (1982, at 1976 prices)
Agriculture: main crops — grains, potatoes,
sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 276,000 metric tons, $148.2
million (1981); exports $228.9 million, im-
ports $625.9 million (1982)
Major industries: among world's largest pro-
ducers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals,
machinery, ships, vehicles, machine tools
Shortages: fats and oils, pulses, tropical prod-
ucts, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum,
iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur
Crude steel: 50-60 million metric tons capac-
ity; 35.7 million metric tons produced (1983),
580 kg per capita
Electric power: 91,408,000 kW capacity
(1983); 366.844 billion kWh produced (1983),
5,960 kWh per capita
Germany, Federal
Republic of (continued)
Ghana
Exports: $176.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); manu-
factures 86.5% (including machines and
machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles,
iron and steel products), agricultural prod-
ucts 5.5%, fuels 3.7%, raw materials 1.8%,
other 2.5%
Imports: $155.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); manu-
factures 54.8%, fuels 23.5%, agricultural
products- 1 1.6%, raw materials 6.9%, other
3.2%
Major trade partners: (1982) EC 48.1%
(France 14.1%, Netherlands 8. 5%, Italy 7.6%,
Belgium- Luxembourg 7.3%, UK 7.3%); other
Europe 14.9%; OPEC 8.9%; US 6.6%; Com-
munist 4.8%
Aid: donor — (1970-80) bilateral economic
aid commitments (ODA and OOF), $31.7 bil-
lion (1970-81)
Budget: (1982) federal government expendi-
tures $110.8 billion, revenues $97.1 billion,
deficit $13.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 2.749
marks=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 32,555 km total; 28,533 km 1.435-
meter government owned, standard gauge,
12,491 km double track; 11,140 km electri-
fied; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598
km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 214 km
electrified; 424 km 1.000-meter gauge; 186
km electrified
Highways: 466,305 km total; 169,568 km
classified, includes 6,435 km Autobahn,
32,460 km national highways (Bundes-
strassen), 65,425 km state highways
(Landesstrassen), 65,248 km county roads
(Kreisstrassen), and 296,737 km of unclassi-
fied communal roads (Gemeindestrassen)
Inland waterways: 5,222 km, of which al-
most 70% usable by craft of 990 metric ton
capacity or larger
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,207 km; refined prod-
ucts, 3,240 km; natural gas, 95,414 km
Ports: 10 major, 11 minor
Civil air: 202 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 483 total, 439 usable; 229 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,659 m, 32 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
modern telecommunication service to all
parts of the country; fully adequate in all re-
spects; 28.6 million telephones (46.3 per 100
popl.); 77 AM, 392 FM, and 6,030 TV sta-
tions; 6 submarine coaxial cables; 2 satellite
stations with total of 7 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
16,530,000; 13,804,000 fit for military ser-
vice; 527,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $18.8 billion; almost 19% of
the proposed central government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
238,538 km2; 60% forest and brush; 19% agri-
cultural^^ other
Land boundaries: 2,285 km
Water
Coastline: 539 km
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
People
Population: 13,804,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Ghanaian(s);
adjective — Ghanaian
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% black African (major
tribes Akan, Ewe, Ga), 0.2% European and
other
Religion: 42% Christian, 38% indigenous be-
liefs, 12% Muslim, 7% other
Language: English (official); African lan-
guages include 44% Akan, 16%
Mole-Dagbani, 13% Ewe, and 8%
Ga-Adangbe
Literacy: 30%
Labor force: 3.7 million; 54.7% agriculture
and fishing; 18.7% industry; 15.2% sales and
clerical; 7.7% services, transportation, and
communications; 3.7% professional; 400,000
unemployed
84
Organized labor: 467,000 or approximately
13% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Ghana
Type: republic; 31 December 1981 coup
ended two-year-old civilian government and
suspended constitution and political activity
Capital: Accra
Political subdivisions: eight administrative
regions and separate Greater Accra Area; re-
gions subdivided into 58 districts and 267
local administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law
and customary law; legal education at Uni-
versity of Ghana (Legon); has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6
March
Branches: executive authority vested in five-
member Provisional National Defense
Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982 PNDC
appointed secretaries to head most ministries
Government leader: Fit. Lt. (Ret.) Jerry John
RAWLINGS, Chairman of PNDC
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: elections held in June 1979 for par-
liament and president; presidential runoff
election held in July
Political parties and leaders: political parties
outlawed after 31 December 81 coup
Communists: a small number of Commu-
nists and sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, EGA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
World Confederation of Labor, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $10.5 billion(1982est.)real growth rate
-7.2% (1982 est.)
Agriculture: main crop — cocoa; other crops
include root crops, corn, sorghum, millet,
coffee, peanuts; not self-sufficient, but can
become so
Fishing: catch 229,904 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light
manufacturing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity
(1983); 4.6 billion kWh produced (1983), 345
kWh per capita
Exports: $856.9 million (f.o.b., 1982); cocoa
(about 45%), wood, gold, diamonds, manga-
nese, bauxite, and aluminum (aluminum
regularly excluded from balance-of-
payments data)
Imports: $668.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); textiles
and other manufactured goods, food, fuels,
transport equipment
Major trade partners: UK, EC, and US
Budget: revenues $1.8 billion, expenditures
and net lending $3.5 billion (1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.75 cedi=US$l
(October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year basis as of 1 Janu-
ary 1983; formerly 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32
km double track; diesel locomotives gradu-
ally replacing steam engines
Highways: 32,200 km total; 6,084 km con-
crete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km
gravel or laterite
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and
Tano rivers provide 168 km of perennial
navigation for launches and lighters; Lake
Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial
and feeder waterways
Pipelines: refined products, 3 km
Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi), 1 naval base
(Sekondi)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire and cable, radio-relay links; 68,900
telephones (0.6 per 100 popl. ); 6 AM and 9 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Border
Guards, Military Strike Force, Palace Guard,
People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,972,000;
1,654,000 fit for military service; 142,000
reach military age (18) annually
85
Gibraltar
(See reference map V)
Land
6.5 km2
Land boundaries: 1.6 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 12 km
People
Population: 30,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Gibraltarian;
adjective — Gibraltar
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English,
Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent
Religion: 75% Roman Catholic, 8% Church
of England, 2.25% Jewish
Language: English and Spanish are primary
languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian
also spoken; English used in the schools and
for all official purposes
Literacy: illiteracy is negligible
Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-
Gibraltar laborers
Organized labor: over 6,000
Government
Official name: Gibraltar
Type: British colony
Capital: none
Legal system: English law; constitutional
talks in July 1968; new system effected in
1969 after electoral inquiry
Branches: parliamentary system comprising
the Gibraltar House of the Assembly (15
elected members and 3 ex officio members),
the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief
Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Gov-
ernor is appointed by the Crown
Government leaders: Adm. Sir David W.
WILLIAMS, Governor and Commander in
Chief; Sir Joshua A. HASSAN, Chief Minister
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other
UK subjects resident six months or more
Elections: every four years; last held in Janu-
ary 1984
Political parties and leaders: Gibraltar La-
bor Party/ Association for the Advancement
of Civil Rights (GCL/AACR), Sir Joshua
Hassan; Democratic Party of British Gibral-
tar(DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist Labor Party,
Joe Bossano
Voting strength: (January 1984) House of the
Assembly— GCL/AACR, 8 seats; Socialist
Labor, 7 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: House-
wives Association; Chamber of Commerce;
Gibraltar Representatives Organization
Economy
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on
commerce and large British naval and air
bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed
port is transit trade and port serves also as
important supply depot for fuel, water, and
ships' wares; recently built dockyards and
machine shops provide maintenance and re-
pair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at
Gibraltar each year; UK military establish-
ments and civil government employ nearly
half the insured labor force and a recently
announced decision to close the Royal Navy
dockyard will significantly add to unemploy-
ment; local industry is confined to manu-
facture of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice,
mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish;
some factories for manufacture of clothing
are being developed; a small segment of local
population makes its livelihood by fishing; in
recent years tourism has increased in impor-
tance
Electric power: 59,600 kW capacity (1983);
210 million kWh produced (1983), 7,010
kWh per capita
Exports: $41.7 million (1982); principally re-
exports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine
Imports: $120 million (1982); principally
manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs;
65% from UK
Major trade partners: UK, Morocco, Portu-
gal, Netherlands
Budget: (1981-82) revenue $78 million, ex-
penditure $73.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: .7062 Gibraltar
pound = .7062 pound sterling=US$l (Febru-
ary 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 1.000-meter gauge system in
dockyard area only
Highways: 56 km, mostly paved
Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate interna-
tional radiocommunication facilities;
automatic telephone system serving 9,400
telephones (3 1.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 6 FM,
and 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom
Branches: Gibraltar Regiment
86
Greece
(See reference map V)
Land
132,608 km2; 40% meadow and pasture; 29%
arable and permanent crop; 20% forest; 11%
waste, urban, and other
Land boundaries: 1,191 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 13,676 km
People
Population: 9,984,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Greek(s); adjective —
Greek
Ethnic divisions: 97.7% Greek, 1.3% Turk-
ish; 1,0% Vlach, Slav, Albanian
Religion: 98% Greek Orthodox, 1.3% Mus-
lim, 0.7% other
Language: Greek (official); English and
French widely understood
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 3.7 million (1981 census); ap-
proximately 39% services, 31% agriculture,
30% industry; urban unemployment is esti-
mated at 10%; substantial unreported
unemployment exists in agriculture
Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force,
20-25% of urban labor force
Government
Official name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential parliamentary govern-
ment; monarchy rejected by referendum 8
December 1974
Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 51 departments
(nomoi) constitute basic administrative units
for country; each nomos headed by officials
appointed by central government and policy
and programs tend to be formulated by cen-
tral ministries; degree of flexibility each
nomos may have in altering or avoiding pro-
grams imposed by Athens depends upon
tradition and influence that prominent local
leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis
key figures in central government; the de-
partments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise
some degree of autonomy from Athens since
they are governed through the Ministry of
Northern Greece
Legal system: new constitution enacted in
June 1975
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
March
Branches: executive consisting of a President,
elected by the Vouli (Parliament), a Prime
Minister, and a Cabinet; unicameral legisla-
ture consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and
an independent judiciary
Government leaders: Constantine
KARAMANLIS, President; Dr. Andreas
PAPANDREOU, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: every four years; Papandreou's
Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated the
incumbent New Democracy government of
George Rallis in elections held on 18 October
1981
Political parties and leaders: Panhellenic So-
cialist Movement, Andreas Papandreou;
New Democracy, Evangelos Averoff-
Tossizza; Communist Party-Exterior,
Kharilaos Florakis; Progressive Party, Spyros
Markezinis; Communist Party-Interior,
Kharalambos Drakopoulos; United Demo-
cratic Left, Ilias Iliou; Nationalist Camp,
Stefanos Stefanopoulos; Party of Democratic
Socialism, loannis Pesmazoglou
Voting strength: Parliament — Panhellenic
Socialist Movement, 166 seats; New Democ-
racy, 110 seats; Communists (Exterior), 12
seats; Party of Democratic Socialism
(KODISO), 1 seat; United Democratic Left
(EDA), 1 seat; Agrarian Party, 1 seat; inde-
pendents, 1 seat
Communists: an estimated 25,000-30,000
members and sympathizers
Member of: EC, El B (associate), EMA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $38.6 billion (1982), $3,959 per capita;
64% consumption, 13% investment, 23% gov-
ernment; 5% change in stocks; net foreign
balance -5%; real growth rate -0.0% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, olives, to-
bacco, cotton, raisins; nearly self-sufficient;
food shortages — livestock products
Major industries: food and tobacco process-
ing, textiles, chemicals, metal products
Crude steel: 1 .3 million metric tons produced
(1983 est), 132 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,169,300 kW capacity
(1983); 24.54 billion kWh produced (1983),
2,480 kWh per capita
Exports: $4. 14 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
items — tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles
87
Greece (continued)
Greenland
Imports: $10.07 billion (c.i.f., 1982); princi-
pal items — machinery and automotive
equipment, petroleum and petroleum prod-
ucts, manufactured consumer goods,
chemicals, meat and live animals
Major trade partners: (1982 est.) imports —
17% FRG, 10.9% Saudi Arabia, 9.2% Italy,
8.1% Jap~an, 7.0% France; exports — 19.0%
FRG, 8.8% Italy, 8.7% US, 7.0% France, 6.4%
Saudi Arabia
Aid: economic commitments — US, including
Ex-Im, $525 million (FY70-82); other West-
ern bilateral (ODA and OOF), $869 million
(1970-79); military— US, $1.816 billion
(FY70-82)
Budget: (1982) central government revenues
$9.8 billion, expenditures $13.4 billion, $3.6
billion deficit
Monetary conversion rate: 102.75 Greek
drachmas=US$l (9 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,476 km total; 1,565 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, of which 36 km
electrified and 100 km double track, 889 km
1.000-meter gauge; 22 km 0.750-meter nar-
row gauge; all government owned
Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km
paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel,
5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of three
coastal canals and three unconnected rivers,
which provide navigable length of just under
80km
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km; refined products,
547km
Ports: 4 major, 10 secondary, 37 minor
Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 78 total, 75 usable; 55 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate, modern
networks reach all areas on mainland and is-
lands; 2.80 million telephones (28.9 per 100
popl.); 28 AM, 37 FM, and 195 TV stations; 5
submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 2 At-
lantic Ocean antennas and 1 Indian Ocean
antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy,
Hellenic Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,365,000;
1,912,000 fit for military service; about
77,000 reach military age (21) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $2.135 billion;
about 16.5% of central government budget
(See reference map It)
Land
2,175,600 km2; 84% permanent ice and snow;
less than 1% arable (of which only a fraction
cultivated); 15% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: approx. 44,087 km, (includes mi-
nor islands)
People
Population: 53,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Greenlander(s);
adjective — Greenlandic
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos
and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danish
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 21,378; largely engaged in fish-
ing, hunting, and sheep breeding
Government
Official name: Greenland
Type: "self-governing" province of Kingdom
of Denmark; two representatives in Danish
parliament; separate Minister for Greenland
in the Danish Cabinet
88
Grenada
Capital: Godthab (Nuuk)
Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 com-
Legal system: Danish law; transformed from
colony to province in 1953; limited home rule
began in spring 1979
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with the elected 26-seat Landsting and Dan-
ish parliament; executive power vested in
Premier and four-person council; 19 lower
courts
Government leaders: MARGRETHE II,
Queen; Jonathan MOTZFELDT, Premier
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory,
over age 21
Elections: held every four years
Political parties: Siumut, 12 seats (moderate
socialist, advocating more distinct Greenland
identity and greater autonomy from Den-
mark); the Atassut Party, 12 seats (more
conservative, favors continuing close rela-
tions with Denmark); Inuit Atagatigik, 2 seats
(Marxist-Leninist party favoring complete
independence from Denmark rather than
home rule)
Economy
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay;
sheep grazing; garden produce
Fishing: catch 89,576 tons (1980); exports
$108.6 million (1980)
Major industries: mining, fishing, sealing
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1983);
168 million kWh produced (1983), 3,235
kWh per capita
Exports: $168.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); fish and
fish products, metallic ores and concentrates
Imports: $259.4 million (c.i.f., 1980); petro-
leum and petroleum products, machinery
and transport equipment, food products
Major trade partners: (1980) Denmark
49.4%, Finland 9.5%, FRG 8.1%, US 6.3%,
UK 2.9%
Monetary conversion rate: 9.670 Danish
Kroner=US$l (November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km
Ports: 7 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
and international service provided by cables
and radio relay; 15,300 telephones (30.9 per
100 popl.); 9 AM, 13 FM, and 4 TV stations; 2
coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Denmark
Military manpower: included with Den-
mark
(See reference map III)
Land
344 km2 (Grenada and southern Grenadines);
44% cultivated; 17% unused but potentially
productive; 12% forest; 4% pasture; 23% built
on, waste, and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 121 km
People
Population: 113,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Grenadian(s);
adjective — Grenadian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Religion: largely Roman Catholic; Anglican;
other Protestant sects
Language: English (official); some French
patois
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 38,000 (1980 est); 38% services,
20% agriculture, 11% construction, 4% man-
ufacturing; 27% unemployment
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
89
Grenada (continued)
Government
Official name: Grenada
Type: independent state; recognizes Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. Georges
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 Feb-
ruary
Branches: following the end of the Maurice
Bishop regime in October 1983, the 1973
Grenadian Constitution was reinstated; Gov-
ernor General Sir Paul Scoon assumed
authority and on 9 November 1983 ap-
pointed a nine-member Interim Advisory
Council to govern until elections can be held
Government leaders: Sir Paul SCOON, Gov-
ernor General; Nicholas BRATHWAITE,
Chairman, Interim Advisory Council
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: planned for late 1984; last general
election 7 December 1976
Political parties and leaders: still in the proc-
ess of formation in preparation for elections;
the Grenada National Democratic Party is
organizing; Grenada Democratic Movement,
a former exile organization, is in the process
of reorganizing; some old parties are re-
emerging (Grenada National Party, [GNP],
Grenada United Labor Party[GULP]); New
Jewel Movement (NJM) in disarray, but dis-
cussions by former members of the Bishop
government are under way to revive the
party
Voting strength: (1976 election) GULP
51.7%, Peoples' Alliance Party, 48.3%; Legis-
lative Council seats— GULP, 9; Peoples'
Alliance Party, 6 (NJM 3, United People's
Party 1, GNP 1, unaffiliated 1)
Communists: the New Jewel Movement,
which is currently in disarray
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP: $119 million (1983), $870 per capita;
real growth rate 2.6% (1983 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — cocoa, nutmeg,
mace, and bananas
Electric power: 9,000 kW capacity (1983); 25
million kWh produced (1983), 225 kWh per
capita
Exports: $18.6 million (f.o.b., 1982 prelim.);
cocoa beans, nutmeg, bananas, mace
Imports: $71.3 million (c.i.f., 1982 prelim.);
food, machinery and transport equipment,
oil, building materials
Major trade partners: exports — 32% UK,
10% FRG, 10% Netherlands (1982); im-
ports—20% US, 19% Trinidad and Tobago,
15% UK (1982)
Budget: (prelim. 1982) revenues, $27 million;
expenditures, $62 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars= US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved,
300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unim-
proved
Ports: 1 major (St. Georges), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: automatic, island-
wide telephone system with 5,650 telephones
(5.4 per 100 popl.); new SHF links to Trinidad
and St. Vincent; VHF and UHF links to Trin-
idad and Carriacou; 2 AM stations, 1 TV
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Grenada Police Force
90
Guadeloupe
DOMINICAN
EPUBLIC
PUERTO
CD RICO
GUADELOUPE : s
Caribbean Sea
(See reference map III)
Land
1,779 km2; area consists of two islands; 47%
waste and built on; 24% crop; 16% forest; 9%
pasture; 4% potential crop
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 306 km
People
Population: 332,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun — Guadeloupian(s);
adjective — Guadeloupe
Ethnic divisions: 90% black or mulatto; 5%
Caucasian; less than 5% East Indian, Leba-
nese, Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu
and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 120,000; services, government,
and commerce 53%; industry 25.8%; agricul-
ture 21.2%
Organized labor: 1 1 % of labor force
Government
Official name: Department of Guadeloupe
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by three deputies in the
French National Assembly and two senators
in the Senate; last Assembly election, 21 June
1981
Capital: Basse-Terre
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34
communes, each with a locally elected
municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is a court of appeal based in Martinique
with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French
Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative, popularly elected General
Council of 36 members and a Regional Coun-
cil composed of members of the local General
Council and the locally elected deputies and
senators to the French parliament; judicial,
under jurisdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: Robert MIGUET, Pre-
fect of the Republic
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections are nor-
mally held every five years; last General
Council election took place in June 1981; re-
gional assembly elections held February
1983
Political parties and leaders:
Rassemblement pour la Republique (RPR),
Gabriel Lisette; Communist Party of Guade-
loupe (PCG), Henri Bangou; Socialist Party
(MSG), leader unknown; Progressive Party of
Guadeloupe (PPG), Henri Rodes; Independ-
ent Republicans; Federation of the Left;
Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union
for a New Majority (UNM)
Voting strength: (1981 election) French Na-
tional Assembly— MSG, 1 seat; PCG, 1 seat;
UDF, 1 seat
Communists: 3,000 est.
Other political or pressure groups: Guade-
loupe Liberation Army (GLA), Caribbean
Revolutionary Alliance (ARC), Popular
Movement for Independent Guadeloupe
(MPGI)
Member of: WFTU
Economy
GDP: $1.18 billion (1980), $3,765 per capita;
real growth rate 15.7% (1979-80 average)
Agriculture: sugarcane, bananas, pineapples,
vegetables
Major industries: construction, cement,
rum, light industry, tourism
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1983);
273 million kWh produced (1983), 901 kWh
per capita
Exports: $89.2 million (1981); bananas, sugar,
rum
Imports: $560 million (1981); vehicles, food-
stuffs, clothing and other consumer goods,
construction materials, petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — 88% franc
zone; imports — 73% franc zone, 3% Italy
(1981)
Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF
commitments (1970-79) from Western (non-
US) countries, $2.4 billion; no military aid
Budget: $198 million (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 8.445 French
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge
plantation lines
Highways: 1,954 km total; 1,600 km paved,
340 km gravel and earth
91
Guadeloupe (continued)
Guatemala
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable, 8 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities in-
adequate; 50,200 telephones (15.7 per 100
popl.); interisland radio-relay to Antigua,
Dominica, and Martinique; 2 AM, 3 FM, and
9 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 87,000
(See reference map III)
Land
108,780kmz; 57% forest; 14% cultivated; 10%
pasture; 19% other
Land boundaries: 1,625 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: 400 km
People
Population: 7,956,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Guatemalan(s);
adjective — Guatemalan
Ethnic divisions: 58.6% Ladino (mestizo and
westernized Indian), 41.4% Indian
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic;
also Protestant, traditional Mayan
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the
population speaks an Indian language as a
primary tongue (18 Indian dialects, including
Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi)
Literacy: 50%
Labor force (1980): 2.2 million; 53.3% agri-
culture, 14.3% services, 14.1% manufac-
turing, 8.3% commerce, 5.9% construction,
3.2% transport, 0.5% mining, 0.4 utilities;
unemployment 15%
Organized labor: 6.4% of labor force (1975)
Government
Official name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital: Guatemala
Political subdivisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
came into effect 1966; constitution sus-
pended following March 1982 coup; judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at
University of San Carlos of Guatemala; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: traditionally dominant executive;
unicameral legislature (National Congress)
abolished 23 March 1982; power vested in
Office of President; seven-member (mini-
mum) Supreme Court
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Oscar
Humberto MEJIA Victores, Chief of State,
since coup of 8 August 1983, which removed
President Brig. Gen. Jose Efrain RIOS
MONTT
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory
for literates, optional for illiterates
Elections: last elections (President and Con-
gress) 7 March 1982
Political parties and leaders: political parties
preparing to contest elections for a constitu-
ent assembly in July 1984; national elections
tentatively scheduled for July 1985; Demo-
cratic Institutional Party (PID), Oscar
Humberto Rivas Garcia; Revolutionary
Party (PR), Napoleon Alfaro; National Liber-
ation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval
Alarcon; Guatemalan Christian Democratic
Party (DCG), Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo; Na-
tionalist Authentic Central (CAN), Francisco
Caceres; National United Front (FUN), Ga-
briel Giron Ortiz; Nationalist Renovator
Party (PNR), Mario Castejon; United Revolu-
tionary Party (FUR), Edmundo Lopez Duran
92
Voting strength: (1982) for President—
PID/PR/FUN, 377,792 (35.2%); MLN,
274,217 (25.5%); PNR/DCG, 220,244
(20.5%); CAN, 98,747 (9.2%)
Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party
(PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups —
Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolu-
tionary Organization of the People in Arms
(ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and
PGT Dissidents
Other political or pressure groups: Feder-
ated Chambers of Commerce and Industry
(CACIF)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL.IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $8.6 billion (1982 est), $1,114 per cap-
ita; 79% private consumption, 8% govern-
ment consumption, 16% domestic invest-
ment(1980), -3% net foreign balance (1980);
average annual real growth rate (1975-80),
5.7%; real growth rate 1982, -3.5%
Agriculture: main products — coffee, cotton,
corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock
Fishing: catch 4,898 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: food processing, textiles
and clothing, furniture, chemicals, non-
metallic minerals, metals
Electric power: 655,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.8 billion kWh produced (1983), 235 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.1 billion (f .o.b., 1983); coffee, cot-
ton, sugar, bananas, meat
Imports: $1.12 billion (c.i.f., 1983); manufac-
tured products, machinery, transportation
equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports (1979) — 31%
US, 26% CACM, 10% FRG, 9% Japan; im-
ports (1979)— 33% US, 15% CACM, 10%
Venezuela, 10% Japan, 6% FRG
Aid: economic commitments — US, including
Ex-Im (FY70-82), $275 million; from other
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF
(1970-81), $122 million; military — assistance
from US (FY70-79), $22 million
Central government budget: (1982 est.) ex-
penditures, $1.11 billion; revenues, $749
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$l
(official; February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 870 km 0.914-meter gauge, single
tracked; 780 km government owned, 90 km
privately owned
Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,851 km paved,
11,438 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved
Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year
round; additional 730 km navigable during
high-water season
Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km
Ports: 2 major (San Jose and Santo Tomas de
Castilla), 3 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 494 total, 452 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly modern
telecom network centered on Guatemala
City; 81 ,600 telephones ( 1 . 6 per 1 00 popl. ); 98
AM, 20 FM, and 25 TV stations; connection
into Central American microwave net; 1 At-
lantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,884,000;
1,279,000 fit for military service; about
87,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $142.5 million;
10.8% of central government budget
93
Guinea
Atlantic Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
246,048 km-; 10% forest; 3% crop
Land boundaries: 3,476 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 346 km
People
Population: 5,579,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Guinean(s); adjective —
Guinean
Ethnic divisions: Foulah, Malinke, Soussou,
15 smaller tribes
Religion: 75% Muslim, 249? indigenous be-
liefs. 1% Christian
Language: French (official); each tribe has
own language
Literacy: 20% in French; 48% in local lan-
guages
Labor force: 2.4 million (1983); 82% agricul-
ture, 11% industry and commerce, 5.4%
services, 1.6% government
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage la-
bor force loosely affiliated with the National
Confederation of Guinean Workers, which is
closely tied to the PDG
Government
Official name: People's Revolutionary Re-
public of Guinea (changed by Committee for
National Redress and Reconciliation to Re-
public of Guinea)
Type: republic
Capital: Conakry
Political subdivisions: 35 administrative re-
gions, 170arrondissements, about 8,000 local
entities at village level
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem, customary law, and decree; 1958 consti-
tution suspended after military coup on 3
April 1984; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 2 Oc-
tober; Anniversity of Invasion, 22 November
Branches: coup on 3 April 1984 established
the 25-member military Committee for Na-
tional Redress and Reconciliation to
determine government policy; two highest-
ranking CNRR members became President
and Prime Minister respectively, with other
CNRR members assuming most Cabinet
portfolios; pre-coup unicameral legislature
has been abolished
Government leaders: Col. Lansana CONTE,
President and Chief of State; Col. Diarra
TRAORE, Prime Minister and Head of Gov-
ernment
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: none scheduled but CNRR has
promised to create a true and viable democ-
racy
Political parties and leaders: following 3
April 1984 coup all political activity banned
and only party, Democratic Party of Guinea
(PDG), dissolved
Communists: no Communist party, although
there are some sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU,
OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $582 billion (1982), $102 per capita;
real growth rate 2.6% (1982)
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, bananas,
palm products, peanuts, citrus fruits, and
pineapples; staple food crops — cassava, rice,
millet, corn, sweet potatoes; livestock raised
in some areas
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina,
diamond mining, light manufacturing and
processing industries
Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1983);
500 million kWh produced (19*3), 90 kWh
per capita
Exports: $442 million (f.o.b., 1982); bauxite,
alumina, diamonds, coffee, pineapples, ba-
nanas, palm kernels
Imports: $264 million (f.o.b., 1982); petro-
leum products, metals, machinery and
transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: imports — Switzer-
land, France, USSR, US; exports— US,
France, Canada, FRG, USSR
Budget: (1982) public revenue $818 million,
current expenditures $324 million, develop-
ment expenditures $194 million,
extraordinary transfers $515 million
Monetary conversion rate: 23.717
sylis=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 805 km; 662 km 1.000-meter
gauge, 143 km 1.435-meter standard gauge
Highways: 7,565 km total; 4,780 km paved,
remainder unimproved earth
94
Guinea-Bissau
(formerly Portuguese Guinea)
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by
shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 2 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 18 total, 18 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army (ground forces), Navy (acts
primarily as a coast guard), Air Force, Na-
tional Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,249,000;
628,000 fit for military service
At Ian tic Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
36,260 km2 (includes Bijagos archipelago)
Land boundaries: 740 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 274 km
People
Population: 842,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Guinea-Bissauan(s);
adjective — Guinea-Bissauan
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (30%
Balanta, 20% Fula, 14% Manjaca, 13%
Mandinga, 7% Papel); less than 1% European
and mulatto
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, 30% Mus-
lim, 5% Christian
Language: Portuguese (official); Criolo and
numerous African languages
Literacy: 9%
Labor force: 90% agriculture; 5% industry,
services, and commerce; 5% government
Government
Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
95
Type: republic; constitutional commission es-
tablished February 1983 to update electoral
process, with eventual restoration of constitu-
tional government
Capital: Bissau
Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3
circumscriptions (predominantly indigenous
population)
Legal system: to be determined
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
September
Branches: Presidency and Cabinet overseen
by Revolutionary Council
Government leaders: Brig. Gen. Joao
Bernardo VIEIRA, President, Council of the
Revolution; Paulo CORREIA, Prime
Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: elections to choose regional coun-
cils held April 1984
Political parties and leaders: African Party
for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and
Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by President
Vieira, only legal party; Guinea-Bissau de-
cided to retain the binational party title
despite its formal break with Cape Verde
Communists: a few Communists, some sym-
pathizers
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $177 million (FY82), $198 per capita,
real growth rate 1.5% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, palm prod-
ucts, root crops, coconuts, peanuts, wood
Fishing: catch 3,729 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
beer, soft drinks
Guinea-Bissau
(continued)
Guyana
Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1983);
34 million k Wh produced (1983), 40 kWh per
capita
Exports: $13.5 million (1981); principally
peanuts (60%); also palm kernels, shrimp,
fish, lumber
Imports: $47.7 million (1981); foodstuffs,
manufactured goods, fuels, transport equip-
ment
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal,
Spain, and other European countries
Budget: (1979 est.) revenue $27.4 million,
current expenditures $45.4 million, invest-
ment expenditures $107.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 84.5483 Cuinean
pesos=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bitu-
minous, remainder earth)
Inland waterways: scattered stretches are
important to coastal commerce
Ports: 1 major (Bissau)
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 58 total, 53 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited system of
open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; 3,000 tele-
phones (0.5 IXT lOOpopl.); 1 AM station and 1
FM station; no TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: People's Revolutionary Armed
Force (FARP); Army, Navy, and Air Force
are separate components
Military manpower: males 15-49, 197,000;
1 15,000 fit for military service
Ships: no combat ships
Atlantic
Ocean
FRENCH
UIANA
(See reference map IV)
Land
214,970 km8; 66% forest; 22% water, urban,
and waste; 8% savanna; 3% pasture; 1% crop-
land
Land boundaries: 2,575 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 459 km
People
Population: 837,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Guyanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Guyanese
Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indian, 43% black
and mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% European
and Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9%
Muslim, 1% other
Language: English, Amerindian dialects
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: 200,000(1982); 44.5% industry
and commerce, 33.8% agriculture, 21.7%
• services; 64% public sector employment; ap-
proximately 21%unemployed
Organized labor: 34% of labor force
96
Government
Official name: Cooperative Republic of
Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Political subdivisions: 10 government dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on English common law
with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch
law; has not accepted compulsory 1CJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Republic Day, 23 Febru-
ary
Branches: Council of Ministers presided over
by Prime Minister; unicameral legislature
(65-member National Assembly) elected, in-
cluding 12 seats elected by local councils;
High Court
Government leader: Linden Forbes Samp-
son BURNHAM, Executive President
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: last held in December 1980, fol-
lowing promulgation of new constitution (on
6 October) replacing British-drafted con-
stitution
Political parties and leaders: People's Na-
tional Congress (PNC), Forbes Burnham;
People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi
Jagan; Working People's Alliance (WPA),
Rupert Roopnarine, Clive Thomas, Walter
Omawale, Eusi Kwayana, Moses Bhagwan,
Kenneth Persand; United Force (UF), Feil-
den Singh; Vanguard for Liberation and
Democracy (VLD; also known as Liberator
Party), Ganraj Kumar, Dr. J. K. Makepeace
Richmond; Democratic Labor Movement,
Dr. Paul Tennassee
Voting strength: (1980 election, unofficial
returns) 77.60% PNC, 19.46% PPP, 2.88% UF
Communists: est. 100 hardcore within PPP;
top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive
Youth Organization, militant wing of the
Haiti
PPP) include many Communists, but rank
and file is conservative and non-Communist;
small but unknown number of orthodox
Marxist-Leninists within PNC, some of
whom are PPP turncoats
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress (TUC); Working People's
Vanguard Party (WPVP); Guyana Council of
Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liberties
Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two
organizations are small and active but not
well organized
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IADB, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer),
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $430 million (1982), $539 per capita;
real growth 1982, -10% est.
Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, rice,
other food crops; food shortages — wheat
flour, cooking oil, processed meat, dairy
products
Major industries: bauxite mining, sugar and
rice milling, timber
Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1983);
265 million kWh produced (1983), 320 kWh
per capita
Exports: $241 million (c.i.f., 1982); bauxite,
sugar, rice, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum
Imports: $283 million (c.i.f., 1982); manufac-
tures, machinery, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 28% UK,
21% US, 14% CARICOM, 6% Canada; im-
ports—35% CARICOM, 23% UK, 22% US,
4% Canada (1980)
Budget: est. revenue $200 million, expendi-
ture $381 million (1983)
Monetary conversion rate: G$3.75=US$1
(January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 110 km total, all single track; 80
km 0.914-meter gauge, 30 km 1.067-meter
gauge, privately owned
Highways: 7,665 km total; 550 km paved,
5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, and 590 km
unimproved
Inland waterways: Demerara and Essequibo
Rivers have 5.4-meter depth for 107 km and
80 km respectively; Berbice River is naviga-
ble for 169 km with a 3.6-meter depth
Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 87 total, 86 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telecom system
with radio-relay network and over 27,000
telephones (3.3 per 100 popl.); tropospheric
scatter link to Trinidad; 3 AM, 3 FM, and no
TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Guyana Defense Force (including
Maritime Corps and Air Corps), Guyana Po-
lice Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 213,000;
170,000 fit for military service
Atlantic Ocean
KSt-to
JAMAICA pfjnce
Caribbean Sea
(See refe/ence map III)
Land
27,749 km2; 44% unproductive; 31% culti-
vated; 18% rough pasture; 7% forest
Land boundary: 361 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: 1,771 km
People
Population: 5,803,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Haitian(s); adjective —
Haitian
Ethnic divisions: 95% black, 5% mulatto and
European
Religion: 75-80% Roman Catholic (of which
an overwhelming majority also practice
Voodoo), 10% Protestant
Language: French (official) spoken by only
10% of population; all speak Creole
Literacy: 23%
Labor force: 2.3 million (est. 1975); 79% agri-
culture, 14% services, 7% industry, 5%
unemployed; shortage of skilled labor; un-
skilled labor abundant
97
Haiti (continued)
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Political subdivisions: five departments (de-
spite constitutional provision for nine)
Legal system: based on Roman civil law sys-
tem; constitution adopted 1964 and amended
1971 and 1983; legal education at State Uni-
versity in Port-au-Prince and private law
colleges in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes,
GonaTves, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: lifetime President; unicameral
legislature (59-member National Assembly)
has very limited powers; judiciary appointed
by President
Government leader: Jean-Claude DUVA-
LIER, President for Life
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: constitution as amended in 1983
named Duvalier President for Life and
granted him authority to name his successor;
most recent legislative election held Febru-
ary 1984
Political parties and leaders: National Unity
Party, inactive government party; Haitian
Christian Democratic Party, Sylvio Claude
(inactive); Haitian Christian Socialist Party,
Gregoire Eugene (inactive)
Voting strength: (1984 legislative elections)
Assembly comprised of regime loyalists
Communists: United Haitian Communist
Party (PUCH), illegal and in exile; domestic
strength unknown; party leaders in exile
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $1.5 billion (1982), $300 per capita; real
growth rate 1982, -1%
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, sugarcane,
rice, corn, sorghum
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles,
flour milling, cement manufacturing, baux-
ite mining, tourism, light assembly industries
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1983);
300 million kWh produced (1983), 55 kWh
per capita
Exports: $171 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee,
light industrial products, bauxite, essential
oils, sisal
Imports: $284 million (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer durables, foodstuffs, industrial
equipment, petroleum products, construc-
tion materials
Major trade partners: exports — 59% US;
imports— 45% US (1978)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), from US, $270
million; ODA and OOF from other Western
countries (1970-81), $203 million; military-
US (FY70-82), $3 million
Budget: 1982 revenue, $176 million; expend-
iture, $366 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5 gourdes= US$1
(February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 80 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge,
single-track, privately owned industrial line;
8 km dual-gauge 0.760- to 1.065-meter
gauge, government line, dismantled
Highways: 3,680 km total; 600 km paved,
900 km otherwise improved, 1,830 km unim-
proved
Inland waterways: negligible; about 100 km
navigable
Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitien),
12 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 13 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: all domestic facilities
still inadequate, international facilities
slightly better; 34,900 telephones (0.7 per 100
popl.); 34 AM and 11 FM stations; 2 TV sta-
tions; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Corps, Volun-
teers for National Security
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,300,000;
724,000 fit for military service; about 62,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: estimated for fiscal year
ending 30 September 1983, $15.8 million;
about 4.2% of central government budget
98
Honduras
CSee reference map III)
Land
109,560 km2; 36% waste and built on; 30%
pasture; 27% forest; 7% crop
Land boundaries: 1,530km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
Coastline: 820 km
People
Population: 4,424,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Honduran(s);
adjective — Honduran
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo (mixed Indian
and European), 7% Indian, 2% black, 1%
white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic; small
Protestant minority
Language: Spanish, Indian dialects
Literacy: 47%
Labor force: over 1 million (1982); 58.9% ag-
riculture, 12.7% manufacturing, 12.2% other
services, 8.3% commercial services, 3.4%
construction, 2.9% transport and communi-
cations, 0.9% financial sector, 0.3% mining;
approx. 20% unemployed; est. 60% underem-
ployed
Organized labor: 40% of urban labor force,
20% of rural work force (1981)
Government
Official name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Political subdivisions: 18 departments
Legal system: based on Roman and Spanish
civil law; some influence of English common
law; new constitution became effective in
January 1982; judicial review of legislative
acts in Supreme Court; legal education at
University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa; ac-
cepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: constitution provides for elected
President, unicameral legislature (82-
member National Congress), and national ju-
dicial branch
Government leader: Dr. Roberto SUAZO
Cordova, President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
21
Elections: national election for president and
legislature held every four years; last election
held 29 November 1981; legislature chosen
by proportional representation; 282 munici-
pal councils
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party
(PLH) — party president, Romualdo Bueso
Peflalba; faction leaders, Robert Suazo Cor-
dova (Rodista faction), Jorge Bueso Arias
(ALIPO faction); National Party (PNH)—
party president, Juan Melgar Castro; faction
leaders, Ricardo Zuniga Augustinus (Zufliga
faction), Mario Rivera Lopez (MUC faction);
National Innovation and Unity Party (PINU),
Miguel Andonie Fernandez; Honduran
Christian Party (PDCH), Alfredo
Landaverde
Voting strength: (1981 election) 1.2 million
out of 1.5 million eligible voters cast ballots;
PLH 54%, PNH 42%, PINU 2.4%, PDCH
1.6%, legislative seats— PLH 44, PNH 34,
PINU 3, PDCH 1
Communists: up to 1,500; Honduran leftist
groups — Communist Party of Honduras
(PCH), Communist Party of Honduras/
Marxist- Leninist (PCH/ML), Morazanist
Front for the Liberation of Honduras
(FMLH), People's Revolutionary Union/
Popular Liberation Movement (URP/MPL),
Popular Revolutionary Forces-Lorenzo
Zelaya (FPR), Socialist Party of Honduras
(PASO), and Central American Workers
Revolutionary Party (PRTC)
Other political or pressure groups: National
Association of Honduran Campesinos
(ANACH), Honduran Council of Private En-
terprise (COHEP), Pro- Development
Association of Honduras (APROH), Confed-
eration of Honduran Workers (CTH),
National Union of Campesinos (UNC), Gen-
eral Workers Confederation (CGT), United
Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development BAnk, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ISO, ITU, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GDP; $2.8 billion (1982), $710 per capita;
72% private consumption, 13% government
consumption, 16% domestic investment;
— 1% net foreign balance (1982); real growth
rate, average 1975-80, 6.2%; real growth rate
1982, -1.2%
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coffee,
corn, beans, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco
Fishing: catch 6,409 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
textiles, clothing, wood products
99
Honduras (continued)
Hong Kong
Electric power: 248,000 kW capacity (1983);
815 million kWh produced (1983), 190 kWh
per capita
Exports: $684 million (f.o.b., 1982); bananas,
coffee, lumber, meat, petroleum products
Imports: $681 million (f.o.b., 1982); manu-
factured products, machinery, transporta-
tion equipment, chemicals, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 61% US,
13% FRG, 10% CACM, (1980); imports—
42% US, 10% Venezuela, 10% CACM, 10%
Japan, 3% FRG (1980)
Aid : economic commitments — US, including
Ex-Im (FY70-82), $379 million loans; other
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and ODF
(1970-81), $243 million; military— assistance
from US (FY79-82), $63 million
Budget: (1982) revenues $382 million, expen-
ditures $668 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras=
US$1 (4 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,207 km total; 444 km 1.067-
meter gauge, 763 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved,
5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km un-
improved earth
Inland waterways: 465 km navigable by
small craft
Ports: 2 major (Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo), 6
minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 202 total, 190 usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: improved, but still in-
adequate; connection into Central American
microwave net; 27,400 telephones (1.0 per
lOOpopl.); 129 AM, 32 FM, and 7 TV stations;
Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Naval Forces, Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 968,000;
577,000 fit for military service; about 48,000
reach military age (18) annually
CHINA
(See reference map VIII)
Land
1,064 km2; 14% arable; 10% forest; 76% other
(mainly grass, shrub, steep hill country)
Land boundaries: 24 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 733 km
People
Population: 5,394,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: adjective — Hong Kong
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 90% eclectic mixture of local reli-
gions, 10% Christian
Language: Chinese (Cantonese), English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: (September 1982) 2.40 million;
36.5% manufacturing; 21.6% commerce;
18% services; 8.7% construction; 8% transport
and communications; 5.2% financing, insur-
ance, and real estate; 1.4% agriculture,
fishing, mining, and quarrying; 0.6% other;
unemployment (seasonally adjusted) 4.0%;
est. 1.7%
Organized labor: 15.7% of 1982 labor force
100
Government
Official name: Hong Kong
Type: British colony
Capital: none
Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon,
and New Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Ex-
ecutive Council, legislates with advice and
consent of Legislative Council; Executive
Council composed of governor, five senior of-
ficials, and 12 unofficial members; Legis-
lative Council composed of governor, three
ex-officio members, 16 official members,
and 29 unofficial members; Urban Council,
which alone includes elected representatives,
responsible for health, recreation, and re-
settlement; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Edward YOUDE,
Governor and Commander in Chief
Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 pro-
fessional or skilled persons
Elections: every two years to select half of
elected membership of Urban Council; other
Urban Council members appointed by the
Governor
Political parties: no significant parties
Communists: an estimated 2,000 cadres
affiliated with Communist Party of China
Other political or pressure groups: Federa-
tion of Trade Unions (Communist con-
trolled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade
Union Council (Nationalist Chinese domi-
nated), Hong Kong General Chamber of
Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of
Commerce (Communist controlled), Federa-
tion of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese
Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong
Member of: ADB, IMO, INTERPOL,
Multifiber Arrangement, WMO
Economy
GDP: (1982 est.) $25.9 billion, $4,900 per
capita; real growth, 2.4%
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor
position in the economy; main products —
rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20%
self-sufficient; food shortages — rice, wheat,
water
Major industries: textiles and clothing, tour-
ism, electronics, plastics, toys, watches, and
clocks
Shortages: industrial raw materials
Electric power: 4,574,000 kW capacity
(1983); 14.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
2,655 kWh per capita
Exports: $21.0billion(f.o.b., 1982), including
$7.3 billion reexports; principal products —
clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical
goods, wigs, footwear, light metal manufac-
tures
Imports: $23.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982)
Major trade partners: (1982) exports— 29%
US, 9% China, 6% UK, 6% FRG; imports—
23% China, 22% Japan, 11% US
Budget: (1983/84) $4.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.798 Hong Kong
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 35 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, government owned
Highways: 1,160 km total; 794 km paved,
306 km gravel and crushed stone, or earth
Ports: 1 major (Hong Kong)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern facilities pro-
vide excellent domestic and international
services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5 million
telephones; 5 AM and 9 FM radiobroadcast
stations with 1 1 transmitters; 5 TV stations;
2.5 million radio and 1.1 million TV receiv-
ers; 10,100 Telex subscriber lines with direct
connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT
ground stations with access to Pacific and In-
dian Ocean satellites; coaxial cable to
Guangzhou (Canton), China; 3 international
submarine cables; troposcatter to Taiwan
available but inactive
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of United
Kingdom
Branches: Headquarters of Brit;sh Forces,
Gurkha Field Forces, Royal Navy, Royal Air
Force, Royal Hong Kong Auxiliary Air
Force, Royal Kong Kong Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,601,000;
1,259,000 fit for military service; about
52,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $296.9 million; about 5.5% of cen-
tral government budget
101
Hungary
SOVIET
UNION '
(See reference map V)
Land
92,980 km2; 70.9% cultivated; 54.0% arable;
16% forest; 14% agricultural; 10% other
Land boundaries: 2,245 km
People
Population: 10,681,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate —0.1%
Nationality: noun — Hungarian(s);
adjective — Hungarian
Ethnic divisions: 92.4% Hungarian, 3.3%
Gypsy, 2.5% German, 0.7% Jewish, 1.1%
other
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Cal-
vinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.6% atheist and other
Language: 98.2% Hungarian, 1.8% other
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 5,002,000(1982); 43% industry
and commerce. 32% services, 5% govern-
ment
Government
Official name: Hungarian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest
Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties),
5 autonomous cities in county status
Legal system: based on Communist legal the-
ory, with both civil law system (civil code of
1960) and common law elements; constitu-
tion adopted 1949 amended 1972; Supreme
Court renders decisions of principle that
sometimes have the effect of declaring legis-
lative acts unconstitutional; legal education
at Lorand Eotvos University Faculty of Law
in Budapest and two other schools of law; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 4 April
Branches: executive — Presidential Council
(elected by parliament); unicameral legisla-
ture— National Assembly (elected by direct
suffrage); judicial — Supreme Court (elected
by parliament)
Government leaders: Pal LOSONCZI, Presi-
dent, Presidential Council; Gyorgy LAZAR,
Premier, Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every five years (last election June
1980); national and local elections are held
separately
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian So-
cialist (Communist) Workers' Party
(MSZMP), Sole party; Janos Kadar is First
Secretary of Central Committee
Voting strength: (1980 election) 7,809,000
(99.3%) for Communist-approved candi-
dates; 97% of electorate eligible to vote did so
Communists: about 820,000 party members
(June 1982)
Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $65.2 billion in 1982 (at 1981 US dol-
' lars), $6,901 per capita; 1982 growth rate,
1.8%
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main
crops — corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets,
wine grapes
Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engi-
neering industries, processed foods, textiles,
chemicals (especially Pharmaceuticals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite),
copper, high grade coal, forest products,
crude oil
Crude steel: 3.7 million metric tons produced
(1982), 345 kg per capita
Electric power: 6,090,000 kW capacity
(1983); 25.437 billion kWh produced (1983),
2,382 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.426 billion (f.o.b., 1982 US dol-
lars); 33% fuels, raw materials, and semi-
finished products; 27% machinery and
equipment; 25% agricultural and forestry
products; 15% manufactured consumer
goods
Imports: $7.432 billion (c.i.f., 1982 US dol-
lars); 66% fuels, raw materials, and semi-
finished products; 18% machinery and
equipment; 9% manufactured consumer
goods; 7% agricultural and forestry products
Major trade partners: 32% USSR, 9% FRG
Monetary conversion rate: 46.479 forints=
US$1 (February 1984), commercial and non-
commercial rates unified in late 1981
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic
data reported for calendar years
Communications
Railroads: 8,039 km total; 7,790 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 214 km narrow gauge
(mostly 0.760-meter), 35 km 1.524-meter
broad gauge, 1,174 km double track, 1,488
km electrified; government owned (1981)
Highways: 29,805 km total; 24,848 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 4,255 km asphalt
treated, gravel, crushed stone; 702 km earth
(1981)
102
Iceland
Inland waterways: 1,688 km (1980)
Pipelines: crude oil, 850 km; refined prod-
ucts, 960 km; natural gas, 3,200 km
Freight carried: rail — 129.8 million metric
tons, 24.4 billion metric ton/km (1980); high-
way— 231.7 million metric tons, 5.9 billion
metric ton/km (1980); waterway — est. 4.1
million metric tons, 7.9 billion metric ton/km
(excluding international transit traffic)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest,
Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are
Rostock, GDR; Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szcze-
cin in Poland; and Galati and Braila in
Romania (1978)
Defense Forces
Branches: Hungarian People's Army, Fron-
tier Guard, Air and Air Defense Command
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,593,000;
2,081,000 fit for military service; about
72,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, 21 billion forints;
3.9% of total budget
GREENLAND
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map V)
Land
102,845 km2; arable and forest negligible;
22% meadow and pasture; 78% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
Coastline: 4,988 km
People
Population: 239,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun — Icelanders); adjective —
Icelandic
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous mixture of
descendants of Norwegians and Celts
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3%
other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no
affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Literacy: 99.9%
Labor force: 105,000; 18.6% commerce, fi-
nance, and services; 12.2% construction; 9.0%
agriculture; 6.3% transportation and commu-
nications; 5.4% fishing; 8.0% fish processing;
16.8% other manufacturing; 23.7% other;
0.4% unemployment (1981 average)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215
parishes, 14 incorporated towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Dan-
ish law; constitution adopted 1944; legal
education at University of Iceland; does not
accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Estab-
lishment of the Republic, 17 June
Branches: legislative authority .ests jointly
with President and parliament (Althing); ex-
ecutive power vested in President but exer-
cised by Cabinet responsible to parliament;
Supreme Court and 29 lower courts
Government leaders: Vigdis FINNBO-
GADOTTIR, President; Steingrimur
HERMANNSSON, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compul-
sory
Elections: parliamentary every four years,
last 23 April 1973; presidential, every four
years, last August 1980
Political parties and leaders: Independence
(conservative), Thorsteinn Palsson; Progres-
sive, Steingrimur Hermannsson; Social
Democratic, Kjartan Johannsson; People's
Alliance (leftist front), Svavar Gestsson
Voting strength: (1983 election) 38.7% Inde-
pendence, 19.5% Progressive, 17.3% People's
Alliance, 11.7% Social Democratic, 12.8%
other
Communists: est. 2,200, many of whom par-
ticipate in the People's Alliance, which drew
22,489 votes in the 1983 parliamentary elec-
tions
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free
trade agreement pending resolution of fish-
ing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
103
Iceland (continued)
India
IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com-
mission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $2.2 billion (1983), $9,322 per capita;
64.7% private consumption, 16.2% private
investment, 24% government (1981); —4.9%
net export of goods and services (1981);
growth rate -2.5% (1982, in 1975 prices)
Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, po-
tatoes, turnips
Fishing: landed 788,000 (1982) metric tons;
marine product exports $699.7 million (1981 )
Major industries: fish processing, aluminum
smelting, diatomite production, hydroelec-
tricity
Shortages: grains, sugar, vegetables and veg-
etable fibers, fuel, wood, minerals
Electric power: 789,600 kW capacity (1983);
4.013 billion kWh produced (1983), 17,005
kWh per capita
Exports: $677.2 million (f .o.b., 1982); fish and
fish products, animal products, aluminum,
diatomite
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen
and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated
and gravel; 10,893 km earth
Ports: 4 major (Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur,
Reykjavik, Seydhisf jordhur) and about 50
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 10 total, 100 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
service, wire and radio communication sys-
tem; 108,800 telephones (47.5 per 100 popl.);
4 AM, 33 FM, and 96 TV stations; 2 subma-
rine cables; 1 satellite station with Atlantic
Ocean antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Police, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 63,000;
54,000 fit for military service (Iceland has no
conscription or compulsory military service)
(See reference map VIII)
Land
3,287,590 km2 (includes Jammu and Kash-
mir, the Indian-annexed part of the former
state of Jammu and Kashmir); 50% arable;
22% forest; 20% desert, waste, or urban; 5%
permanent meadow and pasture; 3% inland
water
Land boundaries: 12,700km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; additional 100 nm is fisher-
ies conservation zone, December 1968;
archipelago concept baselines); 200 nm ex-
clusive economic zone
Imports: $92.7 million (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery and transportation equipment,
petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: (1982) exports — EC
31.6% (UK 13.2%, FRG 7.1%), US 25.8%,
CEMA 8.5%
Aid: economic authorizations, including Ex-
Im from US, $19.1 million (FY70-81)
Budget: (1984) expenditures $619.3 million,
revenues $619.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 28.14
kronur=US$l (17 November 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People
Population: 746,388,000, including
Indian-annexed Jammu and Kashmir (July
1984); average annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Indian(s); adjective —
Indian
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo- Aryan, 25% Dra-
vidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 2.6%
Christian, 1.8% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.7%
other
104
Language: Hindi, English, and 14 other offi-
cial languages; 24 languages spoken by a
million or more persons each; numerous
other languages and dialects, for the most
part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the na-
tional language and primary tongue of 30
percent of the people; English enjoys "asso-
ciate" status but is the most important
language for national, political, and commer-
cial communication; Hindustani, a popular
variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely
throughout northern India
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: (1981) about 232 million; 67%
agriculture; more than 10% unemployed and
underemployed
Organized labor: less than 5% of total labor
force
Government
Official name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union terri-
tories
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial
review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 26 January
Branches: bicameral parliament — Council
of States, House of the People; relatively in-
dependent judiciary
Government leader: Indira GANDHI, Prime
Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections ordi-
narily held every five years; may be
postponed in emergency and may be held
more frequently if government loses confi-
dence vote; last general election in January
1980; state elections staggered
Political parties and leaders: Indian Na-
tional Congress, controlled national
government from independence to March
1977; split in January 1978 and 1979; larger
Congress group currently headed by Prime
Minister Indira Gandhi; smaller by Sharad
Pawar; Janata Party led by Chandra Shekhar;
Lok Dal Party split in 1982 into Lok Dal (K),
led by Kapoor Thakur, and Lok Dal (C), led
by Charan Singh; Bharatiya Janata Party,
A. B. Vajpayee; Communist Party of India
(CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao; Communist Party
of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Nam-
boodiripad; Communist Party of India/
Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyana-
rayan Singh; All-India Anna Dravida Mun-
netra Kazhagam (ADMK), a regional party in
Tamil Nadu, led by M. G. Ramachandran;
Akali Dal representing Sikh religious com-
munity in the Punjab; Telegu Desam, a
regional party in Andhra Pradesh led by N.
T. Rama Rao; Karnataka Kranti Ranga
(KKR), a regional party in Karnataka, led by
S. Bangarappa; National Sanjay Front (SVM),
led by Maneka Gandhi; National Conference
(NC), a regional party in Kashmir, led by
Farooq Abdullah
Voting strength: India Congress 64%, Lok
Dal 7%, CPI/M 7%, Janata 6%, ADMK 3%,
Congress 2%, CPI 2%, other 3%; 16 seats va-
cant in parliament
Communists: 466,000 members claimed by
CPI, 270,000 members claimed by CPI/M;
Communist extremist groups, about 15,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: various
separatist groups seeking reorganization of
states; numerous "senas" or militant/
chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv
Sena (in Bombay), Anand Marg, and
Rashtriya Swayamserak Sangh
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANRPC, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC,
ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council,
NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $146 billion (FY82 at current prices),
$209 per capita; real growth 2.0% est. in
FY83
Agriculture: main crops — rice, other cereals,
pulses, oilseed, cotton, jute, sugarcane, to-
bacco, tea, and coffee
Fishing: catch 3.36 million metric tons
(1980); exports $320 million (FY82)
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
steel, machinery, transportation equipment,
cement, jute manufactures
Crude steel: 10.8 million metric tons of ingots
(1982)
Electric power: 40,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 140.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
189 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.1 billion (f.o.b., FY83 est.); engi-
neering goods, textiles and clothing, tea
Imports: $14.8 billion (c.i.f., FY83 est.); ma-
chinery and transport equipment, petro-
leum, edible oils, fertilizers
Major trade partners: US, UK, USSR, Japan
Budget: (FY83 revised est.) central govern-
ment revenue and capital receipts, $31.7
billion; disbursements, $35.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 10.224
rupees=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 61,950 km total (1981); 31,750 km
1.676-meter broad gauge, 25,550 km 1.000-
meter gauge, 4,650 km narrow gauge (0.762-
meter and 0.610-meter); 12,617 km double
track; 5,345 km electrified
Highways: 1,633,400 km total (1979);
515,300 km mainly secondary and about
1,118,000 km gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways: 16,000 km; 2,575 km
navigable by river steamers
105
India (continued)
Indonesia
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,497 km; refined prod-
ucts, 1,828 km; natural gas, 260 km
Ports: 9 major, 79 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 346 total, 302 usable; 187 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 54 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 101 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic tele-
phone service where available, good internal
microwave links; telegraph facilities wide-
spread; AM broadcast adequate; inter-
national radio communications adequate; 2.6
million telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); about
174 AM stations at 80 locations, 17 TV sta-
tions; domestic satellite system for commun-
ications and TV; submarine cable extends to
Sri Lanka
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast
Guard, Paramilitary Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
193,198,000; 117,884,000 fit for military
service; about 8,676,000 reach military age
(17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984; est. budget $6.3 billion; 18% of
central government budget
AUSTBAl!*
(See reference map IX)
Land
1 ,906,240 km2; 64% forest; 24% inland water,
waste, urban, and other; 12% small holding
and estate; 8.6% cultivated
Land boundaries: 2,736 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): under
an archipelago theory, claim is 12 nm, mea-
sured seaward from straight baselines
connecting the outermost islands (fishing 200
nm, economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 54,716 km
People
Population: 169,442,000, including East Ti-
mor and West Irian (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun — Indonesian(s);
adjective — Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock
comprising 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese,
7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26%
other
Religion: 90% Muslim, 5% Christian (mostly
Roman Catholic), 3% Hindu, 2% other
Language: Indonesian (modified form of
Malay; official); English and Dutch leading
foreign languages; local dialects, the most
widely spoken of which is Javanese
Literacy: 64%
Labor force: 61 million (1982); 66% agricul-
ture, 23% trade and commerce, 10% services
Organized labor: est. 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Political subdivisions: 27 first-level adminis-
trative subdivisions or provinces, which are
further subdivided into 282 second-level
areas
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law,
substantially modified by indigenous con-
cepts and by new criminal procedures code;
constitution of 1945 is legal basis of govern-
ment; legal education at University of
Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
August
Branches: executive headed by President
who is chief of state and head of Cabinet;
Cabinet selected by President; unicameral
legislature (DPR or House of Represen-
tatives) of 460 members (96 appointed, 364
elected); second body (MPR or People's Con-
sultative Assembly) of 920 members includes
the legislature and 460 other members (cho-
sen by several processes, but not directly
elected); MPR elects President and Vice Pres-
ident and theoretically determines national
policy; judicial, Supreme Court is highest
court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.)
SOEHARTO, President (reelected by MPR,
March 1983)
Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married
persons regardless of age
106
Political parties and leaders: Golkar
(quasi-official "party" based on functional
groups), Lt. Gen. Sudharmono; Indonesia De-
mocracy Party (federation of former
Nationalist and Christian Parties), Sunawar
Sukowati; Unity Development Party (federa-
tion of former Islamic parties), John Naro
Voting strength: (1982 election) Golkar
64.1%, Unity Development 28%, Indonesia
Democracy 7.9%
Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was
officially banned in March 1966; current
strength est. at 1,000-3,000, with less than
10% engaged in organized activity; pre-
October 1965 hardcore membership has
been estimated at 1.5 million
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Associa-
tion of Tin Producing Countries, CIPEC,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $70.0 billion (1983), about $440 per
capita; real average annual growth, 6.8%
(1973-78); real annual growth rate 1.8%
(1982)
Agriculture: subsistence food production,
and smallholder and plantation production
for export; main crops — rice, cassava, rub-
ber, copra, other tropical products; food
shortages — rice, wheat
Fishing: catch 1.8 million metric tons (1980);
exports $181 million (1980), imports $8 mil-
lion (1977)
Major industries: petroleum, textiles, min-
ing, cement, chemical fertilizer production,
timber
Electric power: 5,618,000 kW capacity
(1983); 16.5billionkWhproduced(1983), 102
kWh per capita
Exports: $19.3 billion (f.o.b., FY82/83); pe-
troleum and liquefied natural gas ($15.6
billion; 0.9 million b/d), timber, rubber, cof-
fee, tin, palm oil, tea, copper
Imports: $19.8 billion (FY82/83); rice,
wheat, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel
products, machinery, transport equipment,
consumer durables
Ma/or trade partners: (1982) exports— 50%
Japan, 16% US, 14% Singapore; imports —
25% Japan, 14% US, 7% FRG, 5% Saudi Ara-
bia
Budget: (1982-83) expenditures, $19.5 bil-
lion; receipts, $16.8 billion domestic, $2.7
billion foreign
Monetary conversion rate: 998 rupiahs=
US$1 (31 January 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km
1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter
gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km
double track; 101 km electrified; government
owned
Highways: 93,063 km total; 26,583 km
paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone,
24,959 km improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra
5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo
10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Jaya
4,587 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,450 km; refined prod-
ucts, 456 km; natural gas, 450 km
Ports: 15 ocean ports
Civil air: approximately 150 major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 399 total, 380 usable; 96 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 66 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland micro-
wave system and HF police net; domestic
service fair, international service good; radio-
broadcast coverage good; 392,563 telephones
(0.2 per lOOpopl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, and 14 TV
stations; 1 international ground satellite sta-
tion (1 Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pacific
Ocean antenna), and a domestic satellite
communications system
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
42,632,000; 25,225,000 fit for military serv-
ice; about 1,876,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1983, $2.84 billion; about 11.8% of
central government budget
107
Iran
CSe« reference map VI)
Land
1,647,240 km2; 51% desert, waste, or urban;
30% arable (16% cultivable with adequate ir-
rigation; 11.5% cultivated; 14% agricultural);
11% forest; 8% migratory grazing and other
Land boundaries: 5,318 km (including areas
belonging to Iran and now occupied by Iraq
during continuing border war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, with
676km
People
Population: 43,820,000 (July 19834, average
annual growth rate 3.1%; figures do not take
into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war
Nationality, noun — Iranian(s); adjective —
Iranian
Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persian, 18%
Turkic, 13% other Iranian, 3% Kurdish, 3%
Arab and other Semitic, 1% other
Religion: 93% Shi'a Muslim; 5% Sunni Mus-
lim; 2% Zoroastrian, Jewish, Christian, and
Baha'i
Language: Farsi, Turki, Kurdish, Arabic,
English, French
Literacy: 48%
Labor force: 12.0 million, est. (1979); 33% ag-
riculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of
skilled labor substantial
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran
Type: republic
Capital: Tehran
Political subdivisions: 23 provinces, subdi-
vided into districts, subdistricts, counties, and
villages
Legal system: the new constitution codifies
Islamic principles of government
National holiday: Shi'a Islam religious holi-
days observed nationwide
Branches: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah Kho-
meini, the leader of the revolution, provides
general guidance for the government, which
is divided into executive, unicameral legisla-
ture (Islamic Consultative Assembly), and
judicial branches
Government leaders: Ayatollah ol-Ozma
Ruhollah KHOMEINI, "Guardian Jurispru-
dent"; Ali KHAMENEI (cleric), President;
Mir Hosein MUSAVI-KHAMENEI, Prime
Minister; Ali Akbar HASHEMI-
RAFSANJANI (cleric), Speaker of Islamic
Consultative Assembly
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: elections to select a president held
in November 1981; those to select an Assem-
bly of Experts to name Khomeini's successor
held in December 1982; parliamentary elec-
tions held in 1980; next parliamentary
elections scheduled to be held 15 April 1984
Political parties and leaders: Islamic Repub-
lic Party (IRP), Ali Khamenei; Hojjatiya,
ostensibly led by Ayatollah Halabi
Voting strength: reliable figures not avail-
able; IRP, Hojjatiya, and other supporters of
the Islamic Republic dominate the parlia-
ment
Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore;
15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers; crack-
down in 1983 destroyed the party; trials of
captured leaders began in late 1983
Other political or pressure groups: People's
Strugglers (Mojahedin), People's Fedayeen,
and Kurdish Democratic Party are armed po-
litical groups that have been harshly but not
completely repressed by the government;
other ethnic minorities, local leaders, and Is-
lamic Committees enforce their political
views through armed militia
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM, OIC,
OPEC, Regional Cooperation for Develop-
ment, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG, WTO; continued participation
in some of these organizations doubtful under
the new Islamic constitution
Economy
GNP: $66.5 billion (1982), $1,621 per capita
Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets,
cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep, and
goats
Major industries: crude oil production (2.4
million b/d in 1983) and refining, textiles, ce-
ment and other building materials, food
processing (particularly sugar refining and
vegetable oil production), metal fabricating
(steel and copper)
Electric power: 11,127,100 kW capacity
(1983); 27.242 billion kWh produced (1983),
688 kWh per capita
Exports: $19.6 billion (est., 1983); 98% petro-
leum; also carpets, fruits, and nuts
Imports: $15.5 billion (est., 1983); machin-
ery, military supplies, foodstuffs,
Pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — Japan, FRG,
Netherlands, Italy, UK, Spain, France; im-
ports—Japan, FRG, Italy, UK
108
Iraq
Budge«:(FY83) proposed expenditures of $42
billion, actual expenditures likely to be below
this level
Monetary conversion rate: 87.3 rials=US$l
(September 1983)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge
Highways: 85,000 km total; 36,000 km gravel
and crushed stone, 15,000 km improved
earth, 19,000 bituminous and bituminous-
treated surfaces, 15,000 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the
Caspian Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab
(closed since September 1980 because of
Iran-Iraq conflict)
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined prod-
ucts, 3,900 km; natural gas, 3,282 km
Ports: 4 major (Bandar Abbas, Shah Bandar
Abbas, Bandar Khomeni, and Biishehr), 6 mi-
nor (Khoramshahr destroyed)
Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 161 total, 134 usable; 75 with
permanent-surface runways; 14 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 16 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 65 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 730,000 telephones
(1980)
Defense Forces
Branches: Islamic Ground Forces, Navy, Air
Force, and Revolutionary Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49,
10,1 15,000, 6,215,000 fit for military service;
about 435,000 reach military age (21) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20
March 1983, $8.5 billion; 22% of central gov-
ernment budget
TURKEY
(See reference map VI)
Land
434,924 km2; 68% desert, waste, or urban;
18% cultivated; 10% seasonal and other graz-
ing; 4% forest and wood
Land boundaries: 3,668 km (including areas
belonging to Iraq and now occupied by Iran
during continuing border war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 58 km
People
Population: 15,000,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.3%; figures do not take
into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war
Nationality: noun — Iraqi(s); adjective —
Iraqi
Ethnic divisions: 75% Arab, 15-20% Kurdish,
10% Turkic, Assyrian, and other
Religion: 90% Muslim (55% Shi'a, 40%
Sunni), 10% Christian or other
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish (official
in Kurdish regions); Assyrian, Armenian
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 3.1 million (1977); 30% agricul-
ture, 27% industry, 21% government, 22%
other; rural underemployment high, but not
serious because low subsistence levels make it
easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage
of technically trained personnel
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Iraq
Type: republic; National Front government
consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI) and pro-
administration Kurds; Communists play no
role in government
Capital: Baghdad
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under
centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law in special
religious courts, civil law system elsewhere;
provisional constitution adopted in 1968; ju-
dicial review was suspended; legal education
at University of Baghdad; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: anniversaries of the 1958
and 1968 revolutions are celebrated 14 July
and 17 July; various religious holidays
Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in
power since 1968 coup; unicameral legisla-
ture (National Assembly)
Government leaders: Saddam HUSAYN,
President; 'Izzat IBRAHIM, Deputy Chair-
man of the Revolutionary Command
Council
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: elections — first held since over-
throw of monarchy in 1958 — to National
Assembly and to Legislative Council for
autonomous region held in June and Septem-
ber 1980
Communists: est. 2,000 hardcore members
Political or pressure groups: political parties
banned, possibly some opposition to regime
from disaffected members of the regime,
army officers, and religious and ethnic dissi-
dents
109
Iraq (continued)
Ireland
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM,
OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
CNP: $30 billion (1983 est), $2,150 per cap-
ita
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, live-
stock
Major industry: crude petroleum 925,000
b/d (1983 est.); petroleum revenues for 1983
est., $7.6 billion
Electric power: 4,800,000 kW capacity
(1983); 12.614 billion kWh produced (1983),
869 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.8 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); from
nonoil receipts, $200 million est.
Imports: $20.1 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 14%
from Communist countries (1980)
Major trade partners: exports — France, It-
aly, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, USSR, other
Communist countries; imports — FRG, Ja-
pan, France, US, UK, USSR and other
Communist countries (1980)
Budget: public revenue $17 billion, current
expenditures $8.9 billion, development ex-
penditures $11.1 billion (1979 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: .3285 Iraqi
dinar=US$l (September 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,700 km total; 1,123 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 577 km 1.000-meter
gauge; 16 km 1.000-gauge double track
Highways: 20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved,
4,654 km improved earth, 9,656 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al-Arab
navigable by maritime traffic for about 104
km (closed since September 1980 because of
Iran-Iraq war); Tigris and Euphrates naviga-
ble by shallow-draft steamers (of little
importance)
Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al-Faw),
none in operation
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,821 km; 725 km re-
fined products; 1,360 km natural gas
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 101 total, 91 usable; 36 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 52 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good network consists
of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and
radiocommunication stations; about 500,000
telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM,
and 81 TV stations; 1 satellite station with
Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean antennas; 1
Intersputnik antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,426,000;
1,970,000 fit for military service; about
166,000 reach military age (18) annually
Atlantic
Ocean
IBHAII
FRANCE
(See reference map V)
Land
70,282 km2; 51% meadow and pasture; 27%
waste or urban; 17% arable; 3% forest; 2%
inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
People
Population: 3,575,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Irishman(men), Irish
(collective pi.); adjective — Irish
Ethnic divisions: Celtic, with English minor-
ity
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican,
2% other
Language: Irish (Gaelic) and English (offi-
cial); English is generally spoken
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: about 1,173,000(1981); 19.6%
manufacturing; 17.8% agriculture, forestry,
fishing; 16.2% commerce; 8.3% construction;
5.8% government; 5.5% transportation;
26.8% other; 10.9% unemployment (average
1981)
110
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
Government
Official name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Political subdivisions: 26 counties
Legal system: based on English common law,
substantially modified by indigenous con-
cepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial
review of legislative acts in Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17
March
Branches: elected President; bicameral par-
liament (Seanad, Dail) reflecting pro-
portional and vocational representation;
judiciary appointed by President on advice
of government
Government leaders: Dr. Patrick J.
HILLERY, President; Dr. Garret FITZGER-
ALD, Prime Minister; Richard SPRING,
Deputy Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every
five years — last election November 1982;
President elected for seven-year term — last
election October 1983
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail,
Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Richard
Spring; Fine Gael, Garret FitzGerald; Com-
munist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan;
Workers' Party, Tomas MacGiolla; Sinn
Fein, Gerry Adams
Voting strength: (1982 election) Dail—
Fianna Fail, 75 seats; Fine Gael, 70 seats;
Labor Party, 16 seats; independents, 3 seats;
Workers' Party, 2 seats
Communists: under 500
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EMS,
ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $17 billion (1982), $5,667 per capita;
62.4% consumption, 26.5% investment,
20.9% government, —0.2% inventories;
-9.6% net foreign demand; 1.2% real GNP
(1982)
Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used
for permanent hay and pasture; main prod-
ucts— livestock and dairy products, turnips,
barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85%
self-sufficient; food shortages — grains, fruits,
vegetables
Fishing: catch 1.6 million metric tons (1979);
exports of fish and fish products $97 million
(1982), imports of fish and fish products $36
million (1982)
Major industries: food products, brewing,
textiles and clothing, chemicals and pharma-
ceuticals, machinery and transportation
equipment
Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and
woodpulp, steel and nonferrous metals, fer-
tilizers, cereals and animal feed, textile fibers
and textiles
Crude steel: 66,000 metric tons produced in
1978
Electric power: 3,877,000 kW capacity
(1983); 11:661 billion kWh produced (1983),
3,300 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.06 billion (f.o.b., 1982); dairy
products, live animals, textiles, chemicals,
machinery, clothing
Imports: $9.696 billion (c.i.f., 1982); petro-
leum and petroleum products, machinery,
chemicals, manufactured goods, cereals
Major trade partners: 69.9% EC (43.8% UK);
10.3% US; 1.3% Communist (1982)
Budget: (1982) $10.253 billion expenditures,
$7.325 billion revenues, $2.928 billion deficit
Monetary conversion rate: 0.8904 Irish
pound=US$l (December 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,190 km 1.600- meter gauge, gov-
ernment owned; 485 km double track
Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km sur-
faced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: limited for commercial
traffic
Pipelines: natural gas, 225 km
Ports: 2 major, 6 secondary, 38 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 40 total, 36 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: small, modern system
using cable and radio-relay circuits; 650,000
telephones (18.7 per 100 popl.); 24 AM, 14
FM, and 74 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine
cables; planned satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Naval Service, Army Air
Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49, 834,000;
683,000 fit for military service
Major ground units: 4 infantry brigades and
2 independent battalions
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $296 million; about 3.5% of
the central government budget
111
Israel
(West Bank and Caza Strip
listed at end of table)
EGYPT
(See reference map VI)
NOTE: the Arab territories occupied by Is-
rael since the 1 967 war are not included in the
data below; as stated in the 1978 Camp David
Accords and reaffirmed by the President's
1 September 1982 peace initiative, the final
status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, its
relationship with its neighbors, and a peace
treaty between Israel and Jordan are to be
negotiated among the concerned parties;
Camp David further specifies that these ne-
gotiations will resolve the location of the
respective boundaries; pending the comple-
tion of this process, it is US policy that the
final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
has yet to be determined (see West Bank and
Gaza Strip "Factsheet"); on 25 April 1982 Is-
rael relinquished control of the Sinai to
Egypt; statistics for the Israeli-occupied Go-
lan Heights are included in the Syria
Factsheet.
Land
20,720 km2, 40% pasture and meadow; 29%
unsurveyed (mostly desert); 20% cultivated;
4% forest; 4% desert, waste, or urban; 3% in-
land water
Land boundaries: 1,036 km (before 1967
war)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 273 km (before 1967 war)
People
Population: 3,855,345, excluding East Jeru-
salem and Israeli settlers in occupied
territories (July 1984), average annual growth
rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Israeli(s); adjective —
Israeli
Ethnic divisions: 85% Jewish, 15%
non-Jewish (mostly Arab)
Religion: 85% Judaism, 11% Islam, 4% Chris-
tian and other
Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used offi-
cially for Arab minority; English most
commonly used foreign language
Literacy: 88% Jews, 48% Arabs
Labor force: 29.8% public services; 22.7% in-
dustry, mining, and manufacturing; 12.8%
commerce; 9.0% finance and business; 6.8%
transport, storage, and communications;
6.2% construction and public works; 5.6% ag-
riculture, forestry, and fishing; 6.1% personal
and other services; 1.1% electricity and water
(1982)
Organized labor: 90% of labor force
Government
Official name: State of Israel
Type: republic
Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by US,
which maintains Embassy in Tel Aviv
Political subdivisions: six administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: mixture of English common
law and, in personal area, Jewish, Christian,
and Muslim legal systems; commercial mat-
ters regulated substantially by codes adopted
since 1948; no formal constitution; some of
the functions of a constitution are filled by
the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the
basic laws of the Knesset (legislature) — relat-
ing to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the president,
the government — and the Israel citizenship
law; no judicial review of legislative acts; le-
gal education at Hebrew University of
Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
National holidays: Israel declared independ-
ence on 14 May 1948; because the Jewish
calendar is lunar, however, the holiday varies
from year to year; all major Jewish religious
holidays are also observed as national holi-
days
Branches: president has largely ceremonial
functions, except for the authority to decide
which political leader should try to form a
ruling coalition following an election or the
fall of a previous government; executive
power vested in Cabinet; unicameral parlia-
ment (Knesset) of 1 20 members elected under
a system of proportional representation; leg-
islation provides fundamental laws in
absence of a written constitution; two distinct
court systems (secular and religious)
Government leaders: Yitzhak SHAMIR,
Prime Minister; Chaim HERZOG, President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held every four years unless re-
quired by dissolution of Knesset; last election
held in June 1981; next scheduled for July
1984
Political parties and leaders: Likud coalition
includes — Herut, Prime Minister Yitzhak
Shamir; Liberal Party, Minister of Energy
Yitzhak Modai; National Religious Party,
Minister of Interior and Police Yosef Burg;
Agudat Israel, Avraham Shapira; La 'am,
Minister of Health Eliezer Shostak; TAMI,
Aharon Abu-Hatzeira; Tehiya, Minister of
Science and Development Yuval Ne'eman;
MATZAD, Chaim Druckman; and two inde-
pendents; Labor Alignment includes — Israel
Labor Party, Shimon Peres, Yitzak Rabin;
MAPAM, Victor Shemtov; and Citizens'
Rights Movement, Shulamit Aloni; other
oppostion parties include — RAKAH (Com-
munist party), Meir Wilner; Shinui Party,
Amnon Rubenstein
112
Voting strength: Knesset — Likud, 64 seats;
Labor Alignment, 50 seats; RAKAH, 4 seats;
Shinui Party, 2 seats
Communists: RAKAH (predominantly Arab
but with Jews in its leadership) has some
1,500 members; the Jewish Communist
Party, MAKI, is now part of Moked, which is
a far-left Zionist party included in SHELLI
(Equality and Peace for Israel)
Other political or pressure groups: right wing
Kach Movement led by Rabbi Meir Kahane;
Black Panthers, a loosely organized youth
group seeking more benefits for oriental
Jews; Gush Emunim, Jewish rightwing na-
tionalists pushing for freedom for Jews to
settle anywhere on the West Bank; Peace
Now critical of government's West Bank pol-
Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IOOC, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, IWC — International Wheat Council,
OAS (observer), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $22.2 billion (1982, in 1982 prices),
$5,612 per capita; 1982 growth of real GNP
-0.2%
Agriculture: main products — citrus and
other fruits, vegetables, beef and dairy prod-
ucts, poultry products
Major industries: food processing, diamond
cutting and polishing, textiles and clothing,
chemicals, metal products, transport equip-
ment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous
machinery, potash mining, high-technology
electronics
Electric power: 4,030,600 kW capacity
(1983); 15.252 billion kWh produced (1983),
3,854 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); major
items — polished diamonds, citrus and other
fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods,
fertilizer and chemical products, electronics;
tourism is important foreign exchange earner
Imports: $8.8 billion (f.o.b., 1982); major
items — military equipment, rough dia-
monds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and
steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and air-
craft
Major trade partners: exports — US, UK,
FRG, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy;
imports— US, FRG, UK, Switzerland, Italy,
Belgium, Luxembourg
Budget: public revenue $10.4 billion,
expenditure $15.2 billion (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound
was allowed to float on 31 October 1977; the
shekel became the unit of account on 1 Octo-
ber 1980 (1 shekel=10 Israeli pounds); 24.27
shekels=US$l (average conversion rate for
1982)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 647 km 1.435-meter single track
standard gauge; diesel operated
Highways: 4,459 km; majority is bituminous
surfaced
Inland waterways: none
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined prod-
ucts, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km
Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 52 usable; 24 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: most highly devel-
oped in the Middle East though not the
largest; good system of coaxial cable and ra-
dio relay; 1,230,000 telephones (31.3 per 100
popl.); 1 1 AM, 24 FM stations, 54 TV stations;
2 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
antennas; 1 Indian Ocean antenna under
construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Israel Defense Forces; historically
there have been no separate Israeli military
services; ground, air, and naval components
are part of Israel Defense Forces
Military manpower: eligible 15-49,
1,909,000; of 962,000 males 15-49, 605,000
fit for military service; of 947,000 females 15-
49, 594,000 fit for military service; 36,000
males and 34,000 females reach military age
(18) annually; both sexes liable for military
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $5.3 billion; 24% of central gov-
ernment budget
113
Italy
(See reference map V)
Land
301,223 km2; 50% cultivated; 21% forest; 17%
meadow and pasture; 9% waste or urban; 3%
unused but potentially productive
Land boundaries: 1,702 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4,996 km
People
Population: 56,998,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Italian(s); adjective —
Italian
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but popu-
lation includes small clusters of German-,
French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north
and of Albanian-Italians in the south
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman
Catholic
Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto
Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are pre-
dominantly German speaking; significant
French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta
region; Slovene-speaking minority in the
Trieste-Gorizia area
Literacy: 93%
Labor force: 23,24 1,000 (October 1983);
31.8% industry, 11.5% agriculture, 56.7%
other (October 1983); 10.2% unemployment
(October 1983)
Organized labor: 50-55% (est.) of labor force
Government
Official name: Italian Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Rome
Political subdivisions: constitution provides
for establishment of 20 regions; five with spe-
cial statute (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-Alto
Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle
d'Aosta) have been functioning for some
time, and the remaining 15 regions with reg-
ular statute were instituted on 1 April 1972;
95 provinces, 8,081 communes
Legal system: based on civil law system, with
ecclesiastical law influence; constitution
came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial re-
view under certain conditions in Constitu-
tional Court; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Repub-
lic, 2 June
Branches: executive — President empowered
to dissolve Parliament and call national elec-
tion; he is also Commander of the Armed
Forces and presides over the Supreme De-
fense Council; otherwise, authority to govern
invested in Council of Ministers; bicameral
legislature — popularly elected Parliament
(315-member Senate, 630-member Chamber
of Deputies); independent judicial establish-
ment
Government leaders: Sandro PERTINI,
President; Bettino CRAXI, Premier
Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in
senatorial elections, where minimum age of
voter is 25)
Elections: national election for Parliament
held every five years (most recent, June
1983); provincial and municipal elections
held every five years with some out of phase;
regional elections every five years (held June
1980)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Party (DC), Ciriaco DeMita (secretary
general); Communist Party (PCI), Enrico
Berlinguer (secretary general); Socialist Party
(PSI), Bettino Craxi (secretary general); Social
Democratic Party (PSDI), Pietro Longo (sec-
retary general); Liberal Party (PLI), Valerio
Zanone (party secretary); Italian Social
Movement (MSI), Giorgio Almirante (party
secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giovanni
Spadolini (party secretary)
Voting strength: (1979 election) 32.6% DC,
30.3% PCI, 11.4% PSI, 7.0% MSI, 4.0% PRI,
3.9% PSDI, 2.8% PLI, 3.3% other
Communists: 1,673,751 members (1983)
Other political or pressure groups: the Vati-
can; three major trade union confederations
(CGIL — Communist dominated, CISL —
Christian Democratic, and UIL — Social
Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Ital-
ian manufacturers association
(Confindustria); organized farm groups
Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, CCC, Council
of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, EIB,
ELDO, EMS, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IEA,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU,
NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $347 billion (1982), $5,314 pei capita;
63.5% private consumption, 19.0% gross
fixed investment, 18.9% government, net for-
eign balance —2.8%; 1982 growth rate
—0.3% (1970 constant prices)
114
Ivory Coast
Agriculture: important producer of fruits
and vegetables; main crops — cereals, pota-
toes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food
shortages — fats, meat, fish, and eggs
Fishing: catch 406,828 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports $104 million (1981), imports $683
million (1981)
Major industries: machinery and transporta-
tion equipment, iron and steel, chemicals,
food processing, textiles
Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals
Crude steel: 24.0 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982), 426 kg per capita
Electric power: 50,558,700 kW capacity
(1983); 181.675 billion kWh produced (1983),
3,225 kWh per capita
Exports: $73.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
items— machinery and transport equipment,
textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear
Imports: $85.9 billion (c.i.f., 1982); principal
items — machinery and transport equipment,
foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals,
wool, cotton, petroleum
Major trade partners: (1981) 41% EC (16%
FRG, 13% France, 5% UK, 4% Netherlands);
19% OPEC (6% Saudi Arabia); 7% US; 3%
USSR; 2% Eastern Europe
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ted (ODA and OOF), $14.5 billion (1970-81)
Monetary conversion rate: 1704.0
lire=US$l (9 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 20,085 km total; 16,140 km 1.435-
meter government-owned standard gauge,
8,585 km electrified; 3,945 km privately
owned — 2,100km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 1,155 km electrified, and 1,845 km
0.950-meter narrow gauge, 380 km electri-
fied
Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrade
5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km, provin-
cial highways 101,680 km, communal
highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete,
bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel
and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km for various
types of commercial traffic
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined prod-
ucts, 2,148 km; natural gas, 15,944 km
Ports: 9 major, 1 1 secondary, 40 minor
Civil air: 132 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 146 total, 140 usable; 86 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 33 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: well engineered, well
constructed, and efficiently operated; 19.3
million telephones (33.7 per 100 popl.); 135
AM, 1 ,837 FM, and 1 ,407 TV stations; 20 sub-
marine cables; 2 communication satellite
ground stations with a total of 5 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,100,000; 11,887,000 fit for military
service; 460,000 reach military age ( 1 8) annu-
ally
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $8.4 billion;
about 4.3% of central government budget
GUINEA
f~\ !,
IVORY
COAST/*****
LIBERIA 1*>l'dlan
(See reference map VII)
Land
323,500 km2; 52% grazing, fallow, and waste;
40% forest and wood; 8% cultivated; 322 km
of lagoons and connecting canals extend east-
west along eastern part of the coast
Land boundaries: 3,227 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 515 km
People
Population: 9,178,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Ivorian(s); adjective —
Ivorian
Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic
groups; no single tribe more than 20% of
population; most important are Agni, Baoule,
Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approximately 2
million foreign Africans, mostly Upper
Voltans; about 70,000 to 75,000 non-Africans
(40,000 French and 25,000 to 30,000 Leba-
nese)
Religion: 63% indigenous, 25% Muslim, 12%
Christian
Language: French (official), over 60 native
dialects; Dioula most widely spoken
115
Ivory Coast (continued)
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: over 85% of population engaged
in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising;
about 1 1 % of labor force are wage earners,
nearly half in agriculture, remainder in gov-
ernment, industry, commerce, and
professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of the Ivory Coast
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime established 1960
Capital: Abidjan (capital city changed to
Yamoussoukro in March 1983)
Political subdivisions: 24 departments subdi-
vided into 127 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1960; judicial review in the Constitutional
Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal educa-
tion at Abidjan School of Law; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 7 December
Branches: President has sweeping powers,
unicameral legislature (140-member Na-
tional Assembly), separate judiciary
Government leader: Felix HOUPHOUET-
BOIGNY, President
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: legislative and municipal elections
were held in November 1980; Houphouet-
Boigny reelected in October 1980 to his fifth
consecutive five-year term; next round of na-
tional elections scheduled for 1985
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), only party;
Houphouet-Boigny firmly controls party
Communists: no Communist party; possibly
some sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, CEAO, KAMA, ECA,
ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $7.7 billion (1982 est), $871 per capita;
real average annual growth rate, 1.8% (1982)
Agriculture: commercial — coffee, cocoa,
wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food
crops— corn, millet, yams, rice; other com-
modities— cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish
Fishing: catch 92,050 metric tons (1979 est.);
exports $44.7 million (1979), imports $71.9
million (1979)
Major industries: food and lumber process-
ing, oil refinery, automobile assembly plant,
textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small
shipyards, fertilizer plant, and battery fac-
tory
Electric power: 1,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 2.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 225
kWh per capita
Exports: $2.45 billion (f .o.b., 1982 est.); cocoa
(30%), coffee(20%), tropical woods(ll%), cot-
ton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil, cotton
Imports: $1.85 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est.); man-
ufactured goods and semifinished products
(50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materials
and fuels (10%)
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) ODA and OOF (1970-81), $1.7 bil-
lion; US authorizations, including Ex-Im
(FY70-81), $340 million
Major trade partners: (1979) France and
other EC countries about 65%, US 10%, Com-
munist countries about 3%
Budget: (1982), revenues $2. 1 billion, current
expenditures $1.9 billion, capital expendi-
tures and net lending $0.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 397.45
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 657 km of the 1 , 173 km Abidjan to
Ouagadougou, Upper Volta, line, all single
track 1.000-meter gauge; only diesel locomo-
tives in use
Highways: 46,600 km total; 3,461 km bitumi-
nous and bituminous-treated surface; 31,939
km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and im-
proved earth; 11,200 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers
and numerous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 2 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft, includ-
ing multinationally owned Air Afrique fleet
Airfields: 48 total, 46 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system above African
average; consists of open- wire lines and
radio-relay links; 78,400 telephones (1.2 per
100 popl.); 3 AM, 17 FM, and 11 TV stations;
2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 coaxial
submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Aerial Transport and
Liaison Group
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,228,000;
1,144,000 fit for military service; 90,000
males reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 1983,
$75.4 million; 4.5% of central government
budget
116
Jamaica
Atlantic
' i Ocean
JAMAICA Kingston
UR4^ Caribbean Sea
^NICARAGUA
CSee reference map III)
Land
10,991 km2; 23% meadow and pasture; 21%
arable; 19% forest; 37% waste, urban, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,022 km
People
Population: 2,388,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — Jamaican(s); adjective —
Jamaican
Ethnic divisions: 76.3% African, 15.1%
Afro-European, 3 4% East Indian and
Afro-East Indian, 3.2% white, 1.2% Chinese
and Afro-Chinese, 0.9% other
Religion: predominantly Protestant (includ-
ing Anglican and Baptist), some Roman
Catholic, some spiritualist cults
Language: English, Creole
Literacy: 76%
Labor force: 703,000(1980); 36.4% agricul-
ture, 32.7% services, 16% government, 14.9%
industry and commerce; shortage of tech-
nical and managerial personnel; 269,000
unemployed (1980)
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force
(1980)
Government
Official name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Kingston
Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the
Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area
Legal system: based on English common law;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, first
Monday in August
Branches: Cabinet headed by Prime Minis-
ter; bicameral legislature — 21-member
Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister,
eight by opposition leader, if any; currently
no official opposition because of People's Na-
tional Party boycott of December 1983
election; eight non-Jamaica Labor Party
members appointed to current Senate by
Prime Minister Seaga), 60-member elected
House of Representatives; judiciary follows
British tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leader: Edward Philip
George SEAGA, Prime Minister; Sir Florizel
A. GLASSPOLE, Governor General
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: at discretion of Governor General
upon advice of Prime Minister but within
five years; last held 15 December 1983
Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor
Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People's Na-
tional Party (PNP), Michael Manley
Voting strength: in the 1983 general elec-
tions 54 seats were uncontested; in 6
contested seats the JLP won overwhelmingly
against several fringe parties; the PNP and
WPJ boycotted the election; (1980 general
elections) approx. 58.8% JLP (51 seats in
House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats)
Communist*.- Worker's Party of Jamaica
(Marxist-Leninist), Trevor Munroe
Other political or pressure groups: Commu-
nist Party of Jamaica; New World Group
(Caribbean regionalists, nationalists, and left-
ist intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians
(Negro religious/racial cultists, pan-
Africanists); New Creation International
Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group);
Workers Liberation League (a Marxist coali-
tion of students/labor)
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $3.0 billion (1982), $1,360 per capita;
real growth rate 1982, 0.5% est.
Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, citrus
fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts, coffee,
cocoa, tobacco
Major industries: bauxite mining, textiles,
food processing, light manufactures, tourism
Electric power: 1,300,000 kW capacity
(1982); 2.0 billion kWh produced (1982), 871
kWh per capita
Exports: $767 million (f.o.b., 1982); alumina,
bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit
products, rum, cocoa
Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); fuels, ma-
chinery, transportation and electrical
equipment, food, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports — US 45%, UK
19%, Canada 6%, Norway 5%; imports— US
32%, Venezuela 18%, Netherlands Antilles
12%,UK 10% (1979)
Budget: revenue $1.0 billion, expenditure
$1.6 billion (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 3. 17 Jamaican
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
117
Jamaica (continued)
Japan
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 370 km, all 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track
Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km
paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved
earth
Pipelines: refined products, 10 km
Ports: 2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10
minor
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 35 total, 21 usable; 13 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fully automatic do-
mestic telephone network with 119,400
telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 2 Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT stations; 9 AM, 13 FM,
and 8 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Jamaica Defense Force (includes
Coast Guard and Air Wing)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 559,000;
413,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion; 33,000 reach minimum volunteer age
(18) annually
Personnel: 3,200 total
Major ground units: 2 active infantry battal-
ions, 1 reserve battalion
Aircraft:\2 (1 turboprop, 4 prop, 7 helicop-
ters)
Ships: 1 fast patrol craft, 3 patrol boats
Supply: dependent on UK and US
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1983, $43.1 million; about 3% of cen-
tral government budget
Pacific
Ocean
(See reference map VIII)
Land
381,945 km2; 69% forest; 16% arable and cul-
tivated; 12% urban and waste; 3% grass
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
except 3 nm in five international straits (fish-
ing 200 nm)
Coastline: 13,685 km
People
Population: 119,896,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun — Japanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Japanese
Ethnic divisions: 99.4% Japanese, 0.6% other
(mostly Korean)
Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto
and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other
faiths, including 0.8% Christian
Language: Japanese
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: (1981)57.1 million; 52% trade
and services; 35% manufacturing, mining
and construction; 10% agriculture, forestry,
and fishing; 3% government; 2.2% unem-
ployed
Organized labor: 22% of labor force
Government
Official name: Japan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Tokyo
Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures
Legal system: civil law system with English-
American influence; constitution promul-
gated in 1946; judicial review of legislative
acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor,
29 April
Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of state;
executive power is vested in Cabinet domi-
nated by the Prime Minister, chosen by the
lower house of the bicameral, elective legisla-
ture— Diet (House of Councilors, House of
Representatives); judiciary is independent
Government leaders: HIROHITO, Em-
peror; Yasuhiro NAKASONE, Prime
Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: general elections held every four
years or upon dissolution of lower house, tri-
ennially for half of upper house
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Demo-
cratic Party (LDP), Y. Nakasone, president;
Japan Socialist Party (JSP), M. Ishibashi,
chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP),
R. Sasaki, chairman; Japan Communist Party
(JCP), T. Fuwa, Presidium chairman; Clean
Government Party (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chair-
man; New Liberal Club (NLC), S. Tagawa;
Social Democratic Federation (SDF), H. Den
Voting strength: (1983 election) Lower
House— 45.8% LDP, 19.5% JSP, 10.1% CGP,
9.3% JCP, 7.3% DSP, 2.4% NLC, 0.7% SDA,
5% independents and minor parties; Upper
House (National Constituency) — 35.3%
LDP, 24.3% JSP, 10.5% JCP, 7.8% CGP, 5.7%
DSP, 1.2% NLC, 0.0% SDA, 11.8% independ-
ents and minor parties
118
Communists: approximately 470,000 regis-
tered Communist Party members
Member of: ADD, ASPAC, Colombo Plan,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU,
IWC — International Whaling Commission,
IWC — International Wheat Council,
OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $1,060 billion (1982, at 249.05
yen=US$l); $8,947 per capita (1982); 59%
personal consumption, 20% investment, 10%
government current expenditure, negligible
stocks, and 1 % foreign balance; real growth
rate 3.0% (1982); average annual growth rate
(1978-82), 4.2%
Agriculture: land intensively cultivated —
rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 72% self-
sufficient in food (1980); food shortages —
meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oil and fats
Fishing: catch 1 1.3 million metric tons (1981)
Major industries: metallurgical and engi-
neering industries, electrical and electronic
industries, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw
materials
Crude steel: 102 million metric tons pro-
duced (1981)
Electric power: 153,000,000 kW capacity
(1980); 520.0 billion kWh produced (1980),
4,435 kWh per capita
Exports: $138.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 96%
manufactures (including 25% machinery,
28% motor vehicles, 13% iron and steel)
Imports: $119.8 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 50% fos-
sil fuels, 19% manufactures, 13% foodstuffs,
5% machinery
Major trade partners: exports — 26% US,
23% Southeast Asia, 16% Western Europe;
12% Middle East, 6% Communist countries,
imports— 28% Middle East, 23% Southeast
Asia, 18% US, 8% Western Europe, 6% Com-
munist countries
Aid: donor — bilateral economic commit-
ments (ODA and OOF), $38 billion (1970-81)
Budget: revenues $148 billion, expenditures
$202 billion, deficit $54 billion (general ac-
count for fiscal year ending March 1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 234.40
yen=US$l (11 January 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 29,711 km total (1979); 1,077 km
1.435-meter standard gauge, 28,634 km pre-
dominantly 1.067-meter narrow gauge,
7,539 km double track, 8,279 km or 28% of
total route length electrified; 82% govern-
ment owned
Highways: 1,113,388 km total (1980);
510,904 km paved, 602,484 km gravel,
crushed stone, or unpaved; 2,579 km national
expressways, 40,212 km national highways,
43,907 km principal local roads, 86,930 km
prefectural roads, 939,760 km municipal
roads
Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; seago-
ing craft ply all coastal "inland seas"
Pipelines: crude oil, 50 km; natural gas, 1 ,775
km
Ports: 17 Japanese Port Association specifi-
cally designated major ports, 1 10 other major
ports, over 2,000 minor ports
Civil air: 265 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 185 total, 165 usable; 125 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m; 26 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international service; 58.0 million tele-
phones (49.5 per 100 popl.); 318 AM stations,
58 FM stations plus 436 relay stations; about
7,800 TV stations (196 major— 1 kw or
greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; sub-
marine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines,
China, and USSR
Defense Forces
Branches: Japan Ground Self- Defense Force
(army), Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
(navy), Japan Air Self-Defense Force (air
force), Maritime Safety Agency (coast guard)
Military manpower: males 15-49,
31,423,000; 26,206,000 fit for military
service; about 860,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Personnel: Ground Self-Defense Force,
156,000; Maritime Self-Defense Force,
42,100 (including 11,900 air arm); Air Self-
Defense Force, 43,400; Maritime Safety
Agency, 11,200
Major ground units: 12 infantry divisions, 1
armor division, 2 combined brigades, 1 air-
borne brigade, 12 nondivisional artillery
battalions, 1 helicopter brigade
Ships: 50 destroyers/frigates, 14 submarines,
50 mine warfare, 8 amphibious, 15 auxiliary
and over 300 surface craft (an additional 520
patrol and service craft operate under the ju-
risdiction of the Marine Safety Agency)
Aircraft: 23 F-15, 130 F-4, and 90 F-104
fighter interceptors; 14 RF-4E reconnais-
sance aircraft; 65 F-l fighter-support
aircraft; 31 C-l, 10 YS-11 transport aircraft;
50 T-l, 70 T-2, 50 T-3, 60 T-33A trainers
Missiles: 6 operational NIKE-Hercules
groups, 8 operational HAWK groups (NIKE
in air force, HAWK in ground force)
Supply: defense industry potential is large,
with capability of producing the most sophis-
ticated equipment; manufactured equip-
ment includes small arms artillery, armored
vehicles, and other types of ground forces
119
Japan (continued)
Jordan
(West Bank and Gaza Strip
listed at end of table)
materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval vessels
(submarines, guided missile and other de-
stroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and
other minor craft, including amphibious,
auxiliaries, service craft, and small support
ships), small amounts of all types of army ma-
teriel; several missile systems are produced
under US license, and a vigorous domestic
missile development program exists
Military budget: actual for fiscal year ending
31 March 1984, $12.5 billion; 5.5% of total
budget
EGYPT
(See reference map VI)
NOTE: the war between Israel and the Arab
states in June 1967 ended with Israel in con-
trol of the West Bank; as stated in the 1978
Camp David Accords and reaffirmed by the
President's 1 September 1982 peace initia-
tive, the final status of the West Bank and
Gaza Strip, its relationship with its neighbors,
and a peace treaty between Israel and Jordan
are to be negotiated among the concerned
parties; Camp David further specifies that
these negotiations will resolve the location of
the respective boundaries; pending the com-
pletion of this process, it is US policy that the
final status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip
has yet to be determined (see West Bank and
Gaza Strip "Factsheet").
Land
90,650 km2; 88% desert, waste, or urban; 11%
agricultural; 1% forest
Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 26 km
People
Population: 2,689,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.8%
Nationality: noun — Jordanian(s);
adjective — Jordanian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian,
1% Armenian
Religion: 90-92% Sunni Muslim, 8-10%
Christian
Language: Arabic official; English widely
understood among upper and middle classes
Literacy: about 70%
Labor force: 463,000
Organized labor: about 10% of labor force
Government
Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of
Jordan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: 'Amman
Political subdivisions: five governorates un-
der centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
French codes; constitution adopted 1952; ju-
dicial review of legislative acts in a specially
provided High Tribunal; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
May
Branches: King holds balance of power;
Prime Minister exercises executive authority
in name of King; Cabinet appointed by King
and responsible to parliament; bicameral
parliament with House of Representatives
last chosen by national elections in April
1967, dissolved by King in February 1976,
and reconvened in January 1984; Senate last
appointed by King in January 1984; secular
court system based on differing legal systems
of the former Transjordan and Palestine; law
Western in concept and structure; Sharia (re-
ligious) courts for Muslims, and religious
community council courts for non-Muslim
communities; desert police carry out quasi-
judicial functions in desert areas
Government leader: HUSSEIN I, King
120
Kampuchea
Suffrage: all citizens over age 20
Political parties and leaders: political party
activity illegal since 1957
Communists: party actively repressed,
membership estimated at less than 500
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $4.9 billion (1982), $1,875 per capita;
real growth rate (1982), 4.5%
Agriculture: main crops — vegetables, fruits,
olive oil, wheat; not self-sufficient in many
foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, petro-
leum refining, cement production, light
manufacturing
Electric power: 577,600 kW capacity (1982);
1.518 billion kWh produced (1982), 467 kWh
per capita
Exports: $751 million (f .o.b., 1982); fruits and
vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist
share 14% of total (1982)
Imports: $3,241 million (c.i.f., 1982); petro-
leum products, textiles, capital goods, motor
vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 8% of
total (1982)
Aid: economic commitments — US, including
Ex-Im (1970-82), $1.2 billion; Western (non-
US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-81),
$536 million; military— US (FY70-81), $951
million
Budget: (1982)— $1.841 billion total revenue,
$1,193 million current expenditures, $758
million capital expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: .352 Jordanian
dinar=US$l (1982 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 6,332 total; 4,837 paved, 1,495
gravel and crushed stone
Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km
Ports: 1 major (Aqaba)
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 21 usable; 16 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 13 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio-relay, wire, and radio; 53,000 tele-
phones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, and
24 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion, 1 Indian Ocean station
Defense Forces
Branches: Jordan Arab Army, Royal Jorda-
nian Air Force, Royal Jordanian Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 607,000;
429,000 fit for military service; 39,000 reach
military age (18) annually
(See reference map IX)
Land
181,300 km2; 74% forest; 16% cultivated; 10%
built on, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 2,438 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: about 443 km
People
Population: 6,118,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Kampuchean(s);
adjective — Kampuchean
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Kam-
puchean), 5% Chinese, 5% other minorities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% var-
ious other
Language: Khmer (official), French
Literacy: 48%
Government
Official name: Coalition Government of
Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK; supported
by resistance forces deployed principally
near the western border); People's Republic
of Kampuchea (PRK; pro- Vietnamese, in
Phnom Penh)
121
Kampuchea (continued)
Type: CGDK is nationalist coalition of Com-
munists and non-Communists; PRK is
Communist
Capital: Phnom Penh
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces
Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by
People's Representative Assembly in Demo-
cratic Kampuchea; no information for PRK
National holiday: 17 April for both regimes
Branches: Cabinet, State Presidium, and
some form of People's Representative Assem-
bly in Democratic Kampuchea; People's
Revolutionary Council, various ministries,
and a "National Congress" held in early 1979
and a second time in September 1979 in
PRK
Government leaders: CGDK — Prince
NORODOM SIHANOUK, President; SON
SANN, Prime Minister; PRK— KHIEU
SAMPHAN, Vice President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Kampuchea Khmer Communist Party dis-
banded December 1981, though chief
political figure still former party chairman
Pol Pot; in PRK Kampuchean United Front
for National Construction and Defense
(KUFNCD)and separate Kampuchean Peo-
ples Revolutionary Party
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive),
NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO for CGDK; none for PRK
Economy
CNP: less than $500 million (1971)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for
rubber plantations; main crops — rice, rub-
ber, corn; food shortages — rice, meat,
vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood
and wood products
Shortages: fossil fuels
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1982);
144 million kWh produced (1982), 19 kWh
per capita
Exports: probably less than $1 million est.
(1978); natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood
Imports: probably less than $20 million
(1978); international food aid; Soviet bloc
economic development aid — value unknown
(post-1979)
Trade partners: Vietnam and USSR
Aid: economic commitments — US (FY70-
82), $709 million; other Western (1970-81),
$198 million; military (FY70-82)— US,
$1,260 million; Communist data not avail-
able
Budget: no budget data available since Com-
munists took over government
Monetary conversion rate: 4 riels=US$l
(December 1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 612 km 1.000-meter gauge;
government owned
Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bitumi-
nous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved
earth; some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all
year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km
navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters
Ports: 2 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 42 total, 14 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: service barely ade-
quate for government requirements and
virtually nonexistent for general public; in-
ternational service limited to Vietnam and
other adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts
limited to 1 station; 1 TV station
Defense Forces
Branches: CGDK consists of National Army
of Democratic Kampuchea, Khmer Peoples
National Liberation Front, and Sihanoukist
National Army; PRK — People's Republic of
Kampuchea Armed Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,665,000;
894,000 fit for military service; males eligible
for draft at 18
122
Kenya
SUDAN
Indian
Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
582,646 km2; 66% mainly grassland adequate
for grazing; 21% forest and wood; 20% arable,
13% suitable for agriculture
Land boundaries: 3,368 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zones
200 nm)
Coastline: 536 km
People
Population: 19,362,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 4. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Kenyan(s); adjective —
Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: 21% Kikuyu, 14% Luhya,
13% Luo, 11% Kalenjin, 11% Kamba, 6%
Kisiii 5% Meru, 1% Asian, European, and
Arab
Religion: 38% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 26%
indigenous beliefs, 6% Muslim
Language: English and Swahili (official); nu-
merous indigenous languages
Literacy: 47%
Labor force: 5.4 million; about 1.1 million
wage earners; 47% public sector, 18% indus-
try and commerce, 17% agriculture, 13%
services
Organized labor: about 390,000
Government
Official name: Republic of Kenya
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Nairobi
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces plus Nai-
robi area
Legal system: based on English common law,
tribal law and Islamic law; constitution en-
acted 1963; judicial review in Supreme
Court; legal education at Kenya School of
Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction, with reservations; constitutional
amendment in 1982 made Kenya a de jure
one-party state
National holiday: Jamhuri Day, 12 Decem-
ber
Branches: President and Cabinet responsible
to unicameral legislature (National Assem-
bly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by
constituencies and 12 appointed by the Presi-
dent; High Court, with Chief Justice and at
least 1 1 justices, has unlimited original juris-
diction to hear and determine any civil or
criminal proceeding; provision for systems of
courts of appeal
Government leader: Daniel T. arap MOI,
President
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Assembly at least every five years;
present National Assembly and President
elected September 1983
Political party and leaders: Kenya Africa
National Union (KANU), Kenya's sole legal
political party; Daniel arap Moi, president
Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the
National Assembly
Communists: may be a few Communists and
sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor
unions
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $6.3 billion (1982), $316 per capita; real
growth rate, 3.5% (1982 est.)
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, sisal,
tea, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock; food
crops — corn, wheat, sugarcane, rice, cassava;
largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: small-scale consumer
goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles,
soap, cigarettes, flour), agricultural process-
ing, oil refining, cement, tourism
Electric power: 550,000 kW capacity (1982);
1.8 billion kWh produced (1982), 100 kWh
per capita
Exports: $953 million (f .o.b., 1982); reexport-
ing of petroleum products, coffee, tea, sisal,
livestock products, pyrethrum, soda ash,
wattle-bark tanning extract
Imports: $1,791 million (f.o.b., 1982); ma-
chinery, transport equipment, crude oil,
paper and paper products, iron and steel
products, and textiles
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Iran, US,
Zambia, Uganda
Budget: (1980/81) revenues $1.6 billion; cur-
rent expenditures $1.9 billion; development
expenditures $563 million
External public debt: $2.9 billion (1982 est.)
debt service payment 23% of exports
Monetary conversion rate: 13.721 Kenya
shillings=US$l (September 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
123
Kenya (continued)
Kiribati
(formerly Gilbert Islands)
Communications
Railroads: 2,040 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 55,350 km total; 6,750 km paved,
4,150 km gravel, remainder improved earth
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria sys-
tem is within boundaries of Kenya
Pipelines: refined products, 483 km
Ports: 1 major (Mombasa)
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 225 total, 200 usable; 13 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: in top group of Afri-
can systems; consists of radio-relay links,
open-wire lines, and radiocommunication
stations; 198,300 telephones (1.2 per 100
pop!.); 11 AM, 4 FM, and 4 TV stations; At-
lantic and Indian Ocean satellite service from
1 station
Defense Forces
Branches: Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, 82 Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,816,000;
2,349,000 fit for military service; no con-
scription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1980, $168.6 million; about 8% of cen-
tral government budget
Pacific Ocean
Gilbert li
KIRIBATI
Christmas I.
• TUVALU
FIJI
• WESTERN
SAMOA
(See reference map X)
Land
About 690 kmz
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing
200 nm)
Coastline: about 1,143 km
People
Population: 61,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality, noun — Kiribatian(s);
adjective — Kiribati
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
Religion: Roman Catholic, Protestant
Languages: English (official), Gilbertese
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: 15,921 (1973); general unem-
ployment rate 4.9%
Government
Official name: Republic of Kiribati
Type: republic
Capital: Tarawa
Branches: unicameral legislature (35-
member House of Assembly); nationally
elected President
Government leader: leremia T. TABA1,
President
Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese Na-
tional Party, Christian Democratic Party
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, GATT
(de facto), ICAO
Economy
GDP: $36.0 million (1979 est), $630 per cap-
ita
Agriculture: limited; copra, subsistence
crops of vegetables, supplemented by domes-
tic fishing
Industry: formerly phosphate production;
supply exhausted by mid-1981
Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1981); 6
million kWh produced (1981), 102 kWh per
capita
Exports: $20 million (1979); 88% phosphate,
11.6% copra
Imports: $15 million (1979); foodstuffs, fuel,
transportation equipment
Aid: Western (non-US) commitments (ODA;
1979), $46.0million; Australia(1980-83), $8.1
million committed
Budget: $15.2 million (1979)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0392
Australian$=US$l (23 February 1983)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 483 km of motorable roads
Inland waterways: small network of canals,
totaling 5 km, in Northern Line Islands
Ports: 3 minor
124
Korea, North
Civil air: 2 Trislanders; however, no major
transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total; 12 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways, 4 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast sta-
tion; 1,400 telephones (2.33 per 100 popl.)
CHINA
Sea of
Japan
^P'yongysng, #>*.
<; SO
\ KOREA
(See reference map VIII)
Land
121,730 km2; 74% forest, scrub, and brush;
17% arable and cultivated; remainder waste
and urban
Land boundaries: 1,675 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm; mili-
tary 50 nm)
Coastline; 2,495 km
People
Population: 19,630,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Korean(s); adjective —
Korean
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; reli-
gious activities now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Literacy: 95% est.
Labor force: 6.1 million (1980); 48% agricul-
tural, 52% nonagricultural; shortage of
skilled and unskilled labor
Government
Official name: Democratic People's Repub-
lic of Korea
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital: P'yongyang
Political subdivisions: nine provinces, three
special cities (P'yongyang, Kaesong, and
Chongjin)
Legal system: based on German civil law sys-
tem with Japanese influences and
Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial
review of legislative acts; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 September
Branches: Supreme People's Assembly theo-
retically supervises legislative and judicial
function; State Administration Council (cabi-
net) oversees ministerial operations
Government leaders: KIM Il-song, Presi-
dent; RANG Song-San, Premier
Suffrage: universal at age 17
Elections: election to SPA every four years,
but this constitutional provision not necessar-
ily followed — last election February 1982
Political party and leader: Korean Workers'
Party (KWP; Kim Il-s6ng, General Secretary)
Communists: KWP claims membership of
about 2 million, or about 11% of population
Member of: FAO, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, IPU,
ITU, NAM, UN (observer status only),
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Economy
CNP: $16.2 billion (1982), $786 per capita
Agriculture: main crops — corn, rice, vegeta-
bles; food shortages — meat, cooking oils;
production of foodstuffs adequate for domes-
tic needs
Major industries: machine building, electric
power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, tex-
tiles, food processing
125
Korea, North (continued)
Korea, South
Shortages: complex machinery and equip-
ment, coking coal, coal, petroleum, electric
power
Crude steel: 3.5 million metric tons produced
(1979), 187 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,500,000 kW capacity
(1982); 36.9 billion kWh produced (1982),
1, 800 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.41 billion (1981); minerals, met-
allurgical products, agricultural products,
manufactures
Imports: $1.645 billion (1981); petroleum,
machinery and equipment, coking coal,
grain
Major trade partners: total trade turnover
$3.1 billion (1981); 51% with non-
Communist countries, 49% with Communist
countries
Aid: economic and military aid from the
USSR and China
Monetary conversion rate: .94 won=US$l
(February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1980;
3,870 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 665
km 0.762-meter narrow gauge, 159 km dou-
ble track; about 2,940 km electrified; govern-
ment owned
Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5%
gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5%
concrete or bituminous
Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly naviga-
ble by small craft only
Pipelines: crude oil, 30 km
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
Defense Forces
Branches: North Korean People's Army (con-
sists of the army, navy, and air force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,532,000;
2,774,000 fit for military service; 221,000
reach military age (18) annually
Personnel: army 700,000 (reserves 230,000),
navy 33,500 (reserves 40,000), air force
51,000, security forces 38,000, civilian militia
1,760,000
Major ground units: 9 corps headquarters, 2
armored divisions, 3 motorized infantry divi-
sions, 35 infantry divisions, 5 armored
brigades, 4 infantry brigades, 100, 000 special
forces, 2 tank regiments, 5 infantry regi-
ments, 250 artillery battalions, 80 multiple
rocket battalions, 5 FROG battalions, 5 river-
crossing regiments
Ships: 21 submarines, 4 frigates, 18 missile
boats, 32 large patrol craft, 333 fast attack
craft, 30 coastal patrol boats, 99 landing craft
Aircraft: 70 11-28 bombers, 20 SU-7
fighter/ground attack, 290 MIG-15/-17, 700
MIG-19, 160 MIG-21,250transports, 60 heli-
copters, 190 jet trainers, 4 SAM brigades with
250 SA-2 in 40 sites
(See reference map VIII)
Land
98,913 km2; 67% forest; 23% arable (22% cul-
tivated); 10% urban and other
Land boundaries: 241 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm and 3 nm
in Korea Strait (12 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 2,413 km
People
Population: 41,999,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Korean(s); adjective —
Korean
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chi-
nese minority (approx. 20,000)
Religion: strong Confucian tradition; perva-
sive folk religion (Shamanism); vigorous
Christian minority (23% Christian popula-
tion); Buddhism (including estimated 20,000
members of Soka Gakkai); Chondokyo (reli-
gion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion
with nationalist overtones founded in 19th
century, claims about 1.5 million adherents
Language: Korean; English widely taught in
high school
Literacy: over 90%
126
Labor force: 14.7 million (1981); 45% services
and other; 34% agriculture, fishing, forestry;
21% mining and manufacturing; average un-
employment 4.5% (1981)
Organized labor: about 13% of nonagricul-
tural labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a strong
executive
Capital: Seoul
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 4 special
cities; heads centrally appointed
Legal system: combines elements of conti-
nental European civil law systems, Anglo-
American law, and Chinese classical thought;
constitution approved 1980; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
August
Branches: unicameral legislature (National
Assembly), judiciary
Government leaders: CHUN Doo Hwan,
President; CHIN lee Jong, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: under new constitution of October
1980, President elected every seven years in-
directly by a 5,000- man electoral college; last
election February 1981; four-year National
Assembly, elected in March 1981, consists of
276 representatives, 184 directly elected and
92 chosen through proportional representa-
tion
Political parties and leaders: major party is
government's Democratic Justice Party
(DJP), Chun Doo Hwan (president) and Jung
Nai Hiuk (chairman); opposition parties are
Democratic Korea Party (DKP), Yoo Chi-
Song (president); Korean National Party
(KNP), Kim Chong Chul (president); several
smaller parties
Communists: Communist activity banned
by government
Other political or pressure groups: Korean
National Council of Churches; Federation of
Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans'
Association; large, potentially volatile stu-
dent population concentrated in Seoul
Member of: ABD (Afro- Asian League Con-
sultative Committee), ADB — Asian
Development Bank, Asian Parliamentary
Union, APACL — Asian People's Anti-
Communist League, ASPAC, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, Geneva Con-
ventions of 1949 for the protection of war
victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, IWC— Inter-
national Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, UNCTAD,
UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UN
Special Fund, UPU, WACL— World Anti-
Communist League, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO; official observer at UN; does not hold
UN membership
Economy
GNP: $70.8 billion (1982, in 1982 prices),
$1,800 per capita; real growth 5.6% (1982);
real growth 4.5% (1978-82 average)
Agriculture: 25% of the population lives on
the land, but agriculture, forestry, and fish-
ing constitute 16% of GNP; main crops — rice,
barley; food shortages — wheat, dairy prod-
ucts, corn
Fishing: catch 2,644,074 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: textiles and clothing, food
processing, chemicals, steel, electronics, ship-
building
Shortages: base metals, petroleum, lumber,
and certain food grains
Electric power: 10,020,380 kW capacity
(1982); 42.1 billion kWh produced (1982),
l,024kWh per capita
Exports: $21.9 billion (f.o.b., 1982); textiles
and clothing, electrical machinery, footwear,
steel, ships, fish
Imports: $24.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles,
organic chemicals, grains
Major trade partners: exports — 29% US,
16% Japan; imports— 25% US, 22% Japan
(1982)
Aid: economic— US (FY46-88), $10.4 billion
committed; Japan (1965-75), $1.8 billion ex-
tended; military— US (FY46-82) $8 billion
committed; other Western aid, ODA and
OOF (1980-81), $707 million
Budget: $13.0 billion (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 800 won=US$l
(15 December 1983)
f
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 46,800 km total (1980); 9,290 km
national highway, 37,510 km provincial and
local roads
Freight carried: rail (1980) 49 million metric
tons; highway 145 million metric tons; air
(1979) 14 billion metric tons (domestic)
Pipelines: 294 km refined products
Ports: 10 major, 18 minor
Civil air: 41 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 128 total, 118 usable; 64 with
permanent-surface runways; 24 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic
and international services; 3.4 million tele-
phones (9.1 per 100 popl.); 79 AM, 46 FM,
and 256 TV stations (57 of 1 kW or greater); 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Naval
Marine Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
1 1,648,000; 7,854,000 fit for military service;
450,000 reach military age (18) annually
127
Korea, South (continued)
Kuwait
Personnel: army 540,000 (reserves
1,100,000), navy 29,000 (reserves 25,000),
marines 20,000 (reserves 60,000), air force
33,600 (reserves 55,000)
Major ground units: 3 army headquarters, 6
corps headquarters, 20 infantry divisions, 3
airborne divisions, 1 mechanized infantry di-
vision, 2 special forces brigades, 2 AAA
brigades, 2 SSM battalions with Honest Johns,
2 SAM brigades, 1 army aviation brigade
Ships: 1 1 ex-US destroyers, 8 frigates, 3 ex-US
Auk corvettes, 1 1 FAC with SSM; 8 ex-US
large patrol craft; 28 coastal patrol craft, 8
minesweeping vessels, 24 ex-US landing ships
Aircraft: 7 combat wings, 2 transport wings,
18 FGA squadrons (250 F-5A/B/E/F, 70
F-86 F, 6 A-10), 4 AD squadrons (70 F-4D/
E), 1 COIN squadron (13 OV-10, some A-37),
1 recce squadron (10 RF-5A), 2 ASW squad-
rons (20 S-2A, 10 helicopters), 1 SAR
helicopter squadron (26 UH-H/UH-1B/H),
5 transport squadrons (34 aircraft), 192
trainers
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1984, $4.3 billion;
about 33.2% of central government budget
Iraq
Saudi Arabia
Neutral Zone
SAUDI ARABIA
(See reference map VI)
Land
17,818 km2 (excluding neutral zone but in-
cluding islands); nearly all desert, waste, or
urban; insignificant forest; 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 459 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 499 km
•
People
Population: 1,758,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 6.2%
Nationality: noun — Kuwaiti(s); adjective —
Kuwaiti
Ethnic divisions: 39% Kuwaiti, 39% other
Arab, 9% South Asian, 4% Iranian, 9% other
Religion: 95% Muslim, 5% Christian, Hindu,
Parsi, and other
Language: Arabic (official); English widely
spoken
Literacy: about 71%
Labor force: 630,000 (1983 est); 74% serv-
ices, 11% industry, 11% construction; 70% of
labor force is non-Kuwaiti
Organized labor: labor unions, first autho-
rized in 1964, formed in oil industry and
among government personnel
Government
Official name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kuwait
Po/ttica/suWitnsions:3governorates, 25 vot-
ing constituencies
Legal system: civil law system with Islamic
law significant in personal matters; constitu-
tion took effect in 1963; popularly elected
50-man National Assembly (the 15 cabinet
members can also vote) reinstated in March
1981 after being suspended in 1976; judicial
review of legislative acts not yet determined;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 25 Febru-
ary
Branches: Council of Ministers; legislature —
National Assembly
Government leader: Jabir al- Ahmad al-Jabir
Al SABAH, Amir
Suffrage: nativeborn and naturalized males
age 21 or over; law requires 20 years resi-
dency after naturalization
Elections: National Assembly elected in Feb-
ruary 1981
Political parties and leaders: political parties
prohibited, some small clandestine groups
are active
Communists: insignificant
Other political or pressure groups: large
(300,000) Palestinian community
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAPEC,
QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
128
Laos
Economy
GDP: $27.6 billion (1981), $25,850 per capita
(1983)
Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on
imports for food; approx. 75% of potable wa-
ter must be distilled or imported
Major industries: crude petroleum produc-
tion average for 1981, 980,000 b/d; effective
refinery capacity approximately 0.5 million
b/d; other major industries include petro-
chemicals, retail trade, and manufacturing;
water desalinization capacity 387.6 million
liters per day (1981)
Electric power: 3,387,300 kW capacity
(1982); 10.385 billion kWh produced (1982),
6,687 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.75 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est), of
which petroleum accounted for about !
Imports: $7.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est.); major
suppliers— Japan, US, FRG, UK
Budget: (1982/83) $14.9 billion revenues,
$11.1 billion expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: .2911 Kuwaiti
dinar=US$l (December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,875 km total; 2,585 km bitumi-
nous; 290 km earth, sand, light gravel
Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined prod-
ucts, 40 km; natural gas, 121 km
Ports: 3 major (Ash-Shuwaikh, Ash-
Shuaybah, Mina al-Ahmadi), 4 minor
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 1 total, 6 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional and adequate domestic tele-
communication facilities; 214,800
telephones (15.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM,
and 3 TV stations; 1 satellite station with 1
Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
438,000; about 266,000 fit for military
service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1984, $939 million; 8.1% of central gov-
ernment budget
CHINA
(See reference map IX)
Land
236,804 km2; 60% forest; 8% agricultural;
32% urban, waste, or other; except in limited
areas, soil is poor; most of forested area is not
exploitable
Land boundaries: 5,053 km
People
Population: 3,732,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Lao (sing., Lao or Lao-
tian); adjective — Lao or Laotian
Ethnic divisions: 48% Lao; 25% Phoutheung
(Kha); 14% Tribal Tai; 13% Meo, Yao, and
other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and
other
Language: Lao (official), French, and
English
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: about 1-1.5 million; 80-90% ag-
riculture
Organized labor: only labor organization is
subordinate to the Communist Party
Government
Official name: Lao People's Democratic Re-
public
129
Laos (continued)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Vientiane
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces subdi-
vided into districts, cantons, and villages
Legal system: based on civil law system; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: President; 40-member Supreme
People's Council; Cabinet; Cabinet is totally
Communist but Council contains a few nomi-
nal neutralists and non-Communists;
National Congress of People's Represen-
tatives established the current government
structure in December 1975
Government leaders: SOUPHANOU-
VONG, President; KAYSONE PHOMVI-
HAN, Chairman
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for National Assembly,
originally scheduled for 1 April 1976, have
not yet been held
Political parties and leaders: Lao People's
Revolutionary Party (Communist), party
chairman Kaysone Phomvihan, includes Lao
Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of
Patriotic Neutralist Forces; other parties
moribund
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Communist political groups moribund; most
leaders have fled the country
Member of: ADB — Asian Development
Bank, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, Mekong Com-
mittee, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $320 million, $90 per capita (1982 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — rice (overwhelm-
ingly dominant), corn, vegetables, tobacco,
coffee, cotton; formerly self-sufficient; food
shortages (due in part to distribution defi-
ciencies) include rice
Major industries: tin mining, timber, green
coffee, electric power
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum,
transportation system, trained personnel
Electric power: 175,000 kW capacity (1983);
900 million kWh produced (1983), 246 kWh
per capita
Exports: $26 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); elec-
tric power, forest products, tin concentrates;
coffee, undeclared exports of opium and to-
bacco
Imports: $88 million (c.i.f., 1979 est.); rice
and other foodstuffs, petroleum products,
machinery, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: imports — Thailand,
USSR, Japan, France, China, Vietnam;
exports — Thailand, Malaysia
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries ODA and OOF (1970-81),
$300 million; US (FY70-79), $276 million;
military— US assistance $1.119 billion (1970-
75)
Budget: (1979est.) receipts, $54.7 million; ex-
penditures, $174.2 million; deficit $119.5
million
Monetary conversion rate: 35 kips=US$l
(February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: about 21,300 km total; 1,300 km
bituminous or bituminous treated; 5,900 km
gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth;
14,100 km unimproved earth and often im-
passable during rainy season mid-May to
mid-September
Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primar-
ily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional
kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft
drawing less than 0.5 m
Pipelines: 370 km under survey
Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor
Airfields: 67 total, 54 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public considered poor; radio network pro-
vides generally erratic service to government
users; approx. 10 AM stations; 1 TV station;
over 2,000 est. telephones; 1 ground satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Lao People's Army (LPA, which
consists of an army with naval, aviation, and
militia elements), Air Force, National Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 890,000;
475,000 fit for military service; 43,000 reach
military age (18) annually; no conscription
age specified
130
Lebanon
(See reference map VI)
Land
10,360 km2; 64% desert, waste, or urban; 27%
agricultural; 9% forest; 400,000 hectares un-
der cultivation
Land boundaries: 531 km
Water
Limits of territorial wa ters (claimed): no spe-
cific claims (fishing, 6 nm)
Coastline: 225 km
People
Population: 2,601, 000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun — Lebanese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Lebanese
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian,
1% other
Religion: 55% Christian (Maronite, Greek
Orthodox and Catholic, Roman Catholic,
Protestant), 44% Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a)
and Druze, 1% other (official estimates); Mus-
lims, in fact, constitute a majority
Language: Arabic (official); French is widely
spoken; Armenian, English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force: 650,000(1981); 75% industry,
commerce, and services, 17% agriculture, 8%
government; moderate unemployment
Organized labor: about 65,000
Government
NOTE: Between early 1975 and late 1976
Lebanon was torn by civil war between its
Christians — then aided by Syrian troops —
and its Muslims and their Palestinian allies.
The cease-fire established in October 1976
between the domestic political groups gener-
ally held for about six years, despite
occasional fighting. Syrian troops constituted
as the Arab Deterrent Force by the Arab
League have remained in Lebanon. Syria's
move toward supporting the Lebanese Mus-
lims and the Palestinians and Israel's grow ing
support for Lebanese Christians brought the
two sides into rough equilibrium, but no
progress was made toward national reconcili-
ation or political reforms — the original cause
of the war.
Continuing Israeli concern about the Pal-
estinian presence in Lebanon led to the
Israeli invasion of Lebanon in June 1982. Is-
raeli forces occupied all of the southern
portion of the country and mounted a
summer-long seige of Beirut, which resulted
in the evacuation of the PLO from Beirut in
September under the supervision of a multi-
national force made up of US, French, and
Italian troops.
Within days of the departure of the multi-
national force, Lebanon's newly elected
president, Bashir Gemayel, was assassinated.
In the wake of his death, Christian militia-
men massacred hundreds of Palestinian
refugees in two Beirut camps. This prompted
the return of the multinational force (MNF)
to ease the security burden on Lebanon's
weak army and security forces. In late March
1984 the last MNF units withdrew.
Lebanon continues to be occupied by Is-
rael in the south and by Syria in the north and
east. Israel and Lebanon signed a withdrawal
agreement on 17 May 1983. The agreement
was never implemented and was subse-
quently voided. A partial Israeli withdrawal
and government attempts to extend its au-
thority have led to renewed factional
fighting. The following description is based
on the present constitutional and customary
practices of the Lebanese system.
Official name: Republic of Lebanon
Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Political subdivisions: 5 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law,
canon law, and civil law system; constitution
mandated in 1926; no judicial review of legis-
lative acts; legal education at Lebanese
University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
November
Branches: power lies with President elected
by unicameral legislature (National Assem-
bly, formerly Chamber of Deputies); Cabinet
appointed by President, approved by legisla-
ture; independent secular courts on French
pattern; religious courts for matters of mar-
riage, divorce, inheritance, etc.; by custom,
President is a Maronite Christian, Prime
Minister is a Sunni Muslim, and president of
legislature is a Shi'a Muslim; each of nine reli-
gious communities represented in legislature
in proportion to national numerical strength
Government leader: Amin Pierre
GEMAYEL, President
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21;
authorized for women over 21 with elemen-
tary education
Elections: National Assembly held every
four years or within three months of dissolu-
tion of Chamber; security conditions have
prevented parliamentary elections since
April 1972
Political parties and leaders: political party
activity is organized along largely sectarian
lines; numerous political groupings exist, con-
sisting of individual political figures and
followers motivated by religious, clan, and
economic considerations; most parties have
well-armed militias, which are still involved
in occasional clashes
131
Lebanon (continued)
Lesotho
Communists: the Lebanese Communist
Party was legalized in 1970; members and
sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, NAM, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.1 billion (1980 est.)
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, pota-
toes, tobacco, olives, onions; not self-
sufficient in food
Major industries: service industries, food
processing, textiles, cement, oil refining,
chemicals, some metal fabricating, tourism
Electric power: 891,500 kW capacity (1983);
1.171 billion kWh produced (1983), 450 kWh
per capita
Exports: $886 million (f.o.b., 1981)
Imports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1981)
Budget: (1982) public revenue $657 million,
public expenditures $1.292 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 5.99 Lebanese
pounds=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 378 km total; 296 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 82 km 1 .050-meter gauge; all
single track; most not in use
Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km paved,
450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km im-
proved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km
Ports: 3 major (Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda), 5 mi-
nor
Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 5 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m; major military airfields are Riyaq,
Kleiat, and al-Fidar Air Strip
Telecommunications: rebuilding program
disrupted; had fair system of radio relay, ca-
ble; approx 150,400 telephones (5.0 per 100
popl.); 3 FM, 5 AM, and 15 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean satellite station; 3 submarine
cables; Atlantic Ocean satcom antenna built
but not operating
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 614,000;
378,000 fit for military service; average of
about 31, 000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982, $272 million; 26% of central
government budget
Indian Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
30,460 km2; 15% cultivable; 13% arable;
largely mountainous
Land boundaries: 805 km
People
Population: 1,474,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Mosotho (sing.), Basotho
(pi.); adjective — Basotho
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho; 1,600 Europe-
ans, 800 Asians
Religion: 80% Christian, rest indigenous be-
liefs
Language: Sesotho (southern Sotho) and Eng-
lish (official); also Zulu and Xhosa
Literacy: 55%
Labor force: 426,000 economically active
(1976); 87.4% of resident population engaged
in subsistence agriculture; 1 50,000 to 250,000
spend from six months to many years as wage
earners in South Africa
•
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho
132
Type: constitutional monarchy under King
Moshoeshoe II; independent member of
Commonwealth
Capital: Maseru
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on English common law
and Roman-Dutch law; constitution came
into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative
acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; legal
education at National University of Lesotho;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 4 October
Branches: executive, divided between a
largely ceremonial King and a Prime Minis-
ter who leads Cabinet of at least seven
members; Prime Minister dismissed bicam-
eral legislature in early 1970 and subse-
quently ruled by decree until 1973, when he
appointed Interim National Assembly to act
as legislative branch; judicial — 63 Lesotho
courts administer customary law for Afri-
cans, High Court and subordinate courts
have criminal jurisdiction over all residents,
Court of Appeal at Maseru has appellate ju-
risdiction
Government leaders: MOSHOESHOE II,
King; Dr. Leabua JONATHAN, Prime Min-
ister
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: elections held in January 1970;
nullified allegedly because of election irregu-
larities; subsequent elections promised at
unspecified date
Political parties and leaders: Basotho Na-
tional Party (BNP), Leabua Jonathan;
Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu
Mokhehle
Voting strength: (1965 election) National As-
sembly—BNP, 32 seats; BCP, 22 seats; minor
parties, 4 seats
Communists: negligible, Communist Party
of Lesotho banned in early 1970
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $569.0 million (1980), $424 per capita;
real growth rate, -2% (1983)
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly
subsistence farming and livestock; principal
crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, bar-
ley
Major industries: none
Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1983); 38
million kWh imported from South Africa
(1983)
Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances
$102 million est. in 1982); $37 million (f.o.b.,
1982), wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, peas,
beans, corn, hides, skins, tourism
Imports: $420 million (c.i.f., 1982); mainly
corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles,
machinery, petroleum, oil, and lubricants
Major trade partner: South Africa; member
of Southern African Customs Union
Budget: (FY81/82) revenues, $143.5 million;
current expenditures, $144.7 million; devel-
opment (capital) expenditures, $76.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: the Lesotho
maloti exchanges at par with the South Afri-
can rand; 1.22 maloti=US$l (30 December
1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Bailroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and in-
cluded in the statistics of the Republic of
South Africa
Highways: approx. 4,221 km total; 508 km
paved; 1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or sta-
bilized soil; 946 km improved, 2,128 km
unimproved earth
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 1 with
permanent surface runways; 3 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system a modest one
consisting of a few landlines, a small
radio-relay system, and minor radio-
communication stations; 5,920 telephones
(0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and 2 FM stations; 1
TV station planned; Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Police De-
partment
Military manpower: males 15-49, 335,000;
179,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1982, $13.2 million; 4.7% of central
government budget
133
Liberia
Atlantic Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
1 1 1,370 km2; 40% forest; 30% jungle and
swamp; 20% agricultural; 10% other
Land boundaries: 1,336 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 579 km
People
Population: 2,160,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Liberian(s); adjective—
Liberian
Ethnic divisions: 95% indigenous African
tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru,
Grebo, Mano, Krahn, Gola, Gbandi, Loma,
Kissi, Vai, and Bella; 5% descendants of repa-
triated slaves known as Americo-Liberians
Religion: 75% traditional, 15% Muslim, 10%
Christian
Language: English (official); more than 20 lo-
cal languages of the Niger-Congo language
group; English used by about 20%
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: 510,000, of which 160,000 are in
monetary economy; non-African foreigners
hold about 95% of the top-level management
and engineering jobs; 70.5% agriculture,
10.8% services, 4.5% industry and commerce,
14.2% other
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Liberia
Type: highly centralized military rule since
coup on 12 April 1980
Capital: Monrovia
Political subdivisions: country divided into
10 counties
Legal system: constitution suspended; mar-
tial law imposed; laws previously in force
remain until repealed or amended by decrees
issued by People's Redemption Council;
draft constitution promulgated March 1983
by constitutional commission
National holiday: National Redemption
Day, 12 April; Independence Day, 26 July
Branches: executive and legislative powers
held by military People's Redemption Coun-
cil, assisted by appointed Cabinet; judicial
powers vested in People's Supreme Tribunal
and lower courts
Government leader: Gen. Samuel Kanyon
DOE, Head of State, Chairman of the Peo-
ple's Redemption Council, and Commander
in Chief of the Armed Forces
Suffrage: under suspended constitution, uni-
versal 18 years and over for property owners
Elections: military has set 12 April 1985 as
the date for return to civilian rule; election
scheduled for 20 January 1985
Political parties and leaders: political activi-
ties suspended; before coup True Whig Party
dominated; Progressive People's Party
headed by Gabriel Baccus Matthews had re-
cently been legalized; unauthorized
' Marxist-oriented Movement for Justice in Af-
rica, led by Togba Nah Tipoteh (in exile)
Communists: no Communist Party and only
a few sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU,
IRC, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $800 million (1982), $385 per capita;
—5% real annual growth rate (1982)
Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cassava,
coffee, cocoa; imports of rice, wheat, and live
cattle and beef are necessary for basic diet
Fishing: catch 13,484 metric tons (1979 est.)
Major industries: rubber processing, food
processing, construction materials, furniture,
palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, dia-
monds)
Electric power: 375,000 kW capacity (1983);
2.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 955 kWh
per capita
Exports: $450 million (f.o.b., 1983 est.); iron
ore, rubber, diamonds, lumber and logs, cof-
fee, cocoa
Imports: $400 million (c.i.f., 1983 est.); ma-
chinery, transportation equipment, petro-
leum products, manufactured goods,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Nether-
lands, Italy, Belgium
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US), ODA and OOF (1970-81), $377
million; US authorizations (including Ex-Im)
(FY70-82), $304 million; Communist (1970-
79), $23.0 million; military commitments—
US (FY70-82), $32 million
Budget: (FY83-84) revenues $306 million,
current expenditures $100 million, develop-
ment expenditures $113 million
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dollar
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
134
Libya
Communications
Railroads: 499 km total; 354 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 145 km 1.067-meter narrow
gauge; all lines single track; rail systems
owned and operated by foreign steel and fi-
nancial interests in conjunction with
Liberian Government
Highways: 8,524 km total; 804 km bitumi-
nous treated, 2,055 km gravel, 4,731 km
improved earth, and remainder unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: no significant waterways
Ports: 1 major (Monrovia), 4 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 83 total, 81 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and tele-
graph service via radio-relay network; main
center is Monrovia; 7,700 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); 3 AM, 4 FM, and 5 TV stations;
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces of Liberia, Liberia
National Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 467,000;
252,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $23.2 million; 5.5% of central gov-
ernment budget
fSee reference map VII)
Land
1,758,610 km2; 93% desert, waste, or urban;
6% agricultural; 1% forest
Land boundaries: 4,345 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(except for Gulf of Sidra where sovereignty is
claimed and northern limit of jurisdiction
fixed at 32°30'N and the unilaterally pro-
claimed 100 nm zone around Tripoli)
Coastline: 1,770km
People
Population: 3,684,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 5.2%
Nationality: noun — Libyan(s); adjective —
Libyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with
some black stock; some Greeks, Maltese,
Jews, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks,
Indians, and Tunisians
Religion: 97% Sunni Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English
widely understood in major cities
Literacy: 50%
Labor force: 1.5 million, of which about
550,000 are resident foreigners
Government
Official name: Socialist People's Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya
Type: republic; major overhaul of the con-
stitution and government structure in March
1977 established a system of popular con-
gresses, which theoretically controls the
ruling General Secretariat
Capital: Tripoli
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative
provinces closely controlled by central gov-
ernment
Legal system: based on Italian civil law sys-
tem and Islamic law; separate religious
courts; no constitutional provision for judicial
review of legislative acts; legal education at
Law School at University of Libya at Ben-
ghazi; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Sep-
tember
Branches: paramount political power and
authority rests with the Secretariat of the
General People's Congress, which theoreti-
cally functions as a parliament with a cabinet
called the General People's Committee
Government leaders: Col. Mu'ammar Abu
Minyar al-QADHAFI (no official title; runs
country and is treated as chief of state);
Miftah al-Ista 'UMAR, Secretary of the Gen-
eral People's Congress (chief of state in theory
but not treated as such)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: representatives to the General
People's Congress are drawn from popularly
elected municipal committees
Political parties: none
Communists: no organized party, negligible
membership
135
Libya (continued)
Liechtenstein
Other political or pressure groups: various
Arab nationalist movements and the Arab So-
cialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with almost
negligible memberships may be functioning
clandestinely
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: roughly $26.5 billion (1983 est), $7,600
per capita
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, barley, ol-
ives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food
is imported
Major industries: petroleum, food process-
ing, textiles, handicrafts
Electric power: 3,841,600 kW capacity
(1983); 10.095 billion kWh produced (1983),
2,885 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); petro-
leum
Imports: $9.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); manufac-
tures, food
Major trade partners: imports — Italy, FRG;
exports — Italy, FRG, Spain, France, Japan,
UK
Budget: (1983 est.) revenue $14.0 billion; ex-
penditures $13.2 billion, including
development expenditure of $8.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .2961 Libyan
pound = US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,300 km total; 10,800 km bitu-
minous and bituminous treated, 8,500 km
gravel, crushed stone and earth
Pipelines: crude oil 3,893 km; natural gas 938
km; refined products 443 km (includes 217
km liquid petroleum gas)
Ports: 4 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, Benghazi,
Misratah), 2 secondary, 15 minor, and 6 pe-
troleum terminals
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 116 total, 104 usable; 30 with
permanent-surface runways, 6 with runways
over 3,659 m, 22 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab
Jamahariyya (including Arab Army, Arab
Air Force, Arab Air Defense Command,
Arab Navy)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 891,000;
524,000 fit for military service; about 38,000
reach military age ( 17) annually ; conscription
now being implemented
(See reference map V)
Land
160km2
Land boundaries: 76 km
People
Population: 27,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — Liechtensteiner(s);
adjective — Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions: 95% Alemannic, 5% Italian
and other
Religion: 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Prot-
estant, 10.2% other
Language: German (official), Alemannic di-
alect
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 11,368; 5,078 foreign workers
(mostly from Switzerland and Austria); 54.5%
industry, trade, and building; 41.6% services;
4.0% agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horti-
culture
Government
Official name: Principality of Liechtenstein
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Political subdivisions: 11 communes
136
Legal system: principality has its own civil
and penal codes; lowest court is county court
(Landgericht), presided over by one judge,
which decides minor civil cases and sum-
mary criminal offenses; criminal court
(Kriminalgericht), with a bench of five
judges, is for major crimes; another court of
mixed jurisdiction is the court of assizes (three
judges) for misdemeanors; Superior Court
(Obergericht) and Supreme Court (Oberster
Gerichtshof ) are courts of appeal for civil and
criminal cases (five judges each); an adminis-
trative court of appeal from government
actions and the State Court determine the
constitutionality of laws; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: unicameral legislature (Diet) with
15 deputies elected to four-year terms, he-
reditary Prince, independent judiciary
Government leaders: FRANZ Josef II,
Prince; Hans BRUNHART, Head of Govern-
ment (Prime Minister)
Suffrage: unversal adult male
Elections: every four years; last election 1982
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland
Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler; Progressive Cit-
izens' Party (FBP), Dr. Peter Marxer;
Christian Social Party, Fritz Kaiser; Action
Sleeping Beauty (Aktion Dornroschen)
Voting strength: (1982) VU 53.4% (8 seats),
FBP 46.4% (7 seats)
Communists: none
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA,
IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
UNCTAD, UNIDO, UNICEF, UPU, WIPO;
considering UN membership; under several
post- World War I treaties Switzerland han-
dles Liechtenstein's customs and postal,
telephone, and telegraph systems and repre-
sents the principality abroad on a diplomatic
and consular level whenever requested to do
so by the Liechtenstein Government
Economy
Liechtenstein has a prosperous economy
based primarily on small-scale light industry
and some farming; metal industry is by far
the most prominent sector; high-frequency
installations, boilers for central heating,
hardware, small machinery, canned goods,
furniture and upholstery, chemical and
pharmaceutical goods, vacuum installations,
optical and measuring instruments, oil tanks,
artificial teeth, ceramics, and textiles are the
principal manufactures, intended almost en-
tirely for export; industry accounts for 52% of
total employment, service sector 44%, and
agriculture and forestry 4%; livestock raising
and dairying are the main sources of income
in the small farm sector; the sale of postage
stamps to foreign collectors, estimated at $10
million annually provides for 10% of state ex-
penditures; companies incorporated in
Liechtenstein solely for tax purposes provide
a further 30% of the state budget; low busi-
ness taxes (the maximum tax rate is 20%) and
easy incorporation rules have induced be-
tween 20,000 and 30,000 holding companies,
so-called letter box companies, to establish
nominal offices in the principality; economy
is tied closely to that.of Switzerland in a cus-
toms union; no national accounts data are
available
GNP: approximately $16,900 per capita
(1980)
Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn,
wheat, potatoes, grapes
Major industries: high technology, metal
manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharma-
ceuticals, food products
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1983);
150 million kWh produced (1983), 5,770
kWh per capita
Exports: (1981) $441 million; 40.5% EC;
32.2% EFTA (23.8% Switzerland); 27.3%
other
Major trade partners: exports (1979) — $466
million; 42% EC, 32% EFTA (24% Switzer-
land), 26% other
Budget: (1980) revenues $124 million,
expenditures $124 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.15 Swiss
francs=US$l (third quarter 1983)
Communications
Railroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, electrified; owned, operated, and in-
cluded in statistics of Austrian Federal
Railways
Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km
byroads
Civil air: no transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving about 20,020 telephones (77.0
per 100 popl.); no broadcast facilities
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
Branches: Police Department
137
Luxembourg
FRANCE
(See reference map V)
Land
2,586 km'; 43.9% arable; 33% forest; 27%
meadow and pasture; 15% waste or urban;
negligible inland water
Land boundaries: 356 km
People
Population: 366,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0. 1 %
Nationality: noun — Luxembourger(s);
adjective — Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French
and German blend; also guest and worker res-
idents from Portugal, Italy, and European
countries
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% Protes-
tant and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgish, German,
French; most educated Luxembourgers also
speak English
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: (1981) 161,700; one-third of la-
bor force is foreign, comprising mostly
workers from Portugal, Italy, France, Bel-
gium, and FRG (1981); unemployment 1.0%
(1981 average); 45% services, 42% industry
and commerce, 12% government, 0.5% agri-
culture
Government
Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxem-
bourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for
administrative purposes has 3 districts (Lux-
embourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12
cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system; con-
stitution adopted 1868; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 June
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven
ministers compose Council of Government
headed by President, which constitutes the
executive; it is responsible to the unicameral
legislature (Chamber of Deputies); the Coun-
cil of State, appointed for indefinite term,
exercises some powers of an upper house; ju-
dicial power exercised by independent
courts; coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: JEAN, Grand Duke;
Pierre WERNER, Prime Minister -
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: every five years for entire Cham-
ber of Deputies; latest elections June 1979
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social
Party, Pierre Werner (parliamentary presi-
dent) and Jean Spautz (party president);
Socialist Workers, Robert Krieps (party presi-
dent); Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte
(party president); Liberal, Colette Flesch;
Communist, Dominique Urbany; Independ-
ent Socialists, Jean Gremling (party
president); Enroles de Force
Voting strength: (1979) Chamber of Depu-
ties— Christian Socialist, 24; Socialist
Workers, 14; Liberals, 15; Communists, 2; So-
cial Democrats, 1; Independent Socialists, 1;
Enroles de Force, 1; Chamber of Deputies
will be enlarged to 64 sets in June 1984 elec-
tion
Communists: 500 party members (1981)
Other political or pressure groups: group of
steel industries representing iron and steel in-
dustry, Centrale Paysanne representing
agricultural producers; Christian and Social-
ist labor unions; Federation of Industrialists;
Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of Eu-
rope, EC, EIB, EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU,
ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $3.4 billion, $9,289 per capita (1982);
60.0% private consumption, 17.1% govern-
ment consumption, 24.9% investment, 2.0%
stockbuilding, —4.9% net foreign balance;
- 1.7% real GDP growth (1982)
Agriculture: mixed farming, dairy products,
and wine
Major industries: iron and steel (25% of
GNP), food processing, chemicals, metal
products and engineering, tires, and banking
Crude steel: 4.6 million metric tons produced
(1980), 14 metric tons per capita; 6.4 metric
ton capacity (1981)
Electric power: 1,496,500 kW capacity
(1983); 933 million kWh produced (1983),
2,550 kWh per capita
Exports, imports, major trade partners:
Luxembourg has a customs union with Bel-
gium under which foreign trade is recorded
jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's
principal exports are iron and steel products,
principal imports are coal and consumer
goods; most of its foreign trade is with FRG,
Belgium, France, and other EC countries (for
totals, see Belgium)
Budget: (1982 prov.) revenues $1.31 billion,
expenditures $1.35 billion, deficit $39.5 mil-
lion; (1983 proj.) revenues $1.226 billion,
expenditures $1.338 billion, deficit $13.1
million (1982)
138
Macau
Monetary conversion rate: 56.33 Luxem-
bourg francs=US$l (23 December 1983);
under the BLEU agreement, the Luxem-
bourg franc is equal in value to the Belgian
franc, which circulates freely in Luxem-
bourg
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 270 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 160 km double track; 162 km electri-
fied
Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved,
57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km lim-
ited access divided highway
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
Port: (river) Mertert
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate and effi-
cient system, mainly buried cables; 199,000
telephones (54. 8 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army
Military manpower: males 15-49, 96,000;
80,000 fit for military service
,-fUjHONG KONG
MACAU
PHILIPPINES]
(See reference map VIII)
Land
15.5 km2; 90% urban; 10% agricultural
Land boundaries: 201 m
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm;
fishing, 12 nm
Coastline: 40 km
People
Population: 309,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Macanese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Macau
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% Portu-
guese
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics,
of whom about half are Chinese
Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese
and Macanese; no data on Chinese popula-
tion
Labor Force: 30% manufacturing, 27% com-
merce, 26% services, 8% transportation and
communications, 5% agriculture, 3% con-
struction, 1% utilities (1960 data)
Government
Official name: Macau
Type: overseas province of Portugal, referred
to by both Lisbon and Beijing as sovereign
Chinese territory under Portuguese adminis-
tration
Capital: Lisbon (Portugal)
Political subdivisions: municipality of Ma-
cau and two islands (Taipa and Coloane)
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: 18-member Legislative Assembly,
with Governor and 5 appointed, 6 nomi-
nated, and 6 elected representatives
Government leader: Rear Adm. Vasco Fer-
nando Lecte da Almeida e COSTA, Governor
Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese, and foreign
residents over 18
Elections: conducted every four years
Political parties and leaders: Association to
Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Dem-
ocratic Center; Group to Study the Devel-
opment of Macau; Macau Independent
Group
Communists: numbers unknown
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy
Macanese and Chinese representing local in-
terests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants
representing China's interests; in January
1967 Macau Government acceded to Chinese
demands that gave Chinese veto power over
administration of the enclave
Economy
GNP: $640 million (1980 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, vegetables;
food shortages — rice, vegetables, meat; de-
pends mostly on imports for food
requirements
Major industries: textiles, fireworks
Electric power: 1 16,956 kW capacity (1982);
295 million kWh produced (1982), 1,020
kWh per capita
139
Macau (continued)
Madagascar
Exports: $737.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); textiles
and clothing
Imports: $731.4 million (c.i.f., 1982, food-
stuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 22% Hong
Kong, 13% FRG, 11% France; imports— 36%
Hong Kong, 33% China (1981)
Budget: (1982) expenditures $140.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 7.8
patacas=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 42 km paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: fairly modern com-
munication facilities maintained for
domestic and international services; 13,000
telephones; 4 AM and 3 FM radio broadcast
transmitters; est. 75,000 radio receivers; in-
ternational HF radio communication
facility; access to international communica-
tions carriers provided via Hong Kong and
China
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Military manpower: males 15-49, 84,000;
48,000 fit for military service
Indian Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
595,700 km2; 58% pasture; 21% forest; 8%
waste; 6% other; 5% cultivated; 2% rivers and
lakes
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
(fishing 150 nm; exclusive economic zone 150
nm)
Coastline: 4,828 km
People
Population: 9,645,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Malagasy (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Malagasy
Ethnic divisions: basic split between high-
landers of predominantly Malayo-
Indonesian origin, consisting of Merina
(1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000) on
the one hand and coastal tribes — collectively
termed the Cotiers — with mixed Negroid,
Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on
the other; coastal tribes include Betsimi-
saraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000,
Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000; there
are also 10,000-12,000 European French,
5,000 Indians of French nationality, and
5,000 Creoles
Religion: more than half indigenous beliefs;
about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy official
Literacy: 53%
Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90%
are nonsalaried family workers engaged in
subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and
salary earners, 26% agriculture, 17% domes-
tic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce,
11% construction, 9% services, 6% transpor-
tation, 2% miscellaneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of
Madagascar
Type: real authority in hands of President
Ratsiraka, although Supreme Revolutionary
Council is theoretically ultimate executive
authority
Capital: Antananarivo
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and traditional Malagasy law; constitu-
tion of 1959 modified in October 1972 by law
establishing provisional government institu-
tions; new constitution accepted by
referendum in December 1975; legal educa-
tion at National School of Law, University of
Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 26
June
Branches: executive — a 19-member Su-
preme Revolutionary Council (made up of
military and political leaders); assisted by
cabinet called Council of Ministers; unicam-
eral legislative — Popular National Assembly;
Military Committee for Development; regu-
lar courts are patterned after French system,
and a High Council of Institutions reviews all
legislation to determine its constitutional va-
lidity
Government leader: Adm. Didier RATSI-
RAKA, President
Suffrage: universal for adults (18 and above)
140
Elections: referendum held in December
1975 gave overwhelming approval to govern-
ment and new constitution; elections for
Popular National Assembly held in June 1977
and in August 1983; only one political group-
ing allowed to take part in the election, "The
National Front for the Defense of the Revo-
lution," which presented a single list of
candidates; a presidential election in Novem-
ber 1982 returned President Ratsiraka with
an 80% majority; the challenger, Monja
Jaona, received 20% and was later arrested
after leading demonstrations to protest elec-
tion fraud
Political parties and leaders: seven parties
are now allowed limited political activity un-
der the national front and are represented on
the Supreme Revolutionary Council: Ad-
vance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution
(AREMA), Didier Ratsiraka; Congress Party
for Malagasy Independence (AKFM), Pastor
Richard Andriamanjato; Movement for Na-
tional Unity (VONJY), Dr. Marojama
Razanabahiny; Malagasy Christian Demo-
cratic Union (UDECMA), Norbert Andria-
morasatu; Militants for the Establishment of
a Proletarian Regime (MFM), Manandafy
Rakotonirina; National Movement for the In-
dependence of Madagascar (MONIMA),
Monja Jaona; Socialist Organization
MONIMA (VS MONIMA), Jaona Reman-
indry
Voting strength: number of registered voters
(1982)— 4.8 million; in 1977 local elections,
President Ratsiraka 's AREMA captured ap-
proximately 89.5% of the 73,000 available
positions on 1 1,400 local Executive Commit-
tees; AKFM won about 7.3% of the seats,
MONIMA 1.7%, and VONJY 1.4%;
UDECMA won only about 45 seats; in the
1983 legislative election AREMA won 117
out of the 137 seats in the Popular National
Assembly
Communists: Communist party of virtually
no importance; small and vocal group of
Communists has gained strong position in
leadership of AKFM, the rank and file of
which is non-Communist
Member of: AfDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, VVFTU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.2 billion (1980), about $360 per cap-
ita; real growth rate 0% (1978-81)
Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, vanilla,
cloves, sugar, tobacco, sisal, rice, raphia; food
crops — rice, cassava, cereals, potatoes, corn,
beans, bananas, coconuts, and peanuts; ani-
mal husbandry widespread; imports some
rice, milk, and cereal
Fishing: catch 53,520 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: agricultural processing
(meat canneries, soap factories, brewery,
tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer
goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement
plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil re-
finery
Electric power: 170,000 kW capacity (1983);
700 million kWh produced (1983), 75 kWh
per capita
Exports: $432.5 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee,
vanilla, sugar, cloves; agricultural and live-
stock products account for about 85% of
export earnings
Imports: $522.5 million (c.i.f., 1982); con-
sumer goods, foodstuffs, primary products
(crude oil, fertilizers, metal products), capital
goods
Major trade partners: France, US, other EC;
trade with Communist countries remains a
minute part of total trade
Budget: (1981) revenues $310 million (est),
current expenditures $372 million (est.), net
lending $236 million
External debt: $1.3 billion, debt service pay-
ment 30% of exports
Monetary conversion rate: 442.9 Malagasy
francs=US$l (31 August 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 884 km 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 27,500 km total; 4,694 km paved,
81 1 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; remainder improved and unimproved
earth (est.)
Inland waterways: of local importance only;
isolated streams and small portions of Canal
des Pangalanes
Ports: 4 major (Tamatave, Diego Suarez, Ma-
junga, Tulear)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 158 total, 124 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 46 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system includes
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, and radio-
relay links; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station;
37,100 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 14 AM,
no FM, and 24 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Popular Army, Aeronaval Forces
(includes Navy and Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,135,000;
1,306,000 fit for military service; 88,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $62.1 million; about 15% of
central government budget
141
Malawi
(See reference map VII)
Land
118,484 km2; 34% of land area arable (of
which 86% is cultivated); nearly 25% forest;
6% meadow and pasture; 38% other
Land boundaries: 2,881 km
People
Population: 6,829,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Malawian(s);
adjective — Malawian
Ethnic divisions: Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko,
Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Asian, Eu-
ropean
Religion: 55% Protestant, 20% Roman Cath-
olic, 20% Muslim; traditional indigenous
beliefs are also practiced by some members
of these groups
Language: English and Chichewa (official);
Tombuka is second African language
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: 331 ,536 wage earners employed
in Malawi (1978); 48% agriculture, 15% per-
sonal services, 11% manufacturing, 10%
construction, 10% commerce, 5% miscella-
neous services; 6,000 Europeans
permanently employed
Organized labor: small minority of wage
earners are unionized
Government
Official name: Republic of Malawi
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lilongwe
Political subdivisions: 3 administrative re-
gions and 24 districts
Legal system: based on English common law
and customary law; constitution adapted
1964; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court of Appeals; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July
Branches: strong presidential system with
Cabinet appointed by President; unicameral
National Assembly of 87 elected and up to 15
nominated members; High Court with Chief
Justice and at least two justices
Government leader: Dr. Hastings Kamuzu
BANDA, President
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: President Banda designated Presi-
dent for Life in 1971; parliamentary
elections last held June 1983, next scheduled
for 1988
Political parties and leaders: Malawi Con-
gress Party (MCP), post of secretary general
unfilled since death of Dick Matenje in May
1983
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, EC (as-
sociated member), FAO, G-77, GATT,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTERPOL, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.34 billion (1982), $213 per capita;
real growth rate 3.0% (1982)
Agriculture: cash crops — tobacco, tea, sugar,
peanuts, cotton, tung, maize; subsistence
crops — corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root
crops, fruit, vegetables, rice; self-sufficient in
food production
Electric power: 140,000 kW capacity (1983);
450 million kWh produced (1983), 70kWh
per capita
Major industries: agricultural processing
(tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement,
consumer goods
Exports: $243.6 millon (f.o.b, 1982); tobacco,
tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, corn
Imports: $226.3 billon (f.o.b., 1982); manu-
factured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, building and construction ma-
terials, fuel, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports — UK, FRG,
US, Netherlands, South Africa, imports —
South Africa, UK, Japan, US, FRG
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $875 million; US authorized (FY70-82),
$37 millon
Budget: 1982 revenues $218.6 million, ex-
penditures $306.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.28 Malawi
kwacha=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 754 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 10,775 km total; 1,940 km paved;
381 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 8,569 km improved earth
k
Inland waterways: Lake Malawi, 1,290 km
and Shire River, 144 km, 3 lake ports
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
142
Malaysia
Airfields: 51 total, 47 usable; 4 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire lines, radio-relay links, and radio-
communications stations; 15,130 telephones
(0.3 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 8 FM, and no TV
stations; ! Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Army Air Wing, Army Na-
val Detachment
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,451,000;
about 735,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983 $22.9 million; about 6.4% of cen-
tral governement budget
(See reference map IX)
Land
NOTE: established on 16 September 1963,
Malaysia consists of Peninsular Malaysia,
which includes 1 1 states of the former Fed-
eration of Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which
includes the two former colonies of North
Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak
Land
Peninsular Malaysia: 131,313 km2; 54%
other; 26% forest reserve; 20% cultivated
Sabah: 76,146 km2; 34% forest reserve; 13%
cultivated; 53% other
Sarawak: 125,097 km2; 24% forest reserves;
21% cultivated; 55% other
Land boundaries: 509 km Peninsular Malay-
sia, 1,786 km East Malaysia
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm, exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia,
2,607 km East Malaysia
People
Population: 15,330,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.2%
Peninsular Malaysia: 12,606, 000 (July 1984),
average annual growth rate 2.0%
Sabah: 1,229,000 (July 1984), average annual
growth rate 4.0%
Sarawak: 1,495,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Malaysian(s);
adjective — Malaysian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Malay, 36% Chinese,
10% Indian, 4% other
Religion:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malays nearly all Mus-
lim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists,
Indians predominantly Hindu
Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45%
other
Sarawak: 35% tribal religion, 24% Buddhist
and Confucianist, 16% Christian, 2% other
Language:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official); Eng-
lish, Chinese dialects, Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dia-
lects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects
predominate among Chinese
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numer-
ous tribal languages
Literacy:
Peninsular Malaysia: 75%
Sabah: 58%
Sarawak: 55%
Labor force:
Malaysia: 4.95 million (1980)
Peninsular Malaysia: 4.1 million; 46.2% ag-
riculture, forestry, and fishing; 31.9% trade,
transport, and services; 10.9% manufacturing
and construction, (1980)
Sabah: 366,000 (1980); 80% agriculture, for-
estry, and fishing; 13% trade and transpor-
tation; 6% manufacturing and construction;
1% other
143
Malaysia (continued)
Sarawak: 455,000(1980); 80% agriculture,
forestry, and fishing; 13% trade, transporta-
tion, and services; 6% manufacturing and
construction; 1% other
Organized labor: 562,000 (May 1980), about
1 1% of total labor force; unemployment
about 6.1% of total labor force (1979), but
higher in urban areas
Government
Official name: Malaysia
Type:
Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nomi-
nally headed by Paramount Ruler (King); a
bicameral Parliament consisting of a 58-
member Senate and a 154-member House of
Representatives
Peninsular Malaysian states: hereditary rul-
ers in all but Penang and Malacca where
Governors appointed by Malaysian Govern-
ment; powers of state governments limited
by federal constitution
Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia
in which it holds 16 seats in House of Repre-
sentatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal
security, and other powers delegated to fed-
eral government
Sarawak: self-governing state within Malay-
sia in which it holds 24 seats in House of
Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and
internal security, and other powers are dele-
gated to federal government
Capital:
Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu
Sarawak: Kuching
Political subdivisions: 13states(including Sa-
bah and Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution came into force 1963; judicial re-
view of legislative acts in the Supreme Court
at request of Supreme Head of the Federa-
tion; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: 31 August
Branches: nine state rulers alternate as Para-
mount Ruler for five-year terms; locus of
executive power vested in Prime Minister
and Cabinet, who are responsible to bicam-
eral Parliament (Senate, House of Repre-
sentatives); following communal rioting in
May 1969, government imposed state of
emergency and suspended constitutional
rights of all parliamentary bodies; parlia-
mentary democracy resumed in February
1971
Peninsular Malaysia: executive branches of
1 1 states vary in detail but are similar in de-
sign; a Chief Minister, appointed by hered-
itary ruler or Governor, heads an executive
council (cabinet), which is responsible to an
elected, unicameral legislature
Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch
headed by Governor appointed by central
government, largely ceremonial role; execu-
tive power exercised by Chief Minister who
heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to
unicameral legislature; judiciary part of Ma-
laysian judicial system
Government leader: Dr. MAHATHIR bin
Mohamad, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: minimum of every five years; last
elections April 1982
Political parties and leaders:
Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a con-
federation of 11 political parties dominated
by United Malay National Organization
(UMNO), Mahathir bin Mohamad; opposi-
tion parties are Democratic Action Party
(DAP) and Islamic Party (PAS)
Sabah: Berjaya Party, Datuk Harris Salleh;
United Sabah National Organization
(USNO), Tun Datuk Mustapha; Sabah Chi-
nese Consolidated Party (SCCP); opposition
Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputra Sabah
(Perkasa), Datuk Pengiran Othman Rauf
Sarawak: coalition Sarawak National Front
composed of the Party Pesaka Bumipatra
Bersatu (PPBB), Datuk Abdul Taib; the
United People's Party (SUPP), Wong Soon
Kai; and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP),
Datuk James Wong; opposition is Parti Bansa
Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Leo Maggie
Voting strength:
Peninsular Malaysia: (1982 election) lower
house of parliament; National Front, 132
seats; Democratic Action Party, 9 seats; Is-
lamic Party, 5 seats; independents, 8 seats
Sabah: (March 1981 election) State Assem-
bly— Berjaya Party, 43 seats; USNO, 3 seats;
SCCP, 1 seat; 1 seat vacant
Sarawak: (1979 election) State Assembly-
National Front controls 45 of 48 seats
Communists:
Peninsular Malaysia: approximately 3,000
armed insurgents on Thailand side of
Thai/Malaysia border; approximately 300
full-time inside Peninsular Malaysia
Sarawak: 125 armed insurgents in Sarawak
Sabah: insignificant
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Associa-
tion of Tin Producting Countries, Colombo
Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC,
ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP:
Malaysia: $25.1 billion (1981), $1,750 per
capita; annual growth 5.6% (1983)
Agriculture:
Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, oil
palm, rice; 10-15% of rice requirements im-
ported
Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops —
rubber, timber, coconut, rice; food deficit —
144
Sarawak: main crops — rubber, timber, pep-
per; food deficit — rice
Fishing: catch 698,000 metric tons (1979)
Major industries:
Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm
processing and manufacturing, light manu-
facturing industry, electronics, tin mining
and smelting, logging and processing timber
Sabah: logging, petroleum production
Saraicak: agriculture processing, petroleum
production and refining, logging
Electric power:
Peninsular Mala ysia: 2,405,000 kW capacity
(1982); 9.771 billion kWh produced (1982),
807 kWh per capita
Sabah: 205,000 kW capacity (1982); 602 mil-
lion kWh produced (1982), 530 kWh per
capita
Sarawak: 153,000 kW capacity (1982); 383
million kWh produced (1982), 269 kWh per
capita
Exports: $11.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); natural
rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, light
manufactures
Imports: $12.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982)
Major trade partners: exports — 23% Japan,
17% Singapore, 17% US, 14% EEC; im-
ports—23% Japan, 15% US, 11% EEC (1979)
Budget: 1982 revenue and grants, $4 billion;
current expenditure $7.7 billion, capital ex-
penditures $6.5 billion; deficit $2 billion; $2.2
billion military, 80% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 2.345 ringgits=
US$1 (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads:
Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665km 1.04-meter
gauge; 13 km double track; government
owned
East Malaysia: 136 km 1.000-meter gauge in
Sabah
Highways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 19,753 km total;
15,900 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous
surface treatment), 3,000 km crushed
stone/gravel, 883 km improved or unim-
proved earth
East Malaysia: about 5,426 km total (1,644
km in Sarawak, 3,782 km in Sabah); 819 km
hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface
treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed stone,
1,671 km earth
Inland waterways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km
East Malaysia: 4,200 km (1,569 km in Sabah,
2,518 km in Sarawak)
Ports:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3 major, 14 minor
East Malaysia: 3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3
minor in Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak)
Civil air: approximately 28 major transport
aircraft
Pipelines: crude oil, 650 km; natural gas, 340
km
Airfields:
Peninsular Malaysia: 61 total, 61 usable; 17
with permanent-surface runways; 3 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 1 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Sabah: 35 total, 35 usable; 6 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659
m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
k 47 total, 47 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications:
Peninsular Malaysia: good intercity service
provided mainly by microwave relay; inter-
national service good; good coverage by radio
and television broadcasts; 609,288 telephones
(5. 13 per 100 popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, and 20 TV
stations; IOCON submarine cables extend to
India; connected to SEACOM submarine ca-
ble terminal at Singapore by microwave
relay; 2 international ground satellite sta-
tions; 1 domestic ground satellite station
Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay net-
work extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 43,000
telephones (3.94 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 1 FM,
7 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable
links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 ground
satellite station
Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay net-
work extends to Sabah via Brunei; 64,512
telephones (4. 65 per 100 popl.);5 AM stations,
no FM, and 6 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Malaysian Army, Royal Ma-
laysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force,
Royal Malaysian Police Force
Military manpower:
Peninsular Malaysia: males 15-49,
3,201,000; 2,052,000 fit for military service;
141,000 reach military age (21) annually
Sabah: males 15-49, 304,000; 183,000 fit for
military service; 14,000 reach military age
(21) annually
Sarawak: males 15-49, 378,000; 228,000 fit
for military service; 15,000 reach military
age (21) annually
Jixternal defense dependent on loose Five
Power Defense Agreement (FPDA), which
replaced Anglo-Malayan Defense Agree-
ment of 1957 as amended in 1963
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.892 million; about 23.4%
of central government budget
145
Maldives
"*IDIVE8
Indian Ocean
(See reference map VIII)
Land
298 km2; 2,000 islands grouped into 12 atolls;
about 220 islands inhabited
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): the
land and sea between latitudes 7°9'N and
0°45'S and between longitudes 72°30'E and
73°48'E; these coordinates form a rectangle
of approximately 37,000 nm8; territorial sea
ranges from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing, approxi-
mately 100 nm; economic, approximately
200 nm
Coastline: 644 km (approx.)
People
Population: 173,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Maldivian(s);
adjective — Maldivian
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese,
Dravidian, Arab, and black
Religion: Sunni Muslim
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala; script
derived from Arabic); English spoken by
most government officials
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: total employment is approxi-
mately 66,000; fishing industry employs 80%
of the labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative dis-
tricts corresponding to atolls
Legal system: based on Islamic law with ad-
mixtures of English common law primarily
in commercial matters; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: Independence Day, 26
July; Republic Day, 11 November
Branches: popularly elected unicameral na-
tional legislature — People's Council
(members elected for five-year terms);
elected President, chief executive; appointed
Chief Justice responsible for administration
of Islamic law
Government leader: Maumoon Abdul
GAYOOM, President
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: no organized
political parties; country governed by the
Didi clan for the past eight centuries
Communists: negligible number
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Common-
wealth (special member), FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IMF, IMO, ITU,
NAM, QIC, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $74 million (1982), 462 per capita; real
growth rate (est. 1982), 9%
Agriculture: crops — coconut, limited pro-
duction of millet, corn, pumpkins, sweet
potatoes; shortages — rice, sugar, flour
Fishing: catch 30,300 (est.) metric tons (1982)
Major industries: fishing, some coconut pro-
cessing, tourism, garment industry, woven
mats, shipping, coir (rope)
Electric power: 4,500 kW capacity (1981); 9
million kWh produced (1981), 57 kWh per
capita
Exports: US$17.3 million (1982)
Imports: US$46.0 million (1982)
Major trade partners: Japan, Sri Lanka,
Thailand
Budget: (1983 est.) revenue $22.7 million; ex-
penditure $41.65 million (at official rate of
5.50 rufiyaa=US$l
Monetary conversion rate: 5.50 Maldivian
rufiyas=US$l, official rate; 7.05 Maldivian
rufiyas=US$l, market rate (August 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Male, Gan)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-
3,659m
Telecommunications: minimal domestic and
international telecommunication facilities;
1,060 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 1 TV. 1
FM, and 2 AM stations; 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT station
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, about $1.4 million
146
Mali
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
1,204,015 km2; 75% sparse pasture or desert;
about 25% arable; negligible forest
Land boundaries: 7,459 km
People
Population: 7,562,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Malian(s); adjective —
Malian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Mande (Bambara, Ma-
linke, Sarakole), 17% Peul, 12% Voltaic, 6%
Songhai, 5% Tuareg and Moor
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% indigenous be-
liefs, 1% Christian
Language: French (official); and Bambara
(spoken by about 80% of the population
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 3.1 million (1981); 80% agricul-
ture, 19% services, 1% industry and
commerce
Organized labor: National Union of Malian
Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization
over 13 national unions
Government
Official name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; military regime in power
since November 1968; fulfilled its plans
in June 1979 for a phased return to civilian
rule
Capital: Bamako
Political subdivisions: 1 administrative re-
gions; 42 administrative districts (cercles),
arrondissements, villages; all subordinate to
central government
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1974, came into full effect in 1979; judicial
review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Section of Court of State; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
September
Branches: until 1979 executive authority ex-
ercised by Military Committee of National
Liberation (MCNL) composed of 1 1 army of-
ficers; now Cabinet composed of civilians
and army officers; unicameral legislature
(National Council); judiciary
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Moussa
TRAORE, President
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: Democratic
Union of Malian People (UDPM), is the sole
political party under civilian leadership
Elections: constitutional elections took place
June 1979
Communisms: a few Communists and some
sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, APC, CEAO, EGA,
ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto),
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, QIC, OM VS
(Organization for the Development of the
Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.0 billion (1982), $138 per capita; an-
nual real growth rate 4.4% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — millet, sorghum,
rice, corn, peanuts; cash crops — peanuts,
cotton, and livestock
Fishing: catch 98,000 tons (1981)
Major industries: small local consumer goods
and processing
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1983);
140 million kWh produced (1983), 20 kWh
per capita
Exports: $145.8 million (f.o.b., 1982); live-
stock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, and skins
Imports: $232.6 million (f.o.b., 1982); tex-
tiles, vehicles, petroleum products,
machinery, sugar, and cereals
Major trade partners: mostly with franc
zone and Western Europe; also with USSR,
China
Budget: (1982) revenues $154 million, expen-
ditures and net lending $169 million
Monetary conversion rate: 794.9 Mali
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 642 km 1.000- meter gauge
Highways: approximately 15,700 km total;
1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and
improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 40 total, 36 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
147
Mali (continued)
Malta
Telecommunications: domestic system poor
and provides only minimal service; radio-
relay, wire, and radiocommunications sta-
tions in use; expansion of radio relay in
progress; 8,000 telephones; 2 AM, 2 FM, and
no TV stations; 2 antennas for Atlantic and
Indian Ocean INTELSAT satellite service
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,654,000;
835,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982, $28.5 million; about 23% of
central government budget
(See reference map V)
Land
313 km2; 45% agricultural; negligible forest;
remainder urban, waste, or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 25 nm)
Coastline: 140 km
People
Population: 356,000 (July 1984), average^n-
nual growth rate —0.5%
Nationality: noun — Maltese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Maltese
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian,
Norman, Spanish, Italian, English
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Language: Maltese and English (official)
Literacy: 83%
Labor force: 121,581 (September 1982); 32%
services (except government), 26% manufac-
turing, 18% government (except job corps),
6% agriculture, 5% job corps, 5% utilities and
drydocks; 7.5% registered unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 40% of la-
bor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Malta
Type: parliamentary democracy, independ-
ent republic within the Commonwealth since
December 1974
Capital: Valletta
Political subdivisions: 2 main populated is-
lands, Malta and Cozo, divided into 13
electoral districts (divisions)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution adopted 1961, came into force
1964; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic-
tion, with reservations
Branches: executive, consisting of Prime
Minister and Cabinet; unicameral legislature
(65-member House of Representatives); inde-
pendent judiciary
National holiday: Freedom Day, 31 March
Government leaders: Agatha BARBARA,
President; Dominic MINTOFF, Prime Min-
ister
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registration
required
Elections: at the discretion of the Prime Min-
ister, but must be held before the expiration
of a five-year electoral mandate; last election
December 1981
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist
Party, Edward Fenech Adami; Malta Labor
Party, Dominic Mintoff
Voting strength: (1981 election) House of
Representatives — Labor, 34 seats (49% of the
vote); Nationalist, 31 seats (51% of the vote)
Communists: less than 100 (est.)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Eu-
rope, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC (Interna-
tional Wheat Council), NAM, UN, UNDP,
UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
148
Martinique
Economy
GDP: $1.14 billion (1982), $3,499 per capita
(1982); 67.3% private consumption, 25.2%
gross investment; 18.1% government con-
sumption, — 15.7% net foreign sector; change
in stocks 5. 1%; in 1982 real GDP growth was
2.7%
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; gen-
erally adequate supplies of vegetables,
poultry, milk and pork products; seasonal or
periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder,
fruits, and other basic foodstuffs; main prod-
ucts— potatoes, cauliflowers, grapes, wheat,
barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green
peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs
Major industries: tourism, ship repair yard,
clothing, building industry, food manufac-
turing, textiles
Shortages: most consumer and industrial
needs (fuels and raw materials) must be im-
ported
Electric power: 1 15,000 kW capacity (1983);
605 million kWh produced (1983), 1,665
kWh per capita
Exports: $779.7 million (f.o.b., 1982); cloth-
ing, textiles, ships, printed matter i
Imports: $957.4 million (c.i.f., 1982)
Major trade partners: 74% EC (38% FRG,
25% Italy, 19.8% UK); 5% US (1980)
Budget: (1983) projects $551 million in ex-
penditures, $547 million in revenues
Monetary conversion rate: 2.227 Maltese
pounds=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
Communications
Highways: 1,292 km total; 1,179 km paved
(asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35
km improved and unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Valletta), 1 secondary, 1 mi-
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface
runways, 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern automatic
telecom system centered in Valletta; 82,700
telephones (26.2 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 5 FM,
and 2 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Armed Forces, Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 90,000;
74,000 fit for military service
Supply: various facilities and equipment
turned over by the UK in 1965; has received 2
patrol boats, small arms, and mortars from
Libya; vehicles and engineer equipment
from Italy
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $32.0 million; about 2.6% of
central government budget
DOMINICMI
REPUBUC
PUERTO
fllCO
Atlantic Ocean
\ „
V
Caribbean 5e»
MARTINI HUE?,
3
("See reference map III)
Land
1,100 km2; 31% crop; 29% forest; 24% waste
or built on; 16% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 290 km
People
Population: 330,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun— Martiniquais (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Martiniquais
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-
Caucasian-Indian mixture, 5% Caucasian,
less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu
and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 100,000; 23% agriculture, 20%
public services, 11% construction and public
works, 10% commerce and banking, 10%
services, 9% industry, 17% other; 14%
unemployed
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
149
Martinique (continued)
Government
Official name: Department of Martinique
Type: overseas department and region of
France; represented by three deputies in the
French National Assembly and two senators
in the Senate
Capital: Fort-de-France
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34
communes, each with a locally elected
municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest
court is a court of appeal based in Martinique
with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French
Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by
Paris; legislative, popularly elected council of
36 members and a Regional Council includ-
ing all members of the local general council
and the locally elected deputies and senators
to the French parliament; judicial, under ju-
risdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: Jean CHEVANCE,
Prefect of the Republic
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council election nor-
mally is held every five years; last General
Council election took place in June 1981; re-
gional assembly elections held February
1983
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the
Republic (RPR), Emile Maurice; Progressive
Party of Martinique (PPM), Aime Cesaire;
Communist Party of Martinique (PCM),
Armand Nicolas; Democratic Union of Mar-
tinique (UDM), Leon-Laurent Valere
Voting strength: RPR, 1 seat in French Na-
tional Assembly; UDF, 1 seat; Socialist Party,
1 seat
Communists: 1,000 estimated
Other political or pressure groups: Proletar-
ian Action Group (GAP), Socialist Revolution
Group (GRS), Martinique Independence
Movement (MIM), Caribbean Revolutionary
Alliance (ARC)
Member of ': WFTU
Economy
GDP: $1.38 billion (1980), $4,543 per capita
Agriculture: bananas, pineapples, vegeta-
bles, flowers, limited sugarcane for rum
Major industries: construction, rum, ce-
ment, oil refining, light industry, tourism
Electric power: 65,000 kW capacity (1983);
247 million kWh produced (1983), 815 kWh
per capita
Exports: $123 million (1981); refined petro-
leum products, bananas, rum, pineapples
Imports: $703 million (1981); petroleum
products, foodstuffs, construction materials,
vehicles, clothing and other consumer goods
Major trade partners: exports — 56% France"
(1978); imports— 62% France, 28% EEC and
franc zone, 4.5% US, 5.5% other (1977)
Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF
commitments (1970-81) from Western (non-
US) countries, $3.1 billion; no military aid
Budget: (1981) $215 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.8725 French
francs=US$l (23 February 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved,
380 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Fort-de-France), 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities are
adequate; 64,200 telephones (21.2 per 100
popl.); interisland radio-relay links to Guade-
loupe, Dominica, and St. Lucia; 1 Atlantic
Ocean satellite station; 1 AM, 4 FM, and 7 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of France
Military manpower: males 15-49, 83,000
150
Mauritania
CSee reference map VII)
Land
1,085,760 km2; almost 90% desert; 10% pas-
ture; less than 1 % suitable for crops
Land boundaries: 5,118 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 70 nm
(fishing, 200 nm; exclusive economic zone
200 nm)
Coastline: 754 km
People
Population: 1,623,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Mauritanian(s);
adjective — Mauritanian
Ethnic divisions: 40% mixed Moor/black;
30% Moor, 30% black
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: Hasanya Arabic (national);
French (official); Toucouleur, Fula, Sarakole,
Wolof
Literacy: 17%
Labor force: total labor force 465,000 (1981
est); about 45,000 wage earners (1980 IMF);
47% agriculture, 29% services, 14% industry
and commerce, 10% government; consider-
able unemployment
Organized labor: 30,000 members claimed
by single union, Mauritanian Workers'
Union
Government
NOTE: Mauritania acquired administrative
control of the southern third of Western (for-
merly Spanish) Sahara under a 1975
agreement with Morocco and Spain. Follow-
ing an August 1979 peace agreement with
Polisario insurgents fighting for control of
Western Sahara, Mauritania withdrew from
the territory and renounced all territorial
claims.
Official name: Islamic Republic of Maurita-
nia
Type: republic; military seized power in
bloodless coup 10 July 1978
Capital: Nouakchott
Political subdivisions: 12 regions and a capi-
tal district
Legal system: based on Islamic law; military
constitution April 1979
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
November
Branches: executive, Military Committee for
National Salvation rules by decree; National
Assembly and judiciary suspended pending
restoration of civilian rule
Government leader: Lt. Col. Mohamed
Khouna Ould HAIDALLA, President
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: in abeyance; last presidential elec-
tion August 1976
Political parties and leaders: suspended
Communists: no Communist Party, but
there is a scattering of Maoist sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League,
CEAO, CIPEC (associate), EAMA, EIB (asso-
ciate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDB — Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC,
OM VS (Organization for the Development of
the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
CNP: about $720 million (1982 est.), $460 per
capita
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads
or subsistence farmers; main products — live-
stock, cereals, vegetables, dates; cash crops —
gum arable
Fishing: artisanal fish catch 20,000 metric
tons (1982 est.); commercial fishing exports
143,000 metric tons in 1981
Major industries: mining of iron ore and
gypsum, fish processing
Electric power: 90,000 kW capacity (1983);
160 million kWh produced (1983), 100 kWh
per capita
Exports: $240 million (f.o.b., 1982); iron ore,
processed fish, and small amounts of gum ar-
abic and gypsum; also unrecorded but
numerically significant cattle exports to Sen-
egal
Imports: $410 million (f.o.b., 1982); food-
stuffs and other consumer goods, petroleum
products, capital goods
Major trade partners: France and other EC
members, Senegal, and US
Budget: $231 million budgeted in 1983; $11
million capital investment, $84 million debt
servicing, subsidies, transfers, and miscella-
neous expenditures; $195 million revenues
(planned 1983)
Monetary conversion rate: 55.76
ouguiyas=US$l (30 October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 650 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, single track, privately owned
151
Mauritania (continued)
Mauritius
Highways: 7,540 km total; 1,350 km paved;
710 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise
improved; 5,480 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 800 km
Ports: 2 major (Nouadhibou and Nouak-
chott), 2 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 33 total, 33 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system of cable
and open-wire lines, minor radio-relay
links, and radiocommunications stations;
5,200 telephones (0.2 per lOOpopl.); 2 AM, no
FM or TV stations; satellite ground station
planned
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 355,000;
172,000 fit for military service; conscription
law not implemented
Supply: primarily dependent on France; has
also received material from Algeria, Mo-
rocco, UK, Spain, and Romania
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $39.4 million; 17% of cen-
tral government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
1,865 km2 (excluding dependencies); 50% ag-
ricultural, intensely cultivated; 39% forest,
wood, mountain, rivers, and natural re-
sources; 5% lakes; 3% built on; 2% roads and
tracks; 1% waste
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 177 km
People
Population: 1,018,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Mauritian(s);
adjective — Mauritian
Ethnic divisions: 68% Indo-Mauritian, 27%
Creole, 3% Sino-Mauritian, 2% Franco-
Mauritian
Religion: 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly
Roman Catholic with a few Anglicans), 17%
Muslim
Language: Creole, French, English, Hindi,
Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori
Literacy .-61%
Labor force: 335,000; 29% agriculture and
fishing, 28% government services, 23% indus-
try and commerce, 20% other; 14% are
unemployed
Organized labor: about 35% of labor force,
forming over 270 unions
Government
Official name: Mauritius
Type: independent state, recognizing Eliza-
beth II as Chief of State
Capital: Port Louis
Political subdivisions: 5 organized munici-
palities and various island dependencies
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem with elements of English common law in
certain areas; constitution adopted 6 March
1968
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
March
Branches: executive power exercised by
Prime Minister and 18-member Council of
Ministers; unicameral legislature (Legislative
Assembly) with 62 members elected by direct
suffrage, 4 specially elected under "best
loser" system
Government leader: Aneerood JUG-
NAUTH, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative August 1983
Political parties and leaders: the govern-
ment is currently controlled by a coalition
composed of the Militant Socialist Movement
(MSM), A. Jugnauth and the Mauritian Social
Democratic Party (PMSD), G. Duval; the
Mauritian Labor Party (MLP), led by S.
Boolell, voted to leave the coalition in Febru-
ary 1984; the main opposition parties are the
Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM), P.
Berenger, and the Rodrigues People's Orga-
nization (OPR)
152
Mexico
Voting strength: MSM, 30 of 70 seats in the
Assembly; MMM, 21; MLP, 11; PMSD, 4;
OPR, 2; and independents, 2
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers;
several Communist organizations; Mauritius
Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Wom-
en's Committee, Mauritius Communist
Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party,
Mauritius Young Communist League, Mau-
ritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle
School Friendly Association, Mauritius/
USSR Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: various
labor unions
Member of: Af DB Commonwealth, FAO, G-
77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ISO,
ITU, IWC — International Wheat Council,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $960 million (1983 est), $890 per cap-
ita; real growth, 0% (1983, est.)
Agriculture: sugar crop is major economic as-
set; about 80% of land area is planted in sugar;
most food imported
Shortage: land
Major industries: mainly confined to proc-
essing sugarcane, tea; some small-scale,
simple manufactures; tobacco fiber; some
fishing; tourism, weaving and textiles, dia-
mond cutting, electronics, cut flowers
Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1983);
420 million kWh produced (1983), 425 kWh
per capita
Exports: $363.3 million (f.o.b., 1982); sugar
(60%), textiles, tourism
Imports: $393.1 million (f.o.b., 1982); food,
petroleum products, capital equipment
Major trade partners: all EC countries and
US have preferential treatment, UK buys
over 50% of Mauritius 's sugar export at
heavily subsidized prices; small amount of
sugar exported to Canada, US, and Italy; non-
oil imports from UK and EC primarily, also
from South Africa, Australia, US, and Japan;
some minor trade with China
Budget: (1983) revenues $248 million, cur-
rent expenditures $323 million
Monetary conversion rate: 12.230 Mauritian
rupees=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Highways: 1,984 km total; 1,152 km paved,
832 km earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Louis)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: small system with
good service; new microwave link to Re-
union; HF radio links to several countries; 2
AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations; 37,800 tele-
phones (4.0 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Police Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 271,000;
142,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1981, $4.5 million
(See reference map II)
Land
1,978,800 km2; 40% pasture; 22% forest; 12%
crop; 26% other, including waste, urban areas
and public lands
Land boundaries: 4,220 km
Water
Limits of territorial wa ters (claimed): 1 2 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: 9,330 km
People
Population: 77,659,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Mexican(s); adjective —
Mexican
Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo (Indian-
Spanish), 30% Amerindian or predominantly
Amerindian, 9% white or predominantly
white, 1% other
Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic,
3% Protestant
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 74%
Labor force: 21,500,000 (1982); 31.4% serv-
ices, 26% agriculture, forestry, hunting,
fishing; 13.9% commerce, 12.8% manufac-
turing; 9.5% construction, 4.8%
153
Mexico (continued)
transportation; 1.3% mining and quarying;
0.3% electricity; 10% unemployed, 40% un-
deremployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
Government
Official name: United Mexican States
Type: federal republic operating in fact un-
der a centralized government
Capital: Mexico
Political subdivisions: 31 states and the Fed-
eral District
Legal system: mixture of US constitutional
theory and civil law system; constitution es-
tablished in 1917; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 16
September
Branches: dominant executive, bicameral
legislature (National Congress — Senate, Fed-
eral Chamber of Deputies), Supreme Court
Government leader: Miguel DE LA MA-
DRID Hurtado, President
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory
but unenforced
Elections: next presidential election to be
held in 1988
Political parties and leaders: Institutional
Revolutionary Party (PRI), Adolfo Lugo
Verduzco; National Action Party (PAN),
Pablo Emilio Madero Belden; Abel Vin-
cencio Tovar; Popular Socialist Party (PPS),
Jorge Cruickshank Garcia; Unified Socialist
Party of Mexico (PSUM), Pablo Gomez Alva-
rez; Mexican Democratic Party (PDM),
Gumersindo Magana Negrete; Socialist
Workers Party (PST), Rafael Aguilar
Talamantes; Revolutionary Workers Party
(PRT), Jose Manuel Aguilar Mora; Mexican
Workers Party (PMT), Heberto Castillo Mar-
tinez
Voting strength: (1982 presidential election)
74% PRI; 15% PAN; 4% PSUM; 7% other op-
position and annulled
Other political or pressure groups: Roman
Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican
Workers (CTM), Confederation of Industrial
Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of
National Chambers of Commerce
(CONCANACO), National Peasant Confed-
eration (CNC), National Confederation of
Popular Organizations (CNOP), Revolution-
ary Confederation of Workers and Peasants
(CROC)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC— Interna-
tional Whaling Commission, LAIA,
NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship-
ping Line — Naviera Multinacional del
Caribe), OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $168 billion (1982), $2,273 per capita;
63% private consumption, 12% public con-
sumption, 11% private investment, 10%
public investment (1982); net foreign balance
4%; real growth rate 1982, —.05%
Agriculture: main crops — corn, cotton,
wheat, coffee, sugarcane, sorghum, oilseeds,
pulses, and vegetables
Fishing: catch 1,564,819 metric tons (1981);
exports valued at $481 million, imports at
$21.9 million (1982)
Major industries: processing of food, bever-
ages, and tobacco; chemicals, basic metals
and metal products, petroleum products,
mining, textiles and clothing, and transport
equipment
Crude steel: 10 million metric tons capacity
(1982); 7.0 million metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 14,660,000 kW capacity
(1983); 62.5 billion kWh produced (1983), 825
kWh per capita
Exports: $22.224 billion (f.o.b., 1982); cotton,
coffee, nonferrous minerals (including lead
and zinc), shrimp, petroleum, sulfur, salt, cat-
tle and meat, fresh fruit, tomatoes,
machinery and equipment
Imports: $14.422 billion (f.o.b., 1982); ma-
chinery, equipment, industrial vehicles, and
intermediate goods
Major trade partners: exports — 60% US,
18% EC, 7% Japan (1982); imports— 62% US,
16% EC, 6% Japan
Aid: economic commitments, including Ex-
Im (FY70-82), US authorizations $2.8 billion;
(1970-81) Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF, $2.7 billion
Budget: 1983 public sector, budgeted reve-
nues $52.8 billion, budgeted expenditures
$51.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: dual exchange
rates — controlled rate 144 pesos=US$l;
"free" rate 168=US$1 (both rates as of 1 Jan-
uary 1984, rates depreciating by 13 centavos
a day in early 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 20,680 km total; 19,950 km
1.435-meter standard gauge; 730 km 0.914-
meter narrow gauge; 20 km electrified
Highways: 210,000 km total; 65,000 km
paved, 30,000 km semipaved or cobblestone,
60,000 km rural roads (improved earth) or
roads under construction, 35,000 km unim-
proved earth roads
Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers
and coastal canals
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,134 km; refined prod-
ucts, 6,875 km; natural gas, 9,490 km
154
Monaco
Ports: 12 major, 19 minor
Civil air: 174 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,992 total, 1,809 usable; 170 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 25 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 267 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed
telecom system with extensive radio-relay
links; connection into Central American mi-
crowave net; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
ground antennas; 5.08 million telephones (7.5
per 100 popl.); 630 AM, 1 10 FM, and 120 TV
stations; and about 180 low-power relay sta-
tions; 200 domestic satellite terminals
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Marine
Corps
Military manpower: males 15-49,
18,295,000; 14,507,000 fit for military serv-
ice; 860,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for year ending 31 Decem-
ber 1983, $353.6 million; 1.4% of central
government budget
CSee reference map V)
Land
1.5 km2
Land boundaries: 3.7 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4. 1 km
People
Population: 28,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Monacan(s) or Mone-
gasque(s); adjective — Monacan or
Monegasque
Ethnic divisions: 58% French, 19% Mone-
gasque, 17% Italian, 6% unspecified
Religion: 95% Roman Catholicism
Language: French (official), English, Italian,
Monegarque
Literacy: 99%
Government
Official name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Political subdivisions: 1 commune composed
of 4 communal sectors
Legal system: based on French law; new con-
stitution adopted 1962; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 19 November
Branches: legislative branch is composed of
the Prince and National Council of 18 mem-
bers; executive consists of the Prince as Chief
of State, the Minister of State as Head of Gov-
ernment (senior French civil servant
appointed by Prince), and the Council of
Government as Cabinet; judicial authority is
delegated by the Prince to the Supreme Tri-
bunal
Government leader: Prince RAINIER III,
Chief of State
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Council every five years;
national election held January 1983; munici-
pal election held February 1983
Political parties and leaders: National and
Democratic Union (UND), Democratic
Union Movement (MUD), Monaco Action,
Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
Voting strength: (1978) National Council-
UNO 18 seats
Member of: IAEA, ICAO, IHO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, UN (permanent ob-
server), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
Economy
GNP: 55% tourism; 25-30% industry (small
and primarily tourist oriented); 10-15% reg-
istration fees and sales of postage stamps;
about 4% traceable to the Monte Carlo casino
Major industries: chemicals, food process-
ing, precision instruments, glassmaking,
printing
Electric power: 8,000 kW (standby) capacity
(1983); 100 million kWh supplied by France
(1983)
155
Monaco (continued)
Mongolia
Trade: full customs integration with France,
which collects and rebates Monacan trade
duties; also participates in EC market system
through custom union with France
Monetary conversion rate: 8.40 French
francs=US$l (4 January 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable airfield with permanent-
surface runways
Telecommunications: served by the French
communications system; automatic tele-
phone system with about 45,000 telephones
(160.7 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 4 FM, and 4 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Defense is the responsibility of France
(See reference map VIII)
Land
1,564,619 km2; almost 90% of land area is pas-
ture or desert waste, varying in usefulness;
10% forest; less than 1% arable
Land boundaries: 8,000 km
People
Population: 1,860,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Mongolian(s);
adjective — Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh,
2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist,
about 4% Muslim, limited religious activity
because of Communist regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over
90% of population; minor languages include
Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Literacy: about
Labor force: primarily agricultural, over half
the adult population is in the labor force, in-
cluding a large percentage of women;
shortage of skilled labor (no reliable informa-
tion available)
Government
Official name: Mongolian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 3
autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar,
Darhan, and Erdenet)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and
Turkish systems of law; new constitution
adopted 1960; no constitutional provision for
judicial review of legislative acts; legal educa-
tion at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: People's Revolution Day,
11 July
Branches: executive — Council of Ministers;
legislative — unicameral People's Great
Hural; judicial — court system; Supreme
Court elected by People's Great Hural
Government leaders: Yumjaagiyn
TSEDENBAL, Chairman of the Presidium
of the People's Great Hural; Jambyn
BATMONH, Chairman of the Council of
Ministers
Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over
Elections: national assembly election theo-
retically held every four years; last election
held June 1981
Political party and leader: Mongolian Peo-
ple's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Yum-
jaagiyn Tsedenbal, General Secretary
Communists: estimated MPRP member-
ship, 81,000(1984)
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA,
ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
CDP.$1. 20 billion (1976 est); average annual
real growth, 1.6% (1970-77)
Agriculture: livestock raising predominates;
main crops — wheat, oats, barley
Major industries: processing of animal prod-
ucts; building materials; mining
156
Morocco
Electric power: 528,000 kW capacity (1983);
2.1 billion kWh produced (1983), 1,110 kWh
per capita
Exports: livestock, animal products, wool,
hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals, minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment, petro-
leum, clothing, building materials, sugar, tea,
chemicals
Major trade partners: nearly all trade with
Communist countries (approx. 80% with
USSR); total turnover about $1.0 billion
(1977)
Aid: heavily dependent on USSR
Monetary conversion rate: 3.3555 tugriks=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,600 km (1981); all 1.524-meter
broad gauge
Highways: 46,700 km total; 700 km hard sur-
face; 46,000 km other surfaces (1981)
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal
routes (1981)
Freight carried: rail — 10.7 million metric
tons, 3,609 million metric ton/km (1981);
highway — 27.8 million metric tons, 1,624
million metric ton/km (1981); waterway —
0.04 million metric tons, 4.7 million metric
ton/km (1981)
Defense Forces
Branches: Mongolian People's Army, Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 426,000;
278,000 fit for military service; 20,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Supply: military equipment supplied by
USSR
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1977, 405 million tugriks, 12% of
total budget
CSee reference map VII)
Land
409,200 km2; 51% desert, waste, or urban;
about 32% arable and grazing; 17% forest and
esparto grass
Land boundaries: 1,996 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 1,835 km
People
Population: 23,565,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Moroccan(s);
adjective — Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab-Berber, 0.7%
non-Moroccan, 0.2% Jewish
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian,
0.2% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber
dialects; French is language of much busi-
ness, government, diplomacy, and post-
primary education
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 6. 1 million (1982 est.); 50% agri-
culture, 26% services, 15% industry, 9%
other; at least 20% of urban labor unem-
ployed
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force,
mainly in two unions — the Union of Moroc-
can Workers (UMT) and the Democratic
Confederation of Labor (CDT)
Government
Ojtlcial name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution
adopted 1972)
Capital: Rabat
Political subdivisions: 39 provinces (includ-
ing 4 in Western Sahara) and 2 prefectures
(Rabat-Sale and Casablanca, which consists
of 5 divisions)
NOTE: Morocco acquired administrative
control in 1976 over the northern two-thirds
of the former Spanish Sahara under an agree-
ment with Mauritania, but the legal question
of sovereignty over the area has yet to be de-
termined. Spain's role as coadministrator of
the disputed territory ended in February
1976. Morocco moved to occupy and assert
administrative control over the former
Mauritanian-claimed (southern) sector of
Western Sahara in August 1979, thereby
establishing a fourth additional province in
the Sahara.
Legal system: based on Islamic law and
French and Spanish civil law system; judicial
review of legislative acts in Constitutional
Chamber of Supreme Court; modern legal
education at branches of Mohamed V Uni-
versity in Rabat and Casablanca and
Karaouine University in Fes
National holiday: Independence Day, 18
November
Branches: constitution provides for Prime
Minister and ministers named by and respon-
sible to King; King has paramount executive
powers; unicameral legislature (Chamber of
157
Morocco (continued)
Representatives), of which two-thirds are di-
rectly elected and one-third are indirectly
elected; judiciary independent of other
branches
Government leaders: HASSAN II, King;
Mohamed DKRIM-LAMRANI, Prime Min-
ister
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: local elections held 12 November
1976; provincial elections held 10 June 1983;
elections for National Assembly scheduled
for spring 1984; last held June 1977
Political parties and leaders: Morocco has 14
political parties; the major ones are as fol-
lows— Istiqlal Party, M'Hamed Boucetta;
Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP),
Abderrahim Bouabid; Popular Movement
(MP), Mahjoubi Aherdan; National Assembly
of Independents (RNI) formed in October
1978 is progovernment grouping of previ-
ously unaffiliated deputies in parliament,
Ahmed Osman; National Democratic Party
(PND), a splinter group from the RNI formed
July 1981, Mohamed Arsalane El-Jadidi;
Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), legal-
ized in August 1974, is front for Moroccan
Communist Party (PCM), which was pro-
scribed in 1959, Ali Yata; new promonarchy
party — The Constitutional Union (UC),
Maati Bouabid
Voting strength: progovernment parties
hold absolute majority in Chamber of Repre-
sentatives; with palace-oriented Popular
Movement deputies, the King controls over
two-thirds of the seats
Communists: 2,000 est.
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, EC (asso-
ciate), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IDB — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $15.2 billion (1983 est.), about $640 per
capita; average annual real growth 6-7% dur-
ing 1973-77, 3-4% during 1978-80, 3.5% in
1983 (est.)
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock
raising predominate; main products — wheat,
barley, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives;
some fishing
Fishing: catch 293,000 metric tons (1982); ex-
ports $154 million (1982)
Major sectors: mining and mineral process-
ing (phosphates, smaller quantities of iron,
manganese, lead, zinc, and other minerals),
food processing, textiles, construction and
tourism
Electric power: 2,233,000 kW capacity
(1983); 6.514 billion kWh produced (1983),
284 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.10 billion (f.o.b., 1983 est.); 38%
phosphates, 62% other
Imports: $3.50 billion (f.o.b., 1983 est.); 18%
capital goods, 19% foodstuffs, 28% petroleum
products
Major trade partners: France, FRG, Italy,
Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1983 est.) revenue $5.5 billion, cur-
rent expenditure $3.7 billion, development
expenditure $2.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 6.9 dirhams=
US$1 (average 1983); 7.86 dirhams=US$l
(October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,756 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 161 km double track; 708 km electri-
fied
Highways: 55,970 km total; 24,700 km bitu-
minous treated, 4,000 km gravel, crushed
stone, and improved earth, 27,270 km unim-
proved earth
Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (aban-
doned) refined products; 241 km natural gas
Ports: 10 major (including Spanish-
controlled Ceuta and Melilla), 14 minor
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 79 total, 70 usable; 26 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 28 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system com-
posed of wire lines, cables, and radio-
relay links; principal centers Casablanca and
Rabat, secondary centers Fes, Marrakech,
Oujda, Tangier and Tetouan; 227,000 tele-
phones ( 1 . 1 per 1 00 popl. ); 1 4 AM, 6 FM, and
47 TV stations; 4 submarine cables; 2 Atlantic
Ocean satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Moroccan Army, Royal Mo-
roccan Navy, Royal Moroccan Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,179,000;
3,199,000 fit for military service; 255,000
reach military age (18) annually; limited con-
scription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1.1 billion; 22.2% of cen-
tral government budget
158
Mozambique
(See reference map VII)
Land
789,800 km2; 56% wood and forest; 30% ara-
ble, of which 1% cultivated; 14% waste and
inland water
Land boundaries: 4,627 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 2,470 km
People
Population: 13,413,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Mozambican(s);
adjective — Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: majority from indigenous
tribal groups; approximately 10,000 Europe-
ans, 35,000 Euro-Africans, 15,000 Indians
Religion: 60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Chris-
tian, 10% Muslim
Language: Portuguese (official); many indig-
enous dialects
Literacy: 14%
Government
Official name: People's Republic of Mozam-
bique
Type: people's republic
Capital: Maputo
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces subdi-
vided into 112 districts; administrators are
appointed by central government
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law
system and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
June
Branch: unicameral legislature (People's As-
sembvernment leader: Samora Moi'ses
MACHEL, President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: information not available on fu-
ture election schedule
Political parties and leaders: the Mozam-
bique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by
Samora Machel, is only legal party
Communists: FRELIMO is a Marxist orga-
nization and maintains close to the Soviet
Union and its allies
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $1.5 billion (1981 est), about $150 per
capita; average annual growth rate — 1%
(1971-81)
Agriculture: cash crops — raw cotton, cashew
nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal; other crops —
corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sor-
ghum, and cassava; imports corn and wheat
Major industries: food processing (chiefly
sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels);
chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap,
paints); petroleum products; beverages; tex-
tiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement,
glass, asbestos, cement products); tobacco
Electric power: 2,200,000 kW capacity
(1983); 1 1.5 billion kWh produced (1983), 880
kWh per capita
Exports: (OECD only) $224.7 million (c.i.f.,
1981); cashews, cotton, sugar, mineral prod-
ucts, timber products, tea, copra
Imports: (OECD only) $362.0 million (f.o.b.,
1981); machinery and electrical equipment,
vehicles, petroleum products, iron and steel
Major trade partners: Portugal, South Af-
rica, US, UK, FRG
Budget: (1981) current expenditures, $523
million; revenues, $488 million
Monetary conversion rate: 41.743
meticais=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,436 km total; 3,288 km
1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.750-meter nar-
row gauge
Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved;
829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil;
21,076 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 3,750 km of navi-
gable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 306 km (not operating);
refined products, 280 km
Ports: 3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2 sig-
nificant minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 263 total, 219 usable; 29 with
permanent surface runways; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 34 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of
troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio re-
lay; 51,600 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 9
AM and 3 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 Atlan-
tic Ocean satellite station
159
Mozambique (continued)
Namibia
(South-West Africa)
Defense Forces
Branches: Mozambique Armed Forces (in-
cluding Army, Border Guard, Naval
Command, Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,951,000;
1,744,000 fit for military service
Supply: mostly from the USSR and China,
and to a lesser extent from other Communist
countries and Portugal
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982, $177.4 million; 29.0% of
central government budget
At /antic
Ocean
SOUTH
AFRICA
SOUTH V/ Indian
\ AFRICA / Octt/i
(See reference map VII)
Land
823,145 km2; mostly desert except for inte-
rior plateau and area along northern border
Land boundaries: 3,798 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,489 km
People
Population: 1,1 11, 000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Namibian(s);
adjective — Namibian
Ethnic divisions: 85.6% black, 7.5% white,
6.9% mixed; approximately half the Africans
belong to Ovambo tribe
Religion: whites predominantly Christian,
nonwhites either Christian or indigenous be-
liefs
Language: Afrikaans principal language of
about 60% of white population, German of
33%, and English of 7% (all official); several
indigenous languages
Literacy: 100% whites, 28% nonwhites
Labor force: about 500,000(1981); 60% agri-
culture, 19% industry and commerce, 8%
services, 7% government, 6% mining
Organized labor: 6 trade unions, member-
ship almost exclusively white and mulatto
Government
Official name: Namibia
Type: former German colony of South-West
Africa mandated to South Africa by League
of Nations in 1920; UN formally ended South
Africa's mandate on 27 October 1966, but
South Africa has retained administrative
control
Capital: Windhoek
Political subdivisions: 10 tribal homelands,
mostly in northern sector, and zone open to
white settlement with administrative subdi-
visions similar to a province of South Africa
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and customary law
Branches: since September 1977
Administrator General, appointed by South
African Government, has exercised coordi-
native functions over zone of white settle-
ment and tribal homelands, where tradi-
tional chiefs and representative bodies
exercise limited autonomy; Namibian Na-
tional Assembly terminated February 1983;
no elections scheduled
Government leader: Willem VAN
NIEKERK, Administrator General
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: election of Namibian National As-
sembly, December 1978
Political parties and leaders: approximately
45 political parties; the major white parties
include Action Front for the Preservation of
the Turnhalle Principles (AKTUR), also
known as the National Party of South-West
Africa, Kosie Pretorius; Federal Party, Bryan
O'Linn; Republican Party, Dirk Mudge;
many of the nonwhite parties belong to the
Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), a
160
Nauru
multiethnic alliance of traditional tribal lead-
ers and the white Republican Party, which is
favored in South Africa; the other multieth-
nic alliance, the largely moribund Namibian
National Front (NNF), consists of the white
Federal Party and various nonwhite groups
opposed to the homeland system, each of
which operates independently; Christian
Democratic Action Party, a primarily
Ovambo party formed in early 1982 as a re-
sult of a split in the DTA, Peter Kalangula
Voting strength: (1978 election) Namibian
National Assembly — DTA, 41 seats;
AKTUR, 6 seats; 3 minuscule parties, 1 seat
each; NNF and SWAPO boycotted elections;
15 additional, appointed seats have not been
filled; Assembly prorogued in January 1983
Communists: no Communist Party, SWAPO
guerrilla force is supported by USSR, Cuba,
and other Communist states as well as OAU
Other political or pressure groups: South-
West Africa People's Organization
(SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma, maintains a
foreign-based guerrilla movement; is pre-
dominantly Ovambo but has some influence
among other tribes; is the only Namibian
group recognized by the UN General Assem-
bly and the Organization of African Unity
Member of: FAO, ILO, UNESCO, WFTU,
WHO
Economy
GDP: R1.5 billion (1983 est); annual real
growth, -1.6% (1982)
Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and
sheep) predominates, subsistence crops (mil-
let, sorghum, corn, and some wheat) are
raised but most food must be imported
Fishing: est. catch 202,000 metric tons
(1982); down by more than a third since 1979;
processed mostly in South African enclave of
Walvis Bay
Major industries: (nearly all for export)
meatpacking, fish processing, copper, lead,
diamond, and uranium mining, dairy prod-
ucts
Electric power: 500,000 kW capacity (1983);
910 million kWh produced (1983), 845 kWh
per capita
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African
rand=US$.82 (as of 30 December 1983); 1.22
SA rands=US$l
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 2,340 km 1.067-meter gauge, sin-
gle track
Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved,
2,540 gravel, remainder earth roads and
tracks
Ports: 2 major (Walvis Bay and Luderitz)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 118 total, 105 usable; 20 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural
services; radio relay connects major towns,
wires extend to other population centers;
54,300 telephones (5.7 per 100 popl.); 2 AM,
13 FM, and 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Republic of South
Africa; however, a Southwest African Terri-
tory Force was established 1 August 1980
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
248,000; about 148,000 fit for military
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1983, $81.4; 8% of central govern-
ment budget
NAURU
»x ,
SOLOMON «>.
ISLANDS •»
Pacific Ocean
Coral Sea
VANUATU .
AUSTRAUA
(See reference map X)
Land
20.7 km2; insignificant arable land, no urban
areas, extensive phosphate mines
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm, exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 24 km
People
Population: 8,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Nauruan(s);
adjective — Nauruan
Ethnic divisions: 58% Nauruan, 26% other
Pacific Islander, 8% Chinese, 8% European
Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant,
one-third Catholic)
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island
language (official); English, widely under-
stood and spoken
Literacy: 99%
Government
Official name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic
Capital: no capital city per se; government
offices in Yaren District
161
Nauru (continued)
Nepal
Political subdivisions: 14 districts
National holidays: Independence Day, 31
January; Constitution Day, 17 May; Angram
Day, 26 October
Branches: president elected from and by Par-
liament for an unfixed term; popularly
elected IS-member unicameral legislature
(Parliament); Cabinet to assist the President,
four members, appointed by President from
Parliament members
Government leader: Hammer DEROBURT,
President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last held in December 1983
Political parties and leaders: governing fac-
tion, President DeRoburt; opposition Nauru
Party, Lagumot Harris
Member of: Commonwealth (special mem-
ber), ESCAP, ICAO, INTERPOL, ITU,
South Pacific Commission, UPU
Economy
GNP: over $155.4 million (1981), $21,400 per
capita
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely
dependent on imports for food and water
Major industries: mining of phosphates,
about 2 million tons per year
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1981);
30 million kWh produced (1981), 3,333 kWh
per capita
Exports: $75 million (f.o.b., 1979)
Imports: $11 million (c.i.f., 1979); food, fuel,
water
Major trade partners: exports — 75% Austra-
lia and New Zealand; imports — Australia,
UK, New Zealand, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778 Australian
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 27 km total; 21km paved, 6
km improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, one on
order
Airfields: 1 usable with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate intraisland
and international radiocommunications pro-
vided via Australian facilities; 1,500
telephones (20.8 per 100 popl.); 3,600 radio
receivers, 1 AM, no FM or TV stations; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
No formal defense structure and no regular
armed forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
1,800; fit for military service, about 1,000;
less than 100 reach military age (18) annually
(See reference map VIII)
Land
145,391 km2; 38% alpine land (nonarable),
waste, or urban; 32% forest; 16% agricultural;
14% permanent meadow and pasture
Land boundaries: 2,800 km
People
Population: 16,578,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Nepalese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Nepalese
Ethnic divisions: Brahmans, Chetris,
Gurungs, Magars, Tamangs, Newars,
Bhotias, Rais, Limbus, Sherpas
Religion: only official Hindu kingdom in
world, although no sharp distinction between
many Hindu (about 88%) and Buddhist
groups; small groups of Muslims and Chris-
tians
Language: Nepali (official); 20 mutually un-
intelligible languages divided into numerous
dialects
Literacy. 20%
Labor force: 4.1 million; 93% agriculture, 5%
services, 2% industry; great lack of skilled la-
bor
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Nepal
162
Type: nominally a constitutional monarchy;
King Birendra exercises autocratic control
over multitiered panchayat system of gov-
ernment
Capital: Kathmandu
Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts
and English common law; legal education at
Nepal Law College in Kathmandu; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Birthday of the King and
National Day, 28 December
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by
the King; Rastriya Panchayat (National As-
sembly; 1 12 directly elected, 28 appointed by
King)
Government leaders: BIRENDRA Bir
Bikram Shah Dev, King; Lokendra Bahadur
CHAND, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village, town, and district councils
(panchayats) elected by universal suffrage; a
constitutional amendment in 1980 provided
for direct elections to the National Pancha-
yat, which consists of 140 members
(including 28 appointed by the King), who
serve five-year terms; Nepal's first general
election in 22 years was held in May 1981
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties outlawed but operate more or less openly;
Nepali Congress Party (NCP), Ganesh Man
Singh, K. P. Bhattarai, G. P. Koirala
Communists: Communist Party of Nepal
(CPN), B. B. Manandhar; two wings of CPN
are Communist Party of Nepal/Left
(CPN/L), Man Mohan Adhikari, Pushpa Lai
Shrestha, and Communist Party of Nepal/
Right (CPN/R), Dr. Keshar Jung Rayamajhi;
these wings are split into several factions
Other political or pressure groups: numerous
small, left-leaning student groups in the capi-
tal
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.3 billion (FY82/83 current prices),
$148.8 per capita; —0.9% real growth in
FY82/83 (est.)
Agriculture: over 90% of population engaged
in agriculture; main crops — rice, corn,
wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and
oilseed mills; match, cigarette, and brick fac-
tories
Electric power: 156,600 kW capacity (1983);
390 million kWh produced (1983), 24 kWh
per capita
Exports: $77.1 million (FY81/82 est.); rice
and other food products, jute, timber, manu-
factured goods
Imports: $449.6 million (FY82/83 est.); man-
ufactured consumer goods, fuel, construction
materials, fertilizers, food products
Major trade partner: India
Budget: (FY82/83 revised est.) domestic rev-
enue $217.8 million, expenditure $467.1
million
Monetary conversion rate: 15.75 Nepalese
rupees=US$l (January 1984)
Fiscal year: 15 July- 14 July
Communications
Railroads: 63 km (1977), all 0.762-meter nar-
row gauge; all in Terai close to Indian border;
10 km from Raxaul to Biranj is government
owned
Highways: 4,136 km total; 1,751 km paved,
556 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,829 km im-
proved and unimproved earth; additionally
322 km of seasonally motorable tracks
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 38 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and
telegraph service; fair radiocommunication
and broadcast service; international radio-
communication service is poor; 10,000
telephones (less than 0. 1 per 100 popl. ); 3 AM,
no FM, and no TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Nepal Army, Royal Nepa-
lese Army Air Service, Nepalese Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,977,000;
2,062,000 fit for military service; 186,000
reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 14
July 1984, $48.6 million; 7.4% of central gov-
ernment budget
163
Netherlands
(See reference map V)
Land
33,929 km2; 70% cultivated, 9% other; 8%
forest; 8% inland water; 5% waste
Land boundaries: 1,022 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200nm)
Coastline: 451 km
People
Population: 14,437,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Netherlander(s);
adjective — Netherlands
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian
and other
Religion: 40% Roman Catholic, 31% Protes-
tant, 24% unaffiliated
Language: Dutch
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.9 million (1981); 30% manu-
facturing, 24% services, 16% commerce, 10%
agriculture, 9% construction, 7% transporta-
tion and communications, 4% other; 11.3%
unemployment, September 1982
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides
at The Hague
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces governed
by centrally appointed commissioners of
Queen
Legal system: civil law system incorporating
French penal theory; constitution of 1815
frequently amended, reissued 1947; judicial
review in the Supreme Court of legislation of
lower order than Acts of Parliament; legal
education at six law schools; accepts compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April
Branches: executive (Queen and Cabinet of
Ministers), which is responsible to bicameral
parliament (States General) consisting of a
First Chamber (75 indirectly elected mem-
bers) and a Second Chamber (150 directly
elected members); independent judiciary;
coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: BEATRIX Wilhel-
mina Armgard, Queen; Ruud LUBBERS,
Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: must be held at least every four
years for lower house (most recent held 8 Sep-
tember 1982); following an amendment to
the constitution that took effect in 1983, elec-
tions are held for the upper house every four
years (most recent August 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Appeal (CDA), Chairman Pieter
Bukman; Labor (PvdA), Max van den Berg;
Liberal (VVD), Jan Kamminga; Democrats
'66 (D'66), Jacob Kohnstamm; Communist
(CPN), Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist Socialist
(PSP), Bram van der Lek; Political Reformed
(SGP), Hette G. Abma; Reformed Political
Union (GPV), Jan van der Jagt; Radical Party
(PPR), Herman Verbeek; Democratic Social-
ist '70 (DS'70), Z. Hartog; Rightist Peoples
Party (RVP), Hendrik Koekoek; Reformed
Political Federation (RPF), P. Lamgeler;
Center Party (CP), H. Janmatt; Evangelical
People's Party (EVP), J. Renes
Voting strength: (1982 election) 30.8% PvdA
(47 seats), 29.3% CDA (45 seats), 23% VVD
(36 seats), 4.3% D'66 (6 seats), 2.3% PSP (3
seats), 1.9% SGP (3 seats), 1.8% CPN (3 seats),
1.7% PPR (2 seats), 1.3% RDF (2 seats), 0.8%
GPF (1 seat), 0.8% CP (1 seat); 0.7% EVP (1
seat)
Communists: CPN claims about 27,000
members
Other political or pressure groups: large
multinational firms; Federation of Nether-
lands Trade Union Movement (comprising
Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a
Protestant trade union; Federation of Catho-
lic and Protestant Employers Associations;
the nondenominational Federation of Neth-
erlands Enterprises; and IKV — Interchurch
Peace Council
Member of: ADB, Benelux, Council of Eu-
rope, DAC, EC, ECE, EIB, ELDO, EMS,
ESRO, FAQ, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD,
IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INRO,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC,
ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council
(with respect to interests of the Netherlands
Antilles and Suriname), NATO, OAS (ob-
server), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $137.3 billion (1982), $9,807 per cap-
ita; 60.7% consumption, 18.4% investment,
17.8% government, —0.3% inventories, 3.7%
net foreign demand, — 1.6% real GNP
growth (1982)
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; main crops — horticultural crops,
grains, potatoes, sugar beets; food short-
ages— grains, fats, oils
164
Netherlands Antilles
Fishing: catch 295,000 metric tons (1979); ex-
ports of fish and fish products $416.1 million
(1982), imports $150.2 million (1982)
Major industries: food processing, metal and
engineering products, electrical and elec-
tronic machinery and equipment, chemicals,
petroleum products, and natural gas
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton, base
metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood, lumber,
feedgrains, and oilseeds
Crude steel: 8.6 million metric ton capacity
(1981); 8.2 million metric tons produced, 586
kg per capita (1983)
Electric power: 19,520,000 kW capacity
(1983); 58.899 billion kWh produced (1983),
4, 1 00 kWh per capita
Exports.- $66.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); food-
stuffs, machinery, chemicals, petroleum
products, natural gas, textiles
Imports: $62.6 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery, transportation equipment, crude
petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals, raw cotton,
base metals and ores, pulp
Major trade partners: (1982) 63.4% EC,
25.9% FRG, 12.6% Belgium-
Luxembourg, 6.8% France, 6.1% US; 3.3%
East Europe
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ted (ODA and OOF), $10.5 billion (1970-81)
Budget: (1982 actual) revenues $46.5 billion,
expenditures $56.9 billion, deficit $10.5 bil-
lion, at exchange rate of 2.67 guilders=$l
(1982); (1983 est.) revenues $43.1 billion, ex-
penditures $53.9 billion, deficit $10.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.0975
guilders=US$l (December 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,016 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 2,850 km government owned (NS),
1,799 km electrified, 1,800 km double track;
166 km privately owned
Highways: 108,360 km total; 92,525 km
paved (including 2,185 km of limited access,
divided highways); 15,835 km gravel,
crushed stone
Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is
usable by craft of 900 metric ton capacity or
larger
Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined
products; 10,230 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major, 10 minor
Civil air: 96 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 19 with
permanent-surface runways; 13 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed,
well maintained, and integrated; extensive
system of multiconductor cables, supple-
mented by radio-relay links; 7.23 million
telephones (50.9 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 33 FM,
and 29 TV stations; 9 submarine cables; 1 sat-
ellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 2
Indian Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Netherlands Army, Royal
Netherlands Navy/Marine, Royal Nether-
lands Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,951,000;
3,352,000 fit for military service; 130,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $4.7 billion; about 9.5% of
central government budget
£5**. Atlantic Ocean
CUBA'
NETHERLANDS
CiriUem ANTIUES '»
Sea
(See reference map III)
Land
1,020 km2; 95% waste, urban, or other; 5%
arable
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm,
fishing 200 nm
Coastline: 364 km
People
Population: 249, 000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun — Netherlands Antille-
an(s); adjective — Netherlands Antillean
Ethnic divisions: 85% mixed African; re-
mainder Carib Indian, European, Latin, and
Oriental
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic;
Protestant, Jewish, Adventist
Language: Dutch (official); Papiamento, a
Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect
predominates; English widely spoken; Span-
ish
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 89,000(1983); 65% government,
28% industry and commerce, 1.5% agricul-
ture; unemployment — 20% on Curacao, 90%
on Aruba (1981)
Organized labor: 60-70% of labor force
165
Netherlands Antilles
(continued)
Government
Official name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: territory within Kingdom of the Neth-
erlands, enjoying complete domestic
autonomy
Capital: Willemstad, Curacao
Political subdivisions: four island territo-
ries— Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, and the
Windward Islands — St. Eustatius, southern
part of St. Martin (northern part is French),
Saba
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law sys-
tem, with some English common law
influence; constitution adopted 1954
Branches: federal executive power rests
nominally with Governor (appointed by the
Crown), actual power exercised by eight-
member Council of Ministers or cabinet
presided over by Minister-President; leg-
islative power rests with 22-member
Legislative Council; independent court sys-
tem under control of Chief Justice of
Supreme Court of Justice (administrative
functions under Minister of Justice); each
island territory has island council headed by
Lieutenant Governor
Government leaders: Domenico Felip
MARTINA, Prime Minister; Dr. Rene
ROMER, Governor
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: Federal elections mandatorily
held every four years, last regular held 25
June 1982; island council elections every four
years, last held 25 April 1983
Political parties and leaders: political parties
are indigenous to each island:
Curasao: Movement for a New Antilles
(MAN), Domenico Felip Martina; Demo-
cratic Party (DP), Augustin Diaz; People's
National Party, Maria Libena-Peters; Frente
Obrerode Liberacion (FOL), Wilson "Papa"
Godett; Social Democratic Party (PSD),
Efraim Cintje
Aruba: People's Electoral Movement (MEP),
G. F. "Betico" Croes; Aruban Patriotic Party
(PPA), Benny Nisbet; Aruban People's Party
(AVP), Henny Eman; Democratic Party of
Aruba (PDA), Dr. Leo Berlinski
Bonaire: Union Party of Bonaire (UPB),
Charles E. R. Ellis; Democratic Party of Bon-
aire, Jopie Abraham; New Democratic
Action (ADEN)
Windward Islands: Windward Islands Dem-
ocratic Party (DPWI), Leo Chance and
Claude Wathey; United Federation of Antil-
lean Workers (UFA); Windward Islands
People's Movement (WIPM); and others
Voting strength: Legislative Council—
MAN, 6 seats; MEP, 5 seats; DP, 3 seats; NVP,
3 seats; AVP, 2 seats; PPA, DPWI, UPB, 1 seat
each
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: EC (associate), INTERPOL; as-
sociated with UN through the Netherlands;
UPU, WMO
Economy
GNP: $864 million (1978), $3,472 per capita;
real growth rate, 7.1% (est.)
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petroleum refining on Cu-
racao and Aruba; petroleum transshipment
facilities on Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire;
tourism on Curacao, Aruba, and St. Martin;
light manufacturing on Curacao and Aruba
Electric power: 425,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.4 billion kWh produced (1983), 5,670 kWh
per capita
Exports: $6.0billion(f.o.b., 1980); 96% petro-
leum products, phosphate
Imports: $5.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 64% crude
petroleum, food, manufactures
1 Major trade partners: exports — 46% US, 2%
Canada, 1% Netherlands; imports— 35%
Venezuela, 11% US, 4% Netherlands (1977)
Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF commitments
(1970-79), economic— Western (non-US)
countries $353 million
Budget: (1982) public sector revenues, $373
million; public sector expenditures, $378 mil-
lion j
Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Netherlands
Antillean florins (NAF)= US$1 (February
1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650
km gravel and earth
Ports: 5 major (Willemstad, Oranjestad, St.
Nicolaas, Philipsburg, Caracasbaai); 6 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, all usable; 7 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate
telecom facilities; extensive interisland
radio-relay links; 53,000 telephones (21.1 per
100 popl.); 1 1 AM, 3 FM, and 4 TV stations; 2
submarine cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite
stations
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
Military manpower: males 15-49, 63,000;
37,000 fit for military service; about 2,600
reach military age (20) annually
166
New Caledonia
*~~ 5}> SOLOMON
V .ISLANDS
Coral Sea .VANUATU
°fU(
AUSTRALIA \
CALEDONIA Pacific
Ocean
4
W
Tasman Sea
MNEW
ff ZEALAND
(See reference map X)
Land
22,015 km2; 22% pasture; 15% forest; 6% ara-
ble; 57% waste or other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 2,254 km
People
Population: 148,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — New Caledonian(s);
adjective — New Caledonian
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42%; French
40%; remainder Vietnamese, Indonesian,
Chinese, Polynesian
Religion: over 60% Roman Catholic, 30%
Protestant
Languages: French; Melanesian-Polynesian
dialects
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 50,469 (1980 est); Javanese and
Tonkinese laborers were imported for plan-
tations and mines in pre- World War II
period; immigrant labor now coming from
Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and French
Polynesia; est. 8% unemployment
Organized labor: labor not organized
Government
Official name: Territory of New Caledonia
and Dependencies
Type: French overseas territory; represented
in French parliament by one deputy and one
senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island
group dependencies — Isle of Pines, Loyalty
Islands, Huon Islands, Island of New Caledo-
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by High Commis-
sioner, responsible to French Ministry for
Overseas France and Council of Govern-
ment; 36-seat Territorial Assembly
Government leader: Jacques ROYNETTE,
French High Commissioner and President of
the Council of Government
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Assembly elections every five
years, last in July 1979
Political parties: some 30 parties of shifting
alliances; Rassemblement pour la Caledonie
(RPCR) — Conservative; current groupings
include Union Caledonienne (UC) — even-
tual independence; Federation pour une
Nouvelle Societe Caledonienne (FNSC) —
centrist
Voting strength: (1979 election) Territorial
Assembly— RPCR, 15 seats; UC, 8 seats;
FNSC, 7 seats
Communists: number unknown; UC
strongly leftist; some politically active Com-
munists deported during 1950s; small
number of North Vietnamese
Member of: EIB (associate), WFTU, WMO
Economy
GNP: $637 million (1979), $4,000 per capita;
-1.0% growth (1977)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle
grazing; major products — coffee, maize,
wheat, and vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in
beef
Industry: mining of nickel
Electric power: 365,000 kW capacity (1981);
1.606 billion kWh produced (1981), 11,722
kWh per capita
Exports: $257.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); 95%
nickel metal (95%), nickel ore
Imports: $318.2 million (c.i.f., 1980); fuels
and minerals, machines and electrical equip-
ment
Major trade partners: (1980) exports— 54.9%
France; imports — 32.5% France
Budget: (1981) $187.1 million revenues,
$168.3 million expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 francs
CFP=US$1 (December 1982)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,399 km total (1979); 558 km
paved, 2,251 km improved earth, 2,639 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Noumea), 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 23,000 telephones (17
per 100 popl.>, 5 AM, no FM, and 7 TV sta-
tions; 1 earth satellite station
167
New Zealand
Pacific
Ocean
Vj.
(See reference map X)
Land
269,063 km2; 50% pasture; 16% forest; 10%
park and reserve; 3% cultivated; 1% urban;
20% waste, water, or other; 4 principal is-
lands, 2 minor inhabited islands, several
minor uninhabited islands.
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 15,134 km
People
Population: 3,238,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — New Zealander(s);
adjective — New Zealand
Ethnic divisions: 87% European, 9% Maori,
2% Pacific Islander, 2% other
Religion: 81% Christian, 18% none or un-
specified, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and other
Languages: English (official), Maori
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 1,325,000(1981); 29.9% manu-
facturing, mining, and construction; 24.2%
commerce and finance; 21.2% services;
10.7% agriculture; 8.3% transportation and
communications; 2% other; unemployment
3.7% (February 1981)
Organized labor: 46% of labor force
Government
Official name: New Zealand
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of
state
Capital: Wellington
Political subdivisions: 239 territorial units
(boroughs, counties, town and district coun-
cils); 657 special-purpose bodies
Legal system: based on English law, with
special land legislation and land courts for
Maoris; constitution consists of various docu-
ments, including certain acts of the UK and
New Zealand Parliaments; legal education at
Victoria, Auckland, Canterbury, and Otago
Universities; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February"
Branches: unicameral legislature (92-mem-
ber House of Representatives, commonly
called Parliament); Cabinet responsible to
Parliament; three-level court system (magis-
trates, courts, Supreme Court, and Court of
Appeal)
Government leader: Robert D. MULDOON,
Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held at three-year intervals or
sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime
Minister; last election November 1981
Political parties and leaders: National Party
(NP; government), Robert D. Muldoon; New
Zealand Labor Party (NZLP; opposition),
David Lange; Social Credit Political League
(Socred), Bruce Beetham; New Zealand
Party, Bob Jones; Communist Party of New
Zealand (CPNZ; Marxist-Leninist; pro-
Albania), Richard C. Wolfe; Socialist Unity
Party (SUP; pro-Soviet), G. H. "Bill"
Andersen
Voting strength: (1981 election) Parlia-
ment— National Party 47 seats; Labor Party,
43 seats; Social Credit, 2 seats
Communists: CPNZ about 300, SUP about
100
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth of Nations,
DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: NZ$24.0 billion (year ending March
1981), NZ$7,585 per capita; real average an-
nual growth (1971-81), 2.2%
Agriculture: fodder and silage crops, about
one-half of area planted in field crops; main
products — wool, meat, dairy products; food
surplus country
Fishing: exports 80,000 metric tons valued at
$110 million (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textile
production, machinery, transport equip-
ment; wood and paper products
Electric power: 6,953,000 kW capacity
(1982); 30.6 billion kWh produced (1982),
9,800 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.5 billion (f.o.b., 1981); principal
products meat, dairy, fish, wool
Imports: $5.3 billion (c.i.f., 1981); principal
products — petroleum, cars, trucks, iron and
steel, petroleum products
Major trade partners: (trade year 1981/82)
exports— 15.4% Australia, 14.3% UK, 13.0%
Japan, 12.7% US; imports— -20.2% Australia,
17.4% Japan, 15.8% US, 9.2% UK
Aid: bilateral economic aid commitments
(ODA and OOF), $507 million (1970-81)
Budget: (1981/82) expenditures, NZ$10.9
million; receipts, NZ$8.8 million; deficit
NZ$2.1
168
Nicaragua
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1.533=US$1
(February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 4,716 km total (1980); all 1.067-
meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km
electrified; over 99% government owned
Highways: 93, 137 km total (December 1980);
47,236 km paved, 45,901 km gravel or
crushed stone
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little impor-
tance to transportation
Pipelines: natural gas, 1,000 km; refined
products, 160 km; condensate, 150 km
Ports: 3 major
Civil air: about 40 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 205 total, 197 usable; 25 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 51 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional and domestic systems; 1.7 million
telephones (55 per 100 popl.); 64 AM stations,
no FM, 14 TV stations, and 129 repeaters;
submarine cables extend to Australia and Fiji
Islands; 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal New Zealand Air Force,
Royal New Zealand Navy, Royal New Zea-
land Army; New Zealand Force, South East
Asia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 859,000;
617,000 fit for military service; about 30,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $464.8 million; about 5.0% of
central government budget
(See reference map III)
Land
148,000 km2; 50% forest; 7% arable; 7% prai-
rie and pasture; 36% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 1,220 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (fishing, 200 nm; continental shelf, in-
cluding sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 910 km
People
Population: 2,914,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.6%
Nationality: noun — Nicaraguan(s);
adjective — Nicaraguan
Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white,
9% black, 5% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official); English- and
Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast
Literacy: 66%
Labor force: 850,000(1981 est); 42% agricul-
ture, 23% service industries, 14% commerce,
13% industry, 3% construction, 5% other;
25% unemployment
Organized labor: almost 39% of Nicaragua's
850,000 economically active citizens are or-
ganized; of the seven confederations, five are
Sandinista or Marxist oriented: the
government-sponsored Sandinista Workers'
Central (CST), over 125,000 members, in-
cluding state and municipal employees; the
Association of Campesino Workers (ATC),
also 125,000 members; the General Confed-
eration of Independent Workers (CGI-I),
approximately 15,000 members; the Work-
ers Front, about 100 members; and the
Central for Labor Action and Unity (CAUS),
about 3,000 members; the other two unions
are the Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN),
25,000 members, and the Confederation of
Labor Unification (CUS), 12,000 members
Government
Official name: Republic of Nicaragua
Type: republic
Capital: Managua
Political subdivisions: one national district
and 16 departments; in 1982 the Sandinistas
established six regions and three special
zones, which both the government and the
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)
increasingly use for administrative purposes
Legal system: theSandinista-appointed Gov-
ernment of National Reconstruction revoked
the constitution of 1974 and issued a Funda-
mental Statute and a Program of the
Government of National Reconstruction to
guide its actions until a new constitution is
drafted
National holiday: Independence Day, 15
September
Branches: executive and administrative
responsibility formally reside in the three-
member Junta of the Government of
National Reconstruction; in reality, the junta
shares power with, and in fact is dominated
by, the nine-member National Directorate of
the Sandinista National Liberation Front
(FSLN); a 51-member quasi-legislative
Council of State was established in May 1980;
the country's highest judicial authority is the
Sandinista-appointed Supreme Court, com-
prised of seven members
169
Nicaragua (continued)
Government leader: Cdte. (Jose) Daniel OR-
TEGA Saavedra, Coordinator of the Junta,
often acts as government leader on official
occasions; other junta members are Rafael
CORDOVA Rivas and Sergio RAMIREZ
Mercado
Elections: the Sandinistas announced in Feb-
ruary 1984 that elections for president, vice
president, and a 90-member Constituent As-
sembly would be held on 4 November 1984
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties except those favoring a return to
Somozaism are permitted to function; only
the Liberal Party, because of its ties to the
Somoza family, has been specifically banned;
however, under the state of emergency de-
clared in March 1982, the government has
prohibited most political activities by opposi-
tion parties; the opposition parties include
the Social Democratic Party (PSD), Luis
Rivas Leiva; the Social Christian Party (PSC),
Agustin Jarquiri; the Democratic Conserva-
tive Party (PCD), Mario Rappaccioli;
Constitutional Liberal Party (MLC), Mario
Oriedo Reyes; the PSD, PSC, and MLC, as
well as opposition employer and union repre-
sentatives from the Democratic Coordi-
nating Board, Luis Rivas Leiva, president;
the Sandinistas have made major strides to-
ward developing a grassroots party apparatus
and have formalized their alliance with other
leftist parties, including the Independent
Liberal Party, Virgilio Godoy, and the Popu-
lar Social Christian Party, Mauricio Diaz, by
creating the Revolutionary Patriotic Front
Communists: the Nicaraguan Socialist Party
(PSN), Luis Sanchez Sancho, founded in
1944, has served as Nicaragua's Moscow-line
Communist party; it is allied with the San-
dinistas; the Nicaraguan Communist Party,
Eli Altamirano, which was formed in 1967
when it broke with the PSN, and splinter
Trotskyite and Maoist groups, including the
Workers Front and the People's Action
Movement (MAP), have been viewed as op-
ponents by the Sandinistas
Other political or pressure groups: the Supe-
rior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is
an umbrella group comprising 1 1 different
chambers of associations, including such
groups as the Chamber of Commerce, the
Chamber of Industry, and the Nicaraguan
Development Institute (INDE)
Member of: CACM, CEM A (observer), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
ISO, ITU, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean
Multinational Shipping Line — Naviera
Multinacional del Caribe), OAS, ODECA,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP:$2.5billion(1982), $846 per capita; real
growth rate 1982, -3%
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, coffee,
sugarcane, rice, corn, beans, cattle
*
Major industries: food processing, chemi-
cals, metal products, textiles and clothing,
petroleum, beverages
Electric power: 385,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.2 billion kWh produced (1983), 425 kWh
per capita
Exports: $450 million (f.o.b., 1983); cotton,
coffee, chemical products, meat, sugar
Imports: $750 million (f.o.b., 1983); food and
nonfood agricultural products, chemicals
and Pharmaceuticals, transportation equip-
ment, machinery, construction materials,
clothing, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 39% US,
35% EC, 19% CACM, 7% other; imports—
27% US, 23% CACM, 19% EC, 31% other
(1980)
Aid: economic commitments, including Ex-
Im (FY70-82), US authorizations, $290
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-81), $288 million; military
(FY70-82), US authorizations, $20 million
Budget: 1983 expenditures $1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 10.05
cordobas=US$l (January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 344 km 1.067-meter gauge, gov-
ernment owned (3 km 1 .435-meter gauge line
at Puerto Cabezas; does not connect with
mainline)
Highways: 23,585 km total; 1,655 km paved,
2,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,425 km
earth or graded earth, 14,335 km unim-
proved
Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2
large lakes
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km
Ports: 1 major (Corinto), 7 minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 300 total, 277 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 13 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: low-capacity radio-
relay and wire system; connection into Cen-
tral American microwave net; Atlantic
Ocean INTELSAT station; 57,900 tele-
phones (2.2 per 100 popl.); 52 AM, 11 FM,
and 5 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Sandinista People's Army, Sandi-
nista War Navy, Sandinista Air Force/ Air
Defense, Sandinista People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 647,000;
400,000 fit for military service; 32,000 reach
military age (18) annually
170
Niger
(See reference map VII)
Land
1,266,510 km2; 7.6% permanent meadow and
pasture, 2.6% arable; 2.3% forest and wood-
land; .02% inland water; 87% other;
remainder desert
Land boundaries: 5,745 km
People
Population: 6,284,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Nigerien(s) adjective —
Nigerien
Ethnic divisions: 56% Hausa; 22% Djerma;
8.5% Fula; 8% Tuareg; 4.3% Beri Beri
(Kanouri); 1.2% Arab, Toubou, and Gour-
mantche; about 4,000 French expatriates
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder indige-
nous beliefs and Christians
Language: French (official); Hausa, Djerma
Literacy: 5%
Labor force: 2.5 million (1982) wage earners;
90% agriculture, 6% industry and commerce,
4% government
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power
since April 1974
Capital: Niamey
Political subdivisions: 1 departments, 32 ar-
rondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
1960, suspended 1974; committee appointed
January 1984 to "reflect" on a new national
charter; judicial review of legislative acts in
Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holidays: Independence Day, 3 Au-
gust; Republic Day, 18 December
Branches: executive authority exercised by
Supreme Military Council (SMC) composed
of army officers; office of prime minister cre-
ated January 1983; since November 1983,
civilians have held all cabinet portfolios ex-
cept Defense and Interior
Government leader: Brig. Gen. Seyni
KOUNTCHE, President of Supreme Mili-
tary Council, Chief of State, Minister of
Defense, and Minister of Interior
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: popular elections currently al-
lowed only for choosing representatives for
village Development Councils, which advise
on local economic development
Political parties and leaders: political parties
banned
Communists: no Communist party; some
sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: AfDB, APC, CEAO, KAMA,
EGA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU,
ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger
River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $2.0 billion (1982), $425 per capita; an-
nual real growth rate -0.8% (1970-1980)
Agriculture: commercial — cowpeas,
groundnuts, cotton; main food crops— millet,
sorghum, rice
Major industries: cement plant, brick fac-
tory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil presses,
slaughterhouse, and a few other small light
industries; uranium production began in
1971
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1983);
1 10 million kWh produced (1983), 20 kWh
per capita
Exports: $362 million (f.o.b., 1982); about
75% uranium in 1982, rest livestock, cow-
peas, onions, hides, skins; exports understated
because much regional trade not recorded
Imports: $438 million (f.o.b., 1982); petro-
leum products, primary materials,
machinery, vehicles and parts, electronic
equipment, Pharmaceuticals, chemical
products, cereals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: France (about half),
other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC coun-
tries; US (3.8%, 1981); preferential tariff to
EC and franc zone countries
Budget: (1981/82 prov.) revenue $234 mil-
lion, current expenditure $190 million,
capital expenditure $38 million, extra-
budgetary expenditure $215 million
Monetary conversion rate: 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 8,547 km total; 3,001 km paved
bituminous, 2,658 km gravel, 2,888 km un-
improved earth
171
Niger (continued)
Nigeria
300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the
Benin frontier from mid-December through
March
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 66 total, 60 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of wire
and radio-relay links concentrated in south-
western area; 8,500 telephones (0.2 per 100
popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, and 12 TV stations; 2
Atlantic Ocean satellite stations, 4 domestic
antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, National Secu-
rity Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,364,000;
735,000 fit for military service; about 62,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
September 1982, $13.6 million; about 4.3% of
central government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
923,768 km2; 35% forest; 24% arable (13% of
total land area under cultivation); 4 1 % desert,
waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 4,034 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 853 km
People
Population: 88,148,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Nigerian(s); adjective —
Nigerian
Ethnic divisions: of the more than 250 tribal
groups, the Hausa and Fulani of the north,
the Yoruba of the south, and the Ibos of the
east comprise 60% of the population; about
27,000 non-Africans
Religion: no exact figures on religious break-
down, but last census (1963) showed Nigeria
to be 47% Muslim, 34% Christian, and 18%
indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Hausa, Yoruba,
and Ibo also widely used
Literacy: 25-30%
Labor force: est. 30-38 million (1982); 56%
agriculture; 17% industry, commerce, and
services; 15% government
Organized labor: 1-2 million wage earners
belong to one of 42 recognized trade unions,
which are under a single national labor fed-
eration, the Nigerian Labor Congress (NLC)
Government
Official name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: military government since 31 Decem-
ber 1983
Capital: Lagos
Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by
appointed military governors
Legal system: based on English common law,
tribal law, and Islamic law
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Oc-
tober
Branches: Supreme Military Council, Na-
tional Council of State, and Federal
Executive Council (cabinet)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Muhammadu
BUHARI, Head of the Federal Military Gov-
ernment and Commander in Chief
Suffrage: none
Elections: last national elections under civil-
ian rule held August-September 1983
Political parties and leaders: all Political par-
ties banned after 31 December 1983; former
parties — National Party of Nigeria (NPN),
Shehu Shagari; Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN),
Obafemi Awolowo; Nigerian People's Party
(NPP), Nnamdi Azikiwe; Great Nigerian
People's Party (GNPP), Waziri Ibrahim; Peo-
ple's Redemption Party (PRP), Hassan Yusuf ;
Nigeria Advance Party (NAP), Tunji
Braithwaite
172
Norway
Communists: the pro-Communist under-
ground comprises a fraction of the small
Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in
the country's central labor organization but
have little influence on government
Member of: Af DB, APC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Ni-
ger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OPEC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $74 billion (1983 current prices), $827
per capita; - 10.0% growth rate (1983 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — peanuts, cotton,
cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm
kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock
Fishing: catch 722.185 metric tons (1981);
imports nonprocessed and processed fish
Major industries: mining — crude oil, natural
gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing indus-
tries— oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber,
petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufactur-
ing industries — textiles, cement, building
materials, food products, footwear, chemi-
cal, printing, ceramics
Electric power: 3,050,000 kW capacity
(1983); 7.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 80
kWh per capita
Exports: $11.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); oil (98%),
cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin
Imports: $9.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); machin-
ery and transport equipment, manufactured
goods, chemicals
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: (1981) revenues $14 billion, current
expenditures $4.6 billion, development ex-
penditures $9.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .7259 naira=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km
paved (mostly bituminous surface treat-
ment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed
stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unim-
proved
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of
Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers
and creeks
Pipelines: 1,918 km crude oil; 102 km natural
gas; 3,000 km refined products
Ports: 6 major (Lagos, Port Harcourt, Cala-
bar, Warri, Onne, Sapele), 9 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 80 total, 75 usable; 27 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 12 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above-average system
with major expansion in progress; radio-relay
and cable routes; 154,200 telephones (0.2 per
100 popl.); 37 AM, 9 FM, and 34 TV stations;
satellite station with Atlantic and Indian
Ocean antennas, domestic satellite system
with 19 stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
18,934,000; 10,887,000 fit for military
service; 904,000 reach military age (18)
annually
(See reference map V)
Land
Continental Norway, 323,750km2; Svalbard,
62,160 km2; Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 21% forest;
3% arable, 2% meadow and pasture; 74%
other
Land boundaries: 2,579 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413
km (excludes long fjords and numerous small
islands and minor indentations, which total as
much as 16,093 km overall)
People
Population: 4,145,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Norwegian(s);
adjective — Norwegian
Ethnic divisions: Germanic (Nordic, Alpine,
Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000
Lapps
Religion: 94% Evangelical Lutheran (state
church), 4% other Protestant and Roman
Catholic, 2% other
Language: Norwegian (official); small Lapp-
and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: 100%
173
Norway (continued)
Labor force: 1.971 million; 32.0% services;
19.8% mining and manufacturing, 15% com-
merce; 9.1% construction; 8.4% agriculture,
forestry, fishing; 8.4% construction; 5.2%
banking and financial services; 3.7% unem-
ployed (November 1984)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 19 counties, 2 territo-
ries, 404 communes, 47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary law,
civil law system, and common law traditions;
constitution adopted 1814, modified 1884;
Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to
legislature when asked; legal education at
University of Oslo; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly
with Crown and parliament (Storting —
Lagting, upper house; Odelsting, lower
house); executive power vested in Crown but
exercised by Cabinet responsible to parlia-
ment; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104
lower courts
Government leaders: OLAV V, King; Kare
WILLOCH, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal at age 18 but not compul-
sory
Elections: held every four years (next in
1985)
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro
Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Jo
Benkow; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian
People's, Kjell Magne Bondevik; Liberal,
Odd Einar Durum; Socialist Left, Theo
Koritzinsky; Norwegian Communist, Hans I.
Kleven; Progressive, Carl I. Hagen
Voting strength: (1981 election) Labor,
37.3%; Conservative, 31.6%; Christian Peo-
ple's, 9.3%; Center, 6.7%; Socialist Left
(Socialist Electoral Alliance), 4.9%; Progres-
sive, 4.5%; Liberal, 3.9%; Red Electoral
Alliance, 0.7%; Liberal People's Party
(antitax), 0.6%; Norwegian Communist, 0.3%
Communists: 15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian
Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers
Communist Party-Marxist-Leninist (AKP-
ML, pro-Chinese)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO
(observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate mem-
ber), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, International
Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ITU,
IWC — International Whaling Commission,
IWC — International Wheat Council,
NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG*
Economy
GNP: $56.2 billion in 1982, $13,600 per cap-
ita; 48.6% private consumption; 19.4%
government; 24.6% private investment; net
exports of goods and services 5.6%; 1982
growth rate —0.6%, in 1975 prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates; main crops — feed grains, potatoes,
fruits, vegetables; 40% self- sufficient; food
shortages— food grains, sugar
Fishing: catch 2.5 million metric tons (1981);
exports $1 billion (1981)
Major industries: oil and gas, food process-
ing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper
products, metals, chemicals
Shortages: most raw materials except of tim-
ber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite
ore; dairy products and fish
Crude petroleum: 20.7 million metric tons
produced (1982), exports $4.9 billion (1982)
Crude steel: 921,000 metric tons produced
(1979), 230 kg per capita
Electric power: 22,860,400 kW capacity
(1983); 92.821 billion kWh produced (1983),
22,470 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
items — oil, natural gas, metals, pulp and pa-
per, fish products, ships, chemicals, oil
Imports: $15.5 million (c.i.f., 1982); principal
items — foodstuffs, ships, fuels, motor vehi-
cles, iron and steel, chemical compounds,
textiles
Major trade partners: 72% EC (36% UK,
20% FRG, 9% Sweden); 2.8% US (1982)
Aid: donor — bilateral economic commit-
ments (ODA and OOF), $1.8 billion (1970-81)
Budget: (1982) revenues $24.1 billion, ex-
penditures $21.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.40 kroner=
US$1 (third quarter, 1983 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 4,257 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) op-
erates 4,241 km (2,440 km electrified and 91
km double track); 16km privately owned and
electrified
Highways: 78,116 km total; 17,699 km con-
crete and bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous
treated; 41,140 km gravel, crushed stone, and
earth
Inland waterways: 1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m draft
vessels maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
•
Civil air: 54 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 98 total, 97 usable; 53 with
permanent-surface runways; 12 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways
1, 220-2,439 m
174
Oman
Telecommunications: high-quality domestic
and international telephone, telegraph, and
telex services; 1.85 million telephones (45.3
per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 806 FM, and 1,623 TV
stations; 6 coaxial submarine cables; 6 domes-
tic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Norwegian Army, Royal
Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,031,000;
837,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach
military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1.7 billion; about 10.9% of
central government budget
(See reference map VI)
Land
About 212,380 km2; negligible amount for-
ested; remainder desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,384 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 2,092 km
People
Population: 1,009,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Omani(s); adjective —
Omani
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab, with
small Baluchi, Zanzibar!, and Indian groups
Religion: 75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder
Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, some Hindu
Language: Arabic (official); English, Balu-
chi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 300,000; 50% are non-Omani;
est. 66% agriculture
Government
Official name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with
strong residual UK influence
Capital: Muscat
Political subdivisions: 1 province (Dhofar), 2
governorates (Musandam and Muscat), and
numerous districts (wilayats)
Legal system: based on English common law
and Islamic law; no constitution; ultimate ap-
peal to the Sultan; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive — Sultan, who appoints
45-member State Consultative Assembly to
advise him; legislative — none; judicial — tra-
ditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil
court system
National holiday: National Day, 18-19 No-
vember
Government leader: Q ABOOS bin Sa'id Al
Bu Sa'id, Sultan
Political parties: none
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed
Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman
(PFLO), based in South Yemen
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $6.3 billion (1981), $6,828 per capita
est.
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming
(fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels), fishing
Major industries: petroleum discovery in
1964; production began in 1967; production
1982, 320,000 b/d; pipeline capacity,
400,000 b/d; copper mine and smelter re-
cently opened
Electric power: 984,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.724 million kWh produced (1983), 1,762
kWh per capita
175
Oman (continued)
Pakistan
Exports: $4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982), mostly pe-
troleum; nonoil consist mostly of re-exports
and some agricultural goods
Imports: $3.2 billion (c.i.f., 1982), machin-
ery, transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, food, livestock, mineral
fuels, lubricants
Major trade partners: exports — 52% Japan,
30% Europe, 8% US; imports— 21% Japan,
14% UAE, 14% UK, 8% US (1982)
Budget: (1982) revenues $3.4 billion, ex-
penditures $3.95 billion
Monetary conversion rate: .3456 riaI=US$l
(February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Highways: 16,900km total; 2,200 km bitumi-
nous surface, 14,700 km motorable track
Pipelines: crude oil 960 km; natural gas 730
km
Ports: 1 major (Qaboos), 3 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft, includ-
ing multinationally owned Gulf Air Fleet
Airfields: 140 total, 126 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
59 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-
wire, radio-relay, and radiocommunications
stations; 13,000 telephones (0.9 per 100
popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 1 TV stations; 2 Indian
Ocean satellite stations, 7 domestic antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal
Oman Police
Military manpower: males 15-49, 227,000;
130,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $1.9 billion; 38.4% of cen-
tral government budget
k K
§. l~> SOVIET UNION
CHINA
(See reference map VIII)
Land
803,943 km2 (excludes northern areas and
Azad Kashmir, the Pakistani-controlled parts
of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir);
40% arable, including 24% cultivated; 34%,
probably mostly waste; 23% unsuitable for
cultivation; 3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,900 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: 1,046km
People
Population: 96,628,000, excluding northern
areas and Azad Kishmir (July 1984); average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Pakistani(s); adjective —
Pakistani
Ethnic divisions: Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushtan
(Pathan), Baluchi
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% Christian, Hindu,
and other
Language: Urdu and English (official); total
spoken languages — 64% Punjabi, 12%
Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Baluchi and
other; English is lingua franca
Literacy: 24%
Labor force: 25.24 million (1982 est.) exten-
sive export of labor; 52% agriculture, 21%
industry, 8% services, 19% other
Organized labor: negligible
Government
Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type: parliamentary, federal republic; mili-
tary seized power 5 July 1977 and suspended
1973 constitution; President Mohammad
Zia-ul-Haq declared in August 1983 that he
intends to reinstate civilian government by
March 1985
Capital: Islamabad
Political subdivisions: four provinces (Balu-
chistan, North- West Frontier, Punjab, Sind),
1 territory (federally administered tribal
areas)
Legal system: based on English common law;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations; President Zia's government has
established Islamic Shariat courts paralleling
the secular courts and has introduced Ko-
ranic punishments for criminal offenses;
martial law courts also have jurisdiction to
hear civil and criminal cases; common law
procedures do not apply
National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March
Government leader: Gen. Mohammad ZIA-
UL-HAQ, President and Chief Martial Law
Administrator
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Elections: opposition agitation against rig-
ging elections in March 1977 led to military
coup; military promised to hold new national
and provincial assembly elections in October
1977 but postponed them; in 1979 elections
were postponed indefinitely; elections are
now initially scheduled for late 1984 or early
1985
176
Political parties and leaders: Pakistan Peo-
ple's Party (PPP), pro-Bhutto wing, Mrs. Z. A.
Bhutto, moderate wing, Ghulam Mustapha
Jatoi; Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, Asghar Khan; Na-
tional Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz
Mazari (formed in 1975 by members of out-
lawed National Awami Party — NAP — of
Abdul Wali Khan, who isde facto NDP lead-
er); the above two are the main groups in the
Movement for Restoration of Democracy
(MRD), formed in February 1981; Pakistan
National Party (PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
(Baluch elements of the former NAP);
Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP), Maulana
Shah Ahmed Noorani; Pakistan Muslim
League (PML) — Pir of Pagaro group;
Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Tofail Mohammed;
Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur
Rahman; political activity banned but politi-
cal discussion is permitted
Communists: party membership very small;
sympathizers estimated at several thousand;
party is outlawed
Other political or pressure groups: military
remains dominant political force
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
IDA, IDB — Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, NAM, QIC,
Regional Cooperation for Development, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: figures reflect impact of rupee deval-
uation in 1982; $27 billion (FY83 est); $300
per capita (FY83); real growth, 6.5% (FY83)
Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main
crops — wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton
Fishing: catch 301,000 metric tons (FY82
est.)
Major industries: cotton textiles, food pro-
cessing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals,
natural gas
Electric power: 5,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 17.4 billion kWh produced (1983), 180
kWh per capita
Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., FY83); primarily
rice, cotton (raw and manufactured)
Imports: $5.7 billion (f.o.b., FY83); petro-
leum (crude and products)
Major trade partners: exports — Japan 8.2%,
Saudi Arabia 7.3%, US 6.0%, UK 4.8%; im-
ports—Saudi Arabia 16.2%, Japan 13.0%, US
10.1%, UK 6.3%, FRG 6.1%
Budget: FY83 — current expenditures, $4.4
billion; development expenditures, $2.06 bil-
lion (reflects impact of rupee devaluation)
Monetary conversion rate: 13.45
rupees=US$l (August 1983); in January
1982, the rupee was delinked from the US
dollar and floated
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: (December 1983) 8,822 km 1.676-
meter broad gauge, 535 km 1.000-meter
gauge, and 610 km 0.762-meter narrow
gauge; 1,037 km broad gauge double track
and 286 km electrified; government owned
Highways: 92,000 km total (1981); 40,000 km
paved, 23,000 km gravel, improved earth,
and unimproved earth roads and tracks
Inland waterways: negligible
Pipelines: 250 km crude oil; 2, 195 km natural
gas
Ports: 2 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 115 total, 94 usable; 67 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 29 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 38 with runways 1,200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
radiocommunication service over micro-
wave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic
radiocommunications poor; broadcast
service good; 314,000 telephones (0.3 per 100
pop!.); 27 AM, no FM, 16 TV stations; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil
Armed Forces, National Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49,
23,150,000; 15,754,000 fit for military
service; 1,172,000 reach military age (17) an-
nually
Military budget: for fiscal yeai ending 30
June 1984, $1.958 billion; about 29% of cen-
tral government budget
177
Panama
(See reference map III)
Land
75,650 km2 (excluding Canal Zone, 1,430
km2); 24% agricultural land (11% pasture, 9%
fallow, 4% crop); 20% exploitable forest; 56%
other forest, urban or waste
Land boundaries: 630 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty
over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 2,490 km
People
Population: 2,101,000 (July 1983), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Panamanian(s);
adjective— Panamanian
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% West In-
dian, 10% white, 6% Indian
Religion: over 93% Roman Catholic, 6%
Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); 14% speak En-
glish as native tongue; many Panamanians
bilingual
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: est. 625,000 (January 1982); 45%
commerce, finance, and services; 29% agri-
culture, hunting, and fishing; 10% manu-
facturing and mining; 5% construction; 5%
transportation and communications; 4%
Canal Zone; 1.2% utilities; 2% other; unem-
ployed estimated at 20% (January 1983);
shortage of skilled labor but an oversupply of
unskilled labor
Organized labor: approximately 15% of la-
bor force (1982)
Government
Official name: Republic of Panama
Type: centralized republic
Capital: Panama
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 1
intendancy
Legal system: based on civil law system; con-
stitution adopted in 1972, but major reforms
adopted in April 1983; judicial review of leg-
islative acts in the Supreme Court; legal
education at University of Panama; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 No-
vember
Branches: President and Vice President,
elected by National Assembly; popularly
elected unicameral legislature, National As-
sembly of Community (Corregimientos)
Representatives; legislative powers currently
exercised in the main by National Legislative
Council, but constitutional amendments, ap-
proved in October 1978, give somewhat
broader role to National Assembly; Supreme
Court (appointed by President and Cabinet)
subject to legislative branch review under
new constitutional amendment; under April
1983 reforms there will be a President, two
Vice Presidents, and a 67-member Legisla-
tive Assembly, all popularly elected
Government leaders: Jorge ILLUECA is
constitutional President and Chief of State,
but he remains accountable to the Panama-
nian Defense Forces
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: elections for National Assembly in
August 1978, Assembly chose President (Ar-
istides Royo, who resigned in July 1982) and
Vice President in October 1978; constitu-
tional reforms allow Assembly to elect from
its own membership representatives com-
prising two-thirds of the primary legislative
organ, the National Legislative Council; the
remaining third of the Council's 56 represen-
tatives were chosen in September 1980 by
direct popular elections; major electoral re-
forms were adopted in September 1983;
direct popular elections for the President,
two Vice Presidents, and the legislature are
scheduled for May 1984; elections for mayors
and corregimientos are scheduled for June
1984
Political parties and leaders: legislation pro-
viding for legalization of political parties,
which were suspended following 1968 coup,
approved October 1978; since early 1979, all
political parties and groups have been al-
lowed to organize under new democra-
tization program; Democratic Revolutionary
Party (PRD; official government party),
Berta Torrijos de Arosemena; Communist
People's Party (PdP; progovernment), Ruben
Dario Souza; Liberal Party (PL; opposition),
Roderick Esquivel; Christian Democratic
Party (PDC; opposition), Ricardo Arias Cal-
deron; Authentic Panamenista Party (PPA;
opposition), Arnulfo Arias; Panamenista
Party (PP; opposition, breakaway faction),
Luis Caspar Suarez and Alonso Pinzon; Pop-
ular Action Party (PAPO), Carlos Ivan
Zuniga Guardia; Labor Party (PALA), Carlos
Eleta Almaran; Popular Nationalist Party
(PNP), Olimpo Saez Marcuchi; Nationalist
Republican Liberal Movement
(MOLIRENA), Cesar Arrocha Graell; Popu-
lar Broad Front (FRAMPO), Miguel Montiel;
Republican Party (PR), Eric A. Delvalle; So-
cialist Workers Party (PST), Jose Cambra;
Revolutionary Workers Party (PRT),
Graciela Dixon
178
Voting strength: only two progovernment
and two small opposition parties registered
candidates for 1980 legislative elections; half
the candidates ran as independents; 14 par-
ties registered at the end of 1983, with two
more possible before May 1984 elections
Communists: People's Party (PdP),
progovernment mainline Communist party,
met requirements for certification as a legal
party in 1981; PdP has approximately 35,000
adherents; 1,500 members and sympathizers
of rival Fraccion movement, which split
from PdP in 1974
Other political or pressure groups: National
Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP);
Panamanian Association of Business Execu-
tives (APEDE)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IDE— Inter-
American Development Bank, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC,
ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC — International Wheat
Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN,
UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $3.945 billion (1982), $1,934 per cap-
ita; 55% private consumption, 19% govern-
ment consumption, 26% gross fixed invest-
ment, —2% net foreign balance (1982); real
growth (1982), 4.0%
Agriculture: main crops— bananas, rice, sug-
arcane, corn, coffee; self-sufficient in basic
foods
Fishing: catch 113,861 metric tons(1981); ex-
ports $60.2 million (1981)
Major industries: food processing, bever-
ages, petroleum products, construction
materials, clothing, paper products
Electric power: 765,000 kW capacity (1983);
2.1 billion kWh produced (1983), 1,020 kWh
per capita
Exports: $345 million (f.o.b., 1982); petro-
leum products, bananas, sugar, shrimp
Imports: $1.441 billion (f.o.b., 1982); manu-
factured goods, crude oil, transportation
equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 56% US, 6%
FRG; imports— 33% US, 8% Venezuela, 6%
Japan (1981)
Aid: economic — US, authorized, including
Ex-Im (FY70-82), $375 million; Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $400 million; military— US (FY70-82),
$18 million
Budget: (1982) $865 million in revenues,
$1.355 billion in expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$l
(January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 278 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter
gauge, 200 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,400 km total; 2,715 km paved,
3,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km
improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by
shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
Pipelines: refined products, 96 km; crude oil,
130km
Ports: 2 major (Cristobal Colon/Coco Solo,
Balboa/Panama City), 4 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 145 total, 143 usable; 42 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 17 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic and interna-
tional telecom facilities well developed;
connection into Central American micro-
wave net; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas;
191,900 telephones (9.9 per 100 popl.); 72
AM, 30 FM, and 14 TV stations; 1 coaxial
submarine cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Defense Forces of the Republic of
Panama (formerly known as the National
Guard) includes military ground forces (still
designated National Guard), Panamanian
Air Force, National Navy, Panama Canal
Defense Force, police force, traffic
police/highway patrol, National Depart-
ment of Investigation, and Department of
Immigration
Military manpower: males 15-49, 536,000;
369,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year beginning 1
January 1984, $88 million; 3.4% of the cen-
tral government budget
179
Papua New Guinea
Pacific Ocean
Coral Sea
AUSTRALIA
(See reference map X)
Land
475,369 km2; 70% forest; 3% cultivated; 2%
pasture; 25% other
Land boundaries: 966 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 5,152 km
People
Population: 3,353,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun — Papua New Guinean(s);
adjective — Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian
and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and
Polynesian
Religion: over half of population nominally
Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Lu-
theran, other Protestant sects); remainder
indigenous beliefs
Language: 715 indigenous languages; pidgin
English in much of the country and Motu in
Papua region are linguae francae; English
spoken by 1-2% of population
Literacy: 32%
Labor force: 1.44 million (1979); 352,500
(1980) in salaried employment; 53% agricul-
ture, 20% government, 17% industry and
commerce, 10% services
Government
Official name: Papua New Guinea
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth recognizing Eliza-
beth II as head of state
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces
Legal system: based on English common law
National holiday: Independence Day, 16
September
Branches: executive — National Executive •
Council; legislature — House of Assembly
(109 members); judiciary — court system con-
sists of Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea
and various inferior courts (district courts, lo-
cal courts, children's courts, wardens' courts)
Government leaders: Sir Kingsford
DIBELA, Governor General; Michael
Thomas SOMARE, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: preferential-type elections for
109-member House of Assembly every five
years, last held in June 1982
Political parties: Pangu Party, People's
Progress Party, United Party, Papua Besena,
National Party, Melanesian Alliance
Communists: no significant strength
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, CIPEC (asso-
ciate), Commonwealth, ESCAP (associate),
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, South Pa-
cific Commission, South Pacific Forum, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GNP: $2 billion (1980), $650 per capita; real
growth (1979) 3% est.
Agriculture: main crops — coffee, cocoa, co-
conuts, timber, tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber
processing, copper mining (Bougainville),
fish canning
Electric power: 664,100 kW capacity (1983);
1.4 billion kWh produced (1983), 430 kWh
per capita
Exports: $960.0 million (f .o.b., 1979); copper,
coconut products, coffee beans, cocoa, copra,
timber
Imports: $935.5 million (c.i.f., 1979)
Major trade partners: Australia, UK, Japan
Aid: economic — Australia, $1,158 million
committed (1976-81); World Bank group
(1968-September 1969), $14.8 million com-
mitted; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $125
million; other Western countries, ODA and
OOF bilateral commitments (1980-81), $687
million
Budget: (1983) $1.02 million
Monetary conversion rate: .8658 kina=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved,
1 0,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: 5 principal, 9 minor
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft
180
Paraguay
Airfields: 528 total, 429 usable; 18 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 40 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea
telecom services are adequate and are being
improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast,
radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio,
aeronautical radio and international radio-
communication services; submarine cables
extend from Madang to Australia and Guam;
45,274 telephones (1.5 per 100popl.);31 AM,
no FM, and no TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Papua New Guinea Defense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 808,000;
about 447,000 fit for military service
Supply: dependent on Australia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $28.0 million; about 3% of
central government budget
(See reference map IV)
Land
406,750 km2; 52% forest; 24% meadow and
pasture; 22% urban, waste, and other; 2%
crop
Land boundaries: 3,444 km
People
Population: 3,623,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Paraguayan(s);
adjective — Paraguayan
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo (Spanish and
Indian), 5% white and Indian
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic; Mennonite
and other Protestant denominations
Language: Spanish (official) and Guarani
Literacy: 81%
Labor force: 1.2 million (1982); 44% agricul-
ture; 34% industry and commerce, 18%
services; 4% government; unemployment
rate 3.3% (1980)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asuncion
Political subdivisions: 19 departments and
the national capital
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Ro-
man law, and French codes; constitution
promulgated 1967; judicial review of legisla-
tive acts in Supreme Court; legal education at
National University of Asuncion and
Catholic University of Our Lady of the
Assumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 14
May
Branches: President heads executive; bicam-
eral legislature (Senate, Chamber of Dep-
uties); judiciary headed by Supreme Court
Government leader: Gen. (Ret.) Alfredo
STROESSNER, President
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between
ages of 18-60
Elections: President and Congress elected to-
gether every five years (last election
February 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Colorado
Party, Juan Ramon Chaves; Liberal Party,
Fulvio Hugo Celauro; Febrerista Party,
Alarico Quinones Cabral; Radical Liberal
Party, German Acosta Caballero; Christian
Democratic Party, Romulo Perina
Voting strength: (February 1983 general
election) 90% Colorado Party, 5.6% Radical
Liberal Party, 3.2% Liberal Party; Febrerista
Party boycotted elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Mi-
guel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est.
3,000 to 4,000 party members and sym-
pathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard
core; party in exile is small and deeply di-
vided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular
Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by
Epifanio Mendez, in exile; National Accord
includes MoPoCo and Febrerista, Radical
Liberal, and Christian Democratic Parties
181
Paraguay (continued)
Peru
Member o/:FAO,G-77, 1 ADB, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
LAIA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $5.8 billion (1982, at current prices),
$1,411 per capita; 1% public consumption;
78% private consumption (1982), 30% gross
domestic investment, — 18% net foreign bal-
ance (1980); real growth rate 1982, -2%
Agriculture: main crops — oilseeds, cotton,
wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco,
corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most
foods
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed
crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light con-
sumer goods, cement
Electric power: 590,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.4 billion kWh produced (1983), 400 kWh
per capita
Exports: $396 million (f.o.b., 1982); cotton,
oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber, cof-
fee, essential oils, tung oil
Imports: $711 million (f.o.b., 1982); fuels and
lubricants, machinery and motors, motor ve-
hicles, beverages and tobacco, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — 23% Argen-
tina, 18% Brazil, 14% Netherlands, 11%
FRG, 8% Japan, 5% US, 5% Switzerland; im-
ports—26% Brazil, 20% Argentina, 10% US,
8% FRG, 8% Japan, 5% UK (1981)
Aid: economic bilateral commitments, US
(FY70-82) $148 million, other Western coun-
tries, ODA and OOF (1970-81) $360 million;
military commitments (FY70-82), US $18
million
Budget: (1980 est.) $405 million in revenues,
$432 million in expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 126 guaranies=
US$1 (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 970 km total; 440 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge, 60 km 1.000-meter gauge,
470 km various narrow gauge (privately
owned)
Highways: 12,700km total; 1,530 km paved,
600 km gravel, and 10,540 km earth
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
Ports: 1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river)
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 933 total, 785 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway
2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: principal center in
Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net;
58,700 telephones (1.8 per 100 popl.); 35 AM,
21 FM, and 5 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Paraguayan Army, Paraguayan
Navy, Paraguayan Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 858,000;
682,000 fit for military service; 42,000 reach
military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $128.4 million; 17.2% of
central government budget
Pacific
Ocean V"™
(See reference map IV)
Land
1,284,640 km2 (other estimates range as low
as 1,248,380 km2); 55% forest; 29% urban,
waste, or other; 14% meadow and pasture; 2%
crop
Land boundaries: 6,131 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 2,414 km
People
Population: 19,157,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Peruvian(s); adjective —
Peruvian
Ethnic divisions: 45% Indian; 37% mestizo
(white-Indian); 15% white; 3% black, Japa-
nese, Chinese, and other
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Quechua (official),
Aymara
Literacy: est. 72%
Labor force: 5.6 million (1980); 41% govern-
ment and other services, 40% agriculture,
19% industry and mining
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1978)
182
Government
Official name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic
Capital: Lima
Political subdivisions: 23 departments with
limited autonomy plus constitutional Prov-
ince of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system; 1979
constitution reestablished civilian govern-
ment with a popularly elected president and
bicameral legislature; legal education at the
National Universities in Lima, Trujillo, Are-
quipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 28
July
Branches: executive, judicial, bicameral leg-
islative (Senate, Chamber of Deputies)
Government leader: Fernando BELAUNDE
Terry, President; Sando MARIATEGUI,
Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for a civilian government
were held on 18 May 1980, with the new gov-
ernment installed on 28 July 1980
Political parties and leaders: Popular Action
Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry;
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
(APRA), Alan Garcia; Popular Christian
Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; United Left
(IU), Alfonso Barrantes
Voting strength: (1980 presidential election)
45% AP, 27% APRA, 10% PPC
Communists: Communist Party of Peru
(PCP), pro-Soviet, 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 fac-
tions) 1,200
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC,
ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, INTERPOL, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, ISO, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO,
SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $19.2 billion (1982 est.), $1,018 per
capita; 72% private consumption, 15% public
consumption, 21% gross investment; —4%
net foreign balance (1982); real growth rate
(1982), -1%
Agriculture: main crops — wheat, potatoes,
beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane;
imports — wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice,
corn
Fishing: catch 3.452 million metric tons
(1982); exports — oil, other products, $331
million (1979); meal, $202 million (1982)
Major industries: mining of metals, petro-
leum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food
processing, cement, auto assembly, steel,
shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Electric power: 3,500,000 kW capacity
(1983); 12.3 billion kWh produced (1983), 640
kWh per capita
Exports: $3.3 billion (f.o.b., 1982); copper,
fish and fish products, copper, silver, iron,
cotton, sugar, lead, zinc, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1982); foodstuffs,
machinery, transport equipment, iron and
steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharma-
ceuticals
Major trade partners: exports — 38% US,
18% Japan, 16% EC (1981); imports— 39%
US, 25% EC, 9% Japan (1982)
Budget: 1982— $3.6 billion in revenues, $4.3
billion in expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 2394.27 soles=
US$1 (February (1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter
gauge
Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved,
11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved
earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable
tributaries of Amazon River system and 208
km Lake Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and
natural gas liquids, 64 km
Ports: 7 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 240 total, 231 usable; 29 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 24 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for
most requirements; nationwide radio-relay
system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 12
domestic antennas; 487,100 telephones (2.8
per 100 popl.); 212 AM, 20 FM, and 73 TV
stations
Defense Forces
Branches: War Army of Peru, Air Force of
Peru, War Navy of Peru, Civil Guard, Re-
publican Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,578,000;
3,102,000 fit for military service; 178,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1,229.0 million; 6.2% of
central government budget
183
Philippines
(See reference map IX)
Land
300,440 km2; 53% forest; 30% arable; 5% pas-
ture; 12% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 0-300
nm (under an archipelago theory, waters
within straight lines joining appropriate
points of outermost islands are considered in-
ternal waters; waters between these baselines
and the limits described in the Treaty of
Paris, 10 December 1898, the US-Spain
Treaty of 7 November 1900, and the US-UK
Treaty of 2 January 1930 are considered to be
the territorial sea); fishing 200 nm; exclusive
economic zone 200 nm
Coastline: about 22,540 km
People
Population: 55,528,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Filipino(s); adjective —
Philippine
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4%
Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 9% Protes-
tant, 5% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Filipino (based on Tagalog) and
English (both official)
Literacy: about
Labor force: 17.8 million (1982 est); 47% agri-
culture, 20% industry and commerce, 13.5%
services, 10% government, 9.5% other
Government
Official name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital: Manila (de facto), Quezon City (des-
ignated)
Political subdivisions: 72 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and
Anglo-American law; parliamentary con-
stitution passed 1973; constitution amended
in 1981 to provide for French-style mixed
presidential-parliamentary system; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; legal education at University of the.
Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University,
and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; martial
law lifted in January 1981
National holiday: Independence Day, 12
June
Branches: constitution provides for unicam-
eral legislature (Batasang Pambansa) and a
strong executive branch under President and
Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by
Supreme Court with descending authority in
a three-tiered system of local, regional trial,
and intermediate appellate courts
Government leader: Ferdinand Edralin
MARCOS, President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory
Elections: Interim National Assembly serves
as interim government pending regular elec-
tions scheduled for May 1984
Political parties and leaders: national parties
are Marcos's New Society Party (KBL), the
Liberals, Nacionalistas, and Laban; promi-
nent regional parties include the Mindanao
Alliance and the Pusyon Bisaya
Communists: the Communist Party of the
Philippines (CPP) controls about 7,500
armed insurgents; not recognized as legal
party; a second Communist party, the Philip-
pine Communist Party (PKP), has quasilegal
status
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Co-
lombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $39 billion (1982), $760 per capita;
2.4% real growth, 1982
Agriculture: main crops — rice, corn, coco-
nut, sugarcane, bananas, abaca, tobacco
Fishing: catch 1.4 million metric tons (1979)
Major industries: textiles, Pharmaceuticals,
chemicals, wood products, food processing,
electronics assembly
Electric power: 5,312,000 kW capacity
(1982); 19.0 billion kWh produced (1982), 368
kWh per capita
Exports: $4.995 billion (f.o.b., 1982); coconut
products, sugar, logs and lumber, copper con-
centrates, bananas, garments, nickel,
electrical components, gold
Imports: $7.800 billion (f.o.b., 1982); petro-
leum, industrial equipment, wheat
Major trade partners: (1981) exports — 31%
US, 22% Japan; imports— 22% US, 19% Japan
Budget: (1982) revenues $6.6 billion,
expenditures $8.4 billion (capital expendi-
tures $2.5 billion), deficit $1.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 14.832 oesos=
US$1 (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: total rehabilitation of 474 km
1.067-meter gauge underway; 378 km oper-
able (1982); 34% government owned
184
Poland
Highways: 152,800 km total (1980); 27,800
km paved; 73,000 km gravel, crushed stone,
or stabilized soil surface; 52,000 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to
shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
Ports: 10 major, numerous minor
Civil air: approximately 80 major transport
aircraft
Airfields: 343 total, 293 usable; 65 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international ra-
dio and submarine cable services; domestic
and interisland service adequate; 707,000
telephones (1.28 per 100 popl.); 267 AM sta-
tions, including 6 US; and 55 FM stations; 33
TV stations, including 4 US; submarine
cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singa-
pore, Taiwan, and Japan; tropospheric-
scatter link to Taiwan; 2 international ground
satellite stations; 11 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine
Corps, Constabulary — Integrated National
Police
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,865,000; 9,827,000 fit for military service;
about 584,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Supply: limited small arms and small arms
ammunition, small patrol craft production;
licensed assembly of transport aircraft; most
other materiel obtained from US; naval ships
and equipment from Australia, Japan, Italy,
Singapore, US, and Italy; aircraft and heli-
copters from West Germany and US
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1984, $600 million; about 14% of
central government budget
(See reference map V)
Land
312,612 km2; 49% arable, 27% forest, 14%
other agricultural, 10% other
Land boundaries: 3,090 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(6 nm contiguous zone claimed in addition to
the territorial sea; fishing 200 nm, lateral lim-
its based on geographical coordinates)
Coastline: 491 km
People
Population: 36,887,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Pole(s); adjective —
Polish
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrai-
nian, 0.5% Byelorussian, less than 0.05%
Jewish, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75%
practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox,
Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 19.3 million; 27% agriculture,
32% industry, 41% other nonagricultural
(1980)
Organized labor: new government trade
unions formed following dissolution of Soli-
darity and all other government unions in
October 1982
Government
Official name: Polish People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napo-
leonic) civil law and Communist legal theory;
constitution adopted 1952; court system par-
allels administrative divisions with Supreme
Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no
judicial review of legislative acts; legal educa-
tion at seven law schools; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day,
22 July
Branches: unicameral legislative (Sejm), ex-
ecutive, judicial system dominated by
parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leaders: Army Gen. Wojciech
JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of Min-
isters (Premier); Henryk JABLONSKI,
Chairman of Council of State (President)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: parliamentary and local govern-
ment every four years; March 1984 election
postponed
Dominant political party and leader: Polish
United Workers' Party (PZPR; Communist),
Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary
Voting strength: (March 1980 election)
98.87% voted for Communist-approved sin-
gle slate
185
Poland (continued)
Communists: 2.4 million (1983)
Other political or pressure groups: United
Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD),
progovernment pseudo-Catholic Pax Associ-
ation and Christian Social Association,
Catholic independent Znak group; powerful
Roman Catholic Church, Patriotic Move-
ment of National Rebirth (PRON)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA,
ICAO, ICES, IHO, Indochina Truce Com-
mission, ILO, IMO, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Ko-
rea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $186.8 billion in 1982 (1982 dollars),
$5,160 per capita; 1982 growth rate -4.8%
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum re-
quirements; main crops — grain, sugar beets,
oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock prod-
ucts and sugar; importer of grains
Fishing: catch 642,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: machine building, iron
and steel, extractive industries, chemicals,
shipbuilding, and food processing
Crude steel: 14.8 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982), about 405 kg. per capita
Electric power: 27,340,000 kW capacity
(1983); 121.468 billion kWh produced (1983),
3,048 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.626 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 57.7%
machinery and equipment, 26.2% fuels, raw
materials, and semimanufactures, 8.7% light
industrial products, 7.4% agricultural and
food products (1982)
Imports: $14.96 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 34.4%
machinery and equipment; 36.5% fuels, raw
materials, and semimanufactures; 17.5% ag-
ricultural and food products; 4.6% light
industrial products (1982)
Major trade partners: $30.586 billion (1982);
65% with Communist countries, 35% with
West
Monetary conversion rate: 95.49
ztotys=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic
data are reported for calendar years except
for caloric intake, which is reported for the
consumption year, 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 27,158 km total; 23,951 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 397 km 1.534-meter
broad gauge, 2,810 km narrow gauge; 8,843
km double track; 7,410 km electrified; gov-
ernment owned (1982)
Highways: 291,166 km total; 67,537 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 114,904 km
crushed stone, gravel; 116,675 km earth
(1982)
Inland waterways: 4,040 km navigable rivers
and canals (1982)
Pipelines: 3,540 km for natural gas; 1,600 km
for crude oil; 322 km for refined products
Freight carried: rail — 402. 1 million metric
tons (1982), 1 12.7 billion metric ton/km
(1982); highway— 1,379.3 million metric
tons, 34.0 billion metric ton/km (1982);
waterway — 13.7 million metric tons, 1.6 bil-
lion metric ton/km (1982)
Ports: 4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin,
Swinoujscie), 12 minor (1979); principal in-
land waterway ports are Gliwice, Wroclaw,
and Warsaw (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Polish People's Army, Internal De-
fense Forces, Territorial Defense, National
Air Defense Forces, Air Force Command,
Polish Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,320,000;
7,402,000 fit for military service; 256,000
reach military age (19) annually
Ships: 4 submarines, 1 principal surface com-
batant, 1 patrol combatant, 23 amphibious
warfare ships, 23 mine warfare ships, 50
coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 19 am-
phibious warfare craft, 26 mine warfare
craft, 3 underway replenishment ships, 5
fleet support ships, 10 other auxiliaries
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, 201.5 billion
ztotys; 7.6% of total budget
186
Portugal
Atlantic
Ocean
PORTUBAL? $PMN f ,s
tbtai* Is.
MADEIRA
ISLANDS
ALGERIA
("See reference map V and VII)
Land
Metropolitan Portugal, 94,276 km2, includ-
ing the Azores and Madeira Islands; 48%
arable; 31% forest; 6% meadow and pasture
5% waste, urban, inland water, or other
Land boundaries. 1,207 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm); 200 nm exclusive economic
zone
Coastline: 860 km; excludes Azores (708 km)
and Madeira (225 km)
People
Population: 10,045,000 (July 1984), includ-
ing the Azores and Madeira Islands; average
annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun — Portuguese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Portuguese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterra-
nean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira
Islands; citizens of black African descent who
immigrated to mainland during decoloniza-
tion number less than 100,000
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protes-
tant sects, 2% other
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 4.3 million (1981); 27% services,
27% services, 27% industry, 7% agriculture;
unemployment, 7.5% (December 1982)
Organized labor: about 45% of Portuguese
labor is organized; the Communist-
dominated General Confederation of Portu-
guese Workers — National Intersindical
(CGTP-IN) represents about half of the
unionized labor force; its main competition,
the General Workers Union (UGT), is orga-
nized by the Socialists and Social Democrats
and represents a little less than half of union-
ized labor
Government
Official name: Portuguese Republic
Type: republic, first government under new
constitution formed July 1976
Capital: Lisbon
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in main-
land Portugal; Portugal's two autonomous
regions, the Azores and Madeira Islands, have
4 districts (3 of them in the Azores); Macao,
Portugal's remaining overseas territory, was
granted broad executive and legislative au-
tonomy in February 1976; Portugal has not
officially recognized the unilateral annex-
ation of Portuguese Timor by Indonesia
Legal system: civil law system; constitution
adopted April 1976 and revised October
1982; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
constitutionality of legislation; legal educa-
tion at Universities of Lisbon and Coimbra;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: 25 April
Branches: executive with President and
Prime Minister; unicameral legislature (pop-
ularly elected Assembly of the Republic);
independent judiciary
Government leaders: Gen. Antonio dos San-
tos Ramalho EANES, President; Mario
SCARES, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections for Assembly of
the Republic normally to be held every four
years; Assembly elections held April 1983;
national election for President to be held ev-
ery five years, second constitutional presi-
dent elected in December 1980; local elec-
tions to be held every three years, last
elections in December 1982
Political parties and leaders: Portuguese So-
cialist Party (PS), Mario Scares; Social Demo-
cratic Party (PSD), formerly the Popular
Democratic Party (PPD), Carlos Alberto da
Mota Pinto; Social Democratic Center (CDS),
Francisco Lucas Pires; Portuguese Commu-
nist Party (PCP), Alvaro Cunhal
Voting strength: (1983 parliamentary elec-
tion) Socialists, 36.3%; Social Democrats.
27.0%; Center Democrats, 12.4%; Commu-
nists (in a front coalition called the United
Peoples Alliance [APU]), 18.2%; (1982 local
elections) Democratic Alliance (AD), which
consist primarily of the PSD and the CDS,
41%; PS, 32.0%; APU, 21.5%
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party
claims membership of 164,713 (April 1979)
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDE— Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IOOC, IRC, ISO, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
CNP: $23.4 billion (1982); 15% government
consumption, 68% private consumption; 31 %
fixed capital formation; 6% change in stocks;
—20% net exports; real growth rate 3.5%
(1982)
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped;
main crops — grains, potatoes, olives, grapes
for wine; deficit foods — sugar, grain, meat,
fish, oilseed
Fishing: landed 315,277 metric tons (1982)
187
Portugal (continued)
Qatar
Major industries: textiles and footwear;
wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking;
oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine
Crude steel: 894,252 tons produced (1981),
89 kg per capita
Electric power: 4,990,000 kW capacity
(1983); 14.1 billion kWh produced (1983),
1, 4 10 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
items — cotton textiles, cork and cork prod-
ucts, canned fish, wine, timber and timber
products, resin, machinery, and appliances
Imports: $9.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982); principal
items — petroleum, cotton, industrial ma-
chinery, iron and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: 57% EC, 6% US, 20%
other developed countries, 2% Communist
countries, 13% less developed countries
Aid: economic authorizations — US, includ-
ing Ex-Im, $1.5 billion (FY70-82); other
Western countries (ODA and OOF), $396
million (1977-79); military authorizations —
US, $256 million (FY70-82)
Budget: (1982) expenditures, $9.5 billion;
revenues, $7.1 billion; deficit, $2.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 138.30
escudos=US$l (January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 3,602 km total: state-owned Por-
tuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,830 km
1.665-meter gauge (432 km electrified and
426 km double track), 760 km meter gauge
(1.000m); 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electri-
fied, double, nongovernment owned
Highways: 57,499 km total; 49,537 km paved
(bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), in-
cluding 140 km of limited-access divided
highway; 7,962 km improved earth; plus an
additional 4,100 km of unimproved earth
roads (motorable tracks)
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; rela-
tively unimportant to national economy,
used by shallow-draft craft limited to 297
metric ton cargo capacity
Pipelines: crude oil, 1 1 km
Ports: 7 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 34 major transport aircraft
Airfields (including Azores and Madeira Is-
lands): 69 total, 68 usable; 36 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 11 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are generally
adequate; 1.37 million telephones (13.8 per
1 00 popl.); 47 AM, 55 FM, and 66 TV stations;
5 submarine cables; 3 Atlantic Ocean satellite
antennas (on mainland and Azores)
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,403,000;
1,967,000 fit for military service; 90,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $515 million; about 8.4% of
central government budget
IRAN
SAUDI ARABIA
(See reference map VI)
Land
About 11,000 km2; negligible forest; mostly
desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 56 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 563 km
People
Population: 276,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Qatari(s); adjective —
Qatar!
Ethnic divisions: 40% Arab, 18% Pakistani,
18% Indian, 10% Iranian
Religion: 95% Muslim
Language: Arabic (official); English is com-
monly used as second language
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 100,000 (1980 est); 90% non-
Oatari
Government
Offical name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence
declared in 1971
188
Reunion
Capital: Doha
Legal system: discretionary system of law
controlled by the ruler, although civil codes
are being implemented; Islamic law is signifi-
cant in personal matters; a constitution was
promulgated in 1970
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 Sep-
tember
Branches: executive — Amir and Council of
Ministers; legislature — State Advisory Coun-
cil
Government leader: Khalifa bin Hamad Al
THANI, Amir
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage
laid down
Elections: constitution calls for elections for
part of State Advisory Council, a consultative
body, but no elections have been held
Political parties and leaders: none
Other political or pressure groups: a few
small clandestine organizations are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDE—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $7.9 billion (1982); $27,790 per capita
(1983)
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small
scale; commercial fishing increasing in im-
portance; most food imported; rice and dates
staple diet
Major industries: oil production and refin-
ing; crude oil production averaged 326,000
b/d (1982); oil revenues accrued $3.2 billion
(est.) in FY82, representing 89% of govern-
ment revenue
Electric power: capacity 1,048,000 kW
(1983); 3.307 billion kWh produced (1983),
12,385 kWh per capita
Exports; $4.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982), of which
petroleum accounted for $4. 1 billion
Imports: $1.95 billion (c.i.f., 1982)
Budget: (FY83) revenue $3.8 billion, expend-
iture $3.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.6399 Qatar
riyals=US$l (December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 840 km total; 490 km bituminous;
350 km gravel; undetermined mileage of
earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 235 km; natural gas, 235
km
Ports: 1 major (Ad Dawhah), 1 minor
Airfields: 4 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways over
3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways over
3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good urban facilities;
53,300 telephones (26. 1 per 100 popl.); inter-
national service through 2 satellite stations
and a troposcatter link to Bahrain; 2 AM, 1
FM, and 3 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Sea Arm, Air Force, Police
Department
Military manpower: males 15-49, 117,000;
63,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1978, $157 million; 7.3% of cen-
tral government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
2,512 km2; two-thirds of island extremely
rugged, consisting of volcanic mountains;
48,600 hectares (less than one-fifth of the
land) under cultivation
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 201 km
People
Population: 535,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun — Reunionese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Reunionese
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of
thoroughly intermixed ancestry of French,
African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and
Indian origin
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official), Creole widely
used
Literacy: over 80% among younger genera-
tion
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers;
high seasonal unemployment
Government
Official name: Department of Reunion
189
Reunion (continued)
Type: overseas department of France; repre-
sented in French Parliament by three
deputies and two senators
Capital: Saint-Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Pre-
fect appointed by the French Minister of
Interior, assisted by a Secretary General and
an elected 36-man General Council; in 1974
France created an elected 45-member Re-
gional Assembly to coordinate economic and
social development policies; in 1981 both the
General Council and the Regional Assembly
received greater authority for fiscal policy
Government leader: Michel LEVALLOIS,
Commissioner of the Republic
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal and General Coun-
cil elections in 1982; parliamentary election
June 1981; Regional Assembly election in
February 1983
Political parties and leaders: Reunion Com-
munist Party (RCP), Paul Verges; Popular
Movement for the Liberation of Reunion,
Georges Sinamale; other political candidates
affiliated with metropolitan French parties,
which do not maintain permanent organiza-
tions on Reunion
Voting strength: (parliamentary election
1981) Union for French Democracy-Rally
for the Republic coalition elected two depu-
ties; the Socialists elected one deputy; in the
1983 Regional Assembly election, leftist par-
ties received 45.7% of the vote
Communists: Communist Party small, but
has support among sugarcane cutters and the
minuscule Popular Movement for the Liber-
ation of Reunion (MPLR), and in Le Port
District
Member of: WFTU
Economy
CNP: not available
Agriculture: cash crops — almost entirely
sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla and per-
fume plants; food crops — tropical fruit and
vegetables, manioc, bananas, corn, market
garden produce, some tea, tobacco, and cof-
fee; food crop inadequate, most food needs
imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills,
rum distilling plants, cigarette factory, 2 tea
plants, fruit juice plant, canning factory, a
slaughterhouse, and several small shops pro-
ducing handicraft items
Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1983);
760 million kWh produced (1983), 1,430
kWh per capita
Exports: $128 million (f.o.b., 1980); 90%
sugar, 5% rum and molasses, 4% perfume es-
sences, 1% vanilla and tea
7mpor«s:$871 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufac-
tured goods, food, beverages, and tobacco,
machinery and transportation equipment,
raw materials and petroleum products
Major trade partners: France and Mauritius
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $4.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.974 French
francs=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,745 km total; 2,168 km paved,
300 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized
earth
Ports: 1 major (Port des Galets)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system for
needs; modern open-wire line and radio-
relay network; principal center Saint-Denis;
radiocommunication to Comoros Islands,
France, Madagascar; new radio relay route to
Mauritius; 60,300 telephones (12.0 per 100
popl.); 2 AM and 9 FM stations; 1 TV station
with 17 relay transmitters; 1 Indian Ocean
satellite station
Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 152,000;
79,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach
military age (18) annually
190
Romania
CSee reference map V)
Land
237,499 km2; 44% arable; 27% forest; 19%
other agricultural; 10% other
Land boundary: 2,969 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 225 km
People
Population: 22,683,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Romanian(s);
adjective — Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 88.1% Romanian; 7.9%
Hungarian; 1.6% German; 2.4% Ukrainian,
Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Ro-
man Catholic; 4% Calvinist, Lutheran,
Jewish, and Baptist
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 10.4 million (1981); 28.9% agri-
culture, 36.1% industry, 35% other
nonagricultural (1982)
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Roma-
nia
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Political subdivisions: 41 counties, including
city of Bucharest, which has administrative
status equal to a county, and 46 municipal-
ities
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory that increas-
ingly reflects Romanian traditions; con-
stitution adopted 1965; legal education at
University of Bucharest and two other law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers;
the Grand National Assembly, under which is
Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme
Court; Council of State
Government leaders: Nicolae CEAUS. ESCU,
President of the Socialist Republic (head of
state); Constantin DASCALESCU, Prime
Minister
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18
Elections: elections held every five years for
Grand National Assembly deputies and local
people's councils
Political parties and leaders: Communist
Party of Romania only functioning party,
Nicolae Ceau$escu, Secretary General
Voting strength: (1980 election) overall par-
ticipation reached 99.99%; of those reg-
istered to vote (15,631,351), 98.52% voted for
party candidates
Communists: 3,150,812 (December 1981)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
191
Economy
GNP: $104.8 billion in 1982 (1982 dollars),
$4,238 per capita; 1982 real growth rate,
2.7%
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops — corn,
wheat, oilseed; livestock — cattle, hogs, sheep;
consumer and food supplies weak
Fishing: catch 209,000 metric tons (1981)
Major industries: mining, forestry, construc-
tion materials, metal production and
processing, chemicals, machine building,
food processing
Shortages: iron ore, coking coal, metallurgi-
cal coke, cotton fibers, natural rubber
Crude steel: 13.0 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982), 578 kg per capita
Electric power: 17,205,000 kW capacity
(1983); 66.215 billion kWh produced (1983),
2,825 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 31.8%
machinery and equipment; 23. 7% fuels, min-
erals, and metals; 16.2% manufactured
consumer goods; 13.5% agricultural materi-
als and forestry products, 14.8% other (1981)
Imports: $9.7 billion (f.o.b. 1982); 23.7% fu-
els, minerals, and metals; 31.8% machinery
and equipment; 11.6% agricultural and for-
estry products; 3.9% manufactured
consumer goods; 10.1% other (1981)
Major trade partners: $21.3 billion in 1982;
51% non-Communist countries, 49% Com-
munist countries (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 16.5 lei=US$l
(December 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads. -11,110km total; 10,506km 1.435-
meter standard gauge, 559 km narrow gauge,
45 km broad gauge; 2,367 km electrified,
2,424 km double track; government owned
(1980)
Romania (continued)
Rwanda
Highways: 73,364 km total; 29,228 km con-
crete, asphalt, stone block; 38,880 km asphalt
treated, gravel, crushed stone and 5,256 km
other (1980)
Inland waterways: 1,660 km (1980)
Pipelines: 2,735 km crude oil; 1,429 km re-
fined products; 5,149 km natural gas
Freight carried: rail — 274.6 million metric
tons, 75.5 billion metric ton/km (1980); high-
way— 451.2 million metric tons, 11.7 billion
metric ton/km (1980); waterway — 12.3 mil-
lion metric tons, 2.3 billion metric ton/km
(1980)
Ports: 4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila,
Mangalia), 7 minor; principal inland water-
way ports are Giurgiu, Turnu Severin, and
Orsova
Defense Forces
Branches: Romanian People's Army, Secu-
rity Troops; Patriotic Guard, Air and Air
Defense Forces, Romanian Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,564,000;
4,688,000 fit for military service; 166,000
reach military age (20) annually
Ships: 3 patrol combatants, 6 mine warfare
ships, 81 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft,
30 mine warfare craft, 2 material support
ships, 2 fleet support ships, 4 other auxiliaries
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, 11.7 billion lei;
about 3.9% of total budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
26,338 km2; almost all arable land; about 33%
cultivated; about 33% pasture
Land boundaries: 877 km
People
Population: 5,836,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — R wandan(s); adjective —
Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi, 1%
Twa (Pygmoid)
Religion: 65% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1%
Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs
Language: Kinyarwanda and French offi-
cial; Kiswahili used in commercial centers
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: 2.7 million (1983); 93% agricul-
ture, 3% industry and commerce, 3%
government, 1% services
Government
Official name: Republic of Rwanda
Type: republic; presidential system in which
military leaders hold key offices; new con-
stitution adopted 17 December 1978
Capital: Kigali
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdi-
vided into 143 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian
civil law systems and customary law; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President, 16-member
Cabinet); unicameral legislative (National
Development Council); judiciary (4 senior
courts, magistrates)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvenal
HABYAR1MANA, President and Head of
State
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: national elections, including con-
stitutional referendum and presidential
plebiscite, held December 1978; National
Development Council elected and President
reelected in December 1983
Political parties and leaders: National Revo-
lutionary Movement for Development
(MRND), General Habyarimana (officially a
"development movement," not a party)
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $1.388 billion (1981), $270 per capita;
real growth rate (1980), 3.8%
Agriculture: cash crops — mainly coffee, tea,
some pyrethrum; main food crops — bananas,
cassava; stock raising; self-sufficiency declin-
ing; country imports foodstuffs
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin
ore) and wolfram (tungsten ore), agricultural
processing, and production of beer, soft
drinks, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods,
textiles, cigarettes
192
St. Christopher and Nevis
Electric power: 42,000 kW capacity (1983);
180 million kWh produced (1983), 30 kWh
per capita
Exports: $115 million (f.o.b., 1981 est);
mainly coffee, tea, cassiterite, wolfram, py-
rethrum
Imports: $188 million (c.i.f., 1981 est.); tex-
tiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment
Major trade partners: US, Belgium, FRG,
Kenya
External debt: $170 million (1980), external
debt ratio 3.8% (1980)
Budget: (1981) revenues $146.0 million; cur-
rent expenditures $146.0 million,
development expenditures $32.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 98.6813 Rwanda
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,688 km total; 460 km paved,
1,725 km gravel and/or improved earth, re-
mainder unimproved
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by
shallow draft barges and native craft
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system with low-
capacity radio-relay system centered on
Kigali; 4,600 telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 2
AM, 5 FM, no TV stations; SYMPHONIE sat-
ellite station, 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, paramilitary, Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,248,000;
632,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $34.4 million; 14% of cen-
tral government budget
At/antic Ocean
ST. CHRISTOPHER*.
AND NEVIS '
Caribbean Sea
(See reference map lit)
Land
261 km2; 40% arable, 33% waste and built on,
17% forest, 10% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(12 nm fishing zone)
Coastline: 135 km
People
Population: 44,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate —0.3%
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent
Nationality: noun — Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s);
adjective — Kittsian, Nevisian
Religion: Anglican, other Protestant sects,
Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 30,000 (1979 est.)
Organized labor: 6,700
Government
Official name: Federation of St. Christopher
and Nevis
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
193
St. Christopher
and Nevis (continued)
St. Lucia
Capital: Basseterre
Political subdivisions: 10 districts
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial organ is
Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward
Islands
Branches: legislative, 10-member popularly
elected House of Assembly; executive, Cabi-
net headed by Prime Minister; separate
Nevis Island Legislature and Nevis Island As-
sembly headed by Premier
Government leaders: Dr. Kennedy Alphonse
SIMMONDS, Prime Minister; Clement
Athelston ARRINDELL, Governor; Simeon
DANIEL, Premier of Nevis
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every five years; most re-
cent 18 February 1980; next election must be
called before May 1985
Political parties and leaders: St. Christo-
pher-Nevis Labor Party (SKNLP), Lee
Moore, Fitzroy Bryant; People's Action
Movement (PAM), Kennedy Simmonds; Ne-
vis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel
Voting strength: (February 1980 election)
House of Assembly— SKLP, 4 seats; PAM, 3
seats; NRP, 2 seats
Communists: none known
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
ISO, OAS, UN
Economy
GNP: $41.6 million (1982), $920 per capita;
-3.9% real growth in 1982
Agriculture: main crops — sugar on St. Chris-
topher, cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism,
cotton, salt, copra
Electric power: 13,500 kW capacity (1983);
30 million kWh produced (1983), 670 kWh
per capita
Exports: $30.6 million (1983); sugar
Imports: $47.3 million (1983); foodstuffs,
manufactures, fuel
Major trade partners: exports — 50% US,
35% UK; imports— 21% UK, 17% Japan, 11%
US (1973)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im, from Western (non-US)
countries (1970-81), $15 million; no military
aid
Budget: (1982) revenues, $23 million; expen-
ditures, $23 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: 58 km,0.760-meter narrow gauge
on St. Christopher for sugarcane
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125
km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved
earth
Ports: 1 major — Basseterre, St. Christopher,
and 1 minor — Charlestown, Nevis
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m
Telecommunications: good interisland
VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and in-
ternational link via Antigua and St. Martin;
about 2,400 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2
AM and 5 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Christopher-Nevis Po-
lice Force
Atlantic Ocean
ST. LUCIA
(See reference map III)
Land
619 km2; 50% arable, 23% wasteland and
built on; 19% forest; 5% unused but poten-
tially productive; 3% pasture
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 158 km
People
Population: 120, 000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — St. Lucian(s);
adjective — St. Lucian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% African descent,
5.5% mixed, 3.2% East Indian, 0.8% Cauca-
sian
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic, 7% Protes-
tant, 3% Church of England
Language: English (official), French patois
Literacy: 78%
•
Labor force: 45,000(1979); 43.4% agricul-
ture, 38.9% services, 17.7% industry and
commerce; 13% unemployment (1979)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
Government
Official name: St. Lucia
194
St. Vincent and
The Grenadines
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of
State
Capital: Castries
Political subdivisions: 16 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is
Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward
Islands
Branches: bicameral legislative (Senate,
House of Assembly); executive, Cabinet
headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: John G. M. COMP-
TON, Prime Minister; Sir Allen LEWIS,
Governor General
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Elections: every five years; last election held
May 1982
Political parties and leaders: United Work-
ers' Party (UWP), John Compton; St. Lucia
Labor Party (SLP), Peter Josie; Progressive
Labor Party (PLP), George Odium
Voting strength: (1982 election) House of As-
sembly—UWP, 14 seats; SLP, 2 seats; PLP,
1 seat
Communists; negligible
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, NAM, OAS, PAHO, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $121.5 million (1982 proj.), $980 per
capita; 3.1% real GDP growth (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coco-
nuts, sugar, cocoa, spices
Major industries: garments, electronic com-
ponents, beverages, corrugated boxes,
tourism, lime processing, tropical agriculture
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity (1983);
55 million kWh produced (1983), 460 kWh
per capita
Exports: $41. 6 million (f.o.b., 1982); bananas,
Imports: $117 million (c.i.f., 1982); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers,
petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports — 49% UK, 9%
Barbados; imports— 36% US, 19% UK, 10%
Trinidad and Tobago (1979)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments,
ODA and OOF, Western (non-US) countries,
(1970-81), $34 million; no military aid
Budget: (1982 proj.) revenues, $47 million;
expenditures, $56 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260
km otherwise improved
Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: fully automatic tele-
phone system with 8,100 telephones (7.9 per
1 00 popl. ); direct radio-relay link with Marti-
nique and St. Vincent; interisland tropo-
scatter link to Barbados; 3 AM stations, 1 TV
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Lucia Police Force
Caribbean Sta
Atlantic Ocean
XST. VINCENT AND
.' THE GBENAOINES
(See reference map III)
Land
389 km2 (including northern Grenadines);
50% arable; 44% forest; 3% pasture; 3% waste
and built on
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 84 km
People
Population: 138,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — St. Vincentian(s) or Vin-
centian(s); adjectives — St. Vincentian or
Vincentian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro
descent; remainder mixed, with some white
and East Indian and Carib Indian
Religion: Anglican, Methodist, Roman Cath-
olic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: 82%
Labor force: 6 1 ,000 ( 1 979 est. ); about 20% un-
employed (1978)
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
195
St. Vincent and
The Grenadines (continued)
San Marino
Government
Official name: St. Vincent and the Grena-
dines
Type: independent state within Common-
wealth
Capital: Kingstown
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is
Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward
Islands
Branches: unicameral legislature (House of
Assembly), judiciary (Supreme Court)
Government leaders: Robert Milton CATO,
Prime Minister; Sir Sydney Douglas GUNN-
MUNRO, Governor General (UK)
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: every five years; most recent 5 De-
cember 1979
Political parties and leaders: St. Vincent La-
bor Party (SVLP), R. Milton Cato; Progressive
Democratic Party (POP), Randolph Russell;
People's Democratic Movement (PDM),
Parnel Campbell and Kenneth John; New
Democratic Party (NDP), James "Son"
Mitchell; St. Vincent and the Grenadines Na-
tional Movement (SNM), Dr. Gideon
Cordice; People's Political Party (PPP), Clive
Tannis; United People's Movement (UPM),
Renwick Rose and Oscar Allen; Movement
for National Unity (MNU), Ralph Gonsalves
Voting strength: (1979 election) House of As-
sembly—LP, 1 1 seats; NDP, 2 seats
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT
(de facto), IMF, IMO, OAS, UN, UPU,
WFTU
Economy
GNP: $69.2 million (1981), $539 per capita;
2% real growth in 1982
Agriculture: bananas, arrowroot
Major industries: food processing
Electric power: 9,000 kW capacity (1983); 20
million kWh produced (1983), 155 kWh per
capita
Exports: $52.0 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); ba-
nanas, arrowroot, copra
Imports: $65. 4 million (c.i.f., 1981 est.); food-
stuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals
and fertilizers, minerals and fuels
Major trade partners: exports — 75% UK,
13% Trinidad and Tobago (1979); imports—
30% UK, 20% Trinidad and Tobago, 9% Can-
ada, 9% US (1976)
Aid: economic — bilateral economic commit-
ments, ODA and OOF, from Western (non-
US) countries, (1970-81),$25 million; no mili-
tary aid
Budget: (1982) revenues, $25 million; ex-
penditures, $36 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Carib-
bean dollars= US$1 (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 600 km total; 300 km paved; 150
km otherwise improved; 150 km unim-
proved earth
Ports: 1 major (Kingstown), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: islandwide fully auto-
matic telephone system with 5,400 sets (4.6
per 100 pop!.); VHF/UHF interisland links
to Barbados and the Grenadines; new SHF
links to Grenada and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal St. Vincent Police Force
(See reference map V)
Land
62 km2; 74% cultivated, 22% meadow and
pasture, 4% built on
Land boundaries: 34 km
People
Population: 23,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality, noun — Sanmarinese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Sanmarinese
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: approx. 4,300
Organized labor: Democratic Federation of
Sanmarinese Workers (affiliated with
ICFTU) has about 1,800 members;
Communist-dominated General Federation
of Labor, 1,400 members
Government
Official name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.);
in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy concluded a
treaty guaranteeing the independence of San
Marino; although legally sovereign, San Ma-
rino is vulnerable to pressure from the Italian
Government
196
Capital: San Marino
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided
into 9 "castles": Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore,
Chiesanuova, Dogmanano, Faetano,
Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino,
Serravalle
Legal system: based on civil law system with
Italian law influences; electoral law of 1926
serves some of the functions of a constitution;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National /lo/ufay.-Anniversary of the Libera-
tion of the Republic, 5 February
Branches: the Grand and General Council is
the legislative body elected by popular vote;
its 60 members serve five-year terms; Coun-
cil in turn elects two Captains-Regent who
exercise executive power for term of six
months, the Congress of State whose mem-
bers head government administrative
departments, and the Council of Twelve, the
supreme judicial body; actual executive
power is wielded by the Secretary of State for
Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for
Internal Affairs
Government leaders: Giordano Bruno
REFFI (Socialist), Secretary of State for For-
eign and Political Affairs and for Infor-
mation; Alvaro SELVA (Communist), Secre-
tary of State for Internal Affairs and Justice;
Dr. Emilio DELLA BALDA (Unitary Social-
ist), Secretary of State for Budget, Finance,
and Planning
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and General
Council required at least every five years; last
election was held 29 May 1983
Political parties and leaders: Christian Dem-
ocratic Party (DCS), Clara Boscaglia; Social
Democratic Party (PSDS), Alvaro Casali; So-
cialist Party (PSS), Remy Giacomini;
Communist Party (PCS), Umberto Barulli;
Unitary Socialist Party (PSU), leader un-
known; Committee for the Defense of the
Republic (CDR), leader unknown
Voting strength: (1983 election) 42. 1 % DCS,
24.4% PCS, 14.8% PSS, 13.9% PSU, 2.9%
PSDS
Communists: approx. 300 members (number
of sympathizers cannot be determined); the
PCS, in conjunction with the PSS, PSU, and
PSDS, has led the government since 1978
Other political parties or pressure groups:
political parties influenced by policies of
their counterparts in Italy; the two Socialist
parties are not united
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for
Unification of Private Law, International
Relief Union, ITU, IRC, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WTO; observer status in
NAM
Economy
Principal economic activities of San Marino
are farming, livestock raising, light manufac-
turing, and tourism; the largest share of
government revenue is derived from the sale
of postage stamps throughout the world and
from payments by the Italian Government in
exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing to-
bacco, gasoline, and a few other goods; main
problem is finding additional funds to fi-
nance badly needed water and electric power
systems expansions
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (aver-
age annual output about 4,400 metric
tons/year) and grapes (average annual output
about 700 metric tons/year); other grains,
fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are
also grown; livestock population numbers
roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese
and hides are most important livestock prod-
ucts
Electric power: all electric power imported
from Italy (1983)
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton
textile production at Serravalle, brick and tile
production at Dogane, cement production at
Acquaviva, Dogane, and Fiorentino, and
pottery production at Borgo Maggiore; some
tanned hides, paper, candy, baked goods,
Moscato wine, and gold and silver souvenirs
are also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism;
in summer months 20,000 to 30,000 foreign-
ers visit San Marino every day; several hotels
and restaurants have been built in recent
years to accommodate them; remittances
from Sanmarinese abroad also represent an
important net foreign inflow; commodity
trade consists primarily of exchanging build-
ing stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine,
baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide
variety of consumer manufactures
Monetary conversion rate: 1704.0 Italian
lire=US$l (January 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: about 104 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone
system serving 7, 700 telephones (25.7 per 100
popl.); no radiobroadcasting or television fa-
cilities
197
Sao Tome and Principe
Atlantic Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
963 km2 (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe,
109 km2; including small islets of Pedras
Tinhosas)
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (eco-
nomic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: estimated 209 km
People
Population: 89,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun — Sao Tomean(s):
adjective — Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions: mestico, angolares (descen-
dents of Angolan slaves), forros (descendents
of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers
from Angola, Mozambique and Cape Verde),
tongas (children of servicais born on the is-
lands), and Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical
Protestant, Seventh Day Adventist
Language: Portuguese (official)
Literacy: est. 50%
Labor force: most of population engaged in
subsistence agriculture and fishing; some un-
employment, but labor shortages on
plantations and for skilled work
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of Sao
Tome and Principe
Type: republic
Capital: Sao Tome
Legal system: based on Portuguese law sys-
tem and customary law; constitution adopted
December 1975; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Martyr's Day, 4 February;
Independence Day, 12 July; Armed Forces
Day (first week in September (varies); Farm-
er's Day, 30 September
Branches: President heads the government
assisted by a cabinet of ministers; unicameral
legislature (elected National Popular Assem-
bly)
Government leader: Dr. Manuel Pinto DA
COSTA, President
Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over
Elections: da Costa reelected May 1980 by
Popular Assembly; Assembly elections held
March-April 1980
Political parties and leaders: Movement for
the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe
(MLSTP), Manuel Pinto da Costa
Communists: no Communist party, proba-
bly a few sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMF, ITU,
NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO
Economy
GDP: $30 million (1981 est.); per capita in-
come $300(1981 est.); average annual growth
rate -10% (1981 est.)
Agriculture: cash crops — cocoa, copra, coco-
nuts, coffee, palm oil, bananas
Fishing: catch 1,500 metric tons (1979 est.)
Major industries: light construction, shirts,
soap, beer, fisheries, shrimp processing
Electric power: 6,300 kW capacity (1983); 15
million kWh produced (1983), 170 kWh per
capita
Exports: $8.8 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.);
mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee, palm
oil
Imports: $20.0 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); food
products, machinery and electrical equip-
ment, fuels
Major trade partners: main partner Nether-
lands, followed by Portugal, US, and FRG
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $583 million; US (FY77-82), $2.5 million
Budget: (1981 est.) central government bud-
get $22.0 million; (1979 est.) revenues $15.7
million, current expenditures $10.4 million,
capital expenditures $9.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 39.7905
dobra=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Ports: 1 major (SSo Tome), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal system; 900
telephones (1.0 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 2 FM,
and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
ground station
•
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
198
Saudi Arabia
(See reference map VI)
Land
Estimated at about 2,331,000 km2 (bound-
aries undefined and disputed); 98% desert,
waste, or urban; 1% agricultural; 1% forest
Land boundaries: 4,537 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,510 km
People
Population: 10,794,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun — Saudi(s); adjective —
Saudi Arabian or Saudi
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro- Asian
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: about 33% (one-half foreign) of
population; 44% commerce, services, and
government; 28% agriculture; 21% construc-
tion; 4% industry; 3% oil and mining
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh; Foreign Ministry and for-
eign diplomatic representatives located in
Jidda
Political subdivisions: 18 amirates
Legal system: based on Islamic law, several
secular codes have been introduced; com-
mercial disputes handled by special
committees; has not accepted compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 September
Branches: King rules in consultation with
royal family and Council of Ministers
Government leader: FAHD bin 'Abd al-
'Aziz Al Sa'ud, King and Prime Minister
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Maritime
Satellite Organization, INTERPOL, ITU,
IWC — International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $120 billion (FY83 est), $14,117 per
capita; annual growth in nonoil GDP in con-
stant 1969/70 prices approx. 10% (1981-83)
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-
sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum production 5.5
million b/d (1983); payments to Saudi Ara-
bian Government, $78 billion (FY83); cement
production and small steel-rolling mill and oil
refinery; several other light industries, in-
cluding factories producing detergents,
plastic products, furniture
Electric power: 16,853,300 kW capacity
(1983); 44.29 billion kWh produced (1983),
4,241 kWh per capita
Exports: $40 billion (f.o.b., 1983 est); 99% pe-
troleum and petroleum products
Imports: $43 billion (f.o.b., 1983 est.); manu-
factured goods, transportation equipment,
construction materials, and processed food
products
Major trade partners: exports — Japan, US,
France; imports — US, Japan, FRG
Budget: FY84 appropriation $75.4 billion;
current expenditure $31.9 billion, capital ex-
penditure $43.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.4750 Saudi
riyals=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1982-83
Saudi fiscal year covers the period 24 April
1982 to 13 April 1983
Communications
Railroads: 575 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge
Highways: 50,000 km total; 22,000 km bitu-
minous, 28,000 km gravel and improved
earth
Pipelines: 6,000 km crude oil; 150 km refined
products; 2,200 km natural gas, includes
1,600 km of natural gas liquids
Ports: 5 major (Jidda, Dammam, Ras Tanura,
Jubail, Yanbu'), 10 minor
Civil air: 148 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 201 total, 152 usable; 60 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with run-
ways over 3,659 m, 22 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 88 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system exists,
major expansion program completed with
microwave, coaxial cable, satellite systems;
760,000 telephones (8.0 per 100 popl.); 21
AM, 2 FM, 63 TV stations; 2 Atlantic and 1
Indian Ocean satellite stations; 13 domestic
satellite stations
199
Saudia Arabia
(continued)
Senegal
Defense Forces
Branches: Saudi Arabian Land Forces, Royal
Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi Air Force,
Saudi Arabian National Guard, Coast Guard,
Frontier Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,877,000;
1,645,000 fit for military service; about
100,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
April 1984, $22 billion; about 29% of central
government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
196,840 km2; 40% agricultural (12% culti-
vated); 13% forest; 47% built up, waste, or
other
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150
Coastline: 531 km
People
Population: 6,541 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Senegalese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17.5% Fulani,
16.5% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9% Diola, 6.5%
Mandingo, 4.5% other African, 1% European
and Lebanese
Religion: 75% Muslim, 20% indigenous be-
liefs, 5% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)
Language: French (official); Wolof, Pulaar,
Diola, Mandingo
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 1,732,000; 70% subsistence
agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earn-
ers— 40% private sector, 60% government
and parapublic
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor
force represented by unions; however,
dues-paying membership very limited; three
labor central unions; major central is CNTS,
an affiliate of governing party
Government
Official name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic (early in 1982, Senegal and
The Gambia formed a loose confederation
named Senegambia, which calls for the inte-
gration of their armed forces, economies and
monetary systems, and foreign policies)
Capital: Dakar
Political subdivisions: 10 regions, subdivided
into 30 departments, 95 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem; constitution adopted 1960, revised 1963
and 1970; judicial review of legislative acts in
Supreme Court (which also audits the gov-
ernment's accounting office); legal education
at University of Dakar; has not accepted
compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4
•April
Branches: government dominated by the
President; unicameral legislature (120-mem-
ber National Assembly), elected for five
years; President elected for five-year term by
universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Su-
preme Court, with members appointed by
President
Government leaders: Abdou DIOUF, Presi-
dent
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential and legislative elec-
tions held February 1983; Socialist Party
holds 111 of 120 seats
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party
(PS), Abdou Diouf ; Senegalese Democratic
Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; Democratic
National Assembly (RND), Cheikh Anta
Diop; Senegalese Republican Movement
200
Seychelles
(MRS), Boubacar Gueye; African Independ-
ence Party (PAI), Majhmout Diop;
Independence and Workers Party (PIT),
Amath Dansoko; Democratic and Popular
Movement (MDP), Mamadou Dia; Ande
Jeuf-Revolutionary Movement for the New
Democracy (MRDN), Landing Savane;
Democratic League-Movement for the
Workers Party (LD-MPT), Babacar Sane;
Union for Popular Democracy (UDP),
Hamedine Racine Guisse; Senegalese Popu-
lar Party (PPS), Oumar Wone; minor parties
include Socialist Workers Organization
(OST) and Communist Workers League
(LCT)
Communists: small number of Communists
and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: students
and teachers occasionally strike
Member of: Af DB, APC, CEAO, KAMA,
ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
ITU, NAM, OAU, OGAM, QIC, OMVS
(Organization for the Development of the
Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $2.5 billion (1982 est), $410 (est.) per
capita; real growth 8.6% in 1982
Agriculture: main crops — peanuts (primary
cash crop); millet, sorghum, manioc, maize,
rice; production of food crops increasing but
still insufficient for domestic requirements
Fishing: catch 230,700 metric tons (1982 pre-
lim.); exports $91,800 metric tons (1982
prelim.), $119.6 million (1981)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural proc-
essing plants, light manufacturing, mining
Electric power: 350,000 kW capacity (1983);
31.2 billion kWh produced (1983), 180 kWh
per capita
Exports: $458 million (f.o.b., 1982 prelim.);
peanuts and peanut products, phosphate
rock, fish, petroleum products (reexport)
Imports: $858 million (f.o.b., 1982 prelim.);
food, consumer goods, machinery, transport
equipment, petroleum
Major trade partners: France, other EC, and
franc zone
Budget: (1982/83) public revenue $628 mil-
lion, current expenditures $633 million,
capital expenditures $132 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 397.45
Communaute Financiere Africaine
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,033 km 1.000-meter gauge; 64
km double track
Highways: 13,898 km total; 3,461 km paved,
10,437 km other
Inland waterways: 1,505 km
Ports: 1 major (Dakar), 3 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 25 usable; 10 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: above-average urban
system, using radio-relay and cable; 40,200
telephones (0.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM stations,
no FM, and 1 TV station; 3 submarine cables;
1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,460,000;
736,000 fit for military service; 68,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $60 million; about 11% of central
government budget
Indian Ocean
(See reference map VII)
Land
444 km2; 54% arable land, nearly all culti-
vated; 17% woods and forest; 29% other
(mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for
agriculture); 40 granitic and 50 or more coral-
line islands
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 491 km (Mahe Island 93 km)
People
Population: 66,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun — Seychellois (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (mixture of
Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic
Language: English and French (official);
Creole
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: 15,000 in monetized sector (ex-
cluding self-employed, domestic servants,
and workers on small farms); 49% govern-
ment, 19% industry and commerce, 18.5%
agriculture, 13.5% services
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
201
Seychelles (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Seychelles
Type: republic; member of the Common-
wealth
Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island
Legal system: based on English common law,
French civil law system, and customary law
National holiday: 5 June and 29 June
Branches: President, Council of Ministers,
People's Assembly
Government leader: France Albert RENE,
President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election held June 1979
gave 98% approval to Rene as only presiden-
tial candidate on yes/no ballot; next election
probably 1984
Political parties and leaders: Rene, who
heads the Seychelles People's Progressive
Front, came to power by a military coup in
June 1977; until then he had been Prime Min-
ister in an uneasy coalition with then
President James Mancham, who headed the
Seychelles Democratic Party; Rene banned
the Seychelles Democratic Party in mid-
March 1978 and announced a new
constitution in March 1979 that turned the
country into a one-party state
Communists: negligible, although some
Cabinet ministers espouse pro- Soviet line
Other political or pressure groups: trade
Member of: Af DB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, NAM, OAU, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $128 million (1982 est); $1,330 per
capita; negative real growth rate in 1981-82
Agriculture: islands depend largely on coco-
nut production and export of copra;
cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for
perfumes) are other cash crops; food crops —
small quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava,
sugarcane, and bananas; islands not self-
sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the
supply must be imported; fish is an important
food source
Major industries: tourism is largest industry;
processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing,
small-scale manufacture of consumer goods,
coir rope factory, tea factory
Electric power: 45,000 kW capacity (1983);
160 million kWh produced (1983), 2,460
kWh per capita
Exports: $15.3 million (f.o.b., 1982); cinna-
mon (bark and oil) and vanilla account for
almost 50% of the total, copra accounts for
about 40%, the remainder consists of pa-
tchouli, fish, and guano
Imports: $97.9 million (c.i.f., 1982); food, to-
bacco, and beverages account for about 40%
of imports, manufactured goods about 25%,
the remainder consists of machinery and
transport equipment, petroleum products,
textiles
Major trade partners: exports — UK, South
Africa, Japan
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1978-
81), $127 million; US(FY78-82), $3.6 million
Budget: (1981) revenue $57 million, current
expenditure $45 million, development ex-
penditure $26 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.82 Seychelles
rupees=US$l (31 October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 215 km total; 145 km bituminous,
70 km crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 small port (Victoria)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: direct radiocommun-
ications with adjacent islands and African
coastal countries; 7,100 telephones (11.1 per
100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and 1 TV stations;
Indian Ocean satellite station; USAF tracking
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
. Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,000;
8,000 fit for military service
Supply: infantry-type weapons and ammu-
nition from Tanzania, USSR, and China
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1982, $8.3 million; 12.6% of cen-
tral government budget
202
Sierra Leone
(See reference map VII)
Land
72,325 km2; 65% arable (6% cultivated), 27%
pasture, 4% swamp, 4% forest
Land boundaries: 933 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 402 km
People
Population: 3,805,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Sierra Leonean(s);
adjective — Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African
(30% Temne, 30% Mende, 2% Creole), rest
European and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 70% indigenous beliefs, 25% Mus-
lim, 5% Christian
Language: English (official); regular use lim-
ited to literate minority; principal vernac-
ulars are Mende in south and Temne in north;
"Krio," the language of the resettled ex-slave
population of the Freetown area, is used as a
lingua franca
Literacy: about 15%
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of popu-
lation engages in subsistence agriculture;
only small minority, some 65,000, earn wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
Government
Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime
since April 1971
Capital: Freetown
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces; divided
into 12 districts with 146 chief doms, where
paramount chief and council of elders consti-
tute basic unit of government; plus western
area, which comprises Freetown and other
coastal areas of the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and cus-
tomary laws indigenous to local tribes;
constitution adopted 1978; highest court of
appeal is the Sierra Leone Court of Appeals;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 19 April
Branches: executive authority exercised by
President; unicameral parliament (House of
Representatives) consists of 104 authorized
seats, 85 of which are filled by elected repre-
sentatives of constituencies and 12 by
Paramount Chiefs elected by fellow Para-
mount Chiefs in each district; President
authorized to appoint up to seven members;
independent judiciary
Government leader: Dr. Siaka Probyn STE-
VENS, President; Sorie Ibrahim KOROMA,
First Vice President
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: the Constitution of Sierra Leone
Act, 1971, has been replaced by the Constitu-
tion of Sierra Leone, 1978, which provides
for one-party rule; Dr. Siaka Stevens was
named as the first Executive President under
the one-party constitution; the President's
tenure has been extended from five to seven
years; next presidential election 1985
Political parties and leaders: All People's
Congress (APC), headed by Stevens
Communists: no party, although there are a
few Communists and a slightly larger num-
ber of sympathizers
Member of: AfDB, AIOEC, Commonwealth,
ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE— Islamic
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU, NAM,
OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: (current factor cost) $1.2 billion (1981
est); real growth rate 0.0% (1981/82 est.)
Agriculture: main crops — palm kernels, cof-
fee, cocoa, rice, yams, millet, ginger, cassava;
much of cultivated land devoted to subsis-
tence farming; food crops insufficient for
domestic consumption
Fishing: catch 57,600 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: mining — diamonds, iron
ore, bauxite, rutile; manufacturing —
beverages, textiles, cigarettes, construc-
tion goods; 1 oil refinery
Electric power: 96,000 kW capacity (1983);
220 million kWh produced (1983), 60 kWh
per capita
Exports: $110.5 million (f.o.b., 1982); dia-
monds, iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa, coffee
Imports: $264.8 million (f.o.b., 1982); ma-
chinery and transportation equipment,
manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum
products
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US, Japan,
Communist countries
Budget: (1983/84 planned) revenues $129
million, current expenditures $143 million,
development expenditures $68 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 leones=US$l
(October 1983)
203
Sierra Leone
(continued)
Singapore
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: about 84 km 1.067-meter narrow
gauge privately owned mineral line operated
by the Sierra Leone Development Company
Highways: 7,460 km total; 1,225 km bitumi-
nous, 490 km laterite (some gravel), and
remainder improved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km naviga-
ble year round
Ports: 1 major (Freetown), 2 minor (Bonthe,
Pepel)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 14 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telephone and
telegraph service; 16,000 telephones (0.5 per
100 popl.); INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean satel-
lite ground station; 3 AM stations, 1 FM, and
2 TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 840,000;
408,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $22.3 million; about 8.3% of the
central government budget
(See reference map IX)
Land
618 km2; 31% built on, roads, railroads, and
airfields; 22% agricultural; 47% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 193 km
People
Population: 2,531,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun — Singaporean(s),
adjective — Singapore
Ethnic divisions: 76.7% Chinese, 14.7% Ma-
lay, 6.4% Indian, 2.2% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists
or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim; minor-
ities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs,
Taoists, Confucianists
Language: Malay (national); Chinese, Malay,
Tamil, and English (official)
Literacy: 84.2%
Labor force: 1,142,374 (June 1982); 29.5%
manufacturing, 28.5% services, 22.3% trade,
11.4% transport and communication, 6.3%
construction, 1.0% agriculture and fishing,
1.0% other
Organized labor: 18.6% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Singapore
Legalsystem: based on English common law;
constitution based on preindependence State
of Singapore constitution; legal education at
University of Singapore; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 August
Branches: ceremonial President; executive
power exercised by Prime Minister and Cabi-
net responsible to unicameral legislature
(Parliament)
Government leaders: C. V. Devan NAIR,
President; LEE Kuan Yew, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 20; voting com-
pulsory
Elections: normally every five years
Political parties and leaders: government —
People's Action Party (PAP), Lee Kuan Yew;
opposition — Barisan Sosialis (BS), Dr. Lee
Siew Choh; Workers' Party (WP), J. B.
Jeyaretnam; United People's Front (UPF),
Harbans Singh; Singapore Democratic Party
(SDP), Chiam See Tong, Communist Party
illegal
Voting strength: (1980 election) PAP won all
75 seats in Parliament and received 75.5% of
vote; WP won seat in byelection in October
1981
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infil-
trated by Communists
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Co-
lombo Plan, Commonwealth, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ISO,
ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
204
Solomon Islands
Economy
GDP: $14.2 billion (1982), $5,745 per capita;
8.9% average annual real growth (1971-81),
6.3% (1982)
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor im-
portance in the economy, self-sufficient in
pork, poultry, and eggs, must import much of
its other food requirements; major crops —
rubber, copra, fruit and vegetables
Fishing: catch 18,830 metric tons (1982), im-
ports—89,104 metric tons (1982), exports—
50,995 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: petroleum refining, oil
drilling equipment, rubber processing and
rubber products, processed food and bever-
ages, electronics, ship repair, entrepot trade,
financial services
Electric power: 2,086,000 kW capacity
(1982); 7.859 billion kWh produced (1982),
3, 1 79 kWh per capita
Exports: $20.8 billion (f.o.b., 1982); petro-
leum, rubber, manufactured goods
Imports: $28.2 billion (c.i.f., 1982); major re-
tained imports — capital equipment, manu-
factured goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — Malaysia,
US, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Australia,
Indonesia, FRG; imports — Japan, US, Ma-
laysia, Saudi Arabia
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries (1970-81), $256 million;
US, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $302 mil-
lion; military— US (FY70-82), $2 million
Budget: (FY83/84) revenues $5.1 billion, ex-
penditures $6.9 billion, deficit $1.8 million;
18.0% military
Monetary conversion rate: 2. 12 Singapore
dollars=US$l (30 December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 38 km of 1.000-meter gauge
Highways: 2,314 km total (1980); 2,006 km
paved, 308 km crushed stone or improved
earth
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Civil air: approx. 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-
surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659
m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with run-
ways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good domestic facili-
ties; good international service; good radio
and television broadcast coverage; 700,000
telephones (26.5 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 4 FM,
and 2 TV stations; submarine cables extend to
Hong Kong via Sabah, Philippines; 1 ground
station to Hong Kong via Sabah, Malaysia; 1
ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Army Re-
serve, People's Defense Force, People's
Defense Force/Sea
Military manpower: males 15-49, 753,000;
590,000 fit for military service
Ships: 25 coastal patrol, 13 amphibious ships,
2 coastal minesweepers, 1 auxiliary
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 March 1984, $953.4 million; about
11.9% of central government budget
PAfUA
"HEW GUINE°A
SOLOMON
ISLANDS
H«n.i»ftS
Coral Saa
AUSTRALIA
. VANUATU
Pacific
Ocean
(See reference map X)
Land
NOTE: This archipelagic nation includes
southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadal-
canal, Malaita, San Cristobal, Santa Isabel,
Choiseul. Northern Solomon Islands consti-
tute part of Papua New Guinea.
Land
About 29,785 km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing
200 nm)
Coastline: about 5,313 km
People
Population: 263,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: noun — Solomon Islander(s);
adjective — Solomon Islander
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesian, 4.0%
Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian, 0.8% Euro-
pean, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% others
Religion: almost all at least nominally Chris-
tian; Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Meth-
odist churches dominant
Languages: English (official), local languages
Literacy: 60%
205
Solomon Islands (continued)
Somalia
Labor force: 20,631 economically active
(1980); 30% forestry and fishing, 28.2% social
services, 10.8% manufacturing, 9.6% com-
merce, 7.7% construction, 7.1% trans-
portation and communications
Government
Official name: Solomon Islands
Type: independent parliamentary state
within Commonwealth
Capital: Honiara on the island of Guadalca-
nal
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates
Courts, also a system of native courts
throughout the islands
Branches: executive authority in Governor
General; unicameral legislature (38-member
National Parliament)
Government leaders: Sir Baddeley DEVESI,
Governor General; Solomon S. MAMALONI,
Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult at age 21
Elections: every four years, latest August
1980
Political parties and leaders: United Party,
Peter Kenilorea; People's Alliance Party, Sol-
omon Mamaloni, National Democratic
Party, Bartholemew Ulufa'alu
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IMF, UN, UPU
Economy
GNP: $110 million (1980), $460 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
production with subsistence crops of yams,
taro, bananas; self-sufficient in rice
Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity (1983);
30 million kWh produced (1983), 117 kWh
per capita
Exports: $68.4 million (1981); copra, timber,
fish
Imports: $72.2 million (1981); energy fuels
Major trade partners: exports — Japan 37%,
UK 11%, Australia 3%; imports — Australia
31%, Singapore 16%, Japan 15%, UK 9%
(1981)
Aid: economic commitments from Western
(non-US) countries, ODA (1979), $13.3 mil-
lion
Budget: (1979) $22.45 million revenues,
$37.3 million expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 1.222 Australian
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroad: none
Highways: 834 km total; 241 km sealed or
all-weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 5 minor (including Honiara, Gizo,
Yandina)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 23 usable; 1 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4 AM broadcast, no
FM, and no TV stations; 2,000 telephones, no
TV sets; one ground satellite station
(See reference map VII)
Land
686,803 km2; 32% grazing; 14% scrub and
forest; 13% arable (0.3% cultivated); 41%
mainly desert, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 2,263 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm
Coastline: 3,025 km
People
Population: 6,393,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun — Somali(s); adjective —
Somali
Ethnic divisions: 85% Somali, rest mainly
Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800
Asians
Religion: almost entirely Sunni Muslim
Language: Somali (official); Arabic, Italian,
English
•
Literacy: 60%
Labor force: approx. 2.2 million; very few are
skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomads, 30%
agriculturists, government employees, trad-
ers, fishermen, handicraftsmen, other
206
Organized labor: General Federation of So-
mali Trade Unions, a government-controlled
organization, established in 1977
Government
Official name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Mogadishu
Political subdivisions: 16 regions, 60 districts
National holiday: 21 October
Branches: President dominates the political
system; Cabinet carries out day-to-day gov-
ernment functions; unicameral legislature
(National People's Assembly) exists but pos-
sesses little power
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Mohamed
SIAD Barre, President
Political party and leader: the Somali Revo-
lutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), created on 1
July 1976, is sole legal party; Maj. Gen.
Mohamed Siad Barre is general secretary of
the SRSP
Communists: probably some Communist
sympathizers in the government hierarchy
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, EAMA,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Is-
lamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WFTU, WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.875 million (1982 est), $375 per
capita
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country, rais-
ing livestock; crops — bananas, sugarcane,
cotton, cereals
Major industries: a few small industries, in-
cluding sugar refining, tuna and beef
canneries, textiles, iron rod plant, and petro-
leum refining
Electric power: 50,000 kW capacity (1983);
60 million kWh produced (1983), 10 kWh per
capita
Exports: $131 million (f.o.b., 1982); livestock,
hides, skins, and bananas
Imports: $361 million (f.o.b., 1982); textiles,
cereals, transport equipment, machinery,
construction materials and equipment, pe-
troleum products; also military materiel in
1977
Major trade partners: exports — Saudi Ara-
bia 69%, Italy 13% (1980); imports— Italy
35%, US 9%, UK 8% (1980)
External debt: $902 million (1981); external
debt service 9% of exports of goods and serv-
Budget: (1981) revenue $373 million, current
expenditures $444 million, development ex-
penditures $45 million
Monetary conversion rate: 15.261 Somali
shillings=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 17,215 km total; 2,335 km bitumi-
nous surface, 2880 km gravel, and 12,000 km
improved earth or stabilized soil
Pipelines: 15 km crude oil
Ports: 3 major (Mogadishu, Berbera,
Chisimaio)
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 58 total, 47 usable; 6 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and
telegraph service; radio-relay system cen-
tered on Mogadishu connects a few towns;
6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1
INTELSAT ground station; 2 AM, no FM, 1
TV stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Somali National Army (including
Navy, Air Force, and Air Defense Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,248,000;
674,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $85 million; 29.5% of cen-
tral government budget
207
South Africa
(See reference map VII)
Land
1 ,233,404 km2 (includes enclave of Walvis
Bay, 1,124 km2; Transkei, 44,000 km2, and
Bophuthatswana, 38,000 km2); 86% desert,
waste, or urban; 12% cultivable; 2% forest
Land boundaries: 2,044 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,881 km, including Transkei
People
Population: 31,698,000 (July 1984), includ-
ing Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Transkei, and
Venda; average annual growth rate 2.4%;
Bophuthatswana 1,561, 000 (July 1984), aver-
age annual growth rate 3.9%; Ciskei 675,000
(July 1984), average annual growth rate 1.6%;
Transkei 2,861,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.4%; Venda 401,000 (July
1984), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — South African(s);
adjective — South African
Ethnic divisions: 69.9% African, 17.8%
white, 9.4% Colored, 2.9% Asian
Religion: most whites and Coloreds and
roughly 60% of Africans are Christian;
roughly 60% of Asians are Hindu, 20% Mus-
lim
Language: Afrikaans, English (official); Afri-
cans have many vernacular languages,
including Zulu, Xhosa, North and South So-
tho, Tswana
Literacy: almost all white population literate;
government estimates 50% of Africans liter-
ate
Labor force: 8.7 million economically active
(1980); 53% agriculture, 8% manufacturing,
7% mining, 5% commerce, 27% miscella-
neous services
Organized labor: about 7% of total labor
force is unionized (mostly white workers); rel-
atively small African unions, representing
about 1 % of black labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative,
Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each
headed by centrally appointed adminis-
trator; provincial councils, elected by white
electorate, retain limited powers
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law
and English common law; constitution en-
acted 1961, changing the Union of South
Africa into a republic; possibility of judicial
review of Acts of Parliament concerning dual
official languages; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May
Branches: State President is formal chief of
state; Prime Minister is head of government;
Cabinet responsible to the legislature; uni-
cameral legislature (House of Assembly)
elected directly by white electorate; judi-
ciary maintains substantial independence of
government influence
Government leaders: Marais VILJOEN,
State President; Pieter Willem BOTHA,
Prime Minister
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites
over 18 (17 in Natal Province)
Elections: must be held at least every five
years; last election April 1981
Political parties (white) and leaders: Na-
tional Party, P. W. Botha; Progressive
Federal Party, Frederick Van Zyl Slabbert;
New Republic Party, Vause Raw; Conserva-
tive Party, Dr. Andries P. Treurnicht;
Herstigte National Party, Jaap Marais
Voting strength: parliamentary seats — Na-
tional Party, 1 15; Progressive Federal Party,
26; Conservative Party, 17; New Republic, 8
Communists: small Communist Party illegal
since 1950; party in exile maintains head-
quarters in London; Moses Mabhida, Joe
Slovo
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in
exile) African National Congress (ANC), Oli-
ver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC),
John Pokela
Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, IMF, INTELSAT, ISO, ITU,
IWC — International Whaling Commission,
IWC— International Wheat Council, UN,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
(membership rights in IAEA, ICAO, ITU,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, and WMO suspended
or restricted)
Economy
GDP: $73.6 billion (1982), about $2,500 per
capita; —1.2% real growth in 1982
Agriculture: main crops — corn, wool, wheat,
sugarcane, tobacco, citrus fruits; dairy prod-
ucts; self-sufficient in foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 577,152 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: mining, automobile as-
sembly, metalworking, machinery, textiles,
iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer
Electric power: 25,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 118.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
3,815kWh per capita
208
Soviet Union
Exports: $17.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982, including
gold); wool, diamonds, corn, uranium, sugar,
fruit, hides, skins, metals, metallic ores, asbes-
tos, fish products; net gold output $8.6 billion
(1982)
Imports: $16.7 billion (f.o.b., 1982); motor ve-
hicles, machinery, metals, petroleum
products, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: US, FRG, Japan, UK,
France; member of Southern African Cus-
toms Union
Budget: FY1983/84 est— revenue $16.6 bil-
lion, current expenditures $18.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1.22 SA
rand = US$1 (30 December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 35,434 km total (includes Na-
mibia); 34,728 km 1.067-meter gauge, of
which 6,143 km are multiple track; 16,006
km electrified; 706 km 0.610-meter gauge
single track
Highways: 229,090 km total; 80,296 km
paved, 148,794 km crushed stone, gravel, or
improved earth
Pipelines: 836 km crude oil; 1,748 km refined
products; 322 km natural gas
Ports: 7 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port
Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, East
London, and Mossel Bay)
Civil air: 82 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 867 total, 785 usable; 95 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,659 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
189 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is the best
developed, most modern, and highest capac-
ity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay
links, and radiocommunication stations; key
centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Dur-
ban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and
Pretoria; 2.93 million telephones (12.1 per
100 popl.); 14 AM, 286 FM, and 67 main TV
stations with 450 relay transmitters; 1 subma-
rine cable; 1 satellite station with 1 Indian
Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Medical
Services
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,946,000;
3,758,000 fit for military service; 272,000
reach military age (18) annually; obligation
for service in Citizen Force or Commandos
begins at 18; volunteers for service in perma-
nent force must be 17; national service
obligation is two years; figures do not include
Bophuthatswana, Transkei, and Venda
Military budget: for year ending 31 March
1983, $3.1 billion; 17.9% of central govern-
ment budget
(See reference map VIII)
NOTE: The US Government does not recog-
nize the incorporation of the Baltic States —
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania — into the So-
viet Union.
Land
22,402,076 km2; 35.5% forest, 16.8% pasture
and hay, 10.2% cultivated, 37.5% other
Land boundaries: 20,619 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(200 nm fishing and economic)
Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin)
People
Population: 274,860,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Soviet(s); adjective —
Soviet
Ethnic divisions: 52% Russian, 16% Ukrai-
nian, 32% among over 100 other ethnic
groups, according to 1979 census
Religion: 18% Russian Orthodox, 9% Muslim,
3% Jewish, Protestant, Georgian Orthodox, or
Roman Catholic; population is 70% atheist
Language: Russian (official); more than 200
languages and dialects (at least 18 with more
than 1 million speakers); 75% Slavic group,
8% other Indo-European, 12% Altaic, 3%
Uralian, 2% Caucasian
209
Soviet Union (continued)
Literacy: 99.8%
Labor force: civilian 147 million (midyear
1982), 20% agriculture, 80% industry and
other nonagricultural fields; unemployed not
reported; shortage of skilled labor reported
Government
Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist Re-
publics
Type: Communist state
Capital: Moscow
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics,
consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6
krays, 123 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and
10 autonomous okrugs
Legal system: civil law system as modified by
Communist legal theory; revised constitution
adopted 1977; no judicial review of legisla-
tive acts; legal education at 18 universities
and 4 law institutes; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: October Revolution Day, 7
November
Branches: executive — USSR Council of Min-
isters, legislative — USSR Supreme Soviet,
judicial — Supreme Court of USSR
Government leaders: Konstantin Ustinovich
CHERNENKO, General Secretary of the
Central Committee of the Communist Party
and Chairman of the Supreme Soviet;
Nikolay Aleksandrovich TIKHONOV,
Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every five
years; 1,500 deputies elected in 1979; 71.7%
party members
Political party: Communist Party of the So-
viet Union (CPSU) only party permitted
Voting strength: (1979 election) 174,944,173
persons over 18; allegedly 99.99% voted
Communists: over 18 million party members
Other political or pressure groups:
Komsomol, trade unions, and other organiza-
tions that facilitate Communist control
Member of: CEMA, Geneva Disarmament
Conference, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO,
ICCAT, ICCO, ICES, ILO, IMO, Interna-
tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, INRO,
IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International
Whaling Commission, IWC — International
Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, War-
saw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $1,715 billion (1982, in 1982 geometric
mean prices), 6,352 per capita; in 1981 per-
centage shares were — 54% consumption,
33% investment, 13% government and other,
including defense (based on 1970 GNP in ru-
bles at adjusted factor cost); average annual
growth rate of real GNP (1971-82), 3.0%, av-
erage annual growth rate (1976-82), 2.2%,
(1982)2.2%
Agriculture: principal food crops — grain (es-
pecially wheat), potatoes; main industrial
crops — sugar beets, cotton, sunflowers, and
flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on
fluctuations in crop yields
Fishing: catch 10.0 million metric tons
(1982); exports 302,708 metric tons (1982),
imports 44,222 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: diversified, highly devel-
oped capital goods industries; consumer
goods industries comparatively less devel-
oped
Shortages: natural rubber, bauxite and alu-
mina, tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar,
molybdenum, and finished steel products
Crude steel: 170 million metric ton capacity
as of 1 January 1984; 147 million metric tons
produced in 1982, 539 kg per capita
Electric power: 296,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 1,405.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
146 kWh per capita
Exports: $87.168 billion (f.o.b., 1982); petro-
leum and petroleum products, natural gas,
metals, wood, agricultural products, and a
wide variety of manufactured goods (primar-
ily capital goods)
Imports: $77.847 billion (f.o.b., 1982); grain
and other agricultural products, machinery
and equipment, steel products (particularly
large diameter pipe), consumer manufac-
tures
Major trade partners: $165.0 billion (1982
total turnover); trade 54% with Communist
countries, 32% with industrialized West, and
14% with less developed countries
Aid: economic — total extended to non-
Communist less developed countries (1954-
81), $22 billion
Official monetary conversion rate: 0.7878
rubles=US$l (9 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 143,000 km total; 141,467 km
1.524-meterbroad gauge; 1,833 km mostly
0.750-meter narrow gauge; 112,915 km
broad gauge single track; 45,700 km electri-
fied; does not include industrial lines (1982)
Highways: 1,387,100 km total; 402,000 km
asphalt, concrete, stone block; 359,000 km as-
phalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 626,100
km earth (1982)
Inland waterways: 138,900 km navigable,
exclusive of Caspian Sea (1982)
Freight carried: rail — 3,725 million metric
tons, 3,464.4 billion metric ton/km (1982);
highways — 25.2 billion metric tons, 464 bil-
lion metric ton/km (1982); waterway — 604
million metric tons, 262.5 billion metric
ton/km, excluding Caspian Sea (1982)
Pipelines: 79,000 km crude oil; 20,000 km
refined products; 150,000 km natural gas
210
Spain
Ports: 53 major (most important — Lenin-
grad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja,
Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Odessa,
Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevasto-
pol, Vladivostok, Nakhodka); over 180
selected minor; 58 major inland ports (some
of the more important — Astrakhan, Baku,
Gorkiy, Kazan, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk,
Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, and
Kiev (1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Navy, Air Defense
Forces, Air Forces, Strategic Rocket Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49,
69,270,000; 55,020,000 fit for military
service; 2,050,000 reach military age (17) an-
nually
(See reference map V and VII)
Land
507,606 km2, including Canary (7,511 km2)
and Balearic Islands (5,025 km2); 41% arable
and crop, 27% meadow and pasture, 22% for-
est, 10% urban or other
Land boundaries: 1,899 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic
zone)
Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Is-
lands, 677 km, and Canary Islands, 1, 158 km)
People
Population: 38,435,000 (July 1984), includ-
ing the Balearic and Canary Islands and
Ceuta and Melilla (two towns on the Moroc-
can coast); average annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun — Spaniard(s); adjective —
Spanish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous composite of
Mediterranean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other
sects
Language: Castilian Spanish (official); but
17% speak Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2%
Basque
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 13.0 million (1982); 43% serv-
ices, 25% industry, 16% agriculture, 10%
construction; unemployment now estimated
at nearly 18% of labor force
Organized labor: labor unions legalized April
1977; probably represent no more than a
quarter of the labor force (1983)
Government
Official name: Spanish State
Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by
new constitution of December 1978, that
completed transition from authoritarian re-
gime of the late Generalissimo Franco and
confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but
without the exceptional powe's inherited
from Franco on being proclaimed King 22
November 1975
Capital: Madrid
Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain,
including the Canaries and Balearics, di-
vided into 50 provinces, which form 17
autonomous regions — assuming numerous
powers previously exercised by the central
government; also five places of sovereignty
(presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of Mo-
rocco; transferred administration of Spanish
Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania on 26
February 1976
Legal system: civil law system, with regional
applications; new constitution provides for
rule of law, established jury system as well as
independent constitutional court to rule on
unconstitutionality of laws and to serve as
court of last resort in protecting liberties and
rights granted in constitution; does not accept
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 24 June
Branches: executive, with King's acts subject
to counter signature, Prime Minister
(Presidente) and his ministers responsible to
lower house; bicameral legislature — Cortes
Generales, consisting of more powerful Con-
gress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate
(208 members), with possible addition of one
to six members from each new autonomous
region; judiciary, independent
211
Spain (continued)
Government leaders: JUAN CARLOS I,
King; Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez, Prime
Minister (Presidente)
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: parliamentary election 28 Octo-
ber 1982 for four-year term; local elections
for municipal councils April 1983; regional
elections staggered
Political parties and leaders: principal na-
tional parties in the 1982 elections, from right
to left — Popular Alliance (AP), Manuel Fraga
Iribarne; Popular Democratic Party (PDF),
Oscar Alzaga; Social Democratic Center
(CDS), Adolfo Suarez; Spanish Socialist
Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez
Marques, Spanish Communist Party (PCE),
Gerardo Iglesias; chief regional parties —
Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi Pujol, in
Catalonia; Republican Left of Catalonia
(ERG), Herribert Barrera; Basque Nationalist
Party (PNV), Carlos Garaicoechea; Basque
radical coalitions Popular Unity (HB) and
Basque Left (EE); Andalusian Socialist Party
(PSA), Luis Urufluela
Voting strength: (1982 parliamentary elec-
tion in lower house) PSOE 46%, and 202 seats
(26 seats over a majority); AP and PDP in co-
alition 25.4%, 106 seats; UCD 7.31%, 12 seats;
PCE 3.9%, 4 seats; CDS 2.9%, 2 seats; CiU
3.7%, 12 seats; PNV 1.9%, 8 seats; HB 1%, 2
seats; EE .47%, 1 seat; ERG .47%, 1 seat; PSA
.33% 0 seats
Communists: PCE membership has de-
clined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977
to roughly 60,000 today; the party lost 64% of
its voters and 20 deputies in the 1982 election;
remaining strength is in labor where it domi-
nates the Workers Commissions trade union,
which claims a membership of about 1 mil-
lion; experienced a modest recovery in 1983
municipal election, receiving 8% of the vote
Other political or pressure groups: on the ex-
treme left, the Basque Fatherland and
Liberty (ETA) and the First of October
Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use
terrorism to oppose the government; on the
extreme right, the Spanish-Basque Batallion
and the Anticommunist Apostolic Alliance
(AAA) have in the past carried out vigilante
attacks on ETA members and other leftists;
free labor unions (authorized in April 1977)
include the Communist-dominated Workers
Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General
Union of Workers (UGT), and the indepen-
dent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the
Catholic Church; business and landowning
interests; Opus Dei; Catholic Action; univer-
sity students
Member of: Andean Pact (observer),
ASSIMER, Council of Europe, ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES,
ICO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC,
IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG, WTO; applied for full membership in
the EC 28 July 1977
Economy
GNP: $179.7 billion (1982); 70% private con-
sumption, 12% government consumption,
19% gross fixed capital investment; —2% net
exports; real growth rate 1.2% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — grains, vegetables,
fruits; virtually self -sufficient in good crop
years
Fishing: landed 1,248,882 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: textiles and apparel (in-
cluding footwear), food and beverages,
metals and metal manufactures, chemicals,
shipbuilding, automobiles
Crude steel: 13.2 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982), 348.9 kg per capita
Electric power: 35,600,000 kW capacity
(1983); 115.5 billion kWh produced (1983),
3,020 kWh per capita
Exports: $20.6 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal
items — iron and steel products, machinery,
automobiles, fruits and vegetables, textiles,
footwear
Imports: $31.5 billion (c.i.f., 1982); principal
items — fuels (30-40%), machinery, chemi-
cals, iron and steel, vegetables, automobiles
Major trade partners: (1982) 46% EC, 7% US,
11% other developed countries, 3% Commu-
nist countries, 33% less developed countries
Aid: economic commitments — US authori-
zations, $1.9 billion, including Ex-Im
(FY70-82); other Western bilateral (OD A and
OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79); military au-
thorizations—US, $1.19 billion (FY70-82)
Budget: (1982 central government) revenues
$27 billion, expenditures $37 billion, deficit
$10 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 156.30
pesetas=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 16,282 km total; Spanish National
Railways (RENFE) operates 13,543 km
1.668-meter gauge, 6,156 km electrified, and
2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-
owned narrow-gauge railways) operates
1,821 km, of predominantly 1.000-meter
gauge, and 441 km electrified; privately
owned railways operate 918 km, of predomi-
nantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km
electrified, and 56 km double track
Highways: 149,352 km total; 82,070 km na-
tional— 2,433 km limited-access divided
highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated,
17,038 km intermediate bituminous, con-
crete, or stone block; the remaining 67,282
km are provincial or local roads (bituminous
treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone
block)
Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor im-
portance as transport arteries and contribute
little to economy
Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1 ,625 km refined
products; 1,000 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 175 minor
212
Sri Lanka
Civil air: 153 major transport aircraft
Airfields: (including Balearic and Canary Is-
lands) 118 total, 113 usable; 61 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659
m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate,
modern facilities; 13.3 million telephones
(35.0 per 100 popl.); 175 AM, 293 FM, and
1,405 TV stations; 20 coaxial submarine ca-
bles; 2 satellite stations with total of 5
antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,249,000;
7,516,000 fit for military service; 342,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1.029 million; 14.3% of the
central government budget
Colombo' SRI
LANKA
Indian Ocean
(See reference map VIII)
Land
65,610 km2; 44% forest; 31% waste, urban, or
other; 25% cultivated
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm, plus pearling in the Gulf of
Mannar; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,340km
People
Population: 15,925,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Sri Lankan(s);
adjective — Sri Lankan
Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese; 18% Tamil;
7% Moor; 1% Burgher, Malay, and Veddoh
Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8%
Christian, 8% Muslim, 0.1% other
Language: Sinhala (official); Sinhala and
Tamil listed as national languages; Sinhala
spoken by about 74% of population; Tamil
spoken by about 18%; English commonly
used in government and spoken by about 10%
of the population
Literacy: 84.8%
Labor force: 4 million; 15% unemployed;
employed persons — 45.9% agriculture,
13.3% mining and manufacturing, 12.4%
trade and transport, 26.3% services and
other; extensive underemployment
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force,
over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber,
and coconut estates
Government
Official name: Democratic Socialist Repub-
lic of Sri Lanka
Type: independent state since 1948
Capital: Colombo
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 24 ad-
ministrative districts, and four categories of
semiautonomous elected local governments
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of
English common law, Roman-Dutch, Mus-
lim and customary law; new constitution 7
September 1978 reinstituted a strong, inde-
pendent judiciary; legal education at Sri
Lanka Law College and University of Sri
Lanka, Peradeniya; has not accepted com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22
May
Branches: the 1978 constitution established a
strong presidential form of government un-
der J. R. Jayewardene, who had been Prime
Minister since his party's election victory in
July 1977; Jayewardene was elected to a sec-
ond term in October 1982 and will serve until
1989 regardless of whether Parliament is dis-
solved; the current Parliament was extended
until August 1989 by a national referendum
held in December 1982
Government leader: Junius Richard
JAYEWARDENE, President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections ordinarily held
every six years; must be held more frequently
if government loses confidence vote; the con-
stitution was amended in August 1982 to
permit the President to call early presidential
election
213
Sri Lanka (continued)
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Free-
dom Party (SLFP), Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias
Bandaranaike; Lanka Sama Samaja Party
(LSSP; Trotskyite), C. R. de Silva; Naya Sama
Samaja Party (NSSP), V. Nanayakkara;
Tamil United Liberation Front, A. Amir-
thalingam; United National Party (UNP), J.
R. Jayewardene; Communist Party/Moscow,
K. P. Silva; Communist Party/Peking, N.
Shanmugathasan; Mahajana Eksath
Peramuna (People's United Front), M. B.
Ratnayaka; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna
(JVP; People's Liberation Front), Rohana
Wijeweera; All-Ceylon Tamil Congress,
Kumar Ponnambalam
Voting strength: (October 1982 presidential
election) UNP 52.91%, SLFP 39.07%, JVP
4.18%, All Ceylon Tamil Congress 2.67%,
LSSP .9%, NSSP .27%
Communists: approximately 107,000 voted
for the Communist Party in the July 1977
general election; Communist Party/Moscow
approximately 5,000 members (1975), Com-
munist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970
est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist
clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups;
far-left violent revolutionary groups; labor
unions; Tamil separatist groups
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan,
Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC,
ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; is applying for
membership in ASEAN
Economy
GDP: $4.4 billion (1982), $286 per capita; real
growth rate 4.2% (1983)
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about
25% of GDP; main crops — rice, rubber, tea,
coconuts
Fishing: catch 176,720 metric tons (1982 est.)
Major industries: processing of rubber, tea,
and other agricultural commodities; con-
sumer goods manufacture; garment industry
Electric power: 562,000 kW capacity (1982);
2.0 billion kWh produced (1982), 130 kWh
per capita
Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1982); tea, rub-
ber, petroleum products, textiles
Imports: $2.0 billion (c.i.f., 1982); petroleum,
machinery, transport equipment, sugar
Major trade partners: (1982) exports— 14%
US, 6% UK; imports— 15% Saudi Arabia,
14% Japan
Budget: (1982) revenue $854.1 million, ex-
penditures $1.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 22.915
rupees=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
Communications
Railroads: 1,496 km total (1980); all 1.435-
meter broad gauge; 102 km double track; no
electrification; government owned
Highways: 66, 176 km total (1979); 24,300 km
paved (mostly bituminous treated), 28,916
km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km im-
proved earth or unimproved earth; in
addition, several thousand km of tracks,
mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by
shallow-draft craft
Pipelines: crude, 13 km; refined products,
77km
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1
leased)
Airfields: 14 total, 11 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
service; 75,000 (est.) telephones (0.5 per 100
popl.); 16 AM, 2 FM, and 1 TV stations; sub-
marine cables extend to India; 1 ground
satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force, Navy, Police
Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,210,000;
3,307,000 fit for military service; 185,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $76.4 million, 3.5% of cen-
tral government current budget
214
Sudan
(See reference map VII)
Land
2,504,530 km2; 37% arable (3% cultivated);
33% desert, waste, or urban; 15% grazing;
15% forest
Land boundaries: 7,805 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 853 km
People
Population: 21, 103,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Sudanese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Sudanese
Ethnic divisions: 52% black, 39% Arab, 6%
Beja, 2% foreigners, 1% other
Religion: 70% Sunni Muslim in north, 20%
indigenous beliefs, 5% Christian (mostly in
south)
Language: Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta
Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic,
Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, En-
glish; program of Arabization in process
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 8.6 million (1979); roughly 78%
agriculture, 12% services, 10% industry; la-
bor shortages for almost all categories of
employment coexist with urban unemploy-
ment
Government
Official name: Democratic Republic of the
Sudan
Type: republic under military control since
coup in May 1969
Capital: Khartoum
Political subdivisions: 8 regions
Legal system: based on English common law
and Islamic law; some separate religious
courts; permanent constitution promulgated
April 1973; legal education at University of
Khartoum and extension of Cairo University
at Khartoum; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: President and Cabinet; unicam-
eral legislature (151-member National
People's Assembly); regional assemblies
Government leader: Mar. Gaafar Mohamed
NIMEIRI, President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential referendum held in
1983; Nimeiri reelected for a third six-year
term
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties outlawed since May 1969; the ban on the
Sudan Communist Party was not enforced
until after abortive coup in July 1971; the
government's mass political organization, the
Sudan Socialist Union, was formed in Janu-
ary 1972
Other political or pressure groups: Muslim
Brotherhood, formerly at odds with the mili-
tary regime, now participates actively in
government; Ansar Muslim sect and National
Unionist Party do not participate directly in
government
Member of: AfDB, APC, Arab League, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $7. 1 billion at current prices (FY83),
$345 per capita at current prices (FY83)
Agriculture: main crops — sorghum, millet,
wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not
self-sufficient in food production; main cash
crops — cotton, gum arabic, peanuts, sesame
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles,
brewery, cement, edible oils, soap, distilling,
shoes, Pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 450,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.7 billion kWh produced (1983), 85 kWh per
capita
Exports: $560 million (f.o.b., FY83); cotton
(31%), gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $40 mil-
lion exports to Communist countries (FY82)
Imports: $1.7 billion (c.i.f., FY83); textiles,
petroleum products, foodstuffs, transport
equipment, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: UK, FRG, Italy, US,
Saudi Arabia, France, Egypt, Japan
Budget: (FY83) public revenue $1.2 billion,
total expenditures $1.8 billion, including
development expenditure of $448 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.30 Sudanese
pounds=US$l (February 1984) official; 2.00
Sudanese pounds=US$l free market
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km
1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter
gauge plantation line
215
Sudan (continued)
Suriname
Highways: 20,000 km total; 1 ,700 km bitumi-
nous treated, 3,652 km gravel, 2,304 km
improved earth; remainder unimproved
earth and track
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 815 km
Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan)
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 90 total, 81 usable; 8 with
permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 34 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: large system by Afri-
can standards, but barely adequate; consists
of radio relay, cables, radiocommunications,
and troposcatter; domestic satellite system
with 14 stations; 65,030 telephones (0.3 per
100 popl.); 4 AM, no FM, and 2 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air De-
fense Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,878,000;
2,981,000 fit for military service; 223,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $222.3 million; 0.95% of Central
government budget
(See reference map IV)
Land
1 63,265 km2; negligible arable land, meadow
and pasture; 76% forest; 16% built on, waste,
or other; 8% unused but potentially produc-
tive
Land boundaries: 1,561 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 386 km
People
Population: 370,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Surinamer(s);
adjective — Surinamese
Ethnic divisions: 37% Hindustani (East In-
dian), 31% Creole (black and mixed), 15.3%
Javanese, 10.3% Bush Negro, 2.6% Amerin-
dian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europeans, 1.7%
other
Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Roman Catholic,
Moravian, other
Language: Dutch (official); English widely
spoken; Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, some-
times called Taki-Taki) is native language of
Creoles and much of the younger population
and is lingua franca among others; Hindi; Ja-
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 129,000; unemployment 20%
(1983)
Organized labor: approx. 33% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Suriname
Type: military-civilian rule
Capital: Paramaribo
Political subdivisions: 9 districts before 1980
coup, each headed by District Commissioner
responsible to Minister of District Govern-
ment and Decentralization except for Para-
maribo, whose commissioner is responsible to
Minister of Home Affairs, not functioning at
present; 100"People'sCommittees" installed
at local level
Legal system: suspended constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
November
Branches: civilian government controlled by
the military
Government leaders: Lt. Col. Desire
BOUTERSE, Army Commander and
strongman; Lachmipersad Frederick
RAMDAT-MISIER, Acting President (fig-
urehead); Wim UDENHART, Prime
Minister
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: none planned
Political parties and leaders: 25 February
National Unity Movement (November 1983)
official party established by Bouterse; regu-
lar party activity officially suspended,
although some continue low-level function-
ing; leftists (all small groups) — Revolutionary
People's Party (RVP), Michael Naarendorp;
Progressive Workers and Farmers (PALU),
Iwan Krolis
216
Swaziland
Member of: EC (official), ECLA, FAO,
GATT, G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, ILO,
IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAS,
PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $1.044 billion (1980); $2,916 per capita
(1980); real growth rate 0.5-1.0% (1981)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, sugarcane,
bananas
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina
and aluminum production, lumbering, food
processing
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 2,835 kWh
per capita
Exports: $429 million (f.o.b., 1982); alumina,
bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood
products
Jmports:$51l million (c.i.f., 1982); capital
equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, cotton,
flour, meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports — 41% US,
33% EC, 12% other European countries; im-
ports—33% EC, 31% US, 16% Caribbean
countries (1977)
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82)— US, $2.4 million,
(1970-81), Western (non-US) countries,
$1.057 billion; no military aid
Budget: revenue, $289 million; expenditure,
$441 million (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.785 Suriname
guilders=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km 1.000-meter
gauge, government owned, and 80km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; all single track
Highways: 8,800 km total; 1,000 km paved,
5,400 km bauxite gravel, crushed stone, or
improved earth
Inland waterways: 4,500 km; most impor-
tant means of transport; oceangoing vessels
with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can
navigate many of the principal waterways
while native canoes navigate upper reaches
Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 32 total, 32 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: international facili-
ties good; domestic radio-relay system;
21,300 telephones (6.1 per 100 popl.); 6 AM,
10 FM, and 6 TV stations; 2 Atlantic satellite
stations (several AM stations destroyed or put
off the air in late 1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: National Army (including Infan-
try Battalion, Military Police "Brigade
Navy" [company-size], Air Force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, 69,000;
42,000 fit for military service
lESBTiSH /
= ' 'SSS
(See reference map VII)
Land
17,363 km2; mostly crop or pasture
Land boundaries: 435 km
People
Population: 651,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Swazi(s); adjective —
Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European,
1% mulatto
Religion: 57% Christian, 43% indigenous be-
liefs
Language: English and siSwati (official); gov-
ernment business conducted in English
Literacy: 65%
Labor force: 195,000; over 60, 000 engaged in
subsistence agriculture; 55,000-60,000 wage
earners, many only intermittently, with 36%
agriculture and forestry, 20% community
and social services, 14% manufacturing, 9%
construction, 21% other; 12,000 em ployed in
South Africa (1982)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners
are unionized
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Swaziland
217
Swaziland (continued)
Type: monarchy; independent member of
Commonwealth since September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative dis-
tricts
Legal system: based on South African
Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi
traditional law and custom in traditional
courts; legal education at University of Bo-
tswana and Swaziland; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Somhlolo (Independence)
Day, 6 September
Branches: constitution was repealed and Par-
liament dissolved by King Sobhuza II
(deceased August 1982) in April 1973; new
bicameral Parliament (Senate, House of As-
sembly) formally opened in January 1979;
80-member electoral college chose 40 mem-
bers of lower house and 10 members of upper
house; additional 10 members for each house
chosen by King; executive authority vested in
the King or Queen (with the advice of the
Supreme Council of State) whose assent is re-
quired before parliamentary acts become
law; King's authority exercised through
Prime Minister and Cabinet who must be
members of Parliament; judiciary is part of
Ministry of Justice but otherwise independ-
ent of executive and legislative branches;
cases from subordinate courts can be ap-
pealed to the High Court and the Court of
Appeal
Government leaders: Head of State, Ntombi
THWALA, Queen Regent; Prince Bhekimpi
DLAMINI, Prime Minister; Prince Sozisa
DLAMINI, traditional authorized person
Suffrage: universal for adults
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de
facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
Economy
GDP. approximately $500.0 million (1982),
about $880 per capita; annual real growth
1.7% (1979-82)
Agriculture: main crops — maize, cotton,
rice, sugar, and citrus fruits
Major industry: mining
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1983);
125 million kWh produced (1983), 200 kWh
per capita; also imports 200 million kWh
from South Africa
Exports: $306.1 million (f.o.b., 1982); sugar,
asbestos, wood and forest products, citrus,
and canned fruit
Imports: $501.0 million (f.o.b., 1982); motor
vehicles, chemicals, petroleum products, and
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: South Africa, UK, US;
member of South African Customs Union
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $194 million; US (FY70-82), $64 million
Budget: 1981/82— revenue $189.1 million,
current expenditure $189.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: the Swazi
lilangeni exchanges at par with the South Af-
rican rand; 1.22 emalangeni=US$l (30
December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: 455 km 1.067-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved,
1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil, and 1,1 13 km improved earth
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system consists of
carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low ca-
pacity radio-relay links; 12,030 telephones
(2.2 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 8 FM, and 11 TV
stations; Atlantic Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Swaziland Umbutfo Defense
Force, Royal Swaziland Police Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 140,000;
81,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1981, $18.5 million; 7.2% of the cen-
tral government budget
218
Sweden
("See reference map V)
Land
449,964 km2; 55% forest, 7% arable, 2%
meadow and pasture, 36% other
Land boundaries: 2,196 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,218 km
People
Population: 8,335,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.0%
Nationality: noun — Swede(s); adjective —
Swedish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white popu-
lation; small Lappish minority; est. 12%
foreign born or first generation immigrants
(Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians,
Creeks)
Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0%
Roman Catholic, 5.5% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finn-
ish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak
native languages
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.35 million; 31% private serv-
ices; 30.6% government services; 21.9%
mining and manufacturing; 7.2% construc-
tion; 5.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing;
0.9% electricity, gas, and waterworks; 2.5%
unemployed (1981 average)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 counties, 278
municipalities (townships)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; a new constitution was
adopted in 1975 replacing the Acts of 1809,
1866, and 1949; legal education at Universi-
ties of Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: no national holiday; King's
birthday, 30 April, celebrated as such by
Swedish embassies
Branches: legislative authority rests with uni-
cameral parliament (Riksdag); executive
power vested in Cabinet, responsible to par-
liament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts,
108 lower courts
Government leaders: CARL XVI Gustaf,
King; Olof PALME, Prime Minister (Head of
Government)
Suffrage: universal but not compulsory over
age 18; after three years of legal residence
immigrants may vote in county and munici-
pal but not national elections
Elections: every three years (next in Septem-
ber 1985)
Political parties and leaders: Moderate Co-
alition (conservative), Ulf Adelsohn; Center,
Thorbjorn Falldin; People's Party (Liberal),
Bengt Westerberg; Social Democratic, Olof
Palme; Left Party-Communist, Lars Werner;
Swedish Communist Party (SKP), Roland
Pettersson; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf
Hagel
Voting strength: (1982 election) 45.6% Social
Democratic, 33.6% Moderate Coalition,
15.5% Center, 5.9% Liberal, 5.6% Commu-
nist, 3.8% other
Communists: VPK and SKP (both known as
Swedish Communist Party); VPK, the major
Communist party, is reported to have
roughly 17,800 members; in the 1982 elec-
tion, the VPK attracted 308,899 votes; in
addition, there are 4 other active Communist
parties, for which membership figures are
not available; in the 1982 elections, these par-
ties obtained an additional 6,500 votes
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT,
International Lead and Zinc Study Group,
IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Whal-
ing Commission, IWC — International
Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
Economy
GDP: $81.0 billion, $10,285 per capita
(1982); 53.3% private consumption, 12.7%
private investment, 29.7% government con-
sumption; 6.0% public investment; —1.0%
change in stockbuilding; —0.9% net exports
of goods and services; 1982 growth rate, 1.0%
Agriculture: animal husbandry predomi-
nates, with milk and dairy products
accounting for 37% of farm income; main
crops — grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100%
self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85%
self-sufficient in sugar beets
Fishing: catch 244,000 metric tons (1981), ex-
ports $76 million, imports $199.1 million
Major industries: iron and steel, precision
equipment (bearings, radio and telephone
parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper
products, processed foods, motor vehicles
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers,
potash, salt, oils and fats, tropical products
219
Sweden (continued)
Switzerland
Crude steel: 3.9 million metric tons produced
(1982), 468 kg per capita
Electric power: 35,590,000 kW capacity
(1983); 105.5 billion kWh produced (1983),
12,665 kWh per capita
Exports: $26.73 billion (f.o.b., 1982); machin-
ery, motor vehicles, wood pulp, paper
products, iron and steel products, metal ores
and scrap, chemicals
Imports: $27.62 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery, motor vehicles, petroleum and
petroleum products, textile yarn and fabrics,
iron and steel, chemicals, food, and live ani-
mals
Major trade partners: EC 46.1%, other de-
veloped 33.9%, non-OPEC less developed
countries 7.7%, OPEC 7.2%, CEMA 3.0%
(1982)
Aid: donor — economic aid commitments
(ODA and OOF) (1970-81), $5.0 billion
Budget: (1984/85) revenues $28.0 billion, ex-
penditures $38.1 billion, deficit $10.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 7.993
kronor=US$l (8 December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 12,518 km total; Swedish State
Railways (SJ)— 11,179 km 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge, 6,959 km electrified and 1,152
km double track; 182km 0.891-meter gauge;
117 km rail ferry service; privately owned
railways — 511 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge, 332 km electrified; 371 km 0.891-me-
ter gauge electrified
Highways: classified network, 97,400 km, of
which 51,899 km paved; 20,659 km gravel;
24,842 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for
small steamers and barges
Ports: 17 major and 30 minor
Civil air: 55 major transports
Airfields: 257 total, 253 usable; 134 with
permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic
and international facilities; 6.4 million tele-
phones (77.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 343 FM,
and 814 TV stations; 9 submarine coaxial ca-
bles, 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Swedish Army, Royal Swed-
ish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,070,000;
1,834,000 fit for military service; 62,000
reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $2.3 billion; about 6.2% of pro-
posed central government budget
'AUSTRIA
SWITZERLAND
FRANCE trL-A/-i
ITALY i' X
I r\
S Mediterranean \ I
Sea V
(See reference map V)
Land
41,228 km2; 43% meadow and pasture, 24%
forest, 20% waste or urban, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,884 km
People
Population: 6,477,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.2%
Nationality: noun — Swiss (sing. & pi.);
adjective — Swiss
Ethnic divisions: total population — 65%
German, 18% French, 10% Italian, 1% Ro-
mansch, 5% other; Swiss nationals — 74%
German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Ro-
mansch, 1% other
Religion: 49% Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3%
Jewish
Language: total population — 65% German,
18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4%
other; Swiss nationals — 74% German, 20%
French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Literacy: 99%
•.
Labor force: 3.05 million, about 706,000 for-
eign workers, mostly Italian; 42% services,
39% industry and crafts, 11% government,
7% agriculture and forestry, 1% other; ap-
proximately 0.8% unemployed in October
1983
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
220
Government
Official name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 23 cantons (3 divided
into half cantons)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by
customary law; constitution adopted 1874,
amended since; judicial review of legislative
acts, except with respect to federal decrees of
general obligatory character; legal education
at Universities of Bern, Geneva, and Lau-
sanne, and four other university schools of
law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 1 August
Branches: bicameral parliament (National
Council, Council of States) has legislative au-
thority; federal council (Bundesrat) has
executive authority; justice left chiefly to
cantons
Government leader: Leon SCHLUMPF,
President (1984; rotates annually)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every four years; next elec-
tions 1987
Political parties and leaders: Social Demo-
cratic Party (SPS), Helmut Hubacher,
president; Radical Democratic Party (FDP),
Yann Richter, president; Christian Demo-
cratic People's Party (CVP), Hans Wyer,
president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Fritz
Hofmann, chairman; Labor Party (PdA),
Armand Magnin, chairman; National Action
Party (NA), Hans Zwicky, chairman; Inde-
pendents' Party (LdU); Republican
Movement (Rep); Liberal Party (LPS); Evan-
gelical People's Party (EVP); Maoist Party
(POSH/PSA); Green Party (GP); Autono-
mous Socialist Party (PSA); Progressive Swiss
Organization (POS)
Voting strength: (1983 election) 23.4% FDP,
22.8% SPS, 20.5% CVP, 1 1 . 1 % SVP, 3.5% NA,
2.9% GP, 16.1% others
Communists: about 5,000 members
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC,
EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDE—
Inter-American Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat
Council, OECD, UN (permanent observer),
UNESCO, UPU, World Confederation of
Labor, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG,
WTO
Economy
CNP: $95.6 billion (1982), $14,270 per cap-
ita; 60% consumption, 24% investment,
— 12% government, —0.1% net foreign bal-
ance; real growth rate —1.7% (1982)
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates;
less than 50% self-sufficient; food short-
ages— fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other
than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables,
meat
Major industries: machinery, chemicals,
watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw ma-
terials except hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 15,750,000 kW capacity
(1983); 52.773 billion kWh produced (1983),
8, 1 65 kWh per capita
Exports: $26.01 billion (f.o.b., 1982); princi-
pal items — machinery and equipment,
chemicals, precision instruments, metal
products, textiles, foodstuffs
Imports: $28.68 billion (c.i.f., 1982); princi-
pal items — machinery and transportation
equipment, metals and metal products, food-
stuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: 57% EC, 22% other
developed, 4% Communist, 15% less devel-
oped countries
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ted, ODA and OOF (1970-81), $1.2 billion
Budget: receipts $9.58 billion, expenditures
$10.14 billion, deficit $0.56 billion (1984)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.15
francs=US$l (third quarter 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,157 km total; 2,952 km govern-
ment owned (SBB), 2,879 km 1.435-meter
standard gauge; 73 km 1.000-meter narrow
gauge; 1,432 km double track, 99% electri-
fied; 2,203 km nongovernment owned, 710
km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 1,418 km
1.000-meter gauge, 75 km 0.790-meter
gauge, 100% electrified
Highways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of
which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km
are national highways (740 km autobahn);
42,468 km are communal roads
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046km natural
gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River —
Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to
Constanz; in addition, there are 12 navigable
lakes ranging in size from Lake Geneva to
Hallwilersee
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland)
Civil air: 81 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 81 total, 72 usable; 42 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,660 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic,
international, and broadcast services; 4.61
million telephones (72.5 per 100 popl.); 7 AM,
209 FM, and 1,203 TV stations; 1 satellite sta-
tion with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
221
Switzerland (continued)
Syria
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,691,000;
1,461,000 fit for military service; 50,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 198-3, $1,897 million;
20.0% of proposed central government
budget
(See reference map VI)
Land
186,480 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-
occupied territory); 48% arable, 29% grazing,
21% desert, 2% forest
Land boundaries: 2,196 km (1967) (excluding
occupied area 2,156 km)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 35 nm
Coastline: 193 km
People
Population: 10,075,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun — Syrian(s); adjective —
Syrian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds,
Armenians, and other
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite,
Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Chris-
tian (various sects)
Language: Arabic (official), Kurdish, Arme-
nian, Aramaic; French and English widely
understood
Literacy: about 50%
Labor force: 2.2 million; 39% miscellaneous
services, 32% agriculture, 29% industry (in-
cluding construction); majority unskilled;
shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
Government
Official name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under leftwing military re-
gime since March 1963
Capital: Damascus
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city
of Damascus administered as separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil
law system; special religious courts; constitu-
tion promulgated in 1973; legal education at
Damascus University and University of
Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17
April
Branches: executive powers vested in Presi-
dent and Council of Ministers; power rests in
unicameral legislative (People's Council);
seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syr-
ian) Command
Government leader: Lt. Gen. Hafiz
al- ASSAD, President
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Council election Novem-
ber 1981; presidential election February
1978
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is
the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th)
Party; the progressive "national front" cabi-
net is dominated by Ba'thists but includes
independents and members of the Syrian
Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist
Union (ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement,
and Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
Communists: mostly sympathizers, number-
ing about 5,000
Other political or pressure groups: non-
Ba'th parties have little effective political in-
fluence; Communist Party ineffective;
222
Tanzania
greatest threat to Assad regime lies in faction-
alism in the military; conservative religious
leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GDP: $18.4 billion (1981), $1,957 per capita;
real GDP growth rate 4.6% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, wheat,
barley and tobacco; sheep and goat raising;
self-sufficient in most foods in years of good
weather
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
beverages, tobacco; petroleum — 163,000b/d
production (1982), 220,000 b/d refining ca-
pacity
Electric power: 2,256,700 kW capacity
(1983); 5.093 billion kWh produced (1983),
522 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.0 billion (f.o.b., 1982); petroleum,
textiles and textile products, tobacco, fruits
and vegetables, cotton
Imports: $3.7 billion (f.o.b., 1982); machin-
ery and metal products, textiles, fuels,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — Italy, Roma-
nia, US, USSR; imports— Iran, FRG, Italy,
Saudi Arabia
Budget: 1982— revenues $7.0billion (exclud-
ing Arab aid payments), expenditures $8.5
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.925 Syrian
pounds=US$l (official rate, February 1984);
two other officially sanctioned rates — the
"parallel" and "tourist" rates — are deter-
mined by the government guided by supply
and demand
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,281 km standard
gauge, 262 km 1.050-meter narrow gauge
Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km
paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone,
2,263 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little impor-
tance
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined
products
Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 67 total, 63 usable; 26 with
permanent-surface runways; 21 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international
and domestic services using coaxial cable and
radio-relay; 236,000 telephones (2.7 per 100
pop!.); 9 AM, no FM, and 40 TV stations; 1
Indian Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab
Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,216,000;
1,242,000 fit for military service; about
105,000 reach military age (19) annually
(See reference map VII)
Land
939,652 km2 (including islands of Zanzibar
and Pemba, 2,642 km2); forest 45%, meadow
and pasture 37%, inland water 6%, arable 4%,
crop 1%, other 7%
Land boundaries: 3,883 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 113 km
Mafia Island; 177 km Pemba Island; and 212
km Zanzibar)
People
Population: 2 1,202,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Tanzanian(s);
adjective — Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African consist-
ing of well over 100 tribes; 1% Asian,
European, and Arab
Religion: Mainland— 35% Christian, 35%
Muslim, 30% indigenous beliefs; Zanzibar —
almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili and English (official); En-
glish primary language of commerce,
administration, and higher education; Swa-
hili widely understood and generally used for
communication between ethnic groups; first
language of most people is one of the local
languages
Tanzania (continued)
Literacy: 66%
Labor force: 456,000 in paid employment;
90% agriculture, 10% industry and com-
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single party constitutionally
supreme on the mainland and on Zanzibar
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Political subdivisions: 25 regions — 20 on
mainland, 5 on Zanzibar
Legal system: based on English common law,
Islamic law, customary law, and German
civil law system; permanent constitution
adopted 1977, replaced interim constitution
adopted 1965; judicial review of legislative
acts limited to matters of interpretation; legal
education at University of Dar es Salaam; has
not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Union Day, 26 April; Inde-
pendence Day, 9 December
Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full
executive authority on the mainland; Na-
tional Assembly dominated by Nyerere and
the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary
Party); National Assembly consists of 233
members, 72 from Zanzibar, of whom 10 are
directly elected, 65 appointed from the
mainland, and 96 directly elected from the
mainland
Government leaders: Julius Kambarage
NYERERE, President; Ali Hassan MVVINYI,
Interim President of Zanzibar, and the Revo-
lutionary Council still run Zanzibar except
for certain specifically designated union
matters
Suffrage: universal adult over age 18
Political party and leaders: Chama Cha
Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only po-
litical party, dominated by Nyerere
Voting strength: (October 1980 national
elections) close to 7 million registered voters;
Nyerere received 93% of about 6 million
votes cast; general elections scheduled for
late 1985
Communists: a few Communist sympathiz-
ers, especially on Zanzibar
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $5.2 billion(1981), $281 per capita; real
growth rate, -3.6% (1981)
Agriculture: main crops — cotton, coffee, sisal
on mainland; cloves and coconuts on Zanzibar
Major industries: primarily agricultural
processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal
twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, ce-
ment, textiles, wood products
Electric power: 425,000 kW capacity (1983);
1.5 billion kWh produced (1983), 75 kWh per
capita
Exports: $688 million (f.o.b., 1982); coffee,
cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, diamonds,
cloves, tobacco, tea, coconut products
Imports: $1.037 billion (f.o.b., 1982); manu-
factured goods, machinery and transport
equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports — FRG, UK,
US; imports— FRG, UK, US
External debt: $2.2 billion (1982); debt
service ratio 38% (1982)
Budget: (1981/82) revenue $1.656 billion,
current expenditures $1,457 million,
development expenditures $600 million
*
Aid: economic aid commitments from West-
ern (non-US) countries (1970-79), ODA and
OOF, $100 million; US, including Ex-Im
(FY70-80), $200 million
Monetary conversion rate: 12.3 Tanzanian
shillings=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-
meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge,
6.4 km double track; 962 km Tan-Zam Rail-
road 1.067-meter gauge in Tanzania
Highways: total 34,227 km, 3,588 km paved;
5,529 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder
improved and unimproved earth
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil
Inland waterways: 1,168 km of navigable
streams; several thousand km navigable on
Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and Malawi
Ports: 3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara,
Tanga)
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 97 total, 90 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runway
2,440-3,659 m, 46 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open
wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 93,200
telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, no FM,
and 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Tanzanian People's Defense Force
includes Army, Navy, and Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,569,000;
2,624,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1981, $179 million; 9% of central gov-
ernment budget
224
Thailand
Indian Ocean
*l MAWYS1A
(See reference map IX)
Land
514,820 km2; 56% forest; 24% farm; 20%
other
Land boundaries: 4,868 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 3,219 km
People
Population: 51,724,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun — Thai (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese,
11% other
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5%
other
Language: Thai; English secondary language
of elite; ethnic and regional dialects
Literacy: 84%
Labor force: 23.4 million (1981 est); 76% ag-
riculture, 9% industry and commerce, 9%
services, 6% government
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 73 centrally con-
trolled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with
influences of common law; legal education at
Thammasat University; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Birthday of the King, 5
December
Branches: King is head of state with nominal
powers; bicameral legislature (National As-
sembly— Senate appointed by King, elected
House of Representatives); judiciary rela-
tively independent except in important
political subversive cases
Government leaders: BHUMIBOL
ADULYADEJ, King; Gen. PREM
TINSULANONDA, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal at age 20
Elections: last held April 1983
Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai
Nation Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citi-
zen Party, Democrat Party, Freedom and
Justice Party, Nation and People Party, New
Force Party, National Democracy Party;
other small parties represented in parliament
along with numerous independents
Communists: strength of illegal Communist
Party is about 1,200; Thai Communist insur-
gents throughout Thailand total an estimated
7,000
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC,
Association of Tin Producing Countries, Co-
lombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO, G-77,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $38.4 billion (1982), $800 per capita;
5% real growth in 1983 (8.2% real growth,
1975-79)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, sugar, corn,
rubber, manioc
Fishing: catch 2. 1 million metric tons (1979);
major fishery export, shrimp, 18,628 metric
tons, about $116 million (1979); 2,098 calories
and 46.3 grams protein per day per capita
(1977)
Major industries: agricultural processing,
textiles, wood and wood products, cement,
tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second
largest tungsten producer and third largest
tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal and
petroleum; scrap iron; and fertilizer
Electric power: 4,300,000 kW capacity
(1983); 18.0billionkWhproduced(1983), 355
kWh per capita
Exports: $7.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982); rice, sugar,
corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, kenaf
Imports: $9.3 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machinery
and transport equipment, fuels and lubri-
cants, base metals, chemicals, and fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports — Japan, US,
Singapore, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malay-
sia; imports — Japan, US, FRG, UK,
Singapore, Saudi Arabia; about 1% or less
trade with Communist countries
Budget: (FY83) estimate of expenditures,
$7.7 billion; Defense Ministry budget, $1.5
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 22.975
baht = US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 3,800 km 1.000-meter gauge, 97
km double track; 140 km 1.000-meter gauge
under construction from Chachoeng Sao to
Sattahip
225
Thailand (continued)
Togo
Highways: 34,950 km total; 16,244 km
paved, 5,353 km improved earth; 13,373 km
unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal wa-
terways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of
0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous
minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft
native craft
Pipelines: natural gas, 600 km
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 140 total, 113 usable; 56 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 12 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general
public adequate; bulk of service to govern-
ment activities provided by multichannel
cable and radio-relay network; satellite
ground station; domestic satellite system be-
ing developed; 496,558 telephones (1.1 per
100 popl.); approx. 150 AM, 20 FM, and 10
TV transmitters in government-controlled
networks
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Thai Army, Royal Thai
Navy, Royal Thai Marine Corps, Royal Thai
Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,220,000; 8,1 13,000 fit for military service;
about 622,000 reach military age (18) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
September 1984, $1,651.7 million; 19.8% of
central government budget
(See reference map VII)
Land
56,980 km2; nearly 50% arable; under 15%
cultivated
Land boundaries: 1,646 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm
(fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200
nm)
Coastline: 56 km
People
Population: 2,926,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Togolese (sing, and pi.);
adjective — Togolese
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most
important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabye; under
1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 70% indigenous beliefs, 20%
Christian, 10% Muslim
Language: French, both official and lan-
guage of commerce; major African languages
are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba
and Kabye in the north
Literacy: 18%
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 22% industry;
about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided
between public and private sectors
Organized labor: one national union, the Na-
tional Federation of Togolese Workers
Government
Official name: Republic of Togo
Type: republic; one-party presidential re-
gime with a centralized national admin-
istration
Capital: Lome
Political subdivisions: 21 circumscriptions
Legal system: a new constitution was en-
dorsed by referendum in 1979 that provided
for an elective presidential system and a 67-
member National Assembly
National holiday: Independence Day, 27
April
Branches: strong executive President; uni-
cameral legislature (National Assembly);
separate judiciary, including State Security
Court, established in 1970
Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbe
EYADEMA, President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: to be held every seven years; last
held in December 1979; General Eyadema,
the sole candidate, was elected by almost
100% of votes cast
Political party: single party formed by Presi-
dent Eyadema in September 1969, Rally of
the Togolese People (RPT), structure and
staffing of party closely controlled by govern-
ment
Communists: no Communist Party; possibly
some sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, CEAO (observer),
EAMA, EGA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
226
Tonga
Economy
GNP: $950 million (1982 est. ), about $340 per
capita; —3.2% real growth in 1982
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, cocoa,
cotton; major food crops — yams, cassava,
corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish
Fishing: catch 2,000 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: phosphate mining, agri-
cultural processing, cement, handicrafts,
textiles, beverages
Electric power: 138,000 kW capacity (1983);
65 million kWh produced (1983), 25 kWh per
capita; also imports 250 million kWh from
Ghana
Exports: $202 million (f.o.b., 1982); phos-
phates, cocoa, coffee, and palm kernels
Imports: $290 million (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco,
foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly France and
other EC countries
Budget: (1982 proj.), revenues, $243.1 mil-
lion; current expenditures, $219 million,
development expenditures $89 million
Monetary conversion rate: 397. 45
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 442 km 1.000-meter gauge, single
track
Highways: 7,464 km total; 1,320 km paved,
1,280 km improved earth, remainder unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: section of Mono River
and about 50 km of coastal lagoons and tidal
creeks
Ports: 1 major (Lome), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: fair system based on
network of open-wire lines supplemented by
radio-relay routes; 7,870 telephones (0.3 per
100 pop!.); 2 AM, no FM, and 3 TV stations; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1
SYMPHONIE station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 641,000;
334,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $14.2 million; 7.2% of cen-
tral government budget
SOLOMON
x ISLANDS
VANUATU
CALEDONIA
•
USTRALIA
, WESTERN
' SAMOA
FU? TONGA
*Nnku'il«fi
Pacific Ocean
iNEW
:EALAND-
(See reference map X)
Land
997 km2 (169 islands, only 36 inhabited); 77%
arable, 13% forest, 3% pasture, 3% inland wa-
ter, 4% other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed):
rectangular/polygonal claim (12 nm for Mi-
nerva Reef)
Coastline: 419 km (est.)
People
Population: 106,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2.0%
Nationality: noun — Tongan(s); adjective —
Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian; about 300 Eu-
ropeans
Religion: Christian; Free VVesleyan Church
claims over 30,000 adherents
Language: Tongan, English
Literacy: 90-95%; compulsory education for
children ages 6-14
Labor force: agriculture 10,303; mining 599
Government
Official name: Kingdom of Tonga
227
Tonga (continued)
Trinidad and Tobago
Type: constitutional monarchy within the
Commonwealth
Capital: Nuku'alofa, on Tongatapu Island
Political subdivisions: three main island
groups (Tongatapu, Ha'apai, Vava'u)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: executive — King, Cabinet, and
Privy Council; unicameral legislature — Leg-
islative Assembly composed of seven nobles
elected by their peers, seven elected repre-
sentatives of the people, eight Ministers of the
Crown; the King appoints one of the seven
nobles to be the speaker; judiciary — Supreme
Court, Magistrate's Court, Land Court
Government leaders: Taufa'ahau TUPOU
IV, King; Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE
(younger brother of the King), Premier
Suffrage: all literate, tax-paying males and
all literate females over 21
Elections: supposed to be held every three
years, last in April 1978
Communists: none known
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, FAO,
ESCAP, GATT (de facto), IFAD, ITU, South
Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation,
South Pacific Bureau Forum, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO
Economy
GNP: $50 million (1980), $520 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut
and banana production, with subsistence
crops of taro, yams, sweet potatoes, and
breadfruit
Electric power: 5,000 kW capacity (1981); 8
million kWh produced (1981), 78 kWh per
capita
Exports: $7 million (1979); 65% copra, 8% ba-
nanas, 7% coconut products
Imports: $29 million (1979); food, machin-
ery, and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports — 36% Austra-
lia, 34% New Zealand, 14% US; imports—
38% New Zealand, 31% Australia, 6% Japan,
5% Fiji (1979)
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $77 million
Budget: (1981-82) revenue, 14,744,237
pa'anga; expenditure, 14,735,833 pa'anga
(est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778 pa'anga=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 198 km metaled road (Tonga-
tapu); 74 km (Vava'u); 94 km unsealed roads
usable only in dry weather
Ports: 2 minor (Nuku'alofa, Neiafu)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1,285 telephones (1.4
per 100 pop].); 1 1,000 radio sets; no TV sets; 1
AM station; 1 ground satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army
Caribbean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Port-
a Spain • TRINIDAD
V — * ~^.' AND TOBAGO
(See reference map III)
Land
5,128 km2; 41.9% farm (25.7% cultivated or
fallow, 10.6% forest, 4.1% unused or built on,
and 1.5% pasture); 58.1% grassland, forest,
built on, wasteland, and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(200 nm fishing zone; 200 nm economic zone)
Coastline: 362 km
People
Population: 1,168,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Trinidadian(s),
Tobagan(s); adjective — Trinidadian,
Tobagan
Ethnic divisions: 43% black, 40% East In-
dian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 1% Chinese, 1%
other
Religion: 36.2% Roman Catholic, 23%
Hindu, 13.1% Protestant, 6% Muslim, 21.7%
unknown
Language: English (official), Hindi, French,
Spanish
Literacy: 89%
Labor force: about 473,000 (est. 1979-81);
23.0% service; 20.0% mining, quarrying, and
manufacturing; 17.4% commerce; 15.7%
228
construction and utilities; 13.5% agriculture;
7.5% transportation and communication;
2.9% other
Organized labor: 30% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Trinidad and To-
bago
Type: parliamentary democracy
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards,
Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common law;
constitution came into effect 1976; judicial
review of legislative acts in the Supreme
Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris-
diction
National holiday: Independence Day, 31
August
Branches: bicameral legislature (36-member
elected House of Representatives and
31-member appointed Senate); executive is
Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary
is headed by the Chief Justice and includes a
Court of Appeal, High Court, and lower
courts
Government leaders: George Michael
CHAMBERS, Prime Minister; Ellis Emman-
uel Innocent CLARKE, President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to be held at intervals of
not more than five years; last election held 9
November 1981
Political parties and leaders: People's Na-
tional Movement (PNM), George Chambers;
United Labor Front (ULF), Basdeo Panday;
Organization for National Reconstruction
(ONR), Karl Hudson-Phillips; Democratic
Action Congress (DAC), Arthur Napoleon
Raymond Robinson; Tapia House Move-
ment, Michael Harris
Voting strength: (1981 election)55% of regis-
tered voters cast ballots; House of
Representatives— PNM, 26 seats; ULF, 8;
DAC, the 2 Tobago seats
Communists: National Movement for True
Independence (NAMOTI), an ultraleftist
group led by Teddy Belgrave and David
Abdullah; People's Popular Movement
(PPM), Michael Als; February 18 Movement
(F/18), James Millette; Workers' Revolution-
ary Committee (WRC), John Poon
Other political pressure groups: National
Joint Action Committee (NJAC), radical anti-
government Black-identity organization;
Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist
organization affiliated with the World Peace
Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of
Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and To-
bago Labor Congress, moderate labor
federation; Council of Progressive Trade
Unions, radical labor federation
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth,
FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, Interna-
tional Coffee Agreement, ICAO, ICO, IDA,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, IWC— International
Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GNP: $7.316 billion (1982), $6,651 per cap-
ita; real growth rate (1982), 0%
Agriculture: main crops — sugar, cocoa, cof-
fee, rice, citrus, bananas; largely dependent
upon imports of food
Fishing: catch 4,461 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: petroleum, chemicals,
tourism, food processing, cement
Electric power: 805,000 kW capacity (1983);
2.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 1,650 kWh
per capita
Exports: $3.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982); petroleum
and petroleum products, ammonia, fertil-
izer, chemicals, sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus;
includes exports of oil under processing
agreement
Imports: $3.7 billion (c.i.f., 1982); crude pe-
troleum (33%), machinery, fabricated metals,
transportation equipment, manufactured
goods, food, chemicals; includes imports un-
der processing agreement
Major trade partners: exports — US 57%,
Netherlands 6%; imports — Saudi Arabia
31%, US 26%, UK 10%
Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY70-82), US, $320 million;
(1970-81) other Western countries, ODA and
OOF, $119 million
Budget: (1982) consolidated central govern-
ment revenues $3. 1 billion, expenditures $4.0
billion (current $3.0 billion, capital $973 mil-
lion)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.4 Trinidad and
Tobago dollars=US$l (30 September 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 8,280 km total; 3,980 km paved,
1,100 km improved earth, 3,200 km unim-
proved earth
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil; 19 km refined
products; 904 km natural gas
Ports: 3 major (Port-of-Spain, Chaguaramas
Bay, Point Tembladora), 6 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-
surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent interna-
tional service via tropospheric scatter links to
Barbados and Guyana; fair local service; 1
Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 80,000 tele-
phones (7.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, and 3
TV stations
229
Trinidad and Tobago
(continued)
Tunisia
Defense Forces
Branches: Trinidad and Tobago Defense
Force, Trinidad and Tobago Police Service
Military manpower: males 15-49, 332,000;
237,000 fit for military service
,' fSANCt
(See reference map VII)
Land
164,206 km2; 43% desert, waste, or urban;
28% arable and tree crop; 23% range and es-
parto grass; 6% forest
Land boundaries: 1,408 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(fishing 12 nm exclusive fisheries zone fol-
lows the 50-meter isobath for part of the
coast, maximum 65 nm)
Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore is-
lands)
People
Population: 7,202,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun — Tunisian(s); adjective —
Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European,
less than 1% Jewish
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, less
than 1% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), Arabic and
French (commerce)
Literacy: about 62%
Labor force: 1.9 million, 32% agriculture;
15%-25% unemployed; shortage of skilled la-
bor
Organized labor: about 360,000 members
claimed, roughly 20% of labor force; General
Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-
independent of Destourian Socialist Party
Government
Official name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 23 governorates (prov-
inces)
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and Islamic law; constitution patterned
on Turkish and US constitutions adopted
1959; some judicial review of legislative acts
in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal
education at Institute of Higher Studies and
Superior School of Law of the University of
Tunis
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 June
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral
legislative (National Assembly) largely advi-
sory; judicial, patterned on French and
Koranic systems
Government leaders: Habib BOURGUIBA,
President; Mohamed MZALI, Prime Minis-
ter
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national elections held every five
years; last elections 1 November 1981
Political party and leader: Destourian So-
cialist Party is official ruling party; two small
parties — Movement of Social Democrats and
Movement of Popular Unity — legalized in
1983
Voting strength: (1981 election) over 95%
Destourian Socialist Party; 3.23% Social
Democrats, under 1% Popular United Move-
ment, under 1% Communist Party
Communists: a small number of nominal
Communists, mostly students; Tunisian
Communist Party legalized in July 1981
230
Turkey
Member of: AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC,
FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead
and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM,
OAPEC, OAU, QIC, Regional Cooperation
for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $8.7 billion (1982 prelim.), $1,183 per
capita (1982); 57% private consumption, 16%
government consumption, 29% gross fixed
capital formation; average annual real
growth (1980-83), 4%
Agriculture: main crops — cereals (barley and
wheat), olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and veg-
etables
Major sectors: agriculture; industry —
mining (phosphate), energy (petroleum, nat-
ural gas), manufacturing (food processing
and textiles), services (transport, telecom-
munications, tourism, government)
Electric power: 1,000,000 kW capacity
(1983); 3.154 billion kWh produced (1983),
449 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 41% crude
petroleum, 20.7% textiles, 17% phosphates
and chemicals, 5% olive oil
Imports: $2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1982)
Major trade partners: France, Italy, FRG,
Greece
Tourism and foreign worker remittances:
$934 million (1982)
Budget: (1983 prelim.) total revenue $2.3 bil-
lion; operating budget $1.3 billion; capital
budget $1.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 0.70 Tunisian
dinar (TD)=US$1 (30 October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,089 km total; 503 1.435-meter
km standard gauge, 1,586 km 1.000-meter
gauge
Highways: 17,762 km total; 9,970 km bitumi-
nous; 1,421 km improved earth; 6,371 km
unimproved earth
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 10 km refined
products; 372 km natural gas
Ports: 5 major, 14 minor; 1 petroleum, oils,
and lubricants terminal
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 28 total, 25 usable; 11 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is above
the African average; facilities consist of
open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, and
radio relay; key centers are Safaqis, Susah,
Bizerte, and Tunis; 188,500 telephones (3.0
per 100 popl.); 18 AM, 4 FM, and 14 TV sta-
tions; 3 submarine cables
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,728,000;
965,000 fit for military service; about 81,000
reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $247 million; 9% of central
government budget
(See reference map VI)
Land
766,640 km2; 35% crop, 25% meadow and
pasture, 23% forest, 17% other
Land boundaries: 2,574 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm,
except in Black Sea, where it is 12 nm (fishing
12 nm)
Coastline: 7,200 km
People
Population: 50,207,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun — Turk(s); adjective —
Turkish
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd,
3% other
Religion: 98% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 2%
other (mostly Christian and Jewish)
Language: Turkish (official), Kurdish, Ara-
bic
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: 18.1 million (1983); 61% agricul-
ture, 27% service, 12% industry and
commerce; surplus of unskilled labor (1982)
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
231
Turkey (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republic
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various conti-
nental legal systems; constitution adopted in
November 1982; legal education at Universi-
ties of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts com-
pulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October
Branches: exective — President empowered
to call new elections, promulgate laws
(elected for a seven-year term); unicameral
legislature (400-member Grand National As-
sembly); independent judiciary
Government leaders: Gen. Kenan EVREN,
President; Turgut OZAL, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: according to the 1982 Constitu-
tion, elections to the Grand National
Assembly to be held every five years; most
recent election 6 November 1983
Political parties and leaders: military leaders
banned all traditional parties from taking
part in the parliamentary election of Novem-
ber 1983 and banned many prominent party
leaders from taking part in politics for 10
years; three new parties allowed to take part
in the election — Motherland Party, Turgut
Ozal; Populist Party, Necdet Calp; National-
ist Democracy Party, Turgut Sunalp;
additional parties permitted to take part in
local elections in March 1984 — Social Demo-
cratic Party, Erdal Inonu; Correct Way
Party, Yildirim Avci
Voting strength: (1983 election) Grand Na-
tional Assembly — Motherland Party, 211
seats; Populist Party, 117 seats; Nationalist
Democracy Party, 71 seats
Communists: strength and support negligi-
ble
Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Europe,
EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA,
IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IEA,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NATO, OECD, QIC, Regional Cooper-
ation for Development, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: $53.8 billion (1982), $1,096 per capita;
4.4% real growth 1982, 4.5% average annual
real growth 1971-81
Agriculture: main products— cotton, to-
bacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and
livestock products; self-sufficient in food in
average years
Major industries: textiles, food processing,
mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron miner-
als), steel, petroleum
Crude steel: 2. 1 million tons produced (1982)
Electric power: 7,127,000 kW capacity
(1983); 26.986 billion kWh produced (1983),
549 kWh per capita
Exports: $5,746 million (f.o.b., 1982); cotton,
tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock prod-
ucts, textiles and clothing
Imports: $8,843 million (c.i.f., 1982); crude
oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals,
mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals
Major trade partners: (1982) exports — 13.8%
Iran, 12.3% FRG, 10.6% Iraq, 6.2% Saudi
Arabia, 4.4% US, imports— 15.0% Iraq,
1 1.6% FRG, 10.5% Libya, 9.3% US, 8.6% Iran
Budget: (FY82) revenues $9.6 billion, ex-
penditures $10.2 billion, deficit $0.6 billion
(on 10-month basis; in 1982 fiscal year was
changed to coincide with calendar year)
Monetary conversion rate: 276 Turkish
liras=US$l (4 January 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 8,193 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge; 204 km double track; 204 km electri-
fied
Highways: 60,761 km total; 36,670 km bitu-
minous; 18,648 km gravel or crushed stone;
2,427 km improved earth; 4,016 km unim-
proved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,200 km
Pipelines: 1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km re-
fined products
Ports: 4 major, 8 secondary, 16 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 119 total, 93 usable; 59 with
permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways
over 3,660 m, 26 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic and in-
ternational systems; trunk radio-relay
network; 1.90 million telephones (4. 2 per 100
popl.); 20 AM, 27 FM, and 181 TV stations; 1
satellite ground station, 1 submarine tele-
phone cable
Defense Forces
Branches: Land Forces, Navy, Air Force,
Gendarmerie
Military manpower: males 15-49,
12,323,000; 7,293,000 fit for military service;
about 516,000 reach military age (20) annu-
ally
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $2,087 million; 17.1% of
central government budget
232
Turks and Caicos Islands
UNITED
.STATES
Atlantic Ocean
THE
. BAHAMAS
^ TURKS AND
Jj CAICOS
(SUNOS
Caribbean Sea
(See reference map III)
Land
430s km; more than 30 islands, including 8
inhabited; largest is Grand Caicos
People
Population: 7,436 (1980)
Enthnic division: majority of African de-
scent
Regligion: Anglican, Roman Catholic, Bap-
tist, Methodist, Church of God, Seventh-day
Adventist
Language: English (official)
Literacy: probably fairly high
Labor force: some subsistence agriculture;
majority engaged in fishing and tourist indus-
tries
Organized labor: St. George's Industrial
Trade Union (Cockburn Harbor), 250 mem-
bers
Government
Official name; Turks and Caicos Islands
Type: British colony; constitution introduced
in 1976
Capital: Cockburn Town on Grand Turk Is-
land
Political subdivisions: 3 districts
Legal system: probably based on English
common law
National holiday: Commonwealth Day, 31
May
Branches: executive, bicameral legislature
(Executive Council, 14-member Legislative
Council), judicial (Supreme Court)
Government leader: Christopher J. Turner,
Governor
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18 for
"belongers"
Elections: last 1980 for 11 Legislative Coun-
cil seats
Political parties and leaders: People's Demo-
cratic Movement (PMD), Progressive
National Party (PNP)
Voting strength: PDM, 3 seats; PNP, 8 seats
Communists: none known
Economy
GNP: not available
Agriculture: corn, beans
Fishing: catch 395.76 metric tons (1981)
Major industries: fishing, tourism; formerly
produced salt by solar evaporation
Exports: $2,668,080 (1981/82); crawfish,
dried and fresh conch, conch shells
Imports: $15,233,973 (1981/82); foodstuffs,
drink, tobacco, clothing
Major trade partners: US (lobster, conch,
tourism) and UK
AID: none (1981)
Bugdet: revenue $5,912,302, expenditure
$7,186,325(1981/82)
Monetary conversion rate: uses the US dollar
Fiscal year: probably calendar
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 121 km, including 24 km tarmac
Ports: 4 major (Grand Turk, Salt Cay,
Providenciales, Cockburn Harbor)
Civil air: Air Turks and Caicos (passenger
service) and Turks Air Ltd. (cargo service)
Airfields: 3 (Grand Turk, South Caicos,
Providenciales), including 1.93 km paved
(Grand Turk) and 1.83 km paved airstrip
(Providenciales); 5 landing strips on other in-
habited islands
Telecommunications: cable and wireless
services (932 telephones, 1981); 1 AM station
(21,500 radio receivers, 1982)
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of UK
Branches: police
233
Tuvalu
(formerly Ellice Islands)
Pacific Ocean
KIRIBATI
SOIOMON
WESTERN
VMMIMU JM°^
« FIJI
AUSTRAUA
CSee reference map X)
Land
NOTE. On 1 October 1975, by Constitu-
tional Order, the Ellice Islands were formally
separated from the British colony of Gilbert
and Ellice Islands, thus forming the colony of
Tuvalu. The remaining islands in the former
Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony are now
named Kiribati. Tuvalu includes the islands
of Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao,
Vaitupu, and the four islands of the Tuvalu
group formerly claimed by the United States:
Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulailai (Nuku-
laelae), and Nurakita (Niulakita)
Land
26km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing
200 nm, economic 200 nm)
Coastline: about 24 km
People
Population: 8,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun — Tuvaluans(s);
adjective — Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian
Religion: Christian, predominantly Protes-
tant
Languages: Tuvaluan, English
Literacy: less than 50%
Government
Official name: Tuvalu
Type: independent state with "special mem-
bership" in the Commonwealth, recognizing
Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Funafuti
Branches: executive — Prime Minister and
Cabinet; unicameral legislature — 12-mem-
ber House of Parliament judicial — High
Court, 8 island courts with limited
jurisdication
Government leaders: Dr. Tomasi PUAPUA,
Prime Minister; Sir Fiatav Penitala TED,
Governor General
Elections: last general election September
1981, next September 1985
Political parties: none
Member of: GATT (de facto), SPC, UPU
Economy
GNP: $4 million (1980 est), $570 per capita
Agriculture: limited; coconut palms, copra
Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity (1981); 3.0
million kWh produced (1981), 333 kWh per
capita
Exports: copra— $26,789 (1981)
Imports: $2.8 million (1981); food and min-
eral fuels
Major trade partners: UK, Australia
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non- US) countries, ODA (1970-79), $22 mil-
lion
Budget: (1983 est.) $2.59 million revenues,
$3.6 million expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0778 Australian
dollars=US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 8 km gravel
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Funafuti) and Nukufetav
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about
300 radio telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.);
4,000 radio sets
234
Uganda
(See reference map VII)
Land
235,885 km2; 45% forest, wood, and grass;
21% inland water and swamp, including ter-
ritorial waters of Lake Victoria; about 21%
cultivated; 13% national park, forest, and
game reserve
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
People
Population: 14,819,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Ugandan(s); adjective —
Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European,
Asian, Arab
Religion: 33% Roman Catholic, 33% Protes-
tant, 16% Muslim, rest indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); Luganda and
Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic
languages
Literacy: 52%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million; about
250,000 in paid labor; remainder in subsis-
tence activities
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
Government
Official name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34
districts
Legal system: provisional government plans
to restore system based on English common
law and customary law to reinstitute a nor-
mal judicial system; legal education at
Makerere University, Kampala; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reserva-
tions
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 Oc-
tober
Branches: government that assumed power
in December 1980 consists of three
branches — an executive headed by a Presi-
dent, a unicameral legislature (National
Assembly), and a judiciary; in practice Presi-
dent has most power
Government leader: Dr. (Apollo) Milton
OBOTE, President
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election (held December
1980) elected present National Assembly;
winning party then named President
Political parties: Ugandan People's Congress
(UPC), Democratic Party (DP), Uganda Pa-
triotic Movement (UPM)
Voting strength: (December 1980 election)
National Assembly— UPC, 74; DP, 51;
UPM, 1
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, QIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WTO
Economy
GDP: $4.8 billion in 1982 (est.)
Agriculture: main cash crop — coffee
(165,000 metric tons produced in 1982-83,
proj.); other cash crops — cotton, tobacco, tea,
sugar, fish, livestock
Major industries: agricultural processing
(textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood, beer), ce-
ment, copper smelting, corrugated iron
sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 260,000 kW capacity (1983);
950 million kWh produced (1983), 70 kWh
per capita
Exports: $325 million (f.o.b., 1982/83); cof-
fee, cotton, tea
Imports: $345 million (f.o.b., 1982/83 est.);
petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece
goods, metals, transport equipment, food
Major trade partners: Kenya, US, UK
Budget: revenues $290 million (FY81/82);
current expenditures and debt payments
$423 million, development expenditures $88
million (1982 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 244. 1 Uganda
shillings=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 1,216 km, 1.000-meter gauge sin-
gle track
Highways: 26,763 km total; 1,934 km paved;
4,829 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite;
remainder earth roads and tracks
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Al-
bert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, and Lake
Edward; Kagera River and Victoria Nile
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 39 total, 33 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Uganda (continued)
United Arab Emirates
Telecommunications: fair system with ra-
dio-relay and communications stations in
use; 46,400 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 9
AM, no FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT station
Defense Forces
Branches: Uganda National Liberation
Army (including army and air force)
Military manpower: males 15-49, about
3,123,000; about 1,681,000 fit for military
SAUDI
ARABIA
(See reference map VI)
Land
82,880 km2; almost all desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,094 km (does not include
boundaries between adjacent UAE states)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
for all states except Sharjah (12 nm); fishing
200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm
Coastline: 1,448 km
People
Population: 1,523,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 10.3%
Nationality: Noun — Emirian(s), adjective —
Emirian
Ethnic divisions: Emirian 19%, other Arab
23%, South Asian 50% (fluctuating), other ex-
patriates (includes Westerners and East
Asians) 8%; fewer than 20% of the population
are UAE citizens (1982)
Religion: Muslim 96%; Christian, Hindu, and
other 4%
Language: Arabic (official); Farsi and Eng-
lish widely spoken in major cities; Hindi,
Urdu
Literacy: 56.3% est.
Labor force: 541,000 (1980 est.); 85% indus-
try and commerce, 5% agriculture, 5%
services, 5% government; 80% of labor force
is foreign
Government
Official name: United Arab Emirates (com-
posed of former Trucial States)
Member states: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, al
Fujayrah, Ra's al-Khaymah, Sharjah, Umm
al-Qaywayn
Type: federation; constitution signed De-
cember 1971, which delegated specified
powers to the United Arab Emirates central
government and reserved other powers to
member shaykhdoms
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Legal system: secular codes are being intro-
duced by the UAE Government and in
several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law re-
mains influential
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: executive — Supreme Council of
Rulers (seven members), from which a Presi-
dent and Vice President are elected; Prime
Minister and Council of Ministers; unicam-
eral legislature — Federal National Council;
judicial — Union Supreme Court
Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid bin Sul-
tan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi,
President; Shaykh Rashid ibn Sa'id Al
MAKTUM of Dubai, Vice President and
Prime Minister
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Political or pressure groups: none; a few
small clandestine groups are active
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IDB — Islamic Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC,
OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WTO
236
United Kingdom
Economy
GDP: $30 billion (1982 est), $30,000 per cap-
ita
Agriculture: food imported; some dates, al-
falfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised
Electric power: 4,474,900 kW capacity
(1983); 12.346 billion kWh produced (1983),
8,985 kWh per capita
Exports: $18.2 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est.); $14.5
billion in crude oil, $3.7 billion consisting
mostly of gas, reexports, dried fish, dates
Imports: $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982 est.); food,
consumer, and capital goods
Major trade partners: Japan, EC, US
Budget: (1982 est.) current expenditures $8.6
billion, development $2.4 billion, revenue
$10.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.679 UAE
dirhams=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,085 km total; 885 km bitumi-
nous, 200 km gravel and graded earth
Pipelines: 830 km crude oil; 370 km natural
gas, including natural gas liquids
Ports: 4 major, 18 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 48 total, 31 usable; 20 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
over 3,659 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of
radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are
Abu Dhabi and Dubai; 208,900 telephones
(20.0 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 3 FM, and 9 TV
stations; 3 INTELSAT stations with 1 Atlan-
tic and 2 Indian Ocean antennas; plan
submarine cables to India and Pakistan
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 547,000;
379,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1983, $1.9 billion; 37% of central
government budget
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map V)
Land
243,977 km2; 50% meadow and pasture, 30%
arable, 12% waste or urban, 7% forest, 1%
inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 12,429 km
People
Population: 56,023,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.0%
Nationality: noun — Briton(s), British (collec-
tive pi.); adjective — British
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scot-
tish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster,
0.8% other; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani
over 2%
Religion: 27.0 million Anglican, 5.3 million
Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterian,
760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jewish (regis-
tered)
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of
population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic
(about 60,000 in Scotland)
Literacy: 99%
237
United Kingdom (continued)
Labor force: (1982) 26.08 million; 54.4% in-
dustry and commerce, 29.9% services, 7.6%
self-employed, 6.6% government, 1.5% agri-
culture; 12.5% unemployed (early 1984)
Organized labor: 40% of labor force
Government
Official name: United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: London
Political subdivisions: 650 parliamentary
constituencies
Legal system: common law tradition with
early Roman and modern continental influ-
ences; no judicial review of Acts of Parlia-
ment; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
with reservations
National holiday: celebration of birthday of
the Queen, 16 June
Branches: legislative authority resides in Par-
liament (House of Lords, House of
Commons); executive authority lies with col-
lectively responsible Cabinet led by Prime
Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial
authority and highest court of appeal
Government leader: ELIZABETH II, Queen
(Chief of State); Margaret THATCHER,
Prime Minister (Head of Government)
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister,
but must be held before expiration of a
five-year electoral mandate; last election 9
June 1983
Political parties and leaders: Conservative,
Margaret Thatcher; Labor, Neil Kinnock;
Liberal, David Steel; Social Democratic, Da-
vid Owen; Communist, Gordon McLennan;
Scottish National, Gordon Wilson; Plaid
Cymru, Dafydd Wigley; Official Unionist,
James Molyneaux; Democratic Unionist, Ian
Paisley; Social Democratic and Labor, John
Hume; Sinn Fein, Gerry Adams
Voting strength: (1983 election) House of
Commons — Conservative, 397 seats (42.4%);
Labor, 209 seats (27.6%); Social Democratic-
Liberal Alliance, 23 seats (17 Liberal, 6 SDP)
(25.4%); Scottish National Party, 2seats; Plaid
Cymru (Welsh Nationalist), 2 sedts; Official
Unionist (Northern Ireland), 1 1 seats; Demo-
cratic Unionist (Northern Ireland), 3 seats;
Ulster Popular Unionist (Northern Ireland), 1
seat; Social Democratic and Labor (Northern
Ireland), 1 seat; Sinn Fein (Northern Ireland),
1 seat
Communists: 15,961
Other political or pressure groups: Trades
Union Congress, Confederation of British In-
dustry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign
for Nuclear Disarmament
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan,
Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ELDO, ESRO,
FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC,
ITU, IWC — International Whaling Com-
mission, IWC — International Wheat
Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GNP: $482.7 billion (1982), $8,620 per cap-
ita; 60.6% consumption, 15.3% investment,
21.8% government; —0.4% stockbuilding,
— 2.2% net foreign balance, real growth
-4.2% (1982)
Agriculture: mixed farming predominates;
main products — wheat, barley, potatoes,
sugar beets, livestock, dairy products; 62%
self-sufficient (1982); dependent on imports
for more than half of consumption of refined
sugar, butter, oils and fats, and bacon and
ham
Fishing: catch 727,500 metric tons (1981);
imports $707 million (1982), exports $283
million (1982)
Major industries: machinery and transport
equipment, metals, food processing, paper
and paper products, textiles, chemicals,
clothing
Crude steel: 13.7 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982); 244 kg per capita (1982); 25.4
million tons capacity (1981)
Electric power: 86,015,000 kW capacity
(1983); 275.343 billion kWh produced (1983),
4,910 kWh per capita
Exports: $96.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); machin-
ery, transport equipment, petroleum,
manufactured goods, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports: $99.0 billion (c.i.f., 1982); machin-
ery, foodstuffs, petroleum, manufactured
goods, chemicals, crude materials
Major trade partners: 44.4% EC, 12.6% US,
12.5% FRG, 10.3% Commonwealth, 8.4%
France; 2.1% Communist (September 1983)
Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commit-
ted (ODA and OOF) (1970-81), $15.5 billion
Budget (national and local government):
FY84 (proj.) revenues, 180 billion pounds; ex-
penditures, 188 billion pounds; deficit,
including nationalized industries, 8 billion
pounds
Monetary conversion rate: .7062 pounds
sterling=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
Communications
Railroads: Great Britain— 17,249 km total;
British Railways (BR) operates 17,230 km
1.435-meter standard gauge (3,718 km elec-
trified, 12,591 km double or multiple track),
and 19 km 0.597-meter gauge; several. addi-
tional small standard gauge and narrow
gauge lines are privately owned; Northern
Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 332 km
1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track
United States
Highways: United Kingdom, 362,982 km to-
tal; Great Britain, 339,483 km paved
(including 2,573km limited- access divided
highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km
(22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)
Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly
owned; 605 km major commercial routes
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insig-
nificant; 2,907 km refined products; 1,770
km natural gas
Ports: 9 major, 15 secondary, 190 minor
Civil air: 581 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 570 total, 349 usable; 246 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 39 with runways 2,440-
3,659 m, 139 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern, efficient do-
mestic and international system, 27.8 million
telephones (49.7 per 100 popl.); excellent
countrywide broadcast; 100 AM, 317 FM,
and 1,784 TV stations; 33 coaxial submarine
cables; 2 earth satellite stations with a total of
6 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Royal Army, Royal Navy, Royal
Air Force, Royal Marines
Military manpower: males 15-49,
14,034,000; 11,902,000 fit for military serv-
ice; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
March 1984, $24.1 billion; about 19.7% of
central government budget
This "Factsheet" on the US is provided solely
as a service to those wishing to make rough
comparisons of foreign country data with a
US "yardstick. " Information is from US open
sources and publications and in no sense rep-
resents estimates by the US Intelligence
Community.
Land
9,372,614 km2 (contiguous US plus Alaska
and Hawaii); 32% forest; 27% grazing and
pasture; 19% cultivated; 22% waste, urban,
and other
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 19,924 km
People
Population: 236,413,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.9%
Ethnic divisions: 80% white; 11% black; 6.2%
Spanish origin; 1.6% Asian and Pacific Is-
lander; 0.7% American Indian, Eskimo, and
Aleut (1980)
Religion: total membership in religious bod-
ies 134.8 million; Protestant 73.479 million,
Roman Catholic 50.45 million, Jewish 5.92
million, other religions 4.968 million (1982)
Language: predominantly English; sizable
Spanish-speaking minority
Literacy: 99.5% of total population 15 years
or older
Labor force: 115.786 million (includes 2.208
million members of the armed forces in the
US); average unemployment rate 9.6%
(1983); current unemployment rate 8.1%
(December 1983); 10.411 million unem-
ployed (January 1984)
Organized labor: approximately 15 million
members; 15% of civilian labor force (1983
est.)
Government
Official name: United States of America
Type: federal republic; strong democratic
tradition
Capital: Washington, D.C.
Political subdivisions: 50 states, the District
of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto
Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, American Sa-
moa, Wake and Midway Islands, Johnston
Atoll, and Kingman Reef; under UN trustee-
ship Caroline, Marshall, and Northern
Mariana Islands
Legal system: based on Eng'ish common law;
dual system of courts, state and federal; con-
stitution adopted 1789; judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ juris-
diction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (House of Representatives and
Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court);
branches, in principle, independent and
maintain balance of power
Government leaders: Ronald REAGAN,
President; George BUSH, Vice President
Suffrage: all citizens over age 18, not com-
pulsory
Elections: presidential, every four years (next
November 1984); all members of the House
of Representatives, every two years; one-
third of members of the Senate, every two
years
Political parties and leaders: Republican
Party, Frank J. Fahrenkopf, Jr., chairman;
Democratic Party, Charles T. Manatt, chair-
man; several other groups or parties of minor
political significance
Voting strength: 40% voter participation
(1982 congressional election); 53.9% voter
participation (1980 presidential election>—
Republican Party (Ronald Reagan), 50% of
the popular vote (489 electoral votes); Demo-
cratic Party (Jimmy Carter), 42% (42
239
United States (continued)
electoral votes); John Anderson (third-line
candidate), 6% (no electoral votes); other, 2%
(no electoral votes)
Communists: Communist Party member-
ship, claimed 15,000-20,000(1983); general
secretary, Gus Hall; in the 1980 presidential
election the Communist Party candidate re-
ceived 43,896 votes; Socialist Workers Party
membership, claimed 1,800; national secre-
tary, Jack Barnes; in the 1980 presidential
election, the Socialist Workers Party candi-
date received 48,650 votes
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, Bank of Interna-
tional Settlements, CCC, CENTO, Colombo
Plan, DAC, FAO, GATT, Group of Ten,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM,
ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American
Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study
Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC—
International Whaling Commission, IWC —
International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS,
OECD, PAHO, SPC, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Economy
GNP: (September 1983 prelim, seasonally
adjusted at annual rates) $3,363.3 billion;
(September 1983 prelim., seasonally adjusted
at annual rates) $2,186.5 billion (65%) per-
sonal consumption, $501.0 billion (14.9%)
private investment, $701.8 billion (20.9%)
government, —$25.9 billion (—.07%) net ex-
ports; $12,530 per capita; annual growth rate
3.3% (1983) and 4.4% (1984 proj.)
Agriculture: food grains, feed crops,
oilbearing crops, cattle, dairy products
Fishing: catch 3.767 billion metric tons
(1981); 13.0 Ib per capita consumption (1981);
imports $4.173 billion (1981); exports $1.156
billion, ( 1981 ); est. value, $2.388 billion (1981 )
Crude steel: 65.7 million metric tons pro-
duced (1982)
Electric power: 670,442,000 (public utilities
only) kW capacity (1983); 2,446.350 billion
(net) kWh produced (1983), 10,455 kWh per
capita
Exports: $212.274 billion (f.o.b., 1982); ma-
chinery, chemicals, transport equipment,
and agricultural products
Imports: $243.951 billion (c.i.f., 1982); crude
and partly refined petroleum, machinery,
and transport equipment (mainly new auto-
mobiles)
Major trade partners: exports — $33.72 bil-
lion Canada, $20.966 billion Japan, $11.816
billion Mexico, $10.644 billion UK, $9.291
billion FRG (1982); imports— $46.476 billion
Canada, $37.743 billion Japan, $15.565 bil-
lion Mexico, $13.094 billion UK, $11.974
billion FRG (1982)
Aid: obligations and loan authorizations, in-
cluding Ex-Im (FY82), economic $11.2
billion, military (FY82) $4.2 billion
Budget: (1983) receipts $600.6 billion, out-
lays $796.0 billion, deficit $195.4 billion;
(1984 est.) receipts $670.1 billion, outlays
$853.8 billion, deficit $183.7 billion; (1985
proj.) receipts $745.1 billion, outlays $925.5
billion, deficit $180.4 billion
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
Communications
Railroads: 270,312 km (1981)
Highways: 6,198,994 km, including 88,641
km expressways (1981)
Inland waterways: est. 41,009 km of naviga-
ble inland channels, exclusive of the Great
Lakes
Freight carried: rail — 1,430.0 million metric
tons, 1,175.0 billion metric ton/km (1982);
highways — 830.05 billion metric ton/km
(1982); inland water freight (excluding Great
Lakes traffic) — 512.0 million metric tons,
312.24 billion metric ton/km (1982); air—
9,500 million metric ton/km (1982)
Pipelines: petroleum, 278,035 km (1981);
natural gas, 418,018 km (1981)
Ports: 44 handling 10.9 million metric tons or
more per year
Civil air: 2,699 commercial multiengine
transport aircraft, including 2,504 jet, 159
turboprop, 36 piston (1982)
Airfields: 15,422 in operation (1981)
Telecommunications: 182,558,000 tele-
phones (791 telephones per 1,000 popl.);
4,689 AM, 3,380 FM, and 1,132 TV broadcast
stations; 477 million radio and 142 million
TV receivers (1982)
Defense Forces
Branches: Department of the Army, Depart-
ment of the Navy (including Marine Corps),
US Coast Guard, Department of the Air
Force
Military manpower: 2,116,800 total;
790,800, army; 581,000, air force; 553,000,
navy; 192,000, marines (1982)
Military budget: $205.0 billion (1983);
$231.0billion (1984 est.); $264.4 billion (1985
proj.); 29.1% of central government budget
(planned, 1985)
240
Upper Volta
(See reference map VII)
Land
274,540 km2; 50% pasture, 21% fallow, 10%
cultivated, 9% forest and scrub, 10% waste
and other
Land boundaries: 3,307 km
People
Population: 6,733,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Upper Voltan(s);
adjective — Upper Voltan
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; princi-
pal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other
important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi,
Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: 65% indigenous beliefs, about 25%
Muslim, 10% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French (official); tribal languages
belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 50% of
the population
Literacy: 7%
Labor force: 83% agriculture; 12% industry;
5% commerce, services, and government;
about 30,000 are wage earners; about 20% of
male labor force migrates annually to neigh-
boring countries for seasonal employment
Organized labor: four principal trade union
groups represent less than 1% of population
Government
Official name: Republic of Upper Volta
Type: on 4 August 1983 a military coup
ended the nine-month-old military regime of
Major Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 10 departments, com-
posed of 44 cercles, headed by civilian
administrators
Legal system: based on French civil law sys-
tem and customary law
National holiday: Proclamation of the Re-
public, 11 December
Branches: President is an army officer; mili-
tary council of unknown number; 19-
member military and civilian Cabinet; judi-
ciary
Government leaders: Cpt. Thomas
SANKARA, President
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: political process suspended
Political parties and leaders: all political par-
ties banned following November 1980 coup
Communists: small Communist party; some
sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor
organizations are badly splintered; students
and teachers occasionally strike
Member of: AfDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA,
EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, GATT, G-77,
IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU,
OGAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $ 1 . 1 billion ( 1 982), $ 1 69 per capita; real
growth, 1.6% (1982)
Agriculture: cash crops — peanuts, shea nuts,
sesame, cotton; food crops — sorghum, millet,
corn, rice; livestock; largely self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 7,000 metric tons (1979 est.)
Major industries: agricultural processing
plants, brewery, bottling, and brick plants; a
few other light industries
Electric power: 55,000 kW capacity (1983);
123 million kWh produced (1983), 20 kWh
per capita
Exports: $120 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.); live-
stock (on the hoof), peanuts, shea nut
products, cotton, sesame
Imports: $275 million (f.o.b., 1982 est.); tex-
tiles, food, and other consumer goods,
transport equipment, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: Ivory Coast and
Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France
and other EC countries; preferential tariff to
EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $997 million; US authorized including
Ex-Im (FY70-82) $170 million
Budget: (1982) revenue $152 million, current
expenditures $150 million, development ex-
penditures $160 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 422.25
Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA)
francs=US$l (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,173 km Ouagadougou to Abi-
djan (Ivory Coast line); 516 km meter gauge
(1.00 m), single track in Upper Volta
Highways: 8,316 km total; 967 km paved,
5,639 km improved, 1,710 km unimproved
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
241
Upper Volta (continued)
Uruguay
Airfields: 55 total, 53 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services only fair;
radio relay, wire, radiocommunication sta-
tions in use; 8,600 telephones (under 0. 14 per
100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1
TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,504,000;
758,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Supply: mainly dependent on France, FRG,
and UK
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1981, $27.9 million; about 20% of
central government budget
ARGENTINA
Atlantic
Ocean
(See reference map IV)
Land
176,215 km2; 84% agricultural (73% pasture,
11% crop); 16% forest, urban, waste, and
other
Land boundaries: 1,352 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200
nm (fishing 200 nm; overflight and naviga-
tion permitted beyond 12 nm)
Coastline: 660 km
People
Population: 2,926,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun — Uruguayan(s);
adjective — Uruguayan
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% white, 5-10% mes-
tizo, 3-5 black
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half
adult population attends church regularly);
2% Protestant; 2% Jewish; 30% nonprofessing
or other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 94.3%
Labor force: about 1.28 million (1981); 19%
manufacturing; 19% government; 16% agri-
culture; 12% commerce; 12% utilities,
construction, transport, and communica-
tions; 22% other services
Organized labor: government authorized
non-Communist union activities in 1981 for
the first time since 1973 military takeover
Government
Official name: Oriental Republic of Uru-
guay
Type: republic, government under military
control
Capital: Montevideo
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with
limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law sys-
tem; most recent constitution implemented
1967 but large portions are currently in sus-
pension and the whole is under study for
revision; legal education at University of the
Republic at Montevideo; accepts compulsory
ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25
August
Branches: executive, headed by President;
since 1973 the military has had dominant in-
fluence in policymaking; bicameral legis-
lature closed indefinitely by presidential
decree in June 1973; Council of State set up to
act as legislature; legislative elections pro-
jected for November 1984; national judiciary
headed by court of justice
Government leader: Lt. Gen. (Ret.)Gregorio
Conrado ALVAREZ Armellino, President
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: projected for November 1984
Political parties and leaders: National
(Blanco) Party, Wilson Ferreira (proscribed);
Colorado Party, Julio Sanguinetti and
Enrique Tarigo (antimilitary faction) and
Jorge Pacheco Areco (moderate)
Voting strength: (1971 elections) 40.8% Col-
orado, 40.1% Blanco, 18.6% Frente Amplio,
0.5% Radical Christian Union
242
Vanuatu
(formerly New Hebrides)
Communists: 5,000-10,000, including for-
mer youth group and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Demo-
cratic Convergence, a proscribed leftist
alliance; Christian Democratic Party (PDC);
Communist Party (PCU), proscribed in 1973;
Socialist Party of Uruguay (PSU), proscribed
in 1973; National Liberation Movement
(MLN) — Tupamaros, leftist revolutionary
terrorist group, proscribed and now virtually
annihilated
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB,
IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDE— Inter-American
Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU,
LAIA, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
Economy
GDP: $9.4 billion (1982), $3,201 per capita;
89% consumption, 13% gross investment,
-2.0% foreign; real growth rate 1982, -5%
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive
livestock grazing (20 million sheep, 9.5 mil-
lion cattle), 1979; main crops — wheat, rice,
corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic
foodstuffs
Major industries: meat processing, wool and
hides, textiles, footwear, leather apparel,
tires, cement, fishing, petroleum refining
Steel: rolled products 43,398 metric tons pro-
duced (1978)
Electric power: 1,250,000 kW capacity
(1983); 4.9 billion kWh produced (1983),
1,680 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.256 billion (f.o.b., 1982); wool,
hides, meat, textiles, leather products, fish,
rice, furs
Imports: $1.038 billion (f.o.b., 1982); crude
petroleum (26%), metals, machinery, trans-
portation equipment, industrial chemicals
Major trade partners: exports — 40% LAIA;
25% EC, 12% US, imports— 44% LAIA (18%
Brazil, 17% Argentina), 18% EC, 11% US
(1981)
Aid: economic commitments — US autho-
rized, including Ex-Im (FY70-82), $76
million; other Western countries, ODA and
OOF (1970-81) $82 million; military— US
authorized (FY70-82) $39 million
Budget: (1979 est.) revenue, $1,063 million;
expenditures, $1,014 million
Monetary conversion rate: 46.55 pesos=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,795 km, all 1.435-meter stan-
dard gauge (1.435 m) and government owned
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved,
3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal
and shallow-draft river craft
Freight carried: highways 80% of total cargo
traffic, rail 15%, waterways 5%
Ports: 1 major (Montevideo), 9 minor
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 113 total, 108 usable; 13 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: most modern facili-
ties concentrated in Montevideo; new
nationwide radio-relay network 287,100
telephones (9.9 per 100 popl.); 82 AM, 4 FM,
and 22 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite
station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 678,000;
551,000 fit for military service; no conscrip-
tion
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31
December 1980, $283.6 million; 16% of cen-
tral government budget
Pacific
Ocean
^ SOIOMON
"%. ISLANDS
Coral Sea \s
VANUATU .
CALEDONIA
AUSTRALIA
(See reference map X)
Land
About 14,763 km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing
200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: about 2,528 km
People
Population: 130, 000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Vanuatuan(s);
adjective — Vanuatuan
Ethnic divisions: 90% indigenous Melane-
sian; 8% French; remainder Vietnamese,
Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
Languages: English and French (official);
pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama)
Literacy: probably 10%-20%
Government
Official name: Republic of Vanuatu
Type: republic, formerly Anglo-French con-
dominium of New Hebrides, independent 30
July 1980
Capital: Port- Vila
243
Vanuatu (continued)
Vatican City
Political subdivisions: four administrative
districts
Legal system: unified system being created
from former dual French and British systems
Branch: unicameral legislature (39-member
Parliament), elected November 1983
Government leader: Father Walter Hayde
LINI, Prime Minister
Political parties and leaders: National Party
(Vanuaaku Pati), chairman Walter Lini
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, G-77,
IFC, IMF, ITU, South Pacific Forum, UN
Economy
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa,
coffee, some livestock and fish production;
subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1981);
20 million kWh produced (1981), 163 kWh
per capita
Exports: $24 million (1980); 24% copra, 59%
frozen fish, meat
Imports: $53 million (1980); 18% food
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $14.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 102.034
vantus=US$l; 1.0778 Australian dollars=
US$1 (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: at least 240 km sealed or all-
weather roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Port- Vila, Luganville)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 29 total, 26 usable; 2 with
permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2 AM broadcast sta-
tions; 2,400 telephones (2.4 per 100 popl.); 1
ground satellite station under construction
Defense Forces
Personnel: no military forces maintained;
however, the French and British maintain
constabularies of about 100 men each
(See reference map V)
Land
0.438 km2
Land boundaries: 3 km
People
Population: 1,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.1%
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also
many other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various other
languages
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City em-
ployees divided into three categories —
executives, officeworkers, and salaried em-
ployees
Organized labor: none
Government
Official name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes
St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum,
and neighboring buildings covering more
244
Venezuela
than 13 acres; 13 buildings in Rome and Cas-
tel Gandolfo, the Pope's summer residence,
although outside the boundaries, enjoy extra-
territorial rights
Legal system: Canon law; constitutional laws
of 1929 serve some of the functions of a con-
stitution
National holiday: 30 June
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive,
legislative, and judicial powers; he delegates
these powers to the President of the Pontifical
Commission, who is subject to pontifical ap-
pointment and recall; the administrative
structure of the Roman Catholic Church is
known as the Roman Curia, its most impor-
tant temporal components include the
Secretariat of State and Council for Public
Affairs (which handles Vatican diplomacy)
and the Prefecture of Economic Affairs;
the College of Cardinals act as chief papal
advisers
Government leader: JOHN PAUL II, Su-
preme Pontiff (Karol WOJTYLA, elected
Pope 16 October 1978)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80
years old
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by
College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none (ex-
clusive of influence exercised by other
church officers in universal Roman Catholic
Church)
Member: IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, IWC—
International Wheat Council, UPU, WIPO,
WTO; permanent observer status at FAO,
OAS, UN, and UNESCO
Economy
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is sup-
ported financially by contributions (known as
Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics
throughout the world; some income derived
from sale of Vatican postage stamps and tour-
ist mementos, fees for admission to Vatican
museums, and sale of publications; industrial
activity consists solely of printing and pro-
duction of a small amount of mosaics and
staff uniforms; the banking and financial ac-
tivities of the Vatican are worldwide; the
Institute for Religious Works (IOR) carries
out fiscal operations and invests and transfers
funds of Roman Catholic religious communi-
ties throughout the world; the Adminis-
tration of the Patrimony of the Holy See
manages the Holy See's capital assets; the
Vatican announced an operating deficit of
$25 million for 1981
Electric power: 2,100 kW (standby) capacity
(1983); all power is imported from Italy
Monetary conversion rate: the Vatican issues
its own coinage, which is interchangeable
with the Italian lira; 1690.25 lira=US$l (Feb-
ruary 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 2 AM and 2 FM sta-
tions; 2,000-line automatic telephone
exchange
Defense Forces
Defense is responsibility of Italy
Atttntic
Ocean
(See reference map IV)
Land
912,050 km2; 21% forest; 18% pasture; 4%
cropland; 57% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 4,181 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
plus 3 nm contiguous zone for customs and
sanitation (economic, including fishing,
200 nm)
Coastline: 2,800 km
People
Population: 18,552,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun — Venezuelan(s);
adjective — Venezuelan
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white,
10% black, 2% Indian
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic,
2% Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); Indian dialects
spoken by about 200,000 Amerindians in the
remote interior
Literacy: 85.6%
Labor force: 4.3 million (1981); 27% services;
22% commerce; 16% agriculture; 16% manu-
facturing; 9% construction; 7% transpor-
tation; 3% petroleum, utilities, and other
245
Venezuela (continued)
Organized labor: 27% of labor force
Government
Official name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal dis-
trict, 2 federal territories, and 72 island
dependencies in the Caribbean
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code;
constitution promulgated 1961; judicial re-
view of legislative acts in Cassation Court
only; dual court system, state and federal;
legal education at Central University of Ven-
ezuela; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral
legislature (National Congress — Senate,
Chamber of Deputies), judiciary
Government leader: Jaime LUSINCHI,
President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age
18, though rarely enforced
Elections: every five years by secret ballot;
last held December 1983; next national elec-
tion for President and bicameral legislature
to be held December 1988
Political parties and leaders: Social Christian
Party (COPEI), Rafael Caldera, Luis Herrera
Campins, Democratic Action (AD), Jaime
Lusinchi, Carlos Andres Perez, Movement
Toward Socialism (MAS),Teodoro Petkoff,
Pompeyo Marquez
Voting strengh: (1983 election) 56.8% AD,
34.5% COPEI, 4.17% MAS, 4.53 others
Communists: 3,000-5,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups:
Fedecamaras, a conservative business group;
Pro- Venezuela (PRO-VEN) a leftist, nation-
alist economic group
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO,
G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO,
IDE — Inter-American Development Bank,
IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITU,
IWC— International Wheat Council, LAIA,
NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Ship-
ping Line — Naviera Multinacional del
Caribe), OAS, OPEC, PAHO, SELA, WFTU,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $69.3 billion (in 1982 dollars), $4,716
per capita (1982); 56.5% private consump-
tion, 13.6% public consumption, 24.5% gross
investment (1981); real growth rate 0.4%
(1982)
Agriculture: main crops — cereals, fruits,
sugar, coffee, rice
Fishing: catch 1 78,000 met ric tons ( 1 980); ex-
ports $1.6 million (1979), imports $19.7
million (1980)
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore min-
ing, construction, food processing, textiles
Crudesteel: 1.9million metric tons produced
(1982)
Electric power: 12,680,000 kW capacity
(1983); 36.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
2,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983 prelim.);
petroleum (95%), iron ore
Imports: $8.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983 prelim.)
Major trade partners: imports — 44% US,
7.4% Japan, 4.7% Italy, 4.5% FRG; exports—
25% US, 9.5% Canada (1981)
Budget: revised 1983— revenues $18.6 bil-
lion; expenditures, $18.4 billion, capital $110
billion
Monetary conversion rate: 5.15
boli vares= US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 173 km 1.435-meter standard
gauge all single track, government owned
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km
paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth
roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Orinoco River
and Lake Maracaibo accept oceangoing ves-
sels
Pipelines: 6,370km crudeoil; 480km refined
products; 2,480 km natural gas
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Civil air: 62 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 266 total, 262 usable; 114 with
permanent-surface runways; 6 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 82 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern expanding
telecom system; 2 satellite ground stations;
1,165,000 telephones (8.5 per 100 popl.); 168
AM, 25 FM, and 57 TV stations; 3 submarine
coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite sta-
tion with 2 antennas
Defense Forces
Branches: Ground Forces, Naval Forces, Air
Forces, Armed Forces of Cooperation (Na-
tional Guard), Marines, Coast Guard
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,496,000;
3,415,000 fit for military service; 193,000
reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, $1,091 million;
about 6.2% of central government budget
246
Vietnam
CHINA
(See reference map IX)
Land
329,707 km2; 50% forest; 14% cultivated; 36%
urban, inland water, and other
Land boundaries: 4,562 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
plus 12 nm contiguous customs and security
zone (fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
People
Population: 59,030,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun — Vietnamese (sing, and
pi.); adjective — Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: 85-90% predominantly
Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities
include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man,
Cham; other mountain tribes
Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Ro-
man Catholic, indigenous beliefs, Islamic,
and Protestant
Language: Vietnamese (official), French,
Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages
(Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Literacy: 78%
Labor force: approximately 29 million, not
including military
Government
Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 39 provinces
Legal system: based on Communist legal the-
ory and French civil law system
National holiday: 2 September
Branches: bicameral legislature (Council of
State, National Assembly); highly centralized
executive nominally subordinate to National
Assembly
Government leaders: LE DUAN, party Sec-
retary General; TRUONG CHINH,
Chairman, Council of State
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for na-
tional and local assemblies; latest election for
National Assembly held on 25 April 1976
Political parties and leaders: Vietnam Com-
munist Party (VCP), formerly known as the
Vietnam Workers Party, headed by Le Duan
Communists: probably more than 1 million
Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan,
ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT,
IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM,
PAHO, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $10.7 billion, $189 per capita (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — rice, rubber, fruits
and vegetables; some corn, manioc, and sug-
arcane; major food imports — wheat, corn,
dairy products
Fishing: catch 445,000 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: food processing, textiles,
machine building, mining, cement, chemical
fertilizer, glass, tires
Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital
goods and machinery, fertilizer
Electric power: 1,787,000 kW capacity
(1983);4.370billionkWhproduced(1983),77
kWh per capita
Exports: $595 million (1982); agricultural
and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores
Imports: $1.438 billion (1982); petroleum,
steel products, railroad equipment, chemi-
cals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain
Major trade partners: exports — USSR, East
European countries, Japan, other Asian mar-
kets; imports — USSR, East Europe, Japan
Aid: accurate data on aid since April 1975
unification unavailable; estimated annual
economic aid on annual basis is — USSR, $500
million or more; East European countries,
$150 million; non-Communist countries,
$230 million; international institutions, $75
million; value of military aid deliveries since
1975 are not available
Monetary conversion rate: 9.9717 dong=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 2,816 km total; 2,224 1.000-meter
gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual
gauge, 212 km unoperable
Highways: 41,190 km total; 5,471 km bitumi-
nous, 27,030 km gravel or improved earth,
8,690 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 57 km under survey
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km naviga-
ble; more than 5,149 km navigable at all
times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft
Ports: 9 major, 23 minor
Civil air: military controlled
247
Vietnam (continued)
Wallis and Futuna
Airfields: 242 total, 128 usable; 55 with
permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49,
13,759,000; 8,744,000 fit for military service;
672,000 reach military age (17) annually
Supply: dependent on the USSR and East Eu-
ropean Communist countries for virtually all
new equipment; produces negligible quanti-
ties of infantry weapons, ammunition and
explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge
inventory of US-manufactured weapons and
equipment captured from the RVN)
Military budget: no expenditure estimates
are available; military aid from the USSR has
been so extensive that actual allocation of
Vietnam's domestic resources to defense has
not been indicative of total military effort
FUU *'
. J
WALLIS
AND FUTUNA
Pacific Ocean
/^£
J:J NEW
ffjf ZEALAND
(See reference map X)
Land
About 207 km2
Water
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing
200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: about 129 km
People
Population: 12,000 (July 1984) average an-
nual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun — Wallisian(s), Futunan(s),
or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective —
Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Is-
lander
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
Government
Official name: Territory of the Wallis and
Futuna Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Matu Utu
Political subdivisions: three districts
Branches: territorial assembly of 20 mem-
bers; popular election of one deputy to
National Assembly in Paris and one senator
Government leaders: Pierre ISSAC, Superior
Administrator; Robert THIL, President of
Territorial Assembly
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years
Economy
Agriculture: dominated by coconut produc-
tion, with subsistence crops of yams, taro,
bananas
Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1981); 1
million kWh produced (1981), 91 kWh per
capita
Exports: negligible
Imports: $3.4 million (1977); largely food-
stuffs and some equipment associated with
development programs
Aid: (1978) France, European Development
Fund, $2.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 127.05 Colonial
Francs Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (December
1982)
Communications
Highways: 100 km of improved road on
Uvea Island (1977)
Ports: 2 minor
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 148 telephones (1.6
per 100 popl.)
Defense Forces
No formal defense structure; no regular
armed forces
248
Western Sahara
(formerly Spanish Sahara)
(See reference map VII)
Land
266,770 km2, nearly all desert
Land boundaries: 2,086 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,110 km
People
Population: 89,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun — Saharan(s), Moroccan(s);
adjective — Saharan, Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab and Berber
Religion: Muslim
Languages: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Ar-
abic
Literacy: among Moroccans, probably nearly
20%; among Saharans, perhaps 5%
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry
and subsistence farming, 50% other
Organized labor: none
Government
Official name: Western Sahara
Type: legal status of territory and question of
sovereignty unresolved — territory parti-
tioned between Morocco and Mauritania in
April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the
northern two-thirds, including the rich phos-
phate reserves at Bu Craa. Mauritania, under
pressure from the Polisario guerrillas, aban-
doned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly
thereafter and has since asserted adminis-
trative control there; OAU-sponsored
referendum proposed to resolve situation
while guerrilla activities continue into 1984
Government leader: Mohamed
ABDELAZIZ, President of Sahara Demo-
cratic Arab Republic and secretary general of
the Polisario
Economy
GNP: not available
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is
grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegeta-
bles in the few oases; food imports are
essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by
the nomadic natives; cash economy exists
largely for the garrison forces
Major industries: phosphate, fishing, and
handicrafts
Shortages: water
Electric power: 60,000 kW capacity (1983);
85 million kWh produced (1983), 1,000 kWh
per capita
Exports: in 1982, up to $5 million in phos-
phates, all other exports valued at under $3
million
Imports: up to $30 million (1982); develop-
ment, fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: Morocco claims ad-
ministrative control over Western Sahara
and controls all trade with the country; West-
ern Sahara trade figures are included in
overall Moroccan accounts
Aid: small amounts from Spain in prior years;
currently Morocco is major source of support
249
Monetary conversion rate: uses Moroccan
dirham; 7.95 dirham = US$l (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,100 km total; 500 km bitumi-
nous treated, 5,600 km unimproved earth
roads and tracks
Ports: 2 major (El Aaiun, Dakhla)
Civil air: no data available
Airfields: 16 total, 15 usable; 3 with
permanent-surface runways, 3 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Western Samoa
NEW GUINEA >„
».
»'
WESTERN
SAMOA
AUSTRALIA
Pacific Ocean
(See reference map X)
Land
2,934 km2; comprised of 2 large islands of Sa-
vai'i and Upolu and several smaller islands,
including Manono and Apolima; 65% forest;
24% cultivated; 11% industry, waste, or ur-
ban
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 403 km
People
Population: 162,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun — Western Samoan(s);
adjective — Western Samoa
Ethnic divisions: Samoan; about 12,000
Euronesians (persons of European and Poly-
nesian blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of
population associated with the London Mis-
sionary Society; includes Congregational,
Roman Catholic, Methodist, Latter Day
Saints, Seventh Day Adventist)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: 90%
Labor force: about 37,000 (1983); about
22,000 employed in agriculture
Organized labor: none
Government
Official name: Independent State of West-
ern Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native
chief; special treaty relationship with New
Zealand
Capital: Apia
Legal system: based on English common law
and local customs; constitution came into ef-
fect upon independence in 1962; judicial
review of legislative acts with respect to fun-
damental rights of the citizen; has not
accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 Jan-
uary
Branches: Head of State and Executive
Council; unicameral legislature (47-member
Legislative Assembly); Supreme Court,
Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court, vil-
lage courts
Government leaders: MALIETOA
Tanumafili II, Head of State; Taisi Tupuola
Tofilau ETI, Prime Minister
Suffrage: 45 members of Legislative Assem-
bly are elected by holders of matai (heads of
family) titles (about 12,000 persons); two
members are elected by universal adult suf-
frage of persons lacking traditional family ties
Elections: held triennially, last in February
1982
Political parties and leaders: no clearly de-
fined political party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADD, Commonwealth, ESCAP,
FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF,
South Pacific Forum, South Pacific Commis-
sion, UN, WHO
Economy
CNP: $130 million (1978), $770 per capita
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple
foods include coconuts, bananas, taro, and
yams
Major industries: timber, tourism, light in-
dustry
Electric power: 18,500 kW capacity (1982);
45 million kWh produced (1982), 282 kWh
per capita
Exports: $9 million (f.o.b., 1982); copra
43.3%, cocoa 32.3%, timber 2.0%, mineral
fuel, bananas
Imports: $38 million (c.i.f., 1982); food 30%,
manufactured goods 25%, machinery
Major trade partners: exports — 31% FRG,
26% New Zealand, 12% US, 2% Australia; im-
ports—30% US, 28% New Zealand, 10%
Australia, 6% UK (1981)
Aid: economic commitments — US (FY70-
82), $10 million; Western (non-US) countries,
ODA and OOF (1970-81), $98 million
Budget: (1982 est.) revenue $36.9 million, ex-
penditure $37.6 million, development
expenditure $34.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.533 WS tala=
US$1 (February 1984)
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 784 km total; 375 km bituminous,
remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or
earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-
surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 3,800 telephones (2.5
per 100 popl.); 50,000 radio receivers; 1 AM
station
Defense Forces
Military manpower: males 15-49, 39,000;
20,000 fit for military service
250
Yemen Arab Republic
(North Yemen)
Arabian
Sea
r-"l
ETHIOPIA VSOMALIA/
' /
f~<f' / Indian
Ocean
(See reference map VI)
Land
194,250 km2 (parts of border with Saudi Ara-
bia and South Yemen undefined); 79% desert,
waste, or urban; 20% agricultural; 1% forest
Land boundaries: 1,528 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 523 km
People
Population: 5,902,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun — Yemeni(s); adjective —
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab
(mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim (Sunni and Shi'a)
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: almost entirely agriculture and
herding
Government
Official name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic; military regime assumed
power in June 1974
Capital: Sanaa
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic
law, and local customary law; first constitu-
tion promulgated December 1970, sus-
pended June 1974; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Re-
public, 26 September
Branches: President, Prime Minister, Cabi-
net; People's Constituent Assembly
Government leaders: Col. 'Ali 'Abdallah
SALIH, President; 'Abd al-'Aziz 'ABD AL-
GHANI, Prime Minister
Communists: small number
Political parties or pressure groups: no legal
political parties; in 1983 President Salih
started the General People's Congress, which
is designed to function as the country's sole
political party; conservative tribal groups,
Muslim Brotherhood, and leftist factions —
pro-Iraqi Ba'thists, Nasirists, National Demo-
cratic Front (NDF) supported by South
Yemen — exert political influence
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD,
ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development
Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, QIC,
UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO
Economy
GNP: $3.8 billion (FY79), $740 per capita
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild
narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and vegetables
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather
goods produced on a small scale; handicraft
and some fishing; small aluminum products
factory
Electric power: 164,900 kW capacity (1983);
361 million kWh produced (1983), 62 kWh
per capita
Exports: $11 million (f.o.b., 1981); qat, cot-
ton, coffee, hides, vegetables
Imports: $1,748 million (f.o.b., 1981); textiles
and other manufactured consumer goods,
petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other
foodstuffs, and cement
Major trade partners: China, South Yemen,
USSR, Japan, UK, Australia, Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1981) total receipts $1,066 million,
current expenditure $1,569 million, develop-
ment expenditure $590 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.595 rials=US$l
(23 February 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 4,000 km total; 1,775 km bitumi-
nous; 500 km crushed stone and gravel; 1 ,725
km earth, sand, and light gravel
Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 2 minor
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 23 total, 15 usable; 4 with
permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: system still inade-
quate; new radio-relay and cable networks;
10,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM
stations, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station, 1 Atlantic Ocen sta-
tion
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,108,000;
617,000 fit for military service; about 64,000
reach military age (18) annually
251
Yemen, People's
Democratic Republic
of (South Yemen)
(See reference map VI)
Land
287,849 km2; (border with Saudi Arabia and
North Yemen undefined); only about 1% ara-
ble (of which less than 25% cultivated)
Land boundaries: 1,802 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
(plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone");
fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm
Coastline: 1,383 km
People
Population: 2,147,000, excluding the islands
of Perim and Kamaran, for which no data are
available (July 1984); average annual growth
rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Yemeni(s); adjective —
Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indi-
ans, Somalis, and Europeans
Religion: Sunni Muslim, some Christian and
Hindu
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 25%
Government
Official name: People's Democratic Repub-
lic of Yemen
Type: republic; power centered in ruling Ye-
meni Socialist Party (YSP)
Capital: Aden; Madinat ash Sha'b, adminis-
trative capital
Political subdivisions: six governorates
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for per-
sonal matters) and English common law (for
commercial matters); highest judicial organ,
Federal High Court, interprets constitution
and determines disputes between states
National holiday: 14 October
Branches: unicameral legislature (People's
Assembly); Supreme Cabinet
Government leaders: 'Ali Nasir Muhammad
al-HASANI, Chairman of the Presidium of
the Supreme People's Council, YSP Secretary
General, and Prime Minister
Suffrage: granted by constitution to all citi-
zens 18 and over
Elections: elections for legislative body, Su-
preme People's Council, called for in
constitution; none have been held
Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Social-
ist Party (YSP), the only legal party, is
coalition of National Front, Ba'th, and Com-
munist Parties
Communists: unknown number
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77,
GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE—
Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO,
IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO,
UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO
Economy
CNP: $792 million (1978 est), $430 per cap-
ita (1980)
Agriculture: cotton is main cash crop; cere-
als, dates, qat (a mild narcotic), coffee, and
livestock are raised, and there is a growing
fishing industry; large amount of food must
be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton,
hides, skins, dried and salted fish are ex-
ported
Major industries: petroleum refinery at Lit-
tle Aden operates on imported crude; 1981
output about one-half of rated capacity of
170,000 b/d; oil exploration activity
Electric power: 238,600 kW capacity (1983);
400 million kWh produced (1983), 191 kWh
per capita
Exports: $38 million (1980)
Imports: $670 million (f.o.b., 1980)
Major trade partners: Yemen, East Africa,
but some cement and sugar imported from
Communist countries; crude oil imported
from Persian Gulf, exports mainly to UK and
Japan
Budget: (1980) total receipts $495 million,
current expenditures $280 million, develop-
ment expenditures $200 million
Monetary conversion rate: .3425 dinar=
US$1 (February 1984)
Official foreign reserves: $800 million (De-
cember 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,600 km total; 1,700 km bitumi-
nous treated, 630 km crushed stone and
gravel, 3,270 km motorable track •
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
Ports: 1 major (Aden), 1 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
252
Yugoslavia
Airfields: 65 total, 34 usable; 5 with
permanent-surface runways; 10 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of
open-wire, radio-relay, multiconductor ca-
ble, and radiocommunications stations; only
center Aden; estimated 10,000 telephones
(0.6 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, 5 TV sta-
tions; 1 Indian Ocean satellite antenna
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 465,000;
260,000 fit for military service
SOVIET UNION
(See reference map V)
Land
256,409 km2; 34% forest, 32% arable, 25%
meadow and pasture, 9% other
Land boundaries: 3,001 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414
km (offshore islands)
People
Population: 22,997,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun — Yugoslav(s); adjective —
Yugoslav
Ethnic divisions: 36.2% Serb, 19.7% Croat,
8.9% Muslim, 7.8% Slovene, 7.7% Albanian,
5.9% Macedonian, 5. 4% Yugoslav, 2.5% Mon-
tenegrin, 1.9% Hungarian, 4.0% other (1981
census)
Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Ro-
man Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other, 12%
none (1953 census)
Languages: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Mac-
edonian (all official); Albanian, Hungarian,
and Italian
Literacy: 85%
Labor force: 9.2 million (1981); 29% agricul-
ture, 27% mining and manufacturing, 20%
noneconomic activities; estimated unem-
ployment averaged at least 10% of domestic
labor force in 1981
Government
Official name: Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in
form
Capital: Belgrade
Political subdivisions: six republics with two
autonomous provinces (within the Republic
of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system
and Communist legal theory; constitution
adopted 1974; legal education at several law
schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ ju-
risdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the So-
cialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29
November
Branches: bicameral legislature (Federal As-
sembly— Federal Chamber, Chamber of
Republics and Provinces) constitutionally su-
preme; executive includes cabinet (Federal
Executive Council) and the federal adminis-
tration; judiciary; the State Presidency is a
collective, rotating policymaking body com-
posed of a representative from each republic
and province, Mika Spiljak presides as Presi-
dent of the Republic until May 1984, when he
will be replaced by the representative from
the Republic of Montenegro, Veselin
Djuranovic
Government leader: Milka PLANING, Pres-
ident of the Federal Executive Council
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every
four years by a complicated, indirect system
of voting
253
Yugoslavia (continued)
Political parties and leaders: League of
Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; lead-
ers are 23 members of party Presidium
selected proportionally from republics, prov-
inces, and Yugoslav Peoples Army, with the
President rotating on an annual basis and the
Secretary rotating every two years; current
president is Dragoslav Markovic from Serbia
(until June 1984)
Communists: 2.1 million party members
(June 1982)
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist
Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia
(SAWPY), the major mass front organization
for the LCY; Confederation of Trade Unions
of Yugoslavia (CTUY), Union of Youth of Yu-
goslavia (UYY), Federation of Yugoslav War
Veterans (SUBNOR)
Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but
participates in certain commissions), FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC,
ICAO, IDA, IDE— Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and
Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC,
ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some ac-
tivities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Economy
GNP: $53.9 billion (1982 est, at 1982 prices),
$2,370 per capita; real growth rate 0.3%
(1982)
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with
many small private holdings and large agri-
cultural combines; main crops — corn, wheat,
tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers; occa-
sionally a net exporter of foodstuffs and live
animals; imports tropical products, cotton,
wool, and vegetable meal feeds
Fishing: catch 72,000 metric tons (1981)
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery
and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, tex-
tiles, wood processing, food processing
Shortages: electricity, fuels, meat, coffee, de-
tergent
Crude steel: 3.8 million metric tons produced
(1982), 170 kg per capjta
Electric power: 15,815,000 kW capacity
(1983); 59.506 billion kWh produced (1983),
2,506 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.9 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 48% raw
materials and semimanufactures, 34% con-
sumer goods, 18% equipment
Imports: $12.7 billion (c.i.f., 1982); 77% raw
materials and semimanufactures, 1 8% equip-
ment, 5% consumer goods
Major trade partners: 57% non-Communist
countries; 43% Communist countries, of
which 25% USSR (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 125.55 dinars=
US$1 (February 1984)
Fiscal year: calendar year (all data refer to
calendar year or to middle or end of calendar
year as indicated)
Communications
Railroads: 9,393 km total; 9,393 km 1.435-
meter standard gauge; 891 km double track;
3,320 km electrified (1983)
Highways: 1 16,300 km total; 59,500 km as-
phalt, concrete, stone block; 37,300 km
asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 19,500
km earth (1983)
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1982)
Freight carried: rail — 88.9 million metric
tons, 25.7 billion metric ton/km (1981); high-
way— 189.1 million metric tons, 19.6 billion
metric ton/km (1981); waterway — 22.7 mil-
lion metric tons, 4.2 billion metric ton/km
(excluding international transit traffic)
Pipelines: 1 ,373 km crude oil; 2,760 km natu-
ral gas; 150 km refined products
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split,
Koper, Bar, and Ploce), 24 minor; principal
inland water port is Belgrade
Airfields: 140 total, 137 usable; 46 with
permanent-surface runways, 23 with run-
ways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-
2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4.6 million radios, 1.9
million telephones (1979)
Defense Forces
Branches: Yugoslav People's Army, Frontier
Guard, Militia, Air Force and Air Defense
Command, Yugoslav Navy
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,012,000;
4,854,000 fit for military service; 186,000
reach military age (19) annually
Ships: 1 submarines, 2 principal surface com-
batants, 76 coastal patrol-river/roadstead
craft, 40 amphibious warfare craft, 31 mine
warfare craft, 2 fleet support ships, 9 other
auxiliaries
Military budget: announced for fiscal year
ending 31 December 1983, 150.6 billion di-
nars; about 5% of national income
254
Zaire
(See reference map VII)
Land
2,343,950 km2; 45% forest; 22% agricultural
(2% cultivated or pasture); 33% other
Land boundaries: 9,902 km
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 37 km
People
Population: 32,158,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun — Zairian(s); adjective —
Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic
groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest
tribes — Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and
the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up
about 45% of the population
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic, 20% Protes-
tant, 10% Kimbanguist, 10% Muslim, 10%
other syncretic sects and traditional beliefs
Language: French (official), English, Lin-
gala, Swahili, Kingwana, Kikongo, and
Tshiluba
Literacy: 40% males, 15% females
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about
13% in wage structure
Government
Official name: Republic of Zaire
Type: republic; constitution establishes
strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Political subdivisions: eight regions and fed-
eral district of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law sys-
tem and tribal law; new constitution
promulgated February 1978; legal education
at National University of Zaire; has not ac-
cepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30
June; Anniversary of the Regime, 24 Novem-
ber
Branches: President elected 1970 for
seven-year term; General Mobutu reelected
December 1977; limits on reelection re-
moved by new constitution; unicameral
legislature (310-member National Legisla-
tive Council elected for five-year term); the
official party is the supreme political institu-
tion
Government leader: Marshal MOBUTU Sese
Seko, President; KENGO Wa Dondo, First
State Commissioner (prime minister)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over
age 18
Elections: elections for rural collectivities'
urban zone councils, and the Legislative
Council of the Popular Movement of the
Revolution were held June-September 1982;
presidential referendum/election held De-
cember 1977; presidential election/
referendum scheduled for November 1984
Political parties and leaders: Popular Move-
ment of the Revolution (MPR), only legal
party
Voting strength: MPR slate polled 97.5% of
vote in 1977 Political Bureau elections; in
February 1980 President Mobutu announced
there would be no further elections to the Po-
litical Bureau
Communisms: no Communist party
Member of: AfDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA,
EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO,
ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL,
IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM,
UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
Economy
GDP: $3.4 billion (1981), $570 per capita;
-1.0% real growth (1981)
Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, palm
oil, rubber, quinine; main food crops — man-
ioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some provinces
self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 1 15,182 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: mining, mineral process-
ing, consumer products (including textiles,
footwear, and cigarettes), processed foods
and beverages, cement
Electric power: 2,415,000 kW capacity
(1983); 4.6 billion kWh produced (1983), 150
kWh per capita
Exports: $1 .058 million (f.o.b., 1982); copper,
cobalt, diamonds, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $830 million (f.o.b., 1982); con-
sumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other
machinery, transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, US, and
West Germany
Budget: 1982 revenue est., $1.0 billion; cur-
rent and capital expenditures $1.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 27.316 zaires=
US$1 (October 1982)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km
1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified), 125
km 1,000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter
gauge, 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge
255
Zaire (continued)
Zambia
Highways: 145,050 km total; 2,350 km bitu-
minous, 46,230 km gravel and improved
earth; remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: comprising the Zaire, its
tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the wa-
terway system affords over 15,000 km of
navigable routes
Pipelines: refined products, 390 km
Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor
Civil air: 67 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 316 total, 283 usable; 26 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
64 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: barely adequate wire
and radio-relay service, 30,300 telephones
(0. 1 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 3 FM, and 17 TV
stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and
13 domestic satellite stations
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, National
Gendarmerie, Logistics Corps, Special Presi-
dential Brigade
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,228,000;
3,653,000 fit for military service
(See reference map VII)
Land
752,614 km2; 61% scattered wood and grass,
13% dense forest, 10% grazing, 6% marsh, 5%
arable and under cultivation
Land boundaries: 6,003 km
People
Population: 6,554,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun — Zambian(s); adjective —
Zambian
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% Euro-
pean, 0.2% other
Religion: 50-75% Christian, 1% Muslim and
Hindu, remainder indigenous beliefs
Language: English (official); about 70 indige-
nous languages
Literacy: 54%
Labor force: 402,000 wage earners; 375,000
Africans, 27,000 non-Africans; 23% govern-
ment and miscellaneous services, 19%
construction, 15% mining, 10% manufactur-
ing, 9% agriculture, 9% domestic service, 9%
commerce, 6% transport
Organized labor: approximately 238,000
, wage earners are unionized
Government
Official name: Republic of Zambia
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: nine provinces
Legal system: based on English common law
and customary law; new constitution
adopted September 1973; judicial review of
legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional
council; legal education at University of
Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted compul-
sory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 24
October
Branches: modified presidential system; uni-
cameral legislature (National Assembly);
judiciary
Government leaders: Dr. Kenneth David
KAUNDA, President; Nalumino MUNDIA,
Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult at age 18
Elections: general election held 27 October
1983; next general election scheduled for
1988
Political parties and leaders: United Na-
tional Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth
Kaunda; former opposition party banned in
December 1972 when one-party state pro-
claimed
Voting strength: (1983 election) 63.5% of eli-
gible voters participated; Kaunda, who was
the only candidate for President, received a
93% "yes" vote; National Assembly seats
were contested by members of UNIP
Communists: no Communist party, but so-
cialist sympathizers in upper levels of
government and UNIP
Member of: AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,
INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc
Study Group, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, NAM,
OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
256
Zimbabwe
Economy
GDP: $2.9 billion (1981), $476 per capita; real
growth rate, -1.8% (1981)
Agriculture: main crops — corn, tobacco, cot-
ton; net importer of most major agricultural
products
Major industries: transport, construction,
foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, and
fertilizer
Electric power: 1,975,000 kW capacity
(1983); 11.0 billion kWh produced (1983),
1,735 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,057 million (f.o.b., 1982); copper,
zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $830 million (f.o.b., 1982); machin-
ery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, fuels,
manufactures
Major trade partners: EC, Japan,
China, South Africa
Budget: (1982) revenue $1,259 million (est),
expenditures $1,608 million (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.3519 Zambia
kwachas=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 1,204 km, all 1.067-meter gauge;
13 km double track
Highways: 36,840 km total; 5,596 km paved,
8,374 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized
soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved
earth
Inland waterways: 2,250 km, including
Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake Tan-
ganyika; Mpulungu is small port on Lake
Tanganyika
Pipelines: 1,724 km crude oil
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 128 total, 114 usable; 12 with
permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways
over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are among
the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity
radio relay connects most larger towns and
cities; 60,500 telephones; ( 1 . 1 per 1 00 popl. ); 9
AM, 2 FM, and 10 TV stations; 1 Indian
Ocean satellite station
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,413,000;
737,000 fit for military service
(See reference map VII)
Land
391,090 km2; 40% arable (of which 6% culti-
vated), 60% extensive grazing; of this total —
48% worked communally by Africans, 39%
owned by Europeans (farmed by modern
methods), 7% national land, 6% other
Land boundaries: 3,017 km
People
Population: 8,325,000 (July 1984), average
annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun — Zimbabwean(s);
adjective — Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions: about 97% African (over
77% members of Shona-speaking subtribes,
19% speak Ndebele); about 3% white, 1%
mixed and Asian
Religion: 50% syncretic (part Christian, part
indigenous beliefs), 25% Christian, 24% in-
digenous beliefs, a few Muslim
Language: English (official); ChiShona and
Si Ndebele
Literacy: 45-55%
Labor force: 1,048,000(1981); 35% agricul-
ture; 25% mining, manufacturing,
construction; 40% transport and services
Organized labor: about one-third of Euro-
pean wage earners are unionized, but only a
small minority of Africans
257
Zimbabwe (continued)
Government
Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe
Type: independent; a British-style par-
liamentary democracy
Capital: Harare
Political subdivisions: eight provinces
Legal system: Roman-Dutch
Branches: legislative authority resides in a
Parliament consisting of a 100-member
House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved for
whites) and a 40-member Senate (10 elected
by white members of the House, 14 elected
by the other members of the House; 10 chiefs,
5 from Mashonaland and 5 from Matabele-
land, elected by members of the Council of
Chiefs; 6 appointed by the President, on the
advice of the Prime Minister); executive au-
thority lies with a Cabinet led by the Prime
Minister; the High Court is the superior judi-
cial authority
Government leaders: Rev. Canaan Sodindo
BANANA, President; Robert MUGABE,
Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18; for at least
seven years after independence (1980),
white, mixed, and Asians vote on a separate
roll for 20 seats in the House of Assembly
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister but
must be held before expiration of five-year
electoral mandate
Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe Af-
rican National Union (ZANU), Robert
Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's Union
(ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Republican Front
(RF), Ian Smith; independent white (former
RF) members of Parliament, Chris Andersen;
United African National Council (UANC),
Bishop Abel Muzorewa; others failed to win
any seats in Parliament
Voting strength: (February 1980 elections)
ZANU (also known as ZANU-PF), 57 seats;
ZAPU (also known as the Patriotic Front), 20
seats; RF, 9 seats; independents, 1 1 seats;
UANC, 3 seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITO, NAM, OAU,
SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU,
WHO, WMO
Economy
GDP: $7. 1 billion (1982), $880 per capita; real
growth 12% (1980 and 1981), 2% (1982)
Agriculture: main crops — tobacco, corn,
sugar, cotton; livestock; self-sufficient in
foodstuffs
Major industries: mining, steel, textiles,
chemicals, and vehicles
Electric power: 1,610,000 kW capacity
(1983); 7.5 billion kWh produced (1983), 895
kWh per capita
Exports: $1.312.1 billion (f.o.b., 1982), in-
cluding net gold sales and reexports; tobacco,
asbestos, cotton, copper, tin, chrome, gold,
nickel, meat, clothing, sugar
Imports: $1.472.1 billion (f.o.b. 1982); ma-
chinery, petroleum products, wheat,
transport equipment
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic commitments — Western
(non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-
81), $446 million; US, including Ex-Im
(1980-82), $165 million
Budget: FY82/83— revenues $1.757 billion,
expenditures $2.223 billion, deficit $466 mil-
lion
Monetary conversion rate: 1.05
Zimbabwean dollars=US$l (October 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: 3,394 km 1.067- meter gauge; 42
km double track; 12% of railroad is electri-
fied
Highways: 85,237 km total; 12,243 km
paved, 28,090 km crushed stone, gravel, sta-
bilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth;
21,807 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Kariba is a potential
line of communication
Pipelines: 8 km refined products
Civil air: 21 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 457 total, 431 usable; 19 with
permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways
over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m,
29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is one of the
best in Africa; consists of radio-relay links,
open-wire lines, and radiocommunication
stations; principal center Salisbury, second-
ary center Bulawayo; 224,500 telephones (3.0
per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 15 FM, and 8 TV sta-
tions; satellite station under construction
Defense Forces
Branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Zim-
babwe Air Force, Police Support Unit,
People's Militia
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,788,000;
1,098,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30
June 1983, $343 million; 11.9% of central
government budget
258
Taiwan
(China listed in
alphabetic order)
CSee reference map VIII)
Land
35,981 km2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); 55%
forest, 24% cultivated, 6% pasture, 5% other
(urban, industrial, waste, or water)
Water
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
(fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 990 km Taiwan, 459 km offshore
islands
People
Population: 19,117,000, excluding the popu-
lation of Quemoy and Matsu Islands and
foreigners (July 1984), average annual
growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun — Chinese (sing., pi.);
adjective — Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% main-
land Chinese, 2% aborigine
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confu-
cian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other
Language: Mandarin Chinese (official); Tai-
wanese and Hakka dialects also used
Literacy: about 89.7%
Labor force: 6,764,000(1983); 20% agricul-
ture, 41% industry and commerce, 30%
services, 7% civil administration; 1.3% unem-
ployment (1979)
Organized labor: about 15% of 1978 labor
force (government controlled)
Government
Official name: Taiwan
Type: one-party presidential regime
Capital: Taipei
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 5 cities,
2 special municipalities (Taipei and
Kaoshiung)
Legal system: based on civil law system; con-
stitution adopted 1947, though 1948 amend-
ments set most of the constitution aside;
martial law declared in 1949 still in effect;
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
reservations
National holiday: 10 October
Branches: five independent branches (execu-
tive, legislative, judicial, plus traditional
Chinese functions of examination and con-
trol), dominated by executive branch;
President and Vice President elected by Na-
tional Assembly
Government leaders: CHIANG Ching-kuo,
President; SUN Yiin-hsiian, Premier
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level — Legislative Yuan
every three years; National Assembly and
Control Yuan every six years; no general elec-
tion held since 1948 election on mainland
(partial elections for Taiwan province repre-
sentatives in December 1969, 1972, 1975,
1980, and 1983); local level— provincial as-
sembly, county and municipal executives
every four years; county and municipal as-
semblies every four years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or
National Party, led by Chairman Chiang
Ching-kuo; two insignificant parties are
Democratic Socialist Party and Young China
Party
Voting strength: (1983 Legislative Yuan
elections) 62 seats Kuomintang, 19 seats inde-
pendents; 1981 local elections, with 63%
turnout of eligible voters, Kuomintang re-
ceived 71% of the popular vote,
non-Kuomintang 29%
Other political or pressure groups: loose co-
alition of oppositionist/independent
politicians has emerged in the past five years
Member of: expelled from UN General As-
sembly and Security Council on 25 October
1971 and withdrew on same date from other
charter-designated subsidiary organs; ex-
pelled from IMF/World Bank group
April/May 1980; member of ADB and seek-
ing to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting to
retain membership in ICAC, ISO,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IWC— Interna-
tional Wheat Council, PCA; suspended from
IAEA in 1972 but still allows IAEA controls
over extensive atomic development
Economy
GNP: $49.8 billion (1983, $2,673 per capita;
real growth, 7. 14% (1983)
Agriculture: most arable land intensely
farmed — 60% cultivated land under irriga-
tion; main crops — rice, sweet potatoes,
sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits;
food shortages — wheat, corn, soybeans
Fishing: catch 922,520 metric tons (1982)
Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemi-
cals, electronics, food processing, plywood,
sugar milling, cement, shipbuilding
Electric power: 1 1,870,000 kW capacity
(1982); 40.9 billion kWh produced (1982),
2,216 kWh per capita
Exports: $25.2 billion (f.o.b., 1983); 21.7%
textiles, 17.6% electrical machinery, 8.7%
other machinery and equipment, 3.3% ply-
wood and wood products, 7% basic metals
and metal products, 6.9% foodstuffs
Imports: $20.3 billion (c.i.f., 1983); 20.6%
crude oil, 15.9% machinery and equipment,
10.6% electrical machinery, 10.0% chemical
products, 8.7% basic metals, 6.9% foodstuffs
259
Taiwan (continued)
West Bank and
Caza Strip
Major trade partners: exports — 44% US,
11% Japan; imports— 25% Japan, 23% US
(1983)
Aid: economic commitments — US authori-
zations, including Ex-lm (FY46-82), $4.6
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF(1970-81), $275 million; military-
US (FY46-81), $4.4 billion authorized
Central government expenditure: $12.6 bil-
lion (FY82)
Monetary conversion rate: NT (New Tai-
wan) $40.2=US$1 (December 1983)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Communications
Railroads: about 1,091 km common carrier
lines and 3,500 km industrial lines; common
carrier lines consist of three lines — the elec-
trified West Line, 828 km long, of which 365
km are double-tracked; the 178-km-long
East Line; and the 85-km-long North Link
Line; all lines are 1 .067-meter gauge; a 98.25
km South Link Line to complete the rail en-
circlement of Taiwan is under construction;
common carrier lines owned by government
and operated by Railway Administration
(TRA) under Ministry of Communications;
industrial lines owned and operated by gov-
ernment enterprises
Highways: network totals 17,500 km (12,900
km are bitumous or concrete surface); 3,500
km are crushed stone or gravel surface; and
1,100 km are graded earth
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km
natural gas
Ports: 5 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 42 total, 39 usable; 32 with perma-
nent-surface runways; 3 with runways over
3,659 m, 17 with runways 2,440 3,659 m, 8
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good interna-
tional and domestic service; 2.7 million
telephones; about 100 radio broadcast sta-
tions with 270 AM and 12 FM transmitters;
12 TV stations and 6 repeaters; 8 million ra-
dio receivers and 3.6 million TV receivers; 2
INTELSAT ground stations; tropospheric
scatter links to Hong Kong and the Philip-
pines available but inactive; submarine
cables to Okinawa (Japan), the Philippines,
and Guam
Defense Forces
Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines),
Air Force
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,144,000;
4,044,000 fit for military service; about
209,000 currently reach military age (19) an-
nually
Military budget: est. expenditures for na-
tional defense for fiscal year ending 30 June
1984, $3.8 billion; about 47% of central gov-
ernment budget
SYRIA
Mediterranean
Sn
ISRAEL/ f~\
} WEST }
f , BANK'
Israeli occupied-jtttus \
to la determined ^ J e r u s ilem
GAZA ,
STRIP/^
<(
' 1349 Armisti
er m
/.
tsm
JORDAN
(See reference map VI)
NOTE: the war between Israel and the Arab
states in June 1967 ended with Israel in con-
trol of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. As
stated in the 1978 Camp David Accords and
reaffirmed by the President's 1 September
1982 peace initiative, the final status of the
West Bank and the Gaza Strip, its relation-
ship with its neighbors and a peace treaty
between Israel and Jordan are to be negoti-
ated among the concerned parties. Camp
David further specifies that these negotia-
tions will resolve the respective boundaries.
Pending the completion of this process, it is
US policy that the final status of the West
Bank and the Gaza Strip has yet to be deter-
mined. In the view of the United States, the
term "West Bank" describes all of the area
west of the Jordan River under Jordanian ad-
ministration before the 1967 Arab-Israeli
war. However, with respect to negotiations
evisaged in the framework agreement, it is
US policy that a distinction must be made
between Jerusalem and the rest of the West
Bank because of the city's special status and
circumstances. Therefore, a negotiated solu-
tion for the final status of Jerusalem could be
different in character in some respects from
that of the rest of the West Bank.
Land
West Bank— 5,858.1 km2 (includes West
Bank, East Jerusalem, Latrun and "Jerusa-
lem No Man's Land," and the northwest
quarter of the Dead Sea; excludes Mt. Sco-
pus); Gaza Strip— 363.3 km2
Land boundaries: West Bank— 480.2 km;
Gaza Strip— 72.1 km
Water
Coastline: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip —
39.7 km
People
Population: total, 1,438,000 (July 1984); av-
erage annual growth rate 3.5%; West Bank
(including East Jerusalem)— 930,000 (July
1984), average annual growth rate 3.3%;
Gaza Strip— 508,000 (July 1984), average an-
nual growth rate 3.7%
Nationality: West Bank — to be determined;
Gaza Strip — to be determined
Ethnic divisions: West Bank— 84% Palestin-
ian Arab and other, 12% Jewish, 4% Bedouin;
Gaza Strip— 99.8% Palestinian Arab and
other, 0.2% Jewish
Religion: West Bank— 80% Muslim (pre-
dominantly Sunni), 12% Judaism, 7%
Christian and other; Gaza Strip — 99% Mus-
lim (predominantly Sunni), 0.8% Christian,
0.2% Jewish
Language:
West Bank: Arabic; Israeli settlers speak He-
brew; English widely understood
Gaza Strip: Arabic; Israeli settlers speak He-
brew; English widely understood
Literacy: West Bank — statistics unavailable;
Gaza Strip — statistics unavailable
Labor force:
West Bank: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers)
28.4% small industry, commerce, and busi-
ness; 25.2% agriculture; 24.0% construction;
and 22.4% service and other
Gaza Strip: (excluding Israeli Jewish settlers)
29.6% small industry, commerce and busi-
ness; 27.2% construction; 17.7% agriculture;
and 25.5% service and other
Government
The West Bank and the Gaza Strip are cur-
rently governed by Israeli military
authorities and their civil administrations. It
is US policy that the final status of these areas
will be determined by negotiations among
the concerned parties. These negotiations
will determine how this area is to be gov-
erned.
Economy
GNP: West Bank— $999 million (1982); Gaza
Strip— $486 million (1982)
Agriculture: West Bank — olives, citrus, and
other fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy prod-
ucts; Gaza Strip — olives, citrus, and other
fruits, vegetables, beef, and dairy products
Major industries: the Israelis have estab-
lished modern industries in the settlements
and industrial centers (3 in West Bank and 1
in Gaza Strip); West Bank — generally small
family businesses that produce cement, tex-
tiles, soap, olive wood carvings, and
mother-of-pearl souvenirs; Gaza Strip — gen-
erally small family businesses that produce
cement, textiles, soap, olive wood carvings,
and mother-of-pearl souvenirs
Electric power: the Israel Electric Corpora-
tion, Ltd, exported 201.3 million kWh during
1982; the 1983 export is estimated at 255 mil-
lion kWh (exported is understood to mean
power provided to occupied territories)
West Bank: bulk of installed capacity con-
tained in two diesel powerplants —
Jerusalem-Shoufat plant (22,000 kW) and
Nablus plant (19,600 kW); total estimated ca-
pacity for all West Bank powerplants is
45,000 kW; 90 million kWh produced
Gaza Strip: no known installed capacity;
power probably obtained from Israel
Exports: West Bank— $208.8 million (1982);
Gaza Strip— $182.5 million (1982)
Imports: West Bank— $434.5 million (1982);
Gaza Strip— $312.3 million (1982)
Major trade partners: West Bank — Jordan
and Israel; Gaza Strip — Egypt and Israel
Budget: within the occupied territories, each
municipality has its own budget; the follow-
ing data represent the sum of the revenues
and expenditures of the municipalities in
each area for fiscal year beginning 1 April
1983
West Bank: revenues, $15.2 million; expend-
itures, $24.3 million
Gaza Strip: revenues, $12.0 million; expendi-
tures, $16.7 million
Monetary conversion rate:
West Bank: units of currency used are Israeli
shekel (24.27=US$1, 1982 average), Jorda-
nian dinar (,3=US$1, 1983), and the US dollar
Gaza Strip: units of currency used are Israeli
shekel (24.27=US$1, 1982 average), Egyp-
tian pound (1.4286=US$1, February 1983),
and the US dollar
Communications
Railroads: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip —
one abandoned line throughout the entire
territory
Highways:
West Bank: small, poorly developed indige-
nous road network; Israelis have improved
major axial highways
Gaza Strip: small, poorly developed indige-
nous road network; Israelis have improved
major axial highways
Pipelines: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip —
none
Ports: West Bank — none; Gaza Strip — facili-
ties for small boats at Gaza
Civil air: West Bank — statistics unavailable;
Gaza Strip — statistics unavailable
Telecommunications: West Bank — no local
radio or TV stations; Gaza Strip — no local ra-
dio or TV stations
261
Appendix A
The United Nations System
Main committees
Standing and procedural
committees
Other subsidiary organs of the
General Assembly
Trusteeship Counci
UNRWA: United Nations Relief
and Works Agency for Palestine
Refugees in the Near East
UNCTAD: United Nations
Conference on Trade and
Development
UNICEF: United Nations
Children's Fund
UNHCR: United Nations Office
of High Commissioner for
Refugees
WFP: World Food Program
UN1TAR: United Nations
Institute for Training and
Research
UNDP: United Nations
Development Program
UNIDO: United Nations
Industrial Development
Organization
UNEP: United Nations
Environment Program
UNU: United Nations
University
HABITAT: United Nations
Center for Human Settlements
UNFPA: United Nations Fund
for Population Activities
United Nations Special Fund
World Food Council
Security Council
General Assembly
International Court of Jus
I
Secretariat
nomic and Social Council
> Regional Commissions
' Functional Commissions
' Sessional, standing, and ad
hoc committees
• Principal organs of the United
Nations
• Other United Nations organs
D Specialized agencies and other
autonomous organizations
within the system
' UNDOF: United Nations
Disengagement Observer Force
• UNFICYP: United Nations
Force in Cyprus
• UNIFIL: United Nations Interim
Forces in Lebanon
' UNMOGIP: United Nations
Military Observer Group in
India and Pakistan
• UNTSO: United Nations Truce
Supervision Organization
Military Staff Committee
— D IAEA: International Atomic
Energy Agency
- -d CATT: General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
D ILO: International Labor
Organization
— D FAO: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United
Nations
— D UNESCO: United Nations
Educational, Scientific, and
Cultural Organization
— D WHO: World Health
Organization
— D IMF: International Monetary
Fund
-D IDA: International
Development Association
-Q IBRD: International Bank for
Reconstruction and
Development
— D IFC: International Finance
Corporation
-D ICAO: Internationa] Civil
Aviation Organization
- D UPU: Universal Postal Union
-D ITU: International
Telecommunication Union
-D WMO: World Meteorological
Organization
D IMO: International Maritime
Organization
-D WIPO: World Intellectual
Property Organization
— D IF AD: International Fund for
Agricultural Development
Based on a chart from the UN Chronicle
262
Appendix B
Selected UN
Organizations
Principal Organs
GA
General Assembly
SC
Security Council
ECOSOC
Economic and Social Council
TC
Trusteeship Council
ICJ
International Court of Justice
Secretariat
Other organs
UNCTAD
UN Conference on Trade and Development
TDB
Trade and Development Board
UNDP
UN Development Program
UNICEF
UN Children's Fund
UNIDO
UN Industrial Development Organization
Regional Economic
Commissions
EGA
Economic Commission for Africa
ECE
Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA
Economic Commission for Latin America
ECWA
Economic Commission for Western Asia
ESCAP
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Specialized
Agencies and
Other autonomous
Organizations
Within the
System
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA
International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
IFAD
International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC
International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO
International Labor Organization
IMF
International Monetary Fund
IMO
International Maritime Organization
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO
UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UPU
Universal Postal Union
WFC
World Food Council
WHO
World Health Organization
WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
263
Appendix C
Selected International
Organizations
D
E
AAPSO
ADB
AfDIi
AIOEC
ANRPC
ANZUS
APC
ASEAN
ASPAC
ASSIMER
BENILUX
BLEU
CACM
CARICOM
CARIFTA
ccc
CD!)
CEAO
CEMA
CENTO
CIPEC
DAC
EAMA
EC
ECOWAS
EFTA
EIB
ELDO
EMS
ENTENTE
ESRO
G-77
GCC
I ADB
IATP
IBA
IBECf
ICAC
ICCAT
icc:o
ICEM
ICES
ICO
IDB
IDB
IEA
. Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
Asian Development Bank
African Development Bank
Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
Association of Natural Rubber Producing Countries
ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia. New Zealand, and
the United States
African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
Arab League (League of Arab States)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
Asian and Pacific Council
International Mercury Producers Association
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
Central American Common Market
Caribbean Common Market
Caribbean Free Trade Association
Customs Cooperation Council
Caribbean Development Bank
West African Economic Community
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
Central Treaty Organization
Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
Colombo Plan
Council of Europe
Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
African States associated with the EEC
European Communities
Economic Community of West African States
European Free Trade Association
European Investment Bank
European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
European Monetary System
Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger,
Upper Volta, and Togo
European Space Research Organization
Group of 77
Gulf Cooperation Council
Inter-American Defense Board
International Association of Tungsten Producers
International Bauxite Association
International Bank for Economic Cooperation
International Cotton Advisory Committee
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
International Cocoa Organization
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
International Coffee Organization
Inter-American Development Bank
Islamic Development Bank
International Energy Agency (associated with OECD)
264
I
1HO
International Hydrographic Organization
International Lead and Zinc Study Croup
IIB
International Investment Bank
INRO
International Natural Rubber Organization
INTELSAT
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
IOOC
International Olive Oil Council
IPU
Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC
International Rice Council
ISO
International Sugar Organization
ITC
International Tin Council
IWC
International Whaling Commission
IWC
International Wheat Council
L
LAIA
Latin American Integration Association
N
NAM
Nonaligned Movement
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
0
OAPEC
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS
Organization of American States
OAU
Organization of African Unity
OCAM
Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
ODECA
Organization of Central American States
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
QIC
Organization of the Islamic Conference
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
P
PAHO
Pan American Health Organization
s
SADCC
Southern African Development Coordination Committee
SELA
Latin American Economic System
SPC
South Pacific Commission
u
UDEAC
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
UEAC
Union of Central African States
UPEB
Union of Banana Exporting Countries
w
WEU
Western European Union
WFTU
World Federation of Trade Unions
WPC
World Peace Council
WSG
International Wool Study Group
WTO
World Tourism Organization
265
Appendix D
Country Membership in Selected Organizations
Country
International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA EC C-77 CCC IDB* IDBb INTELSAT I.AIA NAM NATO OAPEC OAS
LEAGUE
Afghanistan • »
Albania •__"
Algeria « »
Andorra0 ^ ^_^
Angola •
Antigua and Barbuda « »
Argentina • *
Australia • ___
Austria • »
Bahamas • « »
Bahrain » * •
Bangladesh __• »
Barbados _^ • * »
Belgium » » »
Belize • •
Benin *
Bhutan _• •
Bolivia » «
Botswana ^ •
Brazil » »
Brunei c •
Bulgaria •
Burma • •
Burundi •
Cameroon •
Canada • •
Cape Verde •
Central African Republic •
Chad Z^ZZHHZ^ZZ •
Chile • •
China, People's
Republic of
Colombia • •
Comoros •
Congo •
Cook Islands* •
Costa Rica « • •
Cuba ' «
Cyprus •
Czechoslovakia •
Denmark • • •
Djibouti • •
Dominica • •
Dominican Republic • •
Ecuador • •
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia
Fiji
Finland
' Inter-American Development Bank
b Islamic Development Bank
266
: Not a member of UN
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SE1.A WFTU KAO GATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IKAD IFC II JO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
• • • • ft •
• •
• • • • • • •
d Ceased to participate in 1961 c Suspended
267
Country
International Organizations
ADB ARAB ASEAN CACM CARICOM CEMA EC C-77 CCC IDB1 IDBb INTELSAT LAIA NAM
LEAGUE
NATO OAPEC OAS
France • • • . «
French Guiana1
Gabon
Gambia, The
German Democratic
Republic
Germany, Federal
Republic of
Ghana
Greece
Grenada
Guadeloupe'
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Hong Kong":
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kampuchea
Kenya
Kiribati'
Korea, Northc
Korea, South'
Kuwait
Laos
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein'
Luxembourg
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
268
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SEI.A WKTU KAO CATT IAEA IBRD ICAO 1CJ IDA IKAD IKC II.O IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
• •
• • • • • ••• ••••••
• •
• • • •
• •
• *
• • • •••••••••••• ••
• • • •
-
• • • •
• •
269
Country International Organizations
ADD AHAB ASEAN CACM CAHIOOM CEMA EC C-77 CCC IDB" lDBb INTEI.SAT I.AIA NAM NATO OAPEC OAS
LEAGUE
Martinique'
Mauritania^
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco1
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibiac
Nauru'
Nepal^
Netherlands
Netherlands Antilles'
New Caledonia'
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Qatar
Reunion'
Romania
Rwanda
St. Christopher and Nevis
Si l.lld;l
St. Vincent and
the Grenadines
San Marino1
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
Spain • • •
Sri l.ank.i • « • «
Sudan
.
Suriname • • • •
Swaziland
270
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SEI.A WFTU FAO GATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IFAD IFC IIX> IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
• •
• •
• •
* •
271
Country
International Organizations
Mill ARAB ASEAN
LEAGUE
CACM CARICOM CEMA
CCC 1DB" IDBb INTEI.SAT LAIA
NATO OAPEC OAS
Sweden
Switzerland1
Syria
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga1
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Tuvalu c
Uganda
Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Upper Volta
Uruguay
Vanuatu
Vatican Cityc
Venezuela
Vietnam
Western Samoa
Yemen Arab Republic
Yemen, People's Demo-
cratic Republic of
Yugoslavia
Zaire
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Taiwan c
272
United Nations Organizations
OAU OECD QIC OPEC SEI.A WFTU KAO GATT IAEA IBRD ICAO ICJ IDA IKAD IFC ILO IMF IMO ITU UNESCO UPU WHO WMO
••••
• *
273
Appendix E
Conversion Factors
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
Acres
Hectares
0.40468.56
Meters, cubic-
Tons, register
0.353147
Acres
Kilometers, square
0.004046856
Miles, nautical
Kilometers
1.852
Acres
Meters, square
4046.856
Miles, statute
Centimeters
160934.4
Centimeters
Meters
0.01
Miles, statute
Meters
1609.344
Centimeters, square
Meters, square
0.0001
Miles, statute
Kilometers
1 6IM5I4
Degrees, Fahrenheit
Degrees, Celsius
subtract 32 and
Miles, square
Hectares
258.9998
multiply by 5/9
Miles, square
Kilometers, square
2.589998
Feet
Centimeters
30.48
Ounces, avoirdupois
Grams
28.349523
Feet
Meters
0.3048
Ounces, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.028349523
Feet
Kilometers
0.0003048
Ounces, troy
Pounds. Inn
0.083333
Feet, cubic
Liters
28.316847
Ounces, troy
Crams
31.10348
Feet, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.028316847
Pints, liquid
Milliliters
473.176473
Feet, square
Centimeters, square
9290304
Pints, liquid
Liters
0.473176473
Feet, square
Meters, square
0.09290304
Pounds, avoirdupois
Grams
453.59237
Callous, I'S liquid
Liters
3.785412
Pounds, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.45359237
Callous, I'S liquid
Meters, cubic
0.003785412
Pounds, avoirdupois
Quintals
0.00453592
Crams
Ounces, troy
0.032151
Pounds, avoirdupois
Tons, metric
0.000453592
Crams
Pounds, troy
0.002679
Pounds, troy
Ounces, troy
12
Hectares
Kilometers, square
0.01
Pounds, troy
Grams
373.241722
I lee-tares
Meiers, square
10,000
Quarts. dn
Liters
1.101221
Inches
Centimeters
2.54
Quarts, dry
Dekaliters
0.1101221
Inches
Meters
0.0254
Quarts, liquid
Milliliters
946.352946
Inches. cubit-
Milliliters
16.387064
Quarts, liquid
Liters
0.946352946
Inches, cubic
Liters
0.016387064
Quintals
Tons, metric
0.1
Inches, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.000016387064
Tons, long
Kilograms
1016.047
Inches, square
Centimeters, square
6.4516
Tons, long
Tons, metric
1.016047
Inches, square
Meters, square
0.00064516
Tons, metric
Quintals
10
Kilograms
Ounces, troy
32.15075
Ton-miles, long
Ton-kilometers, metric
1 6:5316!)
Kilograms
Pounds, troy
2.679229
Ton-miles, short
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.459972
Kilograms
Tons, metric-
0.001
Tons, register
Meters, cubic
2.831685
Kilometers, square
Hectares
100
Tons, short
Kilograms
907.185
Liters
Milliliters
1000
Tuns, short
Tons, metric
0.907185
Liters
Meters, cubic
0.001
Yards
Centimeters
91.44
Meters
Millimeters
1000
Yards
Meters
09144
Meters
Centimeters
100
Yards, cubic
Liters
764 .")4!1
Meters
Kilometers
0.001
Yards, cubic-
Meters, cubic-
0.7645549
Meters, cubic
Liters
1000
Yards, square
Meters, square
0.836127
274
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