UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN BOOKSTACKS BOOKSTACKS DOCUMENTS DoC THE LIBRARY Of; THE AUG - 6 1982 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN Produced by the Central Intelligence Agency CR 82-1 1 1 17 I / I UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN DOCUMENTS This publication is prepared for the use of US Government officials, and the format, coverage, and content are designed to meet their specific requirements. US Government officials may obtain additional copies of this document directly or through liaison channels from the Central Intelligence Agency. 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The data are provided I Central Intelligence Agency, the Defense Intelligenc Census, and the US State Department. In general, ii 1 January 1982 was used in the preparation of this e ary cutoff date are explained on page vii. Comments may be addressed to: Central Intelligence Agency Attn: Public Affairs Washington, D.C. 20505 (703)351-7676 For information on how to obtain additional copies. To renew coll Telephone Cenler, 333-8400 ._._ o r\ «Q, nH\ " 3 . 2 \m 3 0 JAN 0 2 1988i DEC 0 4 1987 L161 — O-1096 (Supersedes GS WF 8 1-001) April 1982 CONTENTS Page Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes ... vii United Nations (UN): Structure and Associated Agencies viii Abbreviations for Other Important International Organizations ix Conversion Factors xi — A— Abu Dhabi (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) AFGHANISTAN 1 'Ajrnan (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) ALBANIA ALGERIA ANDORRA ANGOLA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA Azores (see PORTUGAL) 2 4 5 6 8 9 10 12 BAHAMAS, THE 13 BAHRAIN 14 Balearic Islands (see SPAIN) BANGLADESH 15 BARBADOS 17 BELGIUM 18 BELIZE 19 BENIN 21 BERMUDA 22 BHUTAN 23 BOLIVIA 24 Bophuthatswana (see SOUTH AFRICA) BOTSWANA 26 BRAZIL 27 British Honduras (see BELIZE) British Solomon Islands (see SOLOMON ISLANDS) BRUNEI 29 BULGARIA 30 BURMA 31 BURUNDI... 33 Page Cabinda (see ANGOLA) Cambodia (see KAMPUCHEA) CAMEROON 34 CANADA 36 Canary Islands (see SPAIN) CAPE VERDE 37 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 38 Ceylon (see SRI LANKA) CHAD 40 CHILE 41 CHINA (Taiwan listed at end of table) 43 COLOMBIA 44 COMOROS 46 CONGO (Brazzaville) 47 Congo (Kinshasa) (see ZAIRE) COOK ISLANDS 48 COSTA RICA .. 49 CUBA CYPRUS CZECHOSLOVAKIA . — D— 51 52 54 Dahomey (see BENIN) DENMARK 56 DJIBOUTI (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) 57 DOMINICA 58 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 59 Dubai (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) — E— ECUADOR 61 EGYPT 62 Ellice Islands (see TUVALU) EL SALVADOR 64 EQUATORIAL GUINEA 65 ETHIOPIA 67 — F— FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS) 68 FAROE ISLANDS 69 Fernando Po (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA) in Page Page FIJI 70 FINLAND 72 FRANCE 73 FRENCH GUIANA 75 FRENCH POLYNESIA 77 French Territory of the Afars and Issas (see DJIBOUTI) Fujairah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) GABON 78 GAMBIA, THE 79 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC 81 GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF 82 GHANA 84 GIBRALTAR 85 Gilbert Islands (see KIRIBATI) GREECE 87 GREENLAND 88 GRENADA 89 GUADELOUPE 90 GUATEMALA 92 GUINEA 93 GUINEA-BISSAU 95 Guinea, Portuguese (see GUINEA-BISSAU) GUYANA 96 — H— HAITI 97 HONDURAS 99 HONG KONG 100 HUNGARY... 102 ICELAND 103 INDIA 105 INDONESIA 106 IRAN 108 IRAQ 109 IRELAND Ill ISRAEL 112 ITALY 114 IVORY COAST... 116 — K— KAMPUCHEA (formerly Cambodia) 122 KENYA 124 KIRIBATI (formerly Gilbert Islands) 125 KOREA, NORTH 126 KOREA, SOUTH 127 KUWAIT... 129 JAMAICA 1 18 JAPAN 119 JORDAN... 121 LAOS 130 LEBANON 132 LESOTHO 133 LIBERIA 135 LIBYA 136 LIECHTENSTEIN 138 LUXEMBOURG 139 — M— MACAU 141 MADAGASCAR 142 Madeira Islands (see PORTUGAL) Malagasy Republic (see MADAGASCAR) MALAWI 144 MALAYSIA 145 MALDIVES 148 MALI 149 MALTA 151 MARTINIQUE 152 MAURITANIA 154 MAURITIUS 155 MEXICO 157 MONACO 158 MONGOLIA 159 MOROCCO 160 MOZAMBIQUE 162 — N — NAMIBIA (South-West Africa) 163 NAURU 164 NEPAL 165 NETHERLANDS 167 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES 169 NEW CALEDONIA 170 New Hebrides (see VANUATU) NEW ZEALAND 171 NICARAGUA .. 173 IV Page Page — N— NIGER 175 NIGERIA 176 Northern Rhodesia (see ZAMBIA) NORWAY ... 178 OMAN 179 — P— PAKISTAN 180 PANAMA 182 PAPUA NEW GUINEA 184 PARAGUAY 185 Pemba (see TANZANIA) PERU 187 PHILIPPINES 188 POLAND 190 PORTUGAL 191 Portuguese Guinea (see GUINEA-BISSAU) Portuguese Timor (see INDONESIA) 193 Ras al Khaimah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) REUNION 194 Rhodesia (see ZIMBABWE) Rio Muni (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA) ROMANIA 196 RWANDA 197 — S— ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS 199 ST. LUCIA 200 ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES 201 SAN MARINO 202 SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE 203 SAUDI ARABIA 204 SENEGAL 206 SEYCHELLES 207 Sharjah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) SIERRA LEONE 209 SINGAPORE 210 SOLOMON ISLANDS (formerly British Solomon Islands) 212 SOMALIA .. 213 SOUTH AFRICA 214 Southern Rhodesia (see ZIMBABWE) South-West Africa (see NAMIBIA) SOVIET UNION 215 SPAIN 217 Spanish Sahara (see WESTERN SAHARA) SRI LANKA (formerly Ceylon) 219 SUDAN 220 SURINAME 222 SWAZILAND 223 SWEDEN 224 SWITZERLAND 226 SYRIA 227 — T— Tanganyika (see TANZANIA) TANZANIA 229 Tasmania (see AUSTRALIA) THAILAND 230 TOGO 232 TONGA 233 Transkei (see SOUTH AFRICA) TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO 234 TUNISIA 236 TURKEY 237 TUVALU (formerly Ellice Islands) 239 — U— UGANDA 240 Umm al Qaiwain (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES) UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Abu Dhabi, 'Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah, Umm al Qaiwain 241 United Arab Republic (see EGYPT) UNITED KINGDOM 242 UNITED STATES 244 UPPER VOLTA 245 URUGUAY 247 — V— VANUATU (formerly New Hebrides) 248 VATICAN CITY 249 VENEZUELA 250 VIETNAM... 252 — W— WALLIS AND FUTUNA Walvis Bay (see SOUTH AFRICA) 253 Page — W— WESTERN SAHARA 254 (formerly Spanish Sahara) WESTERN SAMOA 255 — Y— YEMEN (Aden) 256 YEMEN (Sanaa) 258 YUGOSLAVIA.. 259 — Z— ZAIRE ZAMBIA Zanzibar (see TANZANIA) ZIMBABWE... TAIWAN Page 260 262 263 265 Maps (following text) I The World (Guide to Reference Maps II— XI) II North America III Central America and the Caribbean IV South America V Europe VI Middle East VII Africa VIII Soviet Union, East and South Asia IX Southeast Asia X Oceania XI Arctic Region XII Antarctic Region vi Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes: Dates of Information: • Population figures are projected estimates for 1 July 1982; the average annual growth rates listed are projected estimates for the period mid- 1981 to mid- 1982. • Military manpower estimates are as of 1 January 1982, except the numbers of males reaching military age, which are projected averages for the five-year period 1982-86. • In addition, although research for this edition was generally completed in January 1982, major political developments through 25 April 1982 have been included. Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are calendar years un- less otherwise indicated. GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners abroad. Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight), f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF (other official flows). Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area. Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits. Maritime claims do not necessarily rep- resent the position of the United States Government. Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated. Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00 gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters. Some of the countries and governments included in this publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially recognized by the United States Government. vii UNITED NATIONS (UN): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES Principal Organs: SC GA ECOSOC TC ICJ Security Council General Assembly Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council International Court of Justice Secretariat Operating Bodies: UNCTAD TDB UNDP UNICEF UNIDO UN Conference on Trade and Development Trade and Development Board UN Development Program UN Children's Fund UN Industrial Development Organization Regional Economic Commissions: EGA Economic Commission for Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the UN: FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDA International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate) IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate) ILO International Labor Organization IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization IMF (FUND) International Monetary Fund ITU International Telecommunication Union UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UPU Universal Postal Union WFC World Food Council WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization Autonomous Organization Under the UN: IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency VIII ABBREVIATIONS FOR OTHER IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AAPSO Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization ADB Asian Development Bank AFDB African Development Bank AIOEC Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries ANZUS ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and the United States ARC African Peanut (Groundnut) Council ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASPAC Asian and Pacific Council ASSIMER International Mercury Producers Association BENELUX Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union BLEU Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union CACM Central American Common Market CARICOM Caribbean Common Market CARIFTA Caribbean Free Trade Association CCC Customs Cooperation Council CEAO West African Economic Community CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance CENTO Central Treaty Organization CIPEC Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries . . . Colombo Plan . . . Council of Europe DAC Development Assistance Committee (OECD) EAMA African States associated with the EEC EC European Communities (EEC, ECSC, EURATOM) ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSC European Coal and Steel Community EEC European Economic Community (Common Market) EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank ELDO European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization EMA European Monetary Agreement ENTENTE Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger, Upper Volta, and Togo ESRO European Space Research Organization EURATOM European Atomic Energy Community G-77 Group of 77 GCC Gulf Cooperation Council IADB Inter-American Defense Board IATP International Association of Tungsten Producers IBA International Bauxite Association IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation ICAC International Cotton Advisory Committee ICCAT International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas ICCO International Cocoa Organization ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration ICES International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration ICO International Coffee Organization ABBREVIATIONS FOR OTHER IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (Cont.) IDB IEA IHO IIB INRO INTELSAT IOOC IPU IRC ISCON ISO ITC IWC IWC LAFTA LICROSS NAM NATO OAPEC OAS OAU OCAM ODECA OECD OPEC SELA SPC UDEAC UEAC UPEB WEU WFTU WPC WSG WTO Inter-American Development Bank International Energy Agency (associated with OECD) International Hydrographic Organization International Lead and Zinc Study Group International Investment Bank International Natural Rubber Organization International Telecommunications Satellite Organization International Olive Oil Council Inter-Parliamentary Union International Red Cross Islamic Conference International Sugar Organization International Tin Council International Whaling Commission International Wheat Council Latin American Free Trade Association League of Red Cross Societies Non-Aligned Movement North Atlantic Treaty Organization Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries Organization of American States Organization of African Unity Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization Organization of Central American States Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Latin American Economic System South Pacific Commission Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa Union of Central African States Union of Banana Exporting Countries Western European Union World Federation of Trade Unions World Peace Council International Wool Study Group World Tourism Organization Conversion Factors To Convert From To Multiply By Acres Hectares 0.40468S6 Acres Kilometers, square 0.004046856 Acres Meters, square 4046.856 Centimeters Meters 0.01 Centimeters, square Meters, square 0.0001 Degrees, Fahrenheit Degrees, Celsius subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9 Feet Centimeters 30.48 Feet Meters 0.3048 Feet Kilometers 0.0003048 Feet, cubic Liters 28.316847 Feet, cubic Meters, cubic 0.028316847 Feet, square Centimeters, square 929.0304 Feet, square Meters, square 0.09290304 Gallons, US liquid Liters 3.785412 Gallons, US liquid Meters, cubic 0.003785412 Grams Ounces, troy 0.032151 Grams Pounds, troy 0.002679 Hectares Kilometers, square 0.01 Hectares Meters, square 10,000 Inches Centimeters 2.54 Inches Meters 0.0254 Inches, cubic Milliliters 16.387064 Inches, cubic Liters 0.016387064 Inches, cubic Meters, cubic 0.000016387064 Inches, square Centimeters, square 6.4516 Inches, square Meters, square 0.00064516 Kilograms Ounces, troy 32.15075 Kilograms Pounds, troy 2.679229 Kilograms Tons, metric 0.001 Kilometers, square Hectares 100 Liters Milliliters 1000 Liters Meters, cubic 0.001 Meters Millimeters 1000 Meters Centimeters 100 Meters Kilometers 0.001 Meters, cubic Liters 1000 To Convert From To Multiply By Meters, cubic Tons, register 0.353147 Miles, nautical Kilometers 1.852 Miles, statute Centimeters 160934.4 Miles, statute Meters 1609.344 Miles, statute Kilometers 1.609344 Miles, square Hectares 258.9998 Miles, square Kilometers, square 2.589998 Ounces, avoirdupois Grams 28.349523 Ounces, avoirdupois Kilograms 0.028349523 Ounces, troy Pounds, troy 0.083333 Ounces, troy Grams 31.10348 Pints, liquid Milliliters 473.176473 Pints, liquid Liters 0.473176473 Pounds, avoirdupois Grams 453.59237 Pounds, avoirdupois Kilograms 0.45359237 Pounds, avoirdupois Quintals 0.00453592 Pounds, avoirdupois Tons, metric 0.000453592 Pounds, troy Ounces, troy 12 Pounds, troy Grams 373.241722 Quarts, dry Liters 1.101221 Quarts, dry Dekaliters 0.1101221 Quarts, liquid Milliliters 946.352946 Quarts, liquid Liters 0.946352946 Quintals Tons, metric 0.1 Tons, long Kilograms 1016.047 Tons, long Tons, metric 1.016047 Tons, metric Quintals 10 Ton-miles, long Ton-kilometers, metric 1.635169 Ton-miles, short Ton-kilometers, metric 1.459972 Tons, register Meters, cubic 2.831685 Tons, short Kilograms 907.185 Tons, short Tons, metric 0.907185 Yards Centimeters 91.44 Yards Meters 0.9144 Yards, cubic Liters 764.5549 Yards, cubic Meters, cubic 0.7645549 Yards, square Meters, square 0.836127 AFGHANISTAN O SOVIET UNION (See reference map VIII) LAND 647,500 km2; 22% arable (12% cultivated, 10% pasture), 75% desert, waste, or urban, 3% forested Land boundaries: 5,510 km PEOPLE Population: 15,328,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4%; this estimate includes an adjustment for net emigration to Pakistan during recent years, but it does not take into account other demographic consequences of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan Nationality: noun — Afghan(s); adjective — Afghan Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtuns, 25% Tajiks, 9% Uzbeks, 9% Hazaras; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi, and others Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shia Muslim, 1% other Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much bilingualism Literacy: 10% Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est); 67.8% agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2% industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce, 7.7% services and other Organized labor: government-controlled unions are being established GOVERNMENT Official name: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Type: Communist regime backed by multidivisional So- viet force Capital: Kabul Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with centrally ap- pointed governors Legal system: not established; legal education at Uni- versity of Kabul; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as legislature and final court of appeal; President of Council acts as chief of state; Cabinet and judiciary responsible to Council; Presid- ium chosen by Council has full authority when Council not in session; Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) supposed to convene eventually and approve permanent constitution Government leaders: President of the Revolutionary Council and head of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Babrak KARMAL; Prime Minister Soltan Ali KESHTMAND Suffrage: universal from age 18 Political parties and leaders: The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) is the sole legal political party Communists: the PDPA reportedly claims 50,000 mem- bers; the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed on 27 December 1979; members of the deposed Khalqi faction continue to hold some important posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is a much smaller pro-Beijing group Other political or pressure groups: the military and other branches of internal security are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency continues throughout the country; widespread opposition on religious grounds and anti-Soviet sentiment Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from ISCON in January 1980 ECONOMY GNP: $2.8 billion (FY79), $225 per capita; real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79) Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal husbandry; main crops — wheat, cotton, fruits Major industries: carpets and textiles Electric power: 360,000 kW capacity (1980); 756 million kWh produced (1980), 50 kWh per capita Exports: $670.2 million (f.o.b., 1980); mostly fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets Imports: $438.4 million (commercial, c.i.f., 1980); mostly food supplies and petroleum products Major trade partners: exports — mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; imports — mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries Budget: current expenditure Afl6.7 billion, capital ex- penditure Afll.7 billion for FY79 (est.) Monetary conversion rate: 44.85 Afghanis=US$l (offi- cial, end 1980) Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge, gov- ernment-owned spur of Soviet line ALBANIA AFGHANISTAN (Continued) Highways: 21,000 km total (1981); 3,000 km paved, 2,100 km gravel, 8,900 km improved earth, and 7,000 km unim- proved earth Inland waterways: total navigability 1,070 km; steamers up to about 500 metric tons use sections of Amu Darya Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Sher Khan Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft Airfields: 37 total, 36 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television introduced in 1980; tele- phones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations, 1 TV station, 1 earth satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,602,000; 1,998,000 fit for military service; about 146,000 reach military age (22) annually Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost exclusively the USSR Military budget: estimated expenditures for fiscal year ending 31 March 1979, about $63.8 million; approximately 12% of central government budget " ~- _ / BUL6ARIA Tirana * ALBANIA Mediterranean See (See reference map V) LAND 28,749 km2; 19% arable, 24% other agricultural, 43% forested, 14% other Land boundaries: 716 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island) PEOPLE Population: 2,792,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun — Albanian(s); adjective — Albanian Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian, remaining 4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians Religion: 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catholic; observances prohibited; Albania claims to be the world's first atheist state Language: Albanian, Greek Literacy: about 70%; no reliable current statistics avail- able, but probably greatly improved Labor force: 911,000 (1969); 60.5% agriculture, 17.9% industry, 21.6% other nonagricultural GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Socialist Republic of Albania Type: Communist state Capital: Tirane Political subdivisions: 27 rethet (districts), including capital Legal system: based on constitution adopted in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts only in the Presidium of the People's Assembly, which is not a true court; legal education at State University of Tirane; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November ALBANIA (Continued) Branches: People's Assembly, Council of Ministers, judiciary Government leaders: Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier), Adil CARCANI; Chairman, Presidium of the People's Assembly, Haxhi LLESHI (chief of state) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: national elections theoretically held every four years; last elections 6 November 1978; 99.99% of electorate voted Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party only; First Secretary, Enver Hoxha Communists: 101,500 party members (November 1976) Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO; has not participated in CEMA since rift with USSR in 1961; officially withdrew from Warsaw Pact 13 September 1968 ECONOMY GNP: $1.2 billion in 1972 (at 1970 prices), $520 per capita Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops — corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, cotton; food shortages — wheat; caloric intake, 2,503 calories per day per capita (1972/74) Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and extractive industries Shortages: spare parts, machinery and equipment, wheat Electric power: 1,390,000 kW capacity (1981); 4.350 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,575 kWh per capita Exports: $150.5 million (1978 est); 1964 trade— 55% minerals, metals, fuels; 23% foodstuffs (including cigarettes); 17% agricultural materials (except foods); 5% consumer goods Imports: $173.4 million (1978); 1964 trade— 50% machin- ery, equipment, and spare parts; 16% minerals, metals, fuels, construction materials; 16% foodstuffs; 7% consumer goods; 1% fertilizers, other chemicals, rubber; 4% agricultural materials (except foodstuffs) Monetary conversion rate: 4.14 leks=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data report- ed for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 277 km standard gauge (1.435 m), single track, government owned (1975) Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved, 1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093 km improved or unim- proved earth (1975) Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1979) Freight carried: rail — 2.8 million metric tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971); highways — 39 million metric tons, 900 million metric ton/km (1971) Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979) Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined products, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km Civil air: no civil airline DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 721,000; 597,000 fit for military service; 31,000 reach military age (19) annually Ships: 4 submarine, 2 mine warfare ships, 54 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 6 mine warfare craft, 2 under- way replenishment ships, 1 other auxiliary Military budget announced: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 940 million leks; 11.5% of total budget ALGERIA (See reference map VII) LAND 2,460,500 km2; 3% cultivated, 16% pasture and meadows, 1% forested, 80% desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 6,260 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 1,183 km PEOPLE Population: 20,030,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun — Algerian(s); adjective — Algerian Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab- Berbers, less than 1% Europeans Religion: 99% Muslim; 1% Christian and Hebrew Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Literacy: 25% (5% Arabic, 9% French, 11% both) Labor force: 4.0 million; 19% agriculture, 17% industry, 64% other (military, police, civil service, transportation workers, teachers, merchants, construction workers); at least 19% of urban labor unemployed Organized labor: 25% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organi- zation and is subordinate to the National Liberation Front GOVERNMENT Official name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria Type: republic Capital: Algiers Political subdivisions: 31 Wilayas (departments or provinces) Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with socialist principles; new constitution adopted by referendum November 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court divided into four chambers; legal education at Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constantine; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 1 November Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislature; judiciary Government leader: President, Col. Chadli BENDJEDID, elected 7 February 1979 as successor to deceased President Boumediene Suffrage: universal over age 19 Elections (latest): presidential 7 February 1979; depart- mental assemblies 2 June 1974; local assemblies 30 March 1975; legislative elections held 25 February 1977 Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Front (FLN), Secretary General Chadli Bendjedid Communists: 400 (est); Communist Party illegal (banned 1962) Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Arab League, ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $41.0 billion (1981 est.), $1,720 per capita; 6.2% real growth in 1981 Agriculture: main crops — wheat, barley, grapes, citrus fruits Major industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical, electrical, and automotive plants under construction Electric power: 1,780,000 kW capacity (1980); 6,400 million kWh produced (1980), 336 kWh per capita Exports: $14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); major items — petroleum and gas 98.0%; US 52.0%, France 23.0% Imports: $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); major items — capital goods 32.0%, semifinished goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 19.0%; France 23.0%, US 7.4% Major trade partners: US, West Germany, France, Italy Monetary conversion rate: 1 Algerian dinar (DA)= US$0.23 Fiscal year: calendar year ANDORRA ALGERIA (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,950 km total; 2,690 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,140 km 1.055-meter gauge, 120 km meter gauge (1.000 m); 302 km electrified; 193 km double track Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km concrete or bitu- minous, 33,340 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved earth Ports: 9 major, 8 minor Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined products, 298 km; natural gas, 2,398 km Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in Airfields: 185 total, 172 usable; 52 with permanent- surface runways; 27 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 85 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,159,000; 2,568,000 fit for military service; 218,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1,779 million; 11% of central government budget (See reference map V) LAND 466 km8 Land boundaries: 105 km PEOPLE Population: 36,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1% Nationality: noun — Andorran(s); adjective — Andorran Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61% Spanish, 30% Andor- rans, 6% French, 3% other Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic Language: Catalan; many also speak some French and Castilian Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and farmers GOVERNMENT Official name: Principality of Andorra Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of President of France and Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called verguers Capital: Andorra Political subdivisions: 7 districts Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866 serves as constitution; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: legislature (General Council) consisting of 28 members with one-half elected every two years for four-year term; executive — syndic (manager) and a deputy subsyndic chosen by General Council for three-year terms; judiciary chosen by coprinces who appoint two civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two Batles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan, France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain Suffrage: males of 21 or over who are third generation Andorrans vote for General Council members; same right granted to women in April 1970 ANGOLA ANDORRA (Continued) Elections: half of General Council chosen every two years, last election December 1979 Political parties and leaders: political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political parties but only partisans for particular independent candidates for the General Council, on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first formal political party — Andorran Democratic Association — formed in No- vember 1976; as of March 1980, newly formed Partit Democrata Andorra, which had applied for legal status, must await final approval of a new law covering associations Communists: negligible Member of: UNESCO ECONOMY Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables (less than 4% of land is arable) Major industries: tourism, sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1981); 100 million kWh produced (1981), 3,450 kWh per capita; power is mainly exported to Spain and France Major trade partners: Spain, France COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: about 96 km Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: international landline circuits to Spain and France; 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; about 11,720 telephones (39.0 per 100 popl.) DEFENSE FORCES Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France are responsible for protection as needed (See reference map VII) LAND 1,245,790 km*; 1% cultivated, 44% forested, 22% meadows and pastures, 33% other (including fallow) Land boundaries: 5,070 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,600 km PEOPLE Population: 7,000,000, including Cabinda (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%; Cabinda, 117,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.3% Nationality: noun — Angolan(s); adjective — Angolan Ethnic divisions: 93% African, 5% European, 1% mestizo Religion: about 84% animist, 12% Roman Catholic, 4% Protestant Language: Portuguese (official); many native dialects Literacy: 10-15% Labor force: 2.6 million economically active (1964); 531,000 wage workers (1967) Organized labor: approx. 65,000 (1967) GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Republic of Angola Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in November 1975; constitution promulgated 1975; govern- ment formed after civil war which ended in early 1976 Capital: Luanda Political subdivisions: 17 provinces including the coastal exclave of Cabinda Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; being modified along "socialist" model National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November ANGOLA (Continued) Branches: the official party is the supreme political institution Government leader: Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS, President Suffrage: to be determined Elections: none held to date Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos Santos, only legal party; National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), defeated in civil war, carrying out insurgencies Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $3.9 billion (1980 est), $591 per capita, 0.0% real growth (1980) Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food crops — cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely self- sufficient in food Fishing: catch 106,073 metric tons (1979) Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds), fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar processing, textiles, cement, food processing plants, building construction Electric power: 600,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.4 billion kWh produced (1980), 206 kWh per capita Exports: est. $1,900 million (f.o.b., 1980); oil, coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish products, iron ore, timber, corn, and cotton; exports down sharply 1975-77 Imports: est. $1,350 million (f.o.b., 1980); capital equip- ment (machinery and electrical equipment), wines, bulk iron and ironwork, steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; military deliveries partially offset drop in imports in 1975-77 Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portugal, and US Budget: (1975) balanced at about $740 million by former Portuguese administration; budget not yet published by new government Monetary conversion rate: 27.6 kwanza=US$l as of September 1981 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 28,723 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,165 km navigable Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Mocamedes), 5 minor Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft Airfields: 389 total, 367 usable; 27 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,660 m, 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 100 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of wire and radio relay; troposcatter/radio-relay system under construction; HF used extensively for military/Cuban links; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 29,100 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 15 AM and 5 FM stations; 1 TV station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,536,000; 773,000 fit for military service; 62,000 reach military age (20) annually ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA DOMINICAN Atlantic Oeean AND (ft BARBUDA « Caribbean Sea (See reference map III) LAND 280 km2; 54% arable, 5% pasture, 14% forested, 9% unused but potentially productive, 18% wasteland and built on; the islands of Redonda (less than 2.6 km2 and uninhabited) and Barbuda (161 km2) are dependencies WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 153 km PEOPLE Population: 77,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun — Antiguan(s); adjective — Antiguan Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro Religion: Church of England (predominant), other Protes- tant sects, and some Roman Catholic Language: English Literacy: about 88% Organized labor: 18,000, 18% unemployment (est.) GOVERNMENT Official name: Antigua and Barbuda Type: independent state since 1 November 1981; recog- nizes Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: St. Johns Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 dependencies (Bar- buda, Redonda) Legal system: based on English law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal has exclusive original jurisdiction and an appellate jurisdiction, consists of Chief Justice and five justices Branches: legislative, 21-member popularly elected House of Representatives; executive, Prime Minister and Cabinet Government leaders: Prime Minister Vere C. BIRD, Sr.; Deputy Prime Minister Lester BIRD; Governor Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over Elections: every five years; last general election 24 April 1980 Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird; Progressive Labor Movement (PLM), George Herbert Walter; Antigua People's Party (APP), J. Rowan Henry Voting strength: (1980 election) House of Representatives; ALP, 13 seats; PLM, 3 seats; independent, 1 seat Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a small leftist nationalist group led by Timothy Hector Member of: CARICOM, ISO ECONOMY GDP: $73 million (1978 est.), $1,000 per capita; 3% real growth in 1980 Agriculture: main crop, cotton Major industry: tourism Electric power: 28,000 kW capacity (1981); 55 million kWh produced (1981), 714 kWh per capita Exports: $21 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); clothing, rum, lobsters Imports: $76 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); fuel, food, machinery Major trade partners: 30% UK, 25% US, 18% Common- wealth Caribbean countries (1975) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (1970-79) from Western (non-US) countries, $20 million; no military aid Budget: (current) revenues, $24 million (1980 prelim.); current expenditures, $33 million (1980 prelim.) Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean (EC) dollar=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 78 km narrow gauge (0.760 m), employed almost exclusively for handling cane Highways: 380 km total; 240 km main, 140 km secondary Ports: 1 major (St. Johns), 1 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 4,000 telephones (5.4 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter links with Tortola and St. Lucia; 3 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable ARGENTINA BRAZIt Pacific Ocean CHILE I 7 Buenos Aires Atlantic Ocean FALKLAND ISLANDS T AND ^ee reference 2,771,300 km8; 57% agricultural (11% crops, improved pasture and fallow, 46% natural grazing land), 25% forested, 18% mountain, urban, or waste Land boundaries: 9,414 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continen- tal shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters) Coastline: 4,989 km PEOPLE Population: 28,593,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun — Argentines); adjective — Argentine Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white, 15% mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other Language: Spanish Literacy: 85% (90% in Buenos Aires) Labor force: 10.8 million; 19% agriculture, 25% manufac- turing, 20% services, 11% commerce, 6% transport and communications, 19% other; 2.2% estimated unemployment (1978 est.) Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.) GOVERNMENT Official name: Argentine Republic Type: republic; under military rule since 1976 Capital: Buenos Aires Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district (Federal Capital), and 1 territory Legal system: based on Spanish and French civil codes; constitution adopted 1853 partially superseded in 1966 by the Statute of the Revolution, which takes precedence over the constitution when the two are in conflict; further changes may be made by new government; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at University of Buenos Aires and other public and private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May Branches: presidency; national judiciary Government leader: President, Lt. Gen. Leopoldo For- tunato GALTIERI, chosen in December 1981 by the mili- tary junta that took power on 24 March 1976 Government structure: the President and the junta, com- posed of the chiefs of the three armed services, retain supreme authority; active duty or retired officers fill three Cabinet posts and administer all provincial and many local governments; in addition, the military now oversees the nation's principal labor confederation and unions, as well as other civilian pressure groups; Congress has been disbanded and all political activity suspended; a five-man Legislative Council, composed of senior officers, advises the junta on lawmaking Political parties: several civilian political groupings re- main potentially influential, despite the suspension of all partisan activity; these include Justicialist Party (Peronist coalition that formerly governed) and the Radical Civic Union, center-left party providing the chief civilian opposi- tion to the Peronists; the Moscow-oriented Communist Party remains legal, but extreme leftist splinter groups have been outlawed Communists: some 70,000 members in various party organizations, including a small nucleus of activists Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-dominated labor movement, General Economic Confederation (Peronist- leaning association of small businessmen), Argentine Indus- trial Union (manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association), business organiza- tions, students, and the Catholic Church Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, IFAD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com- mission, IWC — International Wheat Council, LAFTA, NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $143 billion (1980), $5,257 per capita; 69% con- sumption, 26% investment, 6% net foreign demand (1979); real GDP growth rate 1980, -0.3% Agriculture: main products — cereals, oilseed, livestock products; Argentina is a major world exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs AUSTRALIA ARGENTINA (Continued) Fishing: catch 537,323 metric tons (1978); exports $42 million (1976 est.) Major industries: food processing (especially meatpack- ing), motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals, printing, and metallurgy Crude steel: 3.2 million metric tons produced (1979), 120 kg per capita Electric power: 10,500,000 kW capacity (1981); 40.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,454 kWh per capita Exports: $8.0 billion (f.o.b., 1980); meat, corn, wheat, wool, hides, oilseed Imports: $9.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); machinery, fuel and lubricating oils, iron and steel, intermediate industrial products Major trade partners (1980): exports— 9% Brazil, 9% Netherlands, 8% Italy, 9% US, 6% FRG, 5% USSR, Japan, and Spain; imports— 26% US, 10% Brazil, 11% FRG, 4% Italy, 11% Japan, 3% Chile Budget: (1980) approximately $20 billion at exchange rate of first quarter 1980 Monetary conversion rate: 1,930 pesos=US$l (mid- September 1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 39,738 km total; 3,086 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 22,788 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 13,461 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 403 km 0.750-meter gauge; of total in country, 260 km are electrified Highways: 208,100 km total, of which 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable Ports: 7 major, 21 minor Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km refined products; 8,172 km natural gas Civil air: 67 major transport aircraft including 2 leased in Airfields: 2,446 total, 2,147 usable; 108 with permanent- surface runways; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 311 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: extensive modern system; tele- phone network has 2.76 million sets (10.3 per 100 popl.), radio relay widely used; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas; 160 AM, 12 FM, and 74 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,040,000; 5,715,000 fit for military service; 236,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $3,426,600; about 16.6% of total central government budget (See reference map X) LAND 7,692,300 km2; 6% arable, 58% pasture, 2% forested, 34% other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm; prawn and crayfish on continental shelf) Coastline: about 25,760 km PEOPLE Population: 15,011,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun — Australian(s); adjective — Australian Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian and aborigine Religion: 98% Christian Language: English Literacy: 98.5% Labor force: 6.5 million; 14% agriculture, 32% industry, 37% services, 15% commerce, 2% other; 6.2% unem- ployment Organized labor: 44% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Commonwealth of Australia Type: federal parliamentary state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign or head of state Capital: Canberra Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territories — Austra- lian Capital Territory (Canberra) and Northern Territory Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1900; High Court has jurisdiction over cases involv- ing interpretation of the constitution; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: 26 January Branches: Parliament (House of Representatives and Sen- ate); Prime Minister and Cabinet responsible to House; independent judiciary 10 AUSTRALIA (Continued) Government leaders: Governor General Sir Zelman COWEN; Prime Minister J. Malcolm FRASER Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: held at three-year intervals or sooner if Parlia- ment is dissolved by Prime Minister; last election October 1980 Political parties and leaders: government — Liberal Party (Malcolm Fraser) and National Country Party (Douglas Anthony); opposition — Labor Party (William J. Hayden) Voting strength (1980 parliamentary election): lower house — Liberal-Country coalition, 74 seats; Labor Party, 51 seats; Senate — Liberal-Country coalition, 31 seats; Labor, 27 seats; Australian Democrats, 5 seats; Independents, 1 seat Communists: 5,000 members (est.) Other political or pressure groups: Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter group) Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CIPEC (associate), Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, DAC, ELDO, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC — International Whaling Commission, IWC — Interna- tional Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $120.4 billion (1979), $8,360 per capita; 60% private consumption, 16% government current expenditure, 24% investment (1975); 2.8% real average annual growth (1979) Agriculture: large areas devoted to livestock grazing; 60% of area used for crops is planted in wheat; major products — wool, livestock, wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in food; caloric intake, 3,300 calories per day per capita Fishing: catch 122,947 metric tons (1978); exports $94.5 million (FY75), imports $86.2 million (FY75) Major industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals Crude steel: 7.8 million metric tons produced (FY76), 560 kg per capita Electric power: 26,358,140 kW capacity (1980); 98.843 billion kWh produced (1980), 6,728 kWh per capita Exports: $18.7 billion (f.o.b., 1979); principal products (1979) — 44% agricultural products, 14% metalliferous ores, 10% wool, 10% coal Imports: $18.3 billion (c.i.f., 1979); principal products (1977) — 41% manufactured raw materials, 28% capital equipment, 25% consumer goods Major trade partners: (1979) exports — 28% Japan, 12% US, 5% New Zealand, 4% UK; imports— 23% US, 11% UK, 18% Japan Aid: economic — Australian aid abroad in Australian dol- lars, $662 million (FY81-82); for Papua New Guinea in US dollars, $290 million per year 1981-86 Budget: expenditures, A$40.86 billion; receipts A$40.72 billion (FY81-82) Monetary conversion rate: 1.0 Australian dollar=US$1.08 (February 1982) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 42,855 km total (1980); 9,689 km 1.60-meter gauge, 15,783 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 17,383 km 1.067-meter gauge; 800 km electrified (June 1962); govern- ment owned (except for few hundred kilometers of privately owned track) Highways: 837,872 km total (1980); 207,650 km paved, 205,454 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 424,768 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow- draft craft Ports: 12 major, numerous minor Pipelines: crude oil, 740 km; refined products, 340 km; natural gas, 6,947 km Civil air: around 150 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1,584 total, 1,526 usable; 207 with permanent- surface runways, 2 with runways over 3,660 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 570 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: very good international and do- mestic service; 7.4 million telephones (52 per 100 popl.); 223 AM, 5 FM, and 111 TV stations; 3 earth satellite stations; submarine cables to New Zealand, New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Guam DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,907,000; 3,334,000 fit for military service; 131,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $4.7 billion; about 10.1% of total central government budget 11 AUSTRIA (See reference map V) LAND 83,916 km2; 20% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures, 15% waste or urban, 38% forested, 1% inland water Land boundaries: 2,582 km PEOPLE Population: 7,510,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0% Nationality: noun — Austrian(s); adjective — Austrian Ethnic divisions: 98.1% German, 0.7% Croatian, 0.3% Slovene, 0.9% other Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 8% none or other Language: German Literacy: 98% Labor force: 2,875,000 (September 1980); 18% agriculture and forestry, 49% industry and crafts, 18% trade and communications, 7% professions, 6% public service, 2% other; 1.2% unemployed; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 184,100 (September 1980) Organized labor: 60% of wage and salary workers (1979) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Austria Type: federal republic Capital: Vienna Political subdivisions: 9 states (Laender) including the capital Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; constitution adopted 1920, repromulgated in 1945; judicial review of legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; legal educa- tion at Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 26 October Branches: bicameral parliament, directly elected Presi- dent whose functions are largely representational, independ- ent federal judiciary Government leaders: President Rudolf KIRCH- SCHLAGER; Chancellor Bruno KREISKY leads a one-party Socialist government Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for presiden- tial elections Elections: presidential, every six years (next 1986); parlia- mentary, every four years (next 1983) Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria (SPOe), Bruno Kreisky, Chairman; Austrian People's Party (OeVP), Alois Mock, Chairman; Liberal Party (FPOe), Nor- bert Steger, Chairman; Communist Party, Franz Muhri, Chairman Voting strength (1979 election): 51.0% SPOe, 41.9% OeVP, 6.1% FPOe, 1.0% Communist Communists: membership 25,000 est; activists 7,000- 8,000 Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party (OeVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; the OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrial- ists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organi- zation, Catholic Action Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $62.16 billion (1980), $8,280 per capita; 56% private consumption, 18% public consumption, 26% investment; 1980 real GNP growth rate, 0.3% Agriculture: livestock, forest products, cereals, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient; caloric intake 3,230 calories per day per capita (1969-70) Major industries: foods, iron and steel, machinery, tex- tiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and pulp Crude steel: 4.9 million metric tons produced (1979), 650 kg per capita (1979) Electric power: 13,200,000 kW capacity (1980); 40.815 billion kWh produced (1980), 6,728 kWh per capita Exports: $17.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); iron and steel prod- ucts, machinery and equipment, lumber, textiles, paper products, chemicals Imports: $23.4 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery and equip- ment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs 12 THE BAHAMAS AUSTRIA (Continued) Major trade partners: (1980) 37.1% West Germany, 9.5% Italy, 6.2% Switzerland, 3.5% UK, 2.8% US; 59.8% EC; 10.1% Eastern Europe Aid: (1970-79) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $670 million Budget: expenditures, $23.18 billion; revenues, $19.45 billion; deficit, $3.73 billion (1982) Monetary conversion rate: 15.89 shillings=US$l, 1981 average Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 6,517 km total; 5.877 km government owned; 5,397 km standard gauge (1.435 m) of which 2,730 km electrified and 1,333 km double tracked; 480 km narrow gauge (0.760 m) of which 91 km electrified; 640 km privately owned (1.435- and 1.000-meter gauge) Highways: approximately 33,600 km total national classi- fied network, including 10,400 km federal and 23,200 km provincial roads; about 20,800 km paved (bituminous, con- crete, stone block) and 12,800 km unpaved (gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil); additional 60,800 km communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) and 1,012 km autobahn Inland waterways: 427 km Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz) Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km natural gas; 171 km refined products Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 55 total, 53 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems with 160 AM, 450 FM, and 780 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 2.81 million telephones (37.5 per 100 popl.) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,878,000; 1,590,000 fit for military service; 65,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $782 million; about 3.6% of the proposed federal budget \ UNITED : \STATES Atlantic Ocean tiatsts THE .: BAHAMAS o 0 .TURKS AND CAICOS IS. (See reference map HI) LAND 11,396 km2; 1% cultivated, 29% forested, 70% built on, wasteland, and other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 inn (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Island, 76 km) PEOPLE Population: 237,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Bahamian(s); adjective — Bahamian Ethnic divisions: 80% Negro, 10% white, 10% mixed Religion: Baptists 29%, Church of England 23%, Roman Catholic 23%, smaller groups of other Protestant, Greek Orthodox, and Jews Language: English Labor force: 101,000 (1979), 25% organized; 19% unem- ployment (1979) GOVERNMENT Official name: The Commonwealth of The Bahamas Type: independent commonwealth since July 1973, recog- nizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island) Legal system: based on English law National holiday: Independence Day, 10 July Branches: bicameral legislature (appointed Senate, elect- ed House); executive (Prime Minister and Cabinet); judiciary Government leaders: Prime Minister Lynden O. PIND- LING; Governor General Gerald C. CASH Suffrage: universal over age 18; registered voters (July 1977) 73,309 Elections: House of Assembly (19 July 1977); next election due constitutionally in five years 13 BAHRAIN THE BAHAMAS (Continued) Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), predominantly black, Lynden O. Pindling; Bahamian Democratic Party (BDP), Henry Bostwick; Free National Movement (FNM), Cecil Wallace- Whitfield; Social Demo- cratic Party (SDP), Norman Solomon Voting strength (1977 election): PLP (55%) 30 seats, BDP (27%) 6 seats, FNM (15%) 2 seats, others (3%) 0 seats Communists: none known Member of: CDB, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, UN, UPO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $1,083 million (1979), $4,650 per capita; real growth rate 3-4% (1980) Agriculture: food importer, main crops — fish, fruits, vegetables Major industries: tourism, cement, oil refining, lumber, salt production, rum, aragonite, Pharmaceuticals, spiral weld, and steel pipe Electric power: 320,000 kW capacity (1981); 650 million kWh produced (1981), 3,307 kWh per capita Exports (nonoil): $194 million (f.o.b., 1979); pharmaceuti- cals, cement, rum Imports (nonoil): $364 million (f.o.b., 1979); foodstuffs, manufactured goods Major trade partners: nonoil exports — US 41%, UK 12%, Canada 3%; nonoil imports — US 73%, UK 13%, Canada 2% (1973) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (1970-80) from US, $34.3 million; from other Western countries (1970-79), $137.7 million; no military aid Budget: (1979 actual) revenues, $208 million; expend- itures, $216 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian dollar=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 3,350 km total; 1,350 km paved, 2,000 km gravel Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 55 total, 51 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: telecom facilities highly developed, including 62,000 telephones (28 per 100 popl.) in totally automatic system; tropospheric scatter link with Florida; 3 AM stations, 2 FM stations and 1 TV station; 3 coaxial submarine cables (See reference map VI) LAND 596 km2 plus group of 32 smaller islands; 5% cultivated, negligible forested area, remainder desert, waste, or urban WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 161 km PEOPLE Population: 380,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.7% Nationality: noun — Bahraini(s); adjective — Bahraini Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahraini, 10% other Arab, 13% Asian, 8% Iranian, 6% other Religion: Muslim, slightly more Shuts than Sunnis Language: Arabic, English also widely spoken Literacy: about 40% Labor force: 130,000 (1980 est); 43% of labor force is Bahraini GOVERNMENT Official name: State of Bahrain Type: traditional monarchy; independence declared in 1971 Capital: Manama Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common law; constitution went into effect December 1973 National holiday: 16 December Branches: Amir rules with help of a Cabinet led by Prime Minister; Amir dissolved the National Assembly in August 1975 and suspended the constitutional provision for election of the Assembly; independent judiciary Government leader: Amir 'Isa bin Salman Al KHALIFA Political parties and pressure groups: political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Shia Funda- mentalist groups are active 14 BANGLADESH BAHRAIN (Continued) Communists: negligible Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO ECONOMY GDP: $1.8 billion (1980 est.), $4,600 per capita; annual real growth rate (1973-77) 11%, dominated by oil industry; 1980 average daily crude oil production, 48,000 b/d (oil expected to last 15 years if no new discoveries are made); 1980 natural gas production, 177 billion ft3; government oil revenues for 1978 are estimated at $845 million Agriculture: produces dates, alfalfa, vegetables; dairy and poultry farming; fishing; not self-sufficient in food Major industries: petroleum refining, aluminum smelt- ing, ship repairing, shrimp fishing, pearls and sailmaking on a small scale; major development projects include flourmill, and ISA town; OAPEC dry dock opened in 1977 Electric power: 900,000 kW capacity (1980); 4.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 10,204 kWh per capita Exports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980); nonoil exports (includ- ing reexports), $550.8 million (1980); oil exports, $3.3 billion (1980) Imports: $3.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); nonoil imports $1.6 billion (1980); oil imports $2.0 billion (1980) Major trade partners: Saudi Arabia, UK, US, Japan, EC Budget: (1980) $488 million current expenditure, $302 million capital Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahrain dinar=US$2.65 (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 93 km bituminous surfaced; undetermined mileage of natural surface tracks Ports: 1 major (Bahrain) Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined products, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runways over 3,660 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent international telecom- munications; limited domestic services; 38,300 telephones (14.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; tropospheric scatter and microwave to Qatar and United Arab Emirates DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 106,000; 61,000 fit for military service Supply: from several West European countries, especially France and UK Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $87.8 million; 11% of central government budget (See reference map VIII) LAND 142,500 km2; 66% arable (including cultivated and fallow), 18% not available for cultivation, 16% forested Land boundaries: 2,535 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 580 km PEOPLE Population: 93,040,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun — Bangladeshi(s); adjective — Bangla- desh Ethnic divisions: predominantly Bengali; fewer than one million "Biharis" and fewer than one million tribals Religion: 85% Muslim, about 12% Hindu, less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, or other Language: Bengali Literacy: 24.3% (1979-80) Labor force: 30.7 million; extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, and Kuwait; 80% of labor force is in agriculture, 15% services, 11% industry (FY79) GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Republic of Bangladesh Type: independent republic since December 1971; Gov- ernment of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman overthrown in August 1975; two other coups followed; after four years of martial law rule, presidential elections were held in June 1978 and a new parliament was elected in February 1979; President Ziaur Rahman assassinated in failed military coup on 30 May 1981; former Vice President Justice Abdus Sattar became President in election on 15 November 1981; martial law imposed 24 March 1982; government dissolved Capital: Dacca 15 BANGLADESH (Continued) Political subdivisions: 19 districts, 413 thanas (counties), 4,365 unions (village groupings) Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted December 1972; amended January 1975 to more authoritarian presidential system, changed by proclamation in April 1977 to reflect Islamic character of nation; further change, by proclamation in December 1978, to provide for the appointments of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister, as well as other ministers of Cabinet rank, and to further define the powers of the President National holiday: Independence Day, 26 March Branches: constitution provides for unicameral legisla- ture, strong President; independent judiciary; President has substantial control over the judiciary Government leader: President Abdus Sattar replaced by martial law administrator Lt. Gen. H. M. ERSHAD in March 1982 coup Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Second Parliament (House of the Nation) elect- ed in February 1979; elections every five years; most recent presidential election November 1981 Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh Nationalist Party (formed September 1978), Abdus Sattar; Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wajed; United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed; Democratic League, Khondakar Mushtaque Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A. Sabur; Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh Com- munist Party (pro-Soviet), Manindra Moni Singh; numerous small parties; political activity banned following March 1982 coup Communists: 2,500 members (est.) Member of: ADB, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organi- zation, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMCO, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $9.1 billion est. (FY79, current prices), $100 per capita; real growth, 4.4% (FY79) Agriculture: large subsistence farming, heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall; main crops are jute and rice; short- ages— grain, cotton, and oilseed Fishing: catch 835,000 metric tons (FY78) Major industries: jute manufactures, food processing and cotton textiles Electric power: 1,302,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.750 billion kWh produced (1980), 20 kWh per capita Exports: $759 million (f.o.b. 1980); raw and manufactured jute, leather, tea Imports: $2,348 million (f.o.b. 1980); foodgrains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, manufactured products Major trade partners: exports — US 14%, USSR 8%; im- ports—US 19%, Japan 12% (FY79) Budget: (FY81) domestic revenue, $2,379 million; expend- itures, $2,203 million Monetary conversion rate: 16 taka=US$l (June 1981) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 4,085 km total (1980); 2,198 km meter gauge (1.000 m),l,852 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 35 km narrow gauge (0.762 m), 300 km double track; government owned Highways: 45,633 km total; 4,076 km paved, 2,693 km gravel, 38,864 km earth Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers navigate main waterways Ports: 1 major (Chittagong), 2 minor Pipelines: 854 km natural gas Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft Airfields: 23 total, 15 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate international radio- communications and landline service; fair domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.) telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6 FM, 7 TV stations, and 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 21,456,000; 11,190,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $1.7 billion; about 10.8% of central government budget 16 BARBADOS A tlantic Ocean Caribbean Sea BARBADOS (See reference map III) LAND 430 km2; 60% cropped, 10% permanent meadows, 30% unused, built on, or wasteland WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 97 km PEOPLE Population: 252,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.5% Nationality: noun — Barbadian(s); adjective — Barbadian Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 17% mixed, 4% European Religion: Anglican (70%), Roman Catholic, Methodist, and Moravian Language: English Literacy: over 90% Labor force: 106,000 (1979 est.) wage and salary earners; unemployment 11% (1979) Organized labor: 32% GOVERNMENT Official name: Barbados Type: independent sovereign state within the Common- wealth since November 1966, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Bridgetown Political subdivisions: 1 1 parishes and city of Bridgetown Legal system: English common law; constitution came into effect upon independence in 1966; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 30 November Branches: legislature consisting of a 21-member ap- pointed Senate and a 27-member elected House of Assem- bly; Cabinet headed by Prime Minister Government leaders: Prime Minister J. M. G. "Tom" ADAMS; Governor General Sir Deighton H. L. WARD Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: House of Assembly members have terms no longer than five years; last general election held 18 June 1981 Political parties and leaders: Barbados Labor Party (BLP), J. M. G. "Tom" Adams; Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow Voting strength (1981 election): Barbados Labor Party (BLP), 52.4%; Democratic Labor Party, 46.8%; Independent, negligible; House of Assembly seats— BLP 17, DLP 10 Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Movement for Na- tional Liberation (MONALI), a small leftist group led by Bobby Clarke Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $811 million (1980), $3,257 per capita; real growth rate 1980, 5% Agriculture: main products — sugarcane, subsistence foods Major industries: tourism, sugar milling, light manu- facturing Electric power: 110,000 kW capacity (1981); 325 million kWh produced (1980), 1,265 kWh per capita Exports: $207 million (f.o.b., 1980); sugar and sugarcane byproducts, electrical parts, clothing Imports: $424 million (c.i.f., 1979); foodstuffs, consumer durables, machinery, fuels Major trade partners: exports — 36% US, 27% CARICOM, UK; imports— 34% US, 18% CARICOM, UK, Canada (1980) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-80) from US, $9.3 million; (1970-79) ODA and OOF commitments from other Western countries, $52.1 million; no military aid Budget: (1980) revenues, $223 million; expenditures, $270 million Monetary conversion rate: 2.01 Barbados dollars=US$l Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 1,546 km total; 1,450 km paved, and 96 km gravel, and earth Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft (including 1 leased in) Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone system with 47,000 telephones (17.2 per 100 popl.); tropo- spheric scatter link to Trinidad; UHF/VHF links to St. Vincent and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 64,000; 45,000 fit for military service; no conscription 17 BELGIUM (See reference map V) LAND 30,562 km2; 28% cultivated, 24% meadow and pasture, 28% waste, urban, or other; 20% forested Land boundaries: 1,377 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 64 km PEOPLE Population: 9,881,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun — Belgian(s); adjective — Belgian Ethnic divisions: 55% Flemings, 33% Walloons, 12% mixed or other Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% none or other Language: French, Flemish (Dutch), German, in small area of eastern Belgium; divided along ethnic lines Literacy: 97% Labor force: 4.09 million (July 1978); in June 1976, 46.7% in services, 28.0% in mining and manufacturing, 7.4% in construction, 6.6% in transportation, 3.2% in agriculture, 1.0% commuting foreign workers, 0.4% in public works; 10.2% unemployed (January 1982) Organized labor: 70% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Belgium Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Brussels Political subdivisions: nine provinces; as of 1 October 1980, Wallonia and Flanders have regional "subgovern- ments" with elected regional councils and executive officials; those regional authorities will have limited powers over revenues and certain areas of economic, urban, environmen- tal, and housing policy; the authority of the regional sub- governments will increase over a five-year period; Wallonia also has a separate Walloon Cultural Council Legal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; constitution adopted 1831, since amended; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at four law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: National Day, 21 July Branches: executive branch consists of King and Cabinet; Cabinet responsible to bicameral parliament; independent judiciary; coalition governments are usual Government leaders: Head of State, King BAUDOUIN I; Prime Minister Wilfried MARTENS Suffrage: universal over age 18 (as of 1981) Elections: held 8 November 1981 (held at least once every 4 years) Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social Christian, Frank Swaelen, president; Francophone Social Christian, Gerard Desprez, president; Flemish Socialist, Karel Van Miert, president; Francophone Socialist, Guy Spitaels, presi- dent; Flemish Liberal, Guy Verhofstadt, president; Franco- phone Liberals, Louis Michel, president; Francophone Democratic Front, Antoinette Spaak, president; Volksunie (Flemish Nationalist), Vic Anciaux, president; Communist, Louis Van Geyt, president; Walloon Rally, Henri Mordant Voting strength (1981 election): 61 seats Social Christian, 61 seats Socialist, 52 seats Liberal, 20 seats Volksunie, 8 seats Francophone Democratic Front and Walloon Rally, 4 seats Ecologist, 3 seats Anti-Tax Party (UDRT), 2 seats Commu- nist, 1 seat Flemist Extremist Communists: 10,000 members (est., October 1981) Other political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; the Federation of Belgium Industries; numer- ous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia, various peace groups such as Flem- ish Action Committee Against Nuclear Weapons Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, Internation- al Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $118.5 billion (1980), $12,017 per capita; 64.3% consumption, 21.1% investment, 18.7% government con- sumption, 0.08% stock building, —0.91% net foreign balance (1978); 2% real growth rate in 1980 18 BELGIUM (Continued) Fishing: catch 33,178 metric tons (1978); exports $60 million (1978), imports $327 million (1978) Major industries: engineering and metal products, proc- essed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles, and petroleum Crude steel: 18.0 million metric tons capacity (December 1981); 13.4 million metric tons produced, 1,360 kg per capita (1978) Electric power: 12,500,000 kW capacity (1980); 53,643 million kWh produced (1980), 5,440 kWh per capita Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) $88.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); iron and steel products, finished or semifinished precious stones, textile products Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) $93.5 billion (c.i.f., 1980); nonelectrical machinery, motor vehicles, textiles, chemicals, fuels Major trade partners: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, 1979) 70% EC (22% West Germany, 17% France, 16% Netherlands, 8% UK, 5% Italy), 5% US Aid: (1970-79) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $3,018 million Budget: (1982 proj.) revenues, Belgian francs (BF) 1,153.5 billion; expenditures, BF 1,507.7 billion; deficit, BF $354.2 billion Monetary conversion rate: (1980 average) 29.243 Belgian Francs=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 4,171 km total; 3,971 km standard gauge (1.435 m) and government-owned, 2,536 km double track, 1,413 km electrified; 200 km government-owned, electrified meter gauge (1.000 m) Highways: 104,663 km total; 1,102 km paved, limited access, divided autoroute; 51,780 km other paved; 51,781 km unpaved Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528 km are in regular use by commercial transport Ports: 5 major, 1 minor Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km; crude, 161 km; natural gas, 3,218 km Civil air: 49 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in and 5 leased out Airfields: 47 total, 46 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic and interna- tional telephone and telegraph facilities; 3.45 million tele- phones (35.0 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 31 FM, and 31 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean IN- TELSAT station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,478,000; 2,096,000 fit for military service; 79,000 reach military age (19) annually BELIZE (formerly British Honduras) (See reference map III) LAND 22,973 km2; 38% agricultural (5% cultivated), 46% exploit- able forest, 16% urban, waste, water, offshore islands or other Land boundaries: 515 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 386 km PEOPLE Population: 150,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun — Belizean(s); adjective — Belizean Ethnic divisions: 51% Negro, 22% mestizo, 19% Amer- indian, 8% other Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist, Methodist, Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Men- nonite Language: English, Spanish, Maya, and Carib Literacy: 70%-80% Labor force: 40,000; 39% agriculture, 14% manufactur- ing, 8% commerce, 12% construction and transport, 20% services, 7% other; shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel; over 15% are unemployed Organized labor: 8% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Belize Type: became an independent state on 21 September 1981; a member of the Commonwealth Capital: Belmopan Legal system: English law 19 BELIZE (Continued) Branches: 18-member elected National Assembly and eight-member Senate (either house may choose its speaker or president, respectively, from outside its elected member- ship); Cabinet; judiciary Government leaders: Prime Minister George C. PRICE; Governor General Minita GORDON Suffrage: universal adult (probably 21) Elections: Parliamentary elections held November 1979 Political parties and leaders: People's United Party (PUP), George Price; United Democratic Party (UDP), Theo- dore Aranda Voting strength (National Assembly): PUP 13 seats, UDP 5 seats Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: United Workers Union, which is connected with PUP Member of: CARICOM, ISO ECONOMY GDP: $140 million (1979), $960 per capita (1979 est); real growth rate 1980, 4% (est.) Agriculture: main products — sugarcane, citrus fruits, corn, molasses, rice, beans, bananas, livestock products; net importer of food; caloric intake, 2,500 calories per day per capita Major industries: sugar refining, garments, timber and forest products, furniture, rum, soap Electric power: 16,000 kW capacity (1980); 42 million kWh produced (1980), 288 kWh per capita Exports: $130 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); sugar, garments, fish, molasses, citrus fruits Imports: $141 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels Major trade partners: exports— US 43%, UK 37%, Trini- dad and Tobago 6%, Mexico 2%; imports— US 52%, UK 17%, Netherlands Antilles 5% (1979 est.) Aid: economic — authorized from US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), 5.3 million; bilateral ODA and OOF commit- ments from Western (non-US) countries (1970-79), $93.4 million Budget: revenues, $88 million; expenditures, $88 million (projected budget for April 1981 through March 1982) Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize dollars=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved, 1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth and 310 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 800 km river network used by shallow-draft craft Ports: 1 major (Belize), 4 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in Airfields: 37 total, 28 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 5,800 telephones in automatic and manual network (2.7 per 100 popl.); radio-relay system; 6 AM stations and 1 FM station; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 35,000; 21,000 fit for military service; 1,600 reach military age (18) annually 20 BENIN (formerly Dahomey) (See reference map VII) LAND 115,773 kms; southern third of country is most fertile; arable land 80% (actually cultivated 11%), forests and game preserves 19%, nonarable 1% Land boundaries: 1,963 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (100 nm mineral exploitation limit) Coastline: 121 km PEOPLE Population: 3,636,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun — Beninese (sing., pi.); adjective — Beninese Ethnic divisions: 99% Africans (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), 5,500 Europeans Religion: 12% Muslim, 8% Christian, 80% animist Language: French official; Fon and Yoruba most com- mon vernaculars in south; at least six major tribal languages in north Literacy: about 20% Labor force: 70% of labor force employed in agriculture; less than 2% of the labor force work in the industrial sector and the remainder are employed in transport, commerce, and public services Organized labor: approximately 75% of wage earners, divided among two major and several minor unions GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Republic of Benin Type: party state, under military rule since 26 October 1972; the military plans to relinquish power to a 336- member National Assembly Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto) Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 46 districts Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; legal education generally obtained in France; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 30 November Branches: National Revolutionary Assembly, National Executive Council, Central Committee of party Government leader: Col. Mathieu KEREKOU, President, Chief of State, and Minister of Defense Suffrage: universal adult Elections: National Assembly elections were held in No- vember 1979; Assembly then formally elected Kerekou President in February 1980 Political parties: People's Revolutionary Party of Benin (PRPB) established in 1975 Communists: sole party espouses Marxism-Leninism Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, EGA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commis- sion, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $1,139.5 million (1980), $286 per capita; 5.7% real growth during 1980 Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms; peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and tobacco also produced commercially; main food crops — corn, cassava, yams, rice, sorghum and millet; livestock, fish Fishing: catch 25,452 metric tons (1979 est); exports 600 metric tons, imports 7,365 metric tons (1979) Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil processing, textiles, beverages Electric power: 19,500 kW capacity (1980); 8 million kWh produced (1980), 80 million kWh imported from Ghana, 2 kWh per capita Exports: $170 million (f.o.b., 1980); palm products (34%); other agricultural products Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1980); clothing and other consumer goods, cement, lumber, fuels, foodstuffs, machin- ery, and transport equipment Major trade partners: France, EC, franc zone; preferen- tial tariffs to EC and franc zone countries Budget: (1980) revenues $156.2 million, current expendi- tures $127.1 million, development expenditures $139.0 million Monetary conversion rate: 281.23 Communaute Finan- ciere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 579 km, all meter gauge (1.00 m) 21 BERMUDA BENIN (Continued) Highways: 3,303 km total; 705 km paved, 2,598 km improved earth Inland waterways: small sections, only important locally Ports: 1 major (Cotonou), 1 minor Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 9 total, 9 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of open wire and radio relay; 16,200 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 1,579,000; of the 778,000 males 15-49, 393,000 are fit for military service; about 37,000 males and 38,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service (See reference map II) LAND 54.4 km2; 8% arable, 60% forested, 21% built on, waste- land, and other, 11% leased for air and naval bases WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 103 km PEOPLE Population: 72,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun — Bermudian(s); adjective — Bermudian Ethnic divisions: approximately 61% black, 39% white Religion: 37% Church of England, 19% other Protestant, 14% Catholic, 30% other Language: English Literacy: 98% Labor force: 29,669 employed (1980) GOVERNMENT Official name: Bermuda Type: British colony Capital: Hamilton Political subdivisions: 9 parishes Legal system: English law Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) appointed by gov- ernor, led by government leader; bicameral legislature with an appointed Legislative Council and a 40-member directly elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court Government leaders: Governor Sir Richard POSNETT; Premier John William David SWAN Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: at least once every five years; last general election, December 1980 22 BHUTAN BERMUDA (Continued) Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), J. David Gibbons; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Lois Browne-Evans Voting strength (1980 elections): UBP 54%, PLP 46%; the UBP holds 22 House of Assembly seats, the PLP holds 18 seats Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU) headed by Ottiwell Simmons ECONOMY GDP: $598 million (FY79/80), $10,894 per capita; real growth rate FY79/80, est. 3% Agriculture: main products — bananas, vegetables, Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus fruits Major industries: tourism, finance Electric power: 110,000 kW capacity (1981); 355 million kWh produced (1981), 5,460 kWh per capita Exports: $31 million (f.o.b., 1979); mostly reexports of drugs and bunker fuel Imports: $234 million (f.o.b., 1979); fuel, foodstuffs, machinery Major trade partners: imports, 50% US; tourists, 90% US Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-80), from US $34 million; from Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (FY70-79), $109 million; no military aid Budget: revenues, $132 million; expenditures $132 mil- lion; (FY81/82) Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda dollar=US$l Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 190 km, all paved Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George Freeport, Ireland Island) Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: modern telecom system, includes fully automatic telephone system with 39,500 sets (63.7 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station (See reference map VIII) LAND 46,600 km2; 15% agricultural, 15% desert, waste, urban, 70% forested Land boundaries: about 870 km PEOPLE Population: 1,364,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun — Bhutanese (sing., pi.); adjective — Bhutanese Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhotias, 25% ethnic Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist- influenced Hinduism Language: Bhotias speak various Tibetan dialects — most widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha, the official language; Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Literacy: insignificant Labor force: 300,000; 99% agriculture, 1% industry; massive lack of skilled labor GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India Capital: Thimphu Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, central, west, south), further divided into 15-18 subdivisions Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; in 1964 the monarch assumed full power — no constitu- tion existed beforehand; a Supreme Court hears appeals from district administrators; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 17 December Branches: appointed Ministers and indirectly elected Assembly consisting of village elders, monastic representa- tives, and all district and senior government administrators 23 BOLIVIA BHUTAN (Continued) Government leader: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK Suffrage: each family has one vote Elections: popular elections on village level held every three years Political parties: all parties illegal Communists: no overt Communist presence Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy Member of: Colombo Plan, G-77, IBRD, IFAD, IMF, NAM, UPU, UN ECONOMY GNP: $116 million (FY81), $97 per capita; 3.6% growth in FY81 Agriculture: rice, barley, wheat, potatoes, fruit Major industries: handicrafts (particularly textiles) Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1981); 8 million kWh produced (1981), 6 kWh per capita Exports: $12 million (FY81); fruit and vegetables, timber, coal, and cardamom Imports: about $19 million (FY81); textiles, cereals, vehicles Major trade partner: India Aid: economic— India (FY61-72), $180 million Budget: domestic revenue $12.9 million, expenditures $39.3 million (FY81 est.) Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums and Indian rupees are legal tender; 9.16 ngultrums=9.16 Indian rupees=US$l as of October 1981 Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth Freight carried: not available, very light traffic Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities inadequate; 1,300 tele- phones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 6,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 1 AM station and no TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 332,000; 178,000 fit for military service; about 16,000 reach military age (18) annually Supply: dependent on India Pacific Ocean (See reference map IV) LAND 1,098,160 km2; 2% cultivated and fallow, 11% pasture and meadow, 45% urban, desert, waste, or other, 40% forest, 2% inland water Land boundaries: 6,083 km PEOPLE Population: 5,633,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun — Bolivian(s); adjective — Bolivian Ethnic divisions: 50%-75% Indian, 20%-35% mestizo, 5%-15% white Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; active Protes- tant minority, especially Methodist Language: Spanish, Aymara, Quechua Literacy: 35%-40% Labor force: 2.8 million (1977); 70% agriculture, 3% mining, 10% services and utilities, 7% manufacturing, 10% other Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concentrated in min- ing, industry, construction, and transportation GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Bolivia Type: republic; military dictatorship since 17 July 1980 Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary) Political subdivisions: nine departments with limited autonomy Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967; constitution in force except where contrary to dispositions dictated by governments since 1969; legal education at University of San Andres and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August 24 BOLIVIA (Continued) Branches: executive; congress of two chambers — Senate and Chamber of Deputies — has not met since the 17 July 1980 coup; judiciary Government leaders: Maj. Gen. Celso TORRELIO Villa (since 4 September 1981) Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 if married, 21 if single Elections: presidential and congressional elections held on 1 July 1979; since no presidential candidate won required simple majority, the contest was decided in the Congress where a compromise candidate, Senate President Walter Guevara Arce, was elected interim president; Guevara was overthrown on 1 November 1979 by a military coup led by Col. Alberto Natusch Busch; popular repudiation of Natusch forced his resignation after 16 days in power and Congress chose Chamber of Deputies President Lidia Gueiler de Moller as interim president; Gueiler presided over new elections on 29 June 1980, which were won by the UDP coalition candidate, Hernan Siles Zuazo; however, before the planned August inauguration, the government was over- thrown when a military coup led by Gen. Luis Garcia Meza occurred on 17 July 1980; Garcia Meza was replaced in August 1981 by a ruling junta of service commanders, which in turn was replaced on 4 September 1981 by Maj. Gen. Celso Torrelio Villa Political parties and leaders: ban on political parties was lifted in December 1977; however, all political party activity banned since the 17 July 1980 coup; the two traditional political parties in Bolivia are the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR) and the Bolivian Socialist Phalange (FSB), both are seriously factionalized; Bolivian Socialist Falange (Mario Gutierrez); Nationalist Revolutionary Movement of the People (Jaime Arellano); Nationalist Revolutionary Movement of Left (MNRI; Hernan Siles Zuazo); Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR; Jaime Paz Zamora); Authen- tic Revolutionary Party (Walter Guevara Arce); Christian Democratic Party (Benjamin Miguel); Nationalist Revolu- tionary Party of Left (Juan Lechin Oquendo); Paz Estenssor- ista MNR (Leonidas Sanchez); Nationalist Democratic Action Party (ADN; Hugo Banzer) Voting strength (1980 elections): UDP— Democratic Pop- ular Unity Front, a coalition of the MNRI, MIR and several smaller groups 38.5%; MNR 20.5%; ADN 16.8% Communists: three parties; PCB/Soviet led by Jorge Kolle Cueto, about 300 members; PCB/Chinese led by Oscar Zamora, 150 (including 100 in exile); POR (Trotskyist), about 50 members divided between three factions led by Hugo Gonzalez Moscoso, Guillermo Lora Escobar, and Amadeo Arze Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, LAFTA and An- dean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPO, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $6 billion (1980), $1,050 per capita; 75% private consumption, 15% public consumption, 12% gross domestic investment, —2.0% net foreign balance (1980); 1980 growth, 1% Agriculture: main crops — potatoes, corn, rice, sugarcane, yucca, bananas; imports significant quantities of wheat; caloric intake, 83% of requirements (1978) Major industries: mining, smelting, petroleum refining, food processing, textiles, and clothing Electric power: 460,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.6 billion kWh produced (1981), 273 kWh per capita Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); tin, petroleum, lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton, natural gas Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); foodstuffs, chemi- cals, capital goods, Pharmaceuticals, transportation Major trade partners: exports — Western Europe, 19% (of which UK is largest market); Latin America, 38%; US, 30%; Japan, 3.9%; imports— US, 24%; Western Europe, 15.4% (of which West Germany is largest supplier); Japan, 15.7%; Latin America, 33.6% (1975) Budget: $470 million revenues, $780 million expenditures (1980 est.) Monetary conversion rate: 24.75 pesos=US$l (October 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,651 km total; 3,514 km meter gauge (1.000 m) and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track; 105 km meter gauge (1.000 m) privately owned Highways: 39,650 km total; 1,400 km paved, 7,880 km gravel, 6,800 km improved earth, 23,650 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: officially estimated to be 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined products, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani, Peru) Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft Airfields: 583 total, 535 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 127 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: radio-relay system from La Paz to Santa Cruz; improved international services; 125,300 tele- phones (2.0 per 100 pop!.); 135 AM, 19 FM, and 32 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,241,000; 812,000 fit for military service; 56,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $177.7 million; 15.9% of central govern- ment budget 25 BOTSWANA IOUE Atlantic Ocean Indian \ SOUTH AFRICA""/' Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 569,800 km'; about 6% arable, less than 1% under cultiva- tion, mostly desert Land boundaries: 3,774 km PEOPLE Population: 975,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.6% Nationality: noun — Motswana (sing.), Batswana (pi.); ad- jective— Botswana Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% Euro- pean Religion: 85% animist, 15% Christian Language: Tswana vernacular Literacy: about 22% in English; about 32% in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school graduates Labor force: 78,000 formal sector employees; most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture; 40,000 or over one-half of formal sector employees spend at least six to nine months per year as wage earners in South Africa (1978) Organized labor: eight trade unions organized with a total membership of approximately 9,000 (1972 est.) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Botswana Type: parliamentary republic; independent member of Commonwealth since 1966 Capital: Gaborone Political subdivisions: 12 administrative districts Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at University of Botswana and Swaziland (two and one-half years) and University of Edinburgh (two years); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 30 September Branches: executive — President appoints and presides over the Cabinet, which is responsible to Legislative Assem- bly; legislative — Legislative Assembly with 32 popularly elected members and four members elected by the 32 representatives, House of Chiefs with deliberative powers only; judicial — local courts administer customary law, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction Government leaders: President Dr. Quell K. J. MASIRE; Vice President Lenyeletse M. SERETSE Suffrage: universal, age 21 and over Elections: general elections held 20 October 1979 Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire; Botswana National Front (BNF), Ken- neth Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP); Botswana Inde- pendence Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho Voting strength: (October 1979 election) BDP (29 seats); BPP (1 seat); BNF (2 seats); BIP (no seats) Communists: no known Communist organization; Koma of BNF has long history of Communist contacts Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $856.3 million; growth in constant prices, 11.0% in FY79/80, 5% in 1977 Agriculture: principal crops are corn and sorghum; live- stock raised and exported Major industries: livestock processing, mining of dia- monds, copper, nickel, and coal Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1977); 85 million kWh produced (1977), 120 kWh per capita Exports: $478.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); diamonds, cattle, animal products, copper, nickel Imports: $643.9 million (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products Major trade partners: South Africa and UK Budget: (1981) revenues $252.4 million, current expendi- tures $247.4 million, development expenditures $150.0 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 pula=about US$1.23 (1981) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March 26 BRAZIL BOTSWANA (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 726 km 1.067-meter gauge Highways: 10,784 km total; 1,105 km paved; 1,465 km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: native craft only; of local importance Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 78 total, 67 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and a few radiocom- munication stations; 11,700 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; INTELSAT satellite ground station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 177,000; 94,000 fit for military service; 9,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $28.7 million; 4.6% of central government budget (See reference map IV) LAND 8,521,100 km2; 4% cultivated, 13% pasture, 23% built-on area, waste, and other, 60% forested Land boundaries: 13,076 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 7,491 km PEOPLE Population: 127,734,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun — Brazilian(s); adjective — Brazilian Ethnic divisions: 60% white, 30% mixed, 8% Negro, and 2% Indian (1960 est.) Religion: 93% Roman Catholic (nominal) Language: Portuguese Literacy: 83% of the population 15 years or older (1978) Labor force: about 40 million in 1976 — 36.3% agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing; 23.2% industry; 18.9% serv- ices, transportation, and communication; 9.2% commerce; 6.1% social activities; 3.5% public administration; 2.8% other Organized labor: about 50% of labor force; only about 1.5 million pay dues GOVERNMENT Official name: Federative Republic of Brazil Type: federal republic; military-backed presidential re- gime since April 1964 Capital: Brasilia Political subdivisions: 23 states, 3 territories, federal district (Brasilia) Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual system of courts, state and federal; constitution adopted 1967 and extensively amended in 1969; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September 27 BRAZIL (Continued) Branches: strong executive with very broad powers; bi- cameral legislature (powers of the two bodies have been sharply reduced); 11-man Supreme Court Government leader: President Gen. (Ret.) JoSo Baptista de Oliveira FIGUEIREDO Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except illiterates; ap- proximately 50 million eligible to register in mid- 1982 Elections: Figueiredo, who took office on 15 March 1979, was elected by an electoral college, composed of the mem- bers of Congress and delegates selected from the state legislatures on 15 October 1978; next presidential election 1984 Voting strength: (November 1974 congressional elections) 33.6% ARENA, 31.9% MDB, 35.5% blank and void Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PDS), progovernment, Jose Sarney, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Ulysses Guimara'es, president; plus several smaller parties Communists: 6,000, less than 1,000 militants Other political or pressure groups: the Catholic Church, over the years, has been a consistent critic of the regime; labor unions, at least as far as wage demands, have become highly active Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $250 billion (1981 est), $2,000 per capita; 20% gross investment, 84% consumption, —4% net foreign balance (1981 est.); real growth rate 1% (1981 est.) Agriculture: main products — coffee, rice, beans, corn, sugarcane, soybeans, cotton, manioc, oranges; nearly self- sufficient; caloric intake, 2,400 calories per day per capita (1975) Fishing: catch 857,971 metric tons (1978); exports, $140 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); imports, $90 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.) Major industries: textiles and other consumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber, steel, motor vehicles, other metalworking industries, capital goods Crude steel: 12.5 million metric tons capacity (1978); 12.5 million metric tons produced (1981 est.) Electric power: 32,271,000 kW capacity (1981); 126.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,033 kWh per capita Exports: $23 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); coffee, manufac- tures, iron ore, cotton, soybeans, sugar, wood, cocoa, beef, shoes Imports: $22 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); machinery, chemi- cals, Pharmaceuticals, petroleum, wheat, copper, aluminum Major trade partners: exports — 17% US, 5% West Ger- many, 6% Netherlands, 5% Japan, 4% Italy, 4% Argentina, 4% France (1981 est.); imports— 40% oil exporters, 17% US, 5% West Germany, 5% Japan, 3% Argentina (1981 est.) Budget: (1981 est.) revenues $21.0 billion, expenditures $20.4 billion (Treasury budget only) Monetary conversion rate: 125 cruzeiros=US$l (Decem- ber 1981, changes frequently) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 24,600 km total; 22,450 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 1,750 km 1.60-meter gauge, 200 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 200 km 0.76-meter gauge; 1,050 km electrified Highways: 1,385,600 km total; 83,700 km paved, 1,301,900 km gravel or earth Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined products, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km Civil air: 169 major transport aircraft, including 9 leased in Airfields: 4,464 total, 3,633 usable; 220 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 412 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair telecom system; good radio relay facilities; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station with 2 antennas; 10 domestic satellite stations; 6.49 million tele- phones (5.1 per 100 popl.); 1,100 AM, 150 FM, and 170 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 31,263,000; 21,155,000 fit for military service; 1,393,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1,757.5 million; 7.8% of central government budget 28 BRUNEI TV% VIETNAM rmum«tS\J,.|%, (See reference map IX) LAND 5,776 km2; 3% cultivated; 22% industry, waste, urban or other; 75% forested Land boundaries: 381 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 inn Coastline: 161 km PEOPLE Population: 252,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 5.6% Nationality: noun — Bruneian(s); adjective — Bruneian Ethnic divisions: 65% Malays, 24% Chinese, 11% other Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official religion); 8% Chris- tian; 32% other (Buddhist and animist) Language: Malay and English official, Chinese Literacy: 45% Labor force: 32,155; 30.5% agriculture; 32.8% industry, manufacturing, and construction; 33.8% trade, transport, services; 2.9% other Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: State of Brunei Type: British protectorate; constitutional sultanate Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan Political subdivisions: four administrative districts Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution promul- gated by the Sultan in 1959 Branches: Chief of State is Sultan (advised by appointed Privy Council) who appoints Executive Council and Legisla- tive Council Government leader: Sultan Hassanal BOLKIAH Suffrage: universal age 21 and over; three-tiered system of indirect elections; popular vote cast for lowest level (district councilors) Elections: last elections — March 1965; further elections postponed indefinitely Political parties and leaders: antigovernment, exiled Brunei People's Party, Chairman A. M. N. Azahari Communists: information not available ECONOMY GNP: $460 million (1975 est), $2,970 per capita Agriculture: main crops — rubber, rice, pepper, must im- port most food Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied natural gas Electric power: 147,000 kW capacity (1981); 404 million kWh produced (1981), 1,740 kWh per capita Exports: $1,900 million (f.o.b., 1978); 95% crude petro- leum and liquefied natural gas Imports: $261 million (c.i.f., 1978); 25% machinery and transport equipment, 46% manufactured goods, 16% food Major trade partners: exports of crude petroleum and liquefied natural gas to Japan; imports from Japan 30%, US 24%, UK 15%, Singapore 9% Budget: (1979) revenues $1 billion, expenditures $507 million, surplus $493 million; 70% defense Monetary conversion rate: 2.2 Brunei dollars=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 13 km narrow gauge (0.610 m) private line Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated), with another 52 km under construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters Ports: 1 major (Muara), 4 minor Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined products, 56 km; natural gas, 56 km; crude oil and natural gas, 241 km under construction Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: service throughout country is ade- quate for present needs; international service good to adja- cent Sabah and Sarawak; radiobroadcast coverage good; 15,672 telephones (8.8 per 100 popl.); Radio Brunei broad- casts from 6 AM/FM stations and 1 TV station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 62,000; 36,000 fit for military service; about 2,600 reach military age (18) annually BULGARIA (See reference map V) LAND 111,852 km1; 41% arable, 11% other agricultural, 33% forested, 15% other Land boundaries: 1,883 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 354 km PEOPLE Population: 8,940,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun — Bulgarian(s); adjective — Bulgarian Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarians, 8.5% Turks, 2.6% Gypsies, 2.5% Macedonians, 0.3% Armenians, 0.2% Russians, 0.6% other Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious background of population is 85% Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8% Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Gregorian- Armenian and other Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely corre- spond to ethnic breakdown Literacy: 95% (est.) Labor force: 4.0 million (1981); 23% agriculture, 35% industry, 42% other GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Republic of Bulgaria Type: Communist state Capital: Sofia Political subdivisions: 28 okrugs (districts), including capital city of Sofia Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; new constitution adopted in 1971; judicial review of legislative acts in the State Council; legal education at University of Sofia; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 September Branches: legislative, National Assembly; judiciary, Su- preme Court Government leaders: Todor ZHIVKOV, Chairman, State Council (President and Chief of State); Georgi Stanchev FILIPOV, Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: theoretically held every five years for National Assembly; last elections held on 7 June 1981; 99.96% of the electorate voted Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Communist Par- ty, Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, a puppet party, Petur Tanchev, secretary of Permanent Board Communists: 820,000 party members (April 1981) Mass organizations and front groups: Fatherland Front, Dimitrov Communist Youth League, Central Council of Trade Unions, National Committee for Defense of Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism, Commit- tee of Bulgarian Women, All-National Committee for Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, Interna- tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; Warsaw Pact, International Organization of Journalists, International Medical Associ- ation, International Radio and Television Organization ECONOMY GNP: $39.8 billion, 1980 (1980 dollars), $4,489 per capita; 1980 real growth rate, —0.2% Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main crops — grain, vegetables; caloric intake, 3,461 calories per day per capita (1972/74) Fishing: catch 89,000 metric tons (1979) Major industries: agricultural processing, machinery, tex- tiles and clothing, mining, ore processing, timber Shortages: some raw materials, metal products, meat and dairy products, fodder Crude steel: 2.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 293 kg per capita Electric power: 9,333,000 kW capacity (1981); 32,700 million kWh produced (1981), 3,665 kWh per capita Exports: $10.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 45% machinery, equipment, and transportation equipment; 21% fuels, miner- als, raw materials, metals, and other industrial material; 2% agricultural raw materials; 23% foodstuffs, raw materials for food industry, and animals; 9% industrial consumer goods (1980) Imports: $9.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 35% machinery, equip- ment, and transportation equipment; 50% fuels, minerals, raw materials, metals, other materials; 5% agricultural raw materials; 5% foodstuffs, raw materials for food industry, and animals; 5% industrial consumer goods (1979) BURMA BULGARIA (Continued) Major trade partners: $20,217 million in 1980; 25% with non-Communist countries, 53% with USSR, 22% with other Communist countries Monetary conversion rate: 0.95 leva=US$l (August 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year 1 July-30 June NOTE: Foreign trade figures were converted at the 1980 rate of 0.85 leva=US$l COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 4,341 km total; about 4,096 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 245 km narrow gauge; 437 km double track; 1,449 km electrified; government owned (1979) Highways: 32,236 km total; 2,360 km trunk roads, 4,291 km class I concrete, asphalt, stone block; 6,062 km class II asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 19,523 km class III earth (1979) Inland waterways: 471 km (1979) Freight carried: rail — 77.6 million metric tons, 17.6 bil- lion metric ton/km (1979); highway — 836 million metric tons, 15.6 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway— 4.9 million metric tons, 2.6 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic; 1979) Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West, Burgas), 6 minor (1981); principal river ports are Ruse and Lorn (1981) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,173,000; 1,818,000 fit for military service; 63,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, est. 900 million leva; 5.9% of total budget CSee reference maps VIII and IX) LAND 678,600 km2; 28% arable, of which 12% is cultivated, 62% forest, 10% urban and other (1969) Land boundaries: 5,850 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 3,060 km PEOPLE Population: 36,166,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun — Burman(s); adjective — Burmese Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen, 6% Shan, 3% Indian, 2% Kachin, 2% Chin, 2% Chinese, 6% other Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist, and other Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages Literacy: 70% (official claim) Labor force: 12.2 million (1976); 67% agriculture, 9% industry, 20% services, commerce, and transportation Organized labor: no figure available; old labor organiza- tions have been disbanded, and government is forming one central labor organization GOVERNMENT Official name: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma Type: republic under 1974 constitution Capital: Rangoon Political subdivisions: seven divisions and seven constitu- ent states; subdivided into townships, villages, and wards Legal system: People's Justice system and People's Courts instituted under 1974 constitution; legal education at Uni- versities of Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted com- pulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January 31 BURMA (Continued) Branches: State Council rules through a Council of Minis- ters; People's Assembly has legislative power Government leader: Chairman of State Council and President Gen. U SAN YU Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: People's Assembly and local People's Councils elected in 1978 Political parties and leaders: government-sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party only legal party; U Ne Win, party chairman Communists: estimated between 12,000 and 14,000 Other political or pressure groups: Kachin Independence Army; Karen Nationalist Union, several Shan factions Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $5.0 billion (1979/80, in current prices), $170 per capita; real growth rate 5.9% (1979/80) Agriculture: accounts for nearly 70% of total employment and about 27% of GDP; main crops — paddy, sugarcane, corn, peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient; most rice grown in deltaic land Fishing: catch 518,700 metric tons (1977) Major industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; petroleum refining Electric power: 719,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.438 billion kWh produced (1980), 42 kWh per capita Exports: $480 million (1980/81); rice, teak Imports: $650 million (c.i.f, 1979); machinery and trans- portation equipment, textiles, other manufactured goods Major trade partners: exports — Singapore, Western Eu- rope, China, UK, Japan; imports — Japan, Western Europe, Singapore, UK Budget: (1979/80) $3.4 billion est. revenues, $4.0 billion expenditures, $600 million deficit Monetary conversion rate: 7.0 kyat=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,243 km total; 3,130 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 1 13 km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 328 km double track; government owned Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth, gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels Ports: 4 major, 6 minor Civil air: about 20 major transport aircraft Airfields: 81 total, 80 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: provide minimum requirements for local and intercity service; international service is good; radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas; 33,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 16,523,000; of the 8,203,000 males 15-49, 4,535,000 are fit for military service; about 374,000 males and 365,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service 32 BURUNDI (See reference map VII) LAND 28,490 km2; about 37% arable (about 66% cultivated), 23% pasture, 10% scrub and forest, 30% other Land boundaries: 974 km PEOPLE Population: 4,438,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun — Burundian(s); adjective — Burundi Ethnic divisions: Africans — 85% Hutu (Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1% Twa (Pigmy); other Africans include around 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians; non- Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians Religion: about 60% Christian (53% Catholic, 7% Protes- tant); rest mostly animist plus perhaps 2% Muslim Language: Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Literacy: about 15% in Kirundi, 3% in French, no service- able estimate for Kiswahili Labor force: about 2 million (1976 est); most engaged in subsistence agriculture Organized labor: sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, membership is extended to all Burundi workers (informally); figures denoting "active mem- bership" have been unobtainable GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Burundi Type: republic; presidential system; military leaders hold key positions; previous military government overthrown in military coup in 1976 Capital: Bujumbura Political subdivisions: 8 provinces, subdivided into 18 arrondissements and 78 communes Legal system: based on German and French civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July Branches: executive (President and Cabinet offices); judi- cial; National Assembly to be convened in 1982 Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA, Presi- dent and Head of State Suffrage: universal Elections: new constitution approved by national referen- dum in November 1981; elections to National Assembly planned for 1982 Political parties and leaders: National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a Tutsi-led party, declared sole legiti- mate party in 1966; Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza Communists: no Communist party; resumed diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in October 1971 following a six-year suspension; USSR, North Korea, and Romania also have diplomatic missions in Burundi Member of: AFDB, KAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: about $614.0 million (1978), $140 per capita; 2.0% real growth (1970-74); real GDP growth in 1976, 7.8% Agriculture: major cash crops — coffee, cotton, tea; main food crops — manioc, yams, corn, sorghum, bananas, haricot beans; marginally self-sufficient Industries: light consumer goods such as beverages, blan- kets, shoes, soap, assembly of imports Electric power: 17,000 kW capacity (diesel generator 1980); 2 million kWh produced (1980), 35 million kWh imported from Zaire, .05 kWh per capita Exports: $90 million (f.o.b., 1979); coffee (90%), tea, cotton, hides, skins Imports: $102 million (c.i.f., 1979); textiles, foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum products Major trade partners: US, EEC countries Budget: (1979) revenue $113.3 million, current expendi- ture $38.0 million, development expenditure $38.0 million Monetary conversion rate: 90 Burundi francs=US$l (official) Fiscal year: calendar year 33 CAMEROON BURUNDI (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 7,800 km total; 300 km bituminous, 2,500 km crushed stone, gravel, or laterite, and 3,000 km improved earth, and 2,000 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika navigable for lake steamers and barges; 1 lake port Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: sparse system of wire and low- capacity radio-relay links; about 6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 pop!.); 2 AM and 2 FM stations; no TV stations; INTELSAT satellite ground station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,003,000; 521,000 fit for military service; 50,000 reach military age (16) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $35.5 million; about 21.8% of central government budget (See reference map VII) LAND 475,400 km2; 4% cultivated, 18% grazing, 13% fallow, 50% forest, 15% other Land boundaries: 4,554 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm Coastline: 402 km PEOPLE Population: 9,049,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9%; this estimate does not take into account migration between Cameroon and Chad during recent years Nationality: noun — Cameroonian(s); adjective — Came- roonian Ethnic divisions: about 200 tribes of widely differing background; 31% Cameroon Highlanders, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi, 10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less than 1% non-African Religion: about one-half animist, one-third Christian, one- sixth Muslim Language: English and French official, 24 major African language groups Literacy: South 40%, North 10% Labor force: most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and herding; 200,000 wage earners (maximum) including 22,000 government employees, 63,000 paid agri- cultural workers, 49,000 in manufacturing Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: United Republic of Cameroon Type: unitary republic; one-party presidential regime Capital: Yaounde Political subdivisions: 7 provinces divided into 40 de- partments, 153 arrondissements, 31 districts 34 CAMEROON (Continued) Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law influence; new unitary constitution adopted 1972; judicial review in Supreme Court, when a question of constitutionality is referred to it by the President of the Republic; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 20 May Branches: executive (President), legislative (National As- sembly), and judicial (Supreme Court) Government leader: President Ahmadou AHIDJO Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: parliamentary elections held 28 May 1978; presidential elections held April 1980 Political parties and leaders: single party, Cameroon National Union (UNC), instituted in 1966, President Ahma- dou Ahidjo Communists: no Communist Party or significant number of sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Cameroon People's Union (UPC), an illegal terrorist group now reduced to scattered acts of banditry with its factional leaders in exile Member of: AFBD, KAMA, EGA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ISO, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $5.6 billion (1980), about $675 per capita; real annual growth rate, 4.1% (1971-81) Agriculture: commercial and food crops — cocoa, coffee, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, peanuts, palm oil and palm kernels; root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and rice Fishing: imports 7,024 metric tons, $2.2 million; exports 909 metric tons (largely shrimp), $3.5 million (1975) Major industries: small aluminum plant, food processing and light consumer goods industries, sawmills Electric power: 381,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.388 billion kWh produced (1980), 160 kWh per capita Exports: $1,620 million (f.o.b., 1980); cocoa and coffee about 60%; other exports include timber, aluminum, cotton, natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco, and tea Imports: $1,550 million (f.o.b., 1980); consumer goods, machinery, transport equipment, alumina for refining, pe- troleum products, food and beverages Major trade partners: most trade with France, other EC countries, and the US Budget: (1980) revenues $877.3 million, current expendi- tures $608.6 million, development expenditures $268.7 million Monetary conversion rate: 225.8 Communaute Finan- ciere Africaine francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 145 km 0.600-meter gauge Highways: approximately 32,226 km total; including 2,682 km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and earth, 11,004 km improved earth, 14,870 km unimproved Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 60 total, 54 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good system of open wire and radio relay; 26,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,990,000; 1,001,000 fit for military service; about 85,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $78.9 million; 7.4% of central government budget 35 CANADA (See reference map II) LAND 9,971,500 km1; 4% cultivated, 2% meadows and pastures, 44% forested, 42% waste or urban, 8% inland water Land boundaries: 9,010 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 90,908 km PEOPLE Population: 24,469,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.1% Nationality: noun — Canadian(s); adjective — Canadian Ethnic divisions: 44% British Isles origin, 30% French origin, 26% other Religion: 48% Protestant, 47% Catholic, 5% other Language: English and French official Literacy: almost complete Labor force: 11.9 million (December 1981); 41% service, 19% manufacturing, 17% trade, 8% transportation and utili- ties, 6% construction, 4% agriculture, 5% other; 7.6% unem- ployment (1981 average); 8.6% unemployment (December 1981) Organized labor: 30% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Canada Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign Capital: Ottawa Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; constitution is British North America Act of 1867 and various amendments; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (official name: Dominion Day) Branches: federal executive power vested in Cabinet collectively responsible to House of Commons, and headed by Prime Minister; federal legislative authority resides in Parliament (282 seats) consisting of Queen represented by Governor General, Senate, and Commons; judges appointed by Governor General on the advice of the government; Supreme Court is highest tribunal Government leaders: Prime Minister Pierre E. TRU- DEAU; Governor General Edward R. SCHREYER Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: legal limit of five years but in practice usually held within four years, last election February 1980; voter turnout, 72% Political parties and leaders: Liberal, Pierre Trudeau; Progressive-Conservative, Joe Clark; New Democratic, Ed- ward Broadbent Voting strength (1980 election): Liberal, 44%; Progressive Conservative, 33%; New Democratic Party, 20%; Parliamen- tary seats as of March 1982 — Liberal (146 seats), Progressive Conservative (101 seats), New Democratic Party (32 seats), Independent (1 seat), vacant (2 seats) Communists: approx. 2,000 Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commomwealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA, IDE, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $252.2 billion (1980 in 1980 prices), $10,832 per capita (1980); 63% consumption, 20% government, 20% investment, —3% net foreign trade; real growth rate 5.3% (1970-74), 2.8% (1975-80) Agriculture: main products — livestock, grains (principally wheat), dairy products; food shortages — fresh fruits and vegetables; caloric intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita (1966-67) Fishing: catch 892 million metric tons; exports 784.7 million metric tons (1978) Major industries: mining, metals, food products, wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, precision instru- ments Crude steel: 15.9 million metric tons produced (1980) Electric power: 78,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 366.677 billion kWh produced (1980), 15,260 kWh per capita Exports: $66,289 million (f.o.b., 1980; principal items- transportation equipment, wood and wood products includ- ing paper, ferrous and nonferrous ores, crude petroleum, wheat; Canada is a major food exporter 36 CAPE VERDE CANADA (Continued) Imports: $59,473 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items — transportation equipment, machinery, crude petroleum, communication equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated metals, office machines, fruits and vegetables Major trade partners: 67% US, 11% EC, 4.4% Japan (1980) Aid: economic — (received US, $412.8 million Ex-Im Bank, FY70-79); Canada commitments to LDCs (1970-79), bilateral ODA and OOF, $12.0 billion Budget: total revenues $42,250 million; current expendi- tures $51,213 million; gross capital expenditure $1,014 mil- lion; budget deficit $9,167 million (1980; National Accounts Basis) Monetary conversion rate: there is no designated par value for the Canadian dollar, which was allowed to float freely on the exchanges beginning 1 June 1970; since then the Canadian dollar has moved between US$0.81-1.04 in value, C$1.00=US$0.8572 (official rate, 1980 average) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 68,978 km total; 67,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 43 km electrified; 1,183 km 1.067-meter gauge (in Newfoundland); 179 km 0.914-meter gauge Highways: 829,325 km total; 640,850 km surfaced (189,800 km paved), 188,475 km earth Inland waterways: 3,000 km Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and refined; natural gas, 74,980 km Ports: 19 major, 300 minor Civil air: 599 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1,863 total, 1,510 usable; 358 with permanent- surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 316 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent service provided by mod- ern telecom media; 15.9 million telephones (66.6 per 100 popl.); countrywide AM, FM, and TV coverage including 630 AM, 80 FM, and 500 TV stations; 8 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 5 antennas and 70 domestic satellite stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,694,000; 5,744,000 fit for military service; 202,000 reach military age (17) annually CAPE VERDE o o A tlantic Ocean GUINEA BISSAU (See reference map VII) LAND 4,040 km1, divided among 10 islands and several islets WATER Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm) Coastline: 965 km PEOPLE Population: 293,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.6% Nationality: noun — Cape Verdean(s); adjective — Cape Verdean- Ethnic divisions: about 71% mulatto; 28% African; 1% European Religion: Catholicism, fused with local superstitions Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words Literacy: 37% Labor force: bulk of population engaged in subsistence agriculture GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Cape Verde National holiday: 12 September Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in July 1975 Capital: Praia Political subdivisions: 10 islands Legal system: to be determined National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July Branches: National Assembly, 56 members; the official party is the supreme political institution Government leaders: President Aristides PEREIRA; Prime Minister Pedro PIRES; Minister of Foreign Affairs Silvino da LUZ Suffrage: universal over age 15 37 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAPE VERDE (Continued) Elections: national elections held December 1980, the first since independence Political parties and leaders: only legal party, African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides Pereira, Secretary General; PAICV established in January 1981 to replace the former ruling party in both Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), in protest of the November 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau Communists: a few Communists, some sympathizers Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $40.7 million (1978 est); $136 per capita income; 0.0% growth rate Agriculture: main crops — corn, beans, manioc, sweet po- tatoes; barely self-sufficient in food Fishing: catch 8,331 metric tons (1979 est.); largely undeveloped but provides major source of export earnings Major industries: salt mining Electric power: 6,000 kW capacity (1980); 9 million kWh produced (1980); 27 kWh per capita Exports: $4.1 million (f.o.b., 1979); fish, bananas, salt, flour Imports: $71.1 million (c.i.f., 1979); petroleum products, corn, rice, machinery, textiles Major trade partners: Portugal, UK, Japan, African neighbors Budget: $17.1 million public revenue, $22.1 million cur- rent expenditures (1980 est.) Monetary conversion rate: 47 escudos=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Ports: 1 major (Mindelo), 3 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: interisland radio-relay system, HF radio to mainland Portugal and Guinea-Bissau, about 1,700 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 1 FM station and 1 AM station; 2 coaxial submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 79,000; 45,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year including 31 December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of central government budget (See reference map VII) LAND 626,780 km8; 10%-15% cultivated, 5% dense forests, 80%-85% grazing, fallow, vacant arable land, urban, waste Land boundaries: 4,981 km PEOPLE Population: 2,471,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun — Central African(s); adjective — Central African Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and linguistic charac- teristics; Banda (32%) and Baya-Mandjia (29%) are largest single groups; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 6,000 are French and majority of the rest Portuguese Religion: 40% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 24% animist, 8% Muslim; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority Language: French official; Sangho, lingua franca and national language Literacy: estimated at 20% Labor force: about half the population economically active, 80% of whom are in agriculture; approximately 64,000 salaried workers Organized labor: 1% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Central African Republic Type: republic, under military rule since September 1981 Capital: Bangui Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47 subprefectures Legal system: based on French law; Constitution, which was approved in February 1981 referendum, was suspended after September 1981 military takeover; judiciary, Supreme Court, court of appeals, criminal court, and numerous lower courts National holiday: 4 December 38 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC (Continued) Branches: Gen. Andre-Dieudonne Kolingba is Chief of State and President of the Military Committee for National Recovery, which replaced the Council of Ministers; no legislature; separate judiciary Government leader: Gen. Andre-Dieudonne KO- LINGBA, Chief of State, President of the Military Commit- tee for National Recovery, Minister of National Defense, and Armed Forces Chief of Staff Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: no scheduled presidential, legislative, or mu- nicipal elections Political parties and leaders: political parties were banned in September 1981 Communists: no Communist party; small number of Communist sympathizers Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, EGA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $535.5 million (1980 est), $200 per capita, \% real growth Agriculture: commercial — cotton, coffee, peanuts, ses- ame, wood; main food crops — manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes, beef; requires wheat, flour, rice, beef, and sugar imports Major industries: sawmills, cotton textile mills, brewery, diamond mining and splitting Electric power: 44,000 kW capacity (1980); 66 million kWh produced (1980), 28 kWh per capita Exports: $129.7 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); cotton, coffee, diamonds, timber Imports: $101.6 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); textiles, petro- leum products, machinery and electrical equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Major trade partners: France, Yugoslavia, Japan, US Budget: (1980) revenues $95.1 million (est.), current ex- penditures $131.1 million (est.), development expenditures $4.4 million (est.) Monetary conversion rate: 225.8 Communaute Finan- ciere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 21,950 km total; 454 km bituminous, 10,196 km improved earth, 11,300 unimproved earth Inland waterways: 7,080 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts on the extensive system of rivers and streams Ports: Bangui (river port) Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 55 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities are meager; network is composed of low-capacity, low-powered radio-communication stations and radio-relay links; 6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 541,000; 281,000 fit for military service Supply: mainly dependent on France, but has received equipment from Israel, Italy, USSR, FRG, South Korea, and PRC Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980; $13.5 million; about 10.8% of central government budget 39 CHAD (See reference map VII) LAND 1,284,640 kmz; 17% arable, 35% pastureland, 2% forest and scrub, 46% other uses and waste Land boundaries: 5,987 km PEOPLE Population: 4,852,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%; this estimate does not take into account migration between Cameroon and from Chad during recent years Nationality: noun — Chadian(s); adjective — Chadian Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic groups, includ- ing Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Fulani, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanem- bou, Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Mayo-Kebbi, and Chari) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, 3,000 of them French Religion: about half Muslim, 5% Christian, remainder animist Language: French official; Chadian Arabic is lingua franca in north, Sara and Sangho in south Literacy: estimated 5%-10% Labor force: only 55% of population in economically active group, of which 90% are engaged in unpaid subsis- tence farming, herding, and fishing; 50,000 wage earners in industry and civil service Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Chad Type: republic; transitional Government of National Unity Capital: N'Djamena Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; constitution adopted 1962; constitu- tion suspended and National Assembly dissolved April 1975; judicial review of legislative acts in theory a power of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ juris- diction National holiday: 13 April Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers Government leaders: President GOUKOUNI Weddeye; Vice President Lt. Col. KAMOUGUE Wadal Abdel Kader; Minister of Defense Adoum TOGOI; Foreign Minister ACYL Ahmat Suffrage: universal Elections: none planned pending OAU efforts to encour- age reconciliation among Chad's feuding factions Political parties and leaders: political parties banned Communists: no front organizations or underground par- ty; probably a few Communists and some sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: the development of a stable government will be hampered by prolonged tribal and regional antagonisms of the numerous factions now ruling Chad and by insurgent forces of rebel leader Hissein Habre Member of: AFDB, CEAO, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, ECA, EEC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $500 million (1980), $109 per capita; estimated real annual growth rate 0.6% (1971-81) Agriculture: commercial — cotton, gum arabic, livestock, fish; food crops — peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice, sweet pota- toes, yams, cassava, dates; imports food Fishing: catch 70,000 metric tons (1978 est.) Major industries: agricultural and livestock processing plants (cotton textile mill, slaughterhouses, brewery), natron Electric power: 38,000 kW capacity (1980); 63 million kWh produced (1980), 13 kWh per capita Exports: $90.5 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); cotton 80%, livestock and animal products Imports: $179.6 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); cement, petrole- um, foodstuffs, machinery, textiles, and motor vehicles Major trade partners: France (about 40% in 1973) and UDEAC countries; preferential tariffs to EC and franc zone countries Budget: (1978 est.) public revenue $67.4 million, current revenue $89.0 million Monetary conversion rate: 212.72 Communaute Finan- ciere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (1979) Fiscal year: calendar year 40 CHILE CHAD (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 27,505 km total; 242 km bituminous, 4,385 km gravel and laterite, and remainder unimproved Inland waterways: approximately 2,000 km navigable Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 65 total, 61 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; satellite ground station; 5,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 1 AM and no FM stations; most facilities inoperative DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,093,000; 565,000 fit for military service; about 46,000 reach military age (20) annually Supply: primarily dependent on France Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, $22.2 million; about 33% of total budget CHILE Pacific Ocean Atlantic Ocean LAND (See reference map IV) 756,626 kms; 2% cultivated, 7% other arable, 15% perma- nent pasture, grazing, 29% forest, 47% barren mountains, deserts, and cities Land boundaries: 6,325 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 6,435 km PEOPLE Population: 11,323,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4% Nationality: noun — Chilean(s); adjective — Chilean Ethnic divisions: 95% European stock and mixed Europe- an with some Indian admixture, 3% Indian, 2% other Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant Language: Spanish Literacy: 90% (1977) Labor force: 3.0 million total employment (1979); 20% agricultural, 22% industry and construction, 22% services, 15% commerce, 3% mining, 6% transportation, 12% other (1979) Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1973) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Chile Type: republic Capital: Santiago Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one metropolitan district, 41 provincial subdivisions 41 CHILE (Continued) Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by French and Austri- an law; current constitution came into effect in March 1981; the constitution provides for continued direct rule until 1989, with a phased return to full civilian rule by 1997; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Chile, Catholic University, and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 18 September Branches: four-man Military-Police Junta, which exer- cises constituent and legislative powers and has delegated executive powers to President of Junta; the President has announced a plan for transition from military to civilian rule by 1989; Congress dissolved; civilian judiciary remains Government leaders: President Gen. Augusto PINO- CHET Ugarte; Junta members, Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO Castro, Air Force Maj. Gen. Fernando MATTHEI Aubel, Carabinero Gen. Cesar MENDOZA Duran, Army Lt. Gen. Cesar BENAVIDES Escobar Suffrage: none Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral registers were destroyed in 1974 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Andres Zaldivar; National Party (PN), Sergio Onofre Jarpa; PDC and PN are officially recessed; Popular Unity coalition parties (outlawed) — Communist Party (PCCh), Luis Corvalan (in exile); Socialist Party (PS), Clodomiro Almeyda and Carlos Altamirano (both in exile); Radical Party (PR); Christian Left (1C); United Popular Action Movement (MAPU); Independent Popular Action (API) Voting strength (1970 presidential election): 36.6% Pop- ular Unity coalition, 35.3% conservative independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 44% Popu- lar Unity coalition, 56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN) Communists: 248,000 when PCCh was legal in 1973; active militants now estimated at about 20,000 Other political or pressure groups: organized labor; business organizations; landowners' associations (SNA — So- ciedad Nacional de Agricultura); Catholic church; extreme leftist Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR) outlawed; rightist Patria y Libertad (PyL) outlawed Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $20.0 billion (1980), $1,800 per capita; 72% private consumption, 11% government consumption; 18% gross in- vestment, ~4% change in inventory, —5% net foreign balance; real growth rate (1980), 6.5% Agriculture: main crops — wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net agricultural importer; 2,279 calories per day per capita (1978 est.) Fishing: catch 2.8 million metric tons (1980); exports $339 million (1979) Major industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, pulp, paper, and forestry products Crude steel: 765,000 million metric tons capacity (1980); 715,600 metric tons produced (1980) Electric power: 3,100,000 kW capacity (1981); 12.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,050 kWh per capita Exports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); copper, molybdenum, iron ore, paper products, fishmeal, fruits, wood products Imports: $5.8 billion (c.i.f., 1980); petroleum, sugar, wheat, capital goods, vehicles Major trade partners: exports— 12% US, 12% FRG, 10% Japan; 9% Brazil, 6% UK (1980); imports— 27% US, 10% Japan, 8% Brazil, 5% FRG, 5% Venezuela (1980) Budget: $7.3 billion revenues, $6.9 billion expenditures (1980) Monetary conversion rate: 39 pesos=US$l, fixed since 30 June 1979 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 8,293 km total; 3,979 km 1.676-meter gauge, 135 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 3,903 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 95 km 0.600-meter gauge, 68 km 0.762-meter gauge, 113 km combined 1.435- and 1.00-meter gauge Highways: 79,870 km total; 9,840 km paved, 37,930 km gravel, 32,100 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 725 km Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined products, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km Ports: 10 major, 20 minor Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 397 total, 343 usable; 44 with permanent- surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 48 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on extensive radio-relay facilities; 553,800 telephones '(4.9 per 100 pop!.); 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 2 domestic satellite stations; 180 AM, 30 FM, and 88 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,947,000; 2,219,000 fit for military service; about 118,000 reach military age (19) annually 42 CHINA (See reference map VIH) LAND 9.6 million km2; 11% cultivated, sown area extended by multicropping, 78% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this area consists largely of denuded wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3% could be reclaimed), 8% forested; 2%-3% inland water Land boundaries: 24,000 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 14,500 km PEOPLE Population: 1,055,304,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun — Chinese (sing., pi.); adjective — Chinese Ethnic divisions: 94% Han Chinese; 6% Chuang, Uighur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Pu-I, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities Religion: most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclectic, not seriously religious; most impor- tant elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, Bud- dhism, ancestor worship; about 2%-3% Muslim, 1% Christian Language: Chinese (Mandarin mainly; also Cantonese, Wu, Fukienese, Amoy, Hsiang, Kan, Hakka dialects), and minority languages (see ethnic divisions above) Literacy: at least 25% Labor force: est. 400 million (mid- 1979); 75% agriculture, 25% other; shortage of skilled labor (managerial, technical, mechanics, etc.); surplus of unskilled labor GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Republic of China Type: Communist state; real authority lies with Commu- nist Party's Political Bureau; the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, usually ratifies the party's programs; the State Council actually directs the government Capital: Beijing (Peking) Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions Legal system: before 1966, a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of administrative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court, which reviews lower court decisions; laws and legal procedure subordinate to priorities of party policy; whole system largely suspended during Cultural Revolution but has been revived as part of the current regime's efforts to rationalize the state and to reintroduce socialist legality; regime has attempted to write civil and Communist codes; new legal codes in effect 1 January 1980 National holiday: National Day, 1 October Branches: before 1966 control was exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervised more than 60 ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress; this system broke down under Cultural Revolution pressures but has been largely restored Government leader: Premier of State Council ZHAO Ziyang; head of state, Chairman of NPC Standing Commit- tee, YE Jianying; government subordinate to Central Com- mittee of CCP Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections held for People's Congress representa- tives at county level Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang; Hu is Chairman of Central Committee and was elected at the party's 6th plenum in June 1981; Central Committee was formed at the llth Party Congress, held in August 1977 Communists: about 39 million party members in 1981 Other political or pressure groups: the People's Liber- ation Army (PLA) remains a major force, although many military officers who acquired a wide range of civil political- administrative duties during the Cultural Revolution have been either returned to primarily military positions or removed; many veteran civilian officials, in eclipse since the Cultural Revolution, have been reinstated; mass organiza- tions, such as the trade unions and the youth league, have been rebuilt Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Red Cross, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, other international bodies ECONOMY GNP: $552 billion (1980), $538 per capita Agriculture: main crops — rice, corn, wheat, miscellaneous grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports 13.7 million metric tons in 1980 43 COLOMBIA CHINA (Continued) Major industries: iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum Shortages: complex machinery and equipment, highly skilled scientists and technicians, electricity Crude steel: 34.48 million metric tons produced, 30 kg per capita (1979) Electric power: 66,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 301.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 290 kWh per capita Exports: $13.8 billion (f.o.b., 1979); agricultural products, oil, minerals and metals, manufactured goods Imports: $14.5 billion (c.i.f., 1979); grain, chemical fertil- izer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong, US, West Germany, Romania, Australia, Canada, UK, France, USSR (1979) Monetary conversion rate: as of 9 September 1980, about 1.46 yuan=US$l (arbitrarily established) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: networks total about 52,500 route km common-carrier lines; about 600 km meter gauge (1.00 m); rest standard gauge (1.435 m); all single track except 9,345 km double track on standard gauge lines; approximately 1,520 km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.435 m) Highways: about 890,000 km all types roads; almost half (about 350,000 km) unimproved natural earth roads and tracks; about 280,000 km improved earth roads about 2- to 5-meters wide and in poor to fair condition; remainder (about 260,000 km) includes majority of principal roads Inland waterways: 169,000 km; 40,200 km navigable by modern motorized craft Ports: 21 major, approximately 180 minor Airfields: 372 total; 270 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 3,500 m and over; 66 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 230 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 62 with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 4 airfields under construction DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 274,548,000; 153,482,000 fit for military service; 11,372,000 reach mili- tary age (18) annually (See reference map IV) LAND 1,139,600 km*; settled area 28% consisting of cropland and fallow 5%, pastures 14%, woodland, swamps, and water 6%, urban and other 3%; unsettled area 72% — mostly forest and savannah Land boundaries: 6,035 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 2,414 km PEOPLE Population: 26,631,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun — Colombian(s); adjective — Colombian Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% Caucasian, 14% mulatto, 4% Negro, 3% mixed Negro- Indian, 1% Indian Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish Literacy: 72-75% of population over 15 years old Labor force: 5.9 million (1973); 30% agriculture, 15% industry, 19% services, 13% commerce/hotels, 18% other (1973); 18.5% unemployment (1979) Organized labor: 13% of labor force (1968) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Colombia Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure Capital: Bogota Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 3 Intendants, 5 Commissariats, Bogota Special District Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious courts regulate marriage and divorce; constitution decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations 44 COLOMBIA (Continued) National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July Branches: President, bicameral legislature, judiciary Government leader: President Julio Cesar TURBAY Ayala Suffrage: age 18 and over Elections: every fourth year; next presidential election scheduled for May 1982; last congressional election March 1982; municipal and departmental elections every two years, last held February 1980 Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, President Julio Cesar Turbay and former President Alfonso Lopez Michelsen; Conservative Party, Alvaro Gomez Hurtado, Misael Pastrana Borrero, and Belisario Betancur head two principal factions Voting strength: 1978 presidential election — Julio Cesar Turbay 49%, Belisario Betancur 46%, Gen. Alvaro Valencia 1.3%; 1978 municipal election, 55% Liberal Party, 36% Conservative Party, 9% combined far left parties; 70% abstention of eligible voters Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est. Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White; PCC/ML, Chinese Line Communist Party Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $30.58 million (1980 est.; in current dollars), $1,112 per capita (1980; in current dollars); 73% private consump- tion, 8% public consumption, 20% gross investment Agriculture: main crops — coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, plantains, bananas, cotton, tobacco; caloric intake, 2,140 calories per day per capita (1970) Fishing: catch 63,965 metric tons 1977; exports $10.6 million (1973), imports $10.3 million (1973) Major industries: textiles, food processing, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, and metal products Crude steel: 356,000 metric tons produced (1976), 14 kg per capita Electric power: 5,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 22.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 808 kWh per capita Exports: $4,113 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle and hides, bananas Imports: $3,851 million (f.o.b., 1980); transportation equipment, machinery, industrial metals and raw materials, chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and paper products, foodstuffs and beverages Major trade partners: exports — 4% Japan, 29% US, 20% Germany, 9% Venezuela, 5% Netherlands; imports — 35% US, 8% Germany, 10% Japan, 3% Ecuador, 4% UK, 5% Venezuela, 4% France (1977) Budget: (1980) revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 56.39 pesos=US$l (September 1981, changes frequently) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,436 km, all 0.914-meter gauge, single track Highways: 65,125 km total; 8,655 km paved, 48,510 km gravel, 7,960 earth Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined products, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km Ports: 5 major, 5 minor Civil air: 118 major transport aircraft, including 6 leased in Airfields: 634 total, 633 usable; 50 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,660 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: nationwide radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 3 domestic satellite stations; 1.52 million telephones (5.3 per 100 popl.); 325 AM, 130 FM, and 86 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,442,000; 4,570,000 fit for military service; about 326,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $312.7 million; about 7.6% of central government budget 45 COMOROS Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 2,170 km"; 4 main islands; forests 16%, pasture 7%, cultivable area 48%, noncultivable area 29% WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 340 km PEOPLE Population: 442,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.5% Nationality: noun — Comoran(s); adjective — Comoran Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Malay, Negroid Religion: predominantly Islamic Language: French, Arabic, Swahili Literacy: low; probably around £0fr Labor force: mainly agricultural GOVERNMENT Official name: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros Type: three of the four islands comprise an independent republic, following local government's unilateral declaration of independence from France in July 1975; other island, Mayotte, disallowed declaration and is now a French territo- rial community Capital: Moroni Political subdivisions: the three islands are organized into seven regions Legal system: French and Muslim law Branches: Mohamed Abdallah elected President of the Comoros, 21 October 1978, having regained power May 1978 following a coup, led by French-born mercenary Bob Denard, which toppled Ali Soilih; Soilih had come to power in 1977 through a coup that ousted Abdallah; Soilih was killed in the second coup Government leader: President Ahmed ABDALLAH Suffrage: universal adult Elections: next presidential election scheduled to take place in 1984 Communists: information not available Member of: ADB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $78.8 million (1980), about $210 per capita Agriculture: food crops — rice, manioc, maize, fruits, vege- tables; export crops — essential oils for perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, copra, cloves Electric power: 2,400 kW capacity (1980); 4 million kWh produced (1980); 11 kWh per capita Exports: $11 million (f.o.b., 1980); perfume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves Imports: $33 million (f.o.b., 1980); foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals, textiles Major trade partners: France, Madagascar, Kenya, Italy, FRG, Tanzania, and US Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $110 million; OPEC, ODA (1974-80), $33 million Budget: (1980) revenues $24.5 million, current expendi- tures, $38 million Monetary conversion rate: 212.7 Communaute Finan- ciere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l in 1979, floating COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 1,000 km total; approximately 295 km bitumi- nous, remainder crushed stone or gravel Ports: 1 minor (Moroni on Grande Comore); Majunga, Madagascar, is used for major trade Civil air: 4 major transports, 1 leased Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: sparse system of HF radiocom- munication stations for interisland, island, and external communications to Malagasy and Reunion; 1,200 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations and 1 FM station; no TV station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 94,000; 57,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of the central government budget 46 CONGO (See reference map VII) LAND 349,650 km8; 63% dense forest or woodland, 33% cultiva- ble or grazing (2% cultivated est), 4% urban or waste Land boundaries: 4,514 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 169 km PEOPLE Population: 1,641,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Congolese (sing., pi.); adjective — Con- golese or Congo Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in south, Teke (17%) in center, Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi (12%) in north; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly French Religion: about half animist, half nominally Christian, less than 1% Muslim Language: French official, many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used Literacy: about 20% Labor force: about 40% of population economically ac- tive, most engaged in subsistence agriculture; 79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unemployed Organized labor: 16% of total labor force (1965 est.) GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Republic of the Congo Type: republic; military regime established September 1968 Capital: Brazzaville Political subdivisions: nine regions divided into districts Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1973 National holiday: National Day, 15 August Branches: President, Military Committee, Council of State; judiciary; all policy made by Congolese Labor Party Central Committee and Politburo Government leaders: President Col. Denis SASSOU- NGUESSO replaced Joachim Yhombi-Opango as President in March 1979, following an intraparty squabble; Prime Minister Col. Louis-Sylvain GOMA is Head of Government Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections for local and regional organs and the National Assembly were held in July 1979 — the first elec- tions since June 1973 Political parties and leaders: Congolese Workers Party (PCT) is only legal party Communists: unknown number of Communists and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Union (URFC), General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC) Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, EGA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: about $1.0 billion (1980 est.), $667 per capita; real growth rate 3.5% per year (1971-81) Agriculture: cash crops — sugarcane, wood, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts, tobacco; food crops — root crops, rice, corn, bananas, manioc, fish Fishing: catch 19,447 metric tons (1978 est.) Major industries: crude oil, sawmills, brewery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap Electric power: 116,000 kW capacity (1980); 130 million kWh produced (1980), 83 kWh per capita Exports: $910.6 million (f.o.b., 1980); oil, lumber, tobacco, veneer, and plywood Imports: $545 million (f.o.b., 1980); machinery, transport equipment, manufactured consumer goods, iron and steel, foodstuffs, petroleum products, sugar Major trade partners: France and other EC countries Budget: (1980) revenues $345.6 million, current expendi- tures $345.6 million, development expenditures $81.2 million Monetary conversion rate: 202 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 800 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track 47 COOK ISLANDS CONGO (Continued) Highways: 8,246 km total; 555 km bituminous surface treated; 848 km gravel, laterite, 1,623 km improved earth, and 5,220 km unimproved roads Inland waterways: 6,485 km navigable Pipelines: crude oil 25 km Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire) Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 63 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: services adequate for government use; primary network is comprised of radio-relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; 13,900 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 360,000; 180,000 fit for military service; about 16,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $59.8 million; about 10.8% of central government budget GUINEA *- Pacific Ocean 'FUI COOK ISLANDS A«ST8ALIA Pacific Ocean NEW ZEALAND (See reference map X) LAND About 240 km" WATER Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm Coastline: about 120 km PEOPLE Population: 17,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0% Nationality: noun — Cook Islander(s); adjective — Cook Islander Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9% other Religion: Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church GOVERNMENT Official name: Cook Islands Type: self-governing in "free association" with New Zea- land; Cook Islands Government fully responsible for internal affairs and has right at any time to move to full independ- ence by unilateral action; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with Cook Islands Government Capital: Rarotonga Branches: New Zealand Governor General appoints Rep- resentative to Cook Islands, who represents the Queen and the New Zealand Government; Representative appoints the Prime Minister; Parliament of 22 members, popularly elect- ed; House of Arikis (chiefs), 15 members, appointed by Representative, an advisory body only Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Thomas (Tom) DAVIS Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years, latest in March 1978 COSTA RICA COOK ISLANDS (Continued) Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Geof- frey Henry; Democratic Party, Dr. Thomas Davis Voting strength (1978): Democratic Party, 16 seats, Cook Islands Party, 6 seats ECONOMY GDP: $15.4 million (1977), $860 per capita (1978) Agriculture: export crops include copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and bananas, with subsistence crops of yams and taro Industry: fruit processing Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1981); 13 million kWh produced (1981), 733 kWh per capita Exports: $3.0 million (1977); copra, fresh and canned fruit Imports: $16.8 million (1977); foodstuffs, textiles, fuels Major trade partners: (1970) exports — 98% New Zealand, imports — 76% New Zealand, 7% Japan Aid: Australia (1980-83), $2.0 million; Australia and New Zealand (1977), $6.5 million Government budget: $121 million (1977) Monetary conversion rate: 1 New Zealand$=US$1.01 (1978/79) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: none Ports: 2 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 7,000 radio receivers, and 1,186 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.) CSee reference map III) LAND 51,000 km2; 30% agricultural land (8% cultivated, 22% meadows and pasture), 60% forested, 10% waste, urban, and other Land boundaries: 670 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 run (fishing 200 nm; specialized competence over living resources to 200 nm) Coastline: 1,290 km PEOPLE Population: 2,396,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun — Costa Rican(s); adjective — Costa Rican Ethnic divisions: 98% white (including mestizo), 2% Negro Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish Literacy: about 90% Labor force: 770,000 (1980 est); 26.9% agriculture; 16.2% manufacturing; 18.1% commerce; 7.9% construction; 6.4% transportation, utilities; 22.9% service (government, educa- tion, social); 0.2% other; 15% unemployment (1981 est.) Organized labor: about 13.8% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Costa Rica Type: unitary republic Capital: San Jose Political subdivisions: seven provinces Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; constitu- tion adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Costa Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September 49 COSTA RICA (Continued) Branches: President, unicameral legislature, Supreme Court elected by legislature Government leader: President Rodrigo CARAZO Odio until the inauguration of Luis Alberto MONGE on 8 May 1982 Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and over Elections: every four years; last, February 1982 Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party (PLN), Luis Alberto Monge, Daniel Oduber, Jose "Pepe" Figueres; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Mario Echandi; Unity Coalition (UNIDAD) comprised of: Demo- cratic Renovation Party (PRD), Rodrigo Carazo; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Rafael Grille Rivera; Republican Calderonista Party (PRC), Rafael Angel Calderon Fournier; Popular Union Party (PUP), Jose Joaquin Trejos Fernandez; United People's Coalition (PU) comprised of three Marxist parties: Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Manuel Mora Val- verde; Popular Revolutionary Movement (MRP), Sergio Erick Ardon; Socialist Party (PS), Alvaro Montero Mejia Voting strength (1982 election): PLN 57.3%, 33 seats; UNIDAD 32.7%, 18 seats; PU 3.2%, 4 seats; MSN 3.7%, 1 seat; other, 1 seat Communists: 10,000 members and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Costa Rican Confed- eration of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), General Confederation of Workers (CGT; Commu- nist Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants) Member of: CACM, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Mul- tinational Shipping Line — Naviera Multinacional del Car- ibe), OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $4.8 billion (1980, in current prices), $2,109 per capita; 67.5% private consumption, 19.0% public consump- tion, 24.2% gross domestic investment, —10.7% net foreign balance (1980); 1.2% real growth rate (1980) Agriculture: main products — bananas, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock products; caloric intake, 2,550 calories per day per capita (1977); protein intake 58 grams per day per capita (1974) Fishing: catch 14,491 metric tons (1978); exports, $5.1 million (1976), imports, $0.3 million (1976) Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer Electric power: 510,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.95 billion kWh produced (1980), 860 kWh per capita Exports: $1,017 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, bananas, beef, sugar, cacao Imports: $1,529 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactured prod- ucts, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, fertilizer Major trade partners: exports — 35% US, 27% CACM, 10% West Germany; imports— 36% US, 17% CACM, 4% West Germany, 12% Japan (1980) Aid: economic bilateral commitments — US authorized (FY70-80) including Ex-Im $142 million, other Western countries ODA and OOF (1970-79) $127 million, Commu- nist (1971-74) $17 million; military commitments negligible Budget: (1981) $825 million total revenues, $1,209 million total expenditures including debt amortization Monetary conversion rate: 2.0 colones=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 790 km total; 740 km 1.067-meter gauge, 50 km 0.914-meter gauge, all single track, 160 km electrified Highways: 28,235 km total; 2,425 km paved, 9,360 km gravel, 16,450 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: about 730 km perennially navigable Pipelines: refined products, 318 km Ports: 3 major (Limon, Golfito, Puntarenas), 4 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 217 total, 216 usable; 27 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good domestic telephone service; 145,000 telephones (6.7 per 100 pop!.); connection into Central American microwave net; 55 AM, 10 FM, and 15 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 619,000; 422,000 fit for military service; about 28,000 reach military age (18) annually Supply: dependent on imports from US Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $13.9 million for Ministry of Public Security, including the Civil Guard; about 2.6% of total central government budget 50 CUBA CSee reference map III) LAND 114,478 km2; 35% cultivated, 30% meadow and pasture, 20% waste, urban, or other, 15% forested WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 3,735 km PEOPLE Population: 9,771,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8% Nationality: noun — Cuban(s); adjective — Cuban Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% Negro, 1% Chinese Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power Language: Spanish Literacy: about 96% Labor force: 2.9 million in 1978; 33% agriculture, 17% industry, 9% construction, 7% transportation, 32% services, 2% unemployed GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Cuba Type: Communist state Capital: Havana Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169 munici- palities Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 replaced constitution of 1940; a new constitu- tion was approved at the Cuban Communist Party's First Party Congress in December 1975 and by a popular referen- dum which took place on 15 February 1976; portions of the new constitution were put into effect on 24 February 1976, by means of a Constitutional Transition Law, and the entire constitution became effective on 2 December 1976; legal education at Universities of Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 January Branches: executive; legislature (National People's Assem- bly); controlled judiciary Government leader: President Fidel CASTRO Ruz Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 16 Elections: National People's Assembly (indirect election) every five years; election held November 1981 Political parties and leaders: Cuban Communist Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel Castro Ruz, Second Secretary Raul Castro Ruz Communists: approx. 400,000 party members Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IHO, ILO, IMCO, International Rice Commission, ISO, ITU, IWC — Interna- tional Wheat Council, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multi- national Shipping Line — Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS (nonparticipant), PAHO, Permanent Court of Arbitra- tion, Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $13.3 billion (1978 est, in 1978 prices), $1,360 per capita; real growth rate 1978, 4.0% Agriculture: main crops — sugar, tobacco, rice, potatoes, tubers, citrus fruits, coffee Fishing: catch 186,000 metric tons (1980); exports $127million (1980) Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood products, metals Shortages: spare parts for transportation and industrial machinery, consumer goods Crude steel: 313,500 metric tons produced (1979); 30 kg per capita Electric power: 2,870,000 kW capacity (1981); 10.1 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,029 kWh per capita Exports: $5.6 billion (f.o.b., 1980); sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco Imports: $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1980); capital goods, industrial raw materials, food, petroleum Major trade partners: exports — 57% USSR, 13% other Communist countries; imports — 62% USSR, 16% other Com- munist countries (1980 prelim.) Aid: from US (FY46-61), $41.5 million (loans $37.5 mil- lion, grants $4.0 million); economic aid (1960-78) from USSR, $5.7 billion in economic credit and $11.0 billion in subsidies; military assistance from the USSR (1959-78), $1.6 billion 51 CYPRUS CUBA (Continued) Budget: $13.4 billion (1980) Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1.41 (nominal; 1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 14,725 km total, government owned; 5,070 km common-carrier lines of which 4,990 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 80 km 0.914-meter gauge; about 9,655 km plantation/industrial lines, 6,455 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 3,200 km narrow gauge Highways: 21,000 km total; 9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced Inland waterways: 240 km Pipelines: natural gas, 80 km Ports: 8 major (including US Naval Base at Guantanamo), 44 minor Civil air: 48 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 202 total, 195 usable; 58 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 5,079,000; of the 2,575,000 males 15-49, 1,621,000 are fit for military service; 120,000 males and 114,000 females reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1.112 billion; about 7.5% of total budget (See reference map VI) LAND 9,251 km2; 47% arable and land under permanent crops, 18% forested, 10% meadows and pasture, 25% waste, urban areas, and other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: approximately 648 km PEOPLE Population: 642,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun — Cypriot(s); adjective — Cypriot Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% British, Armenian, and other Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox, 18% Muslim, 4% Maro- nite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other Language: Greek, Turkish, English Literacy: about 89% of population 15 years or older, 99% of population aged 15-39 Greek Sector labor force: 180,700 (1980), 42% services; 33% industry; 25% agriculture; 2.1% unemployed GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Cyprus Type: republic since August 1960; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control over the northern 37 percent of the republic; in 1975 the Turkish Cypriots declared a separate Turkish Federated State of Cyprus, although Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; negotiations, which aim at finding a mutually agreeable solution to intercom- munal differences, have focused on the creation of a federal system of government Capital: Nicosia 52 CYPRUS (Continued) Political subdivisions: 6 administrative districts Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and relations be- tween Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October Branches: currently the Government of Cyprus has effec- tive authority over only the Greek Cypriot community, consisting of Greek Cypriot parts of bodies provided for by constitution; headed by President of the Republic and comprised of Council of Ministers, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots have their own "constitution" and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus" Government leaders: President Spyros KYPRIANOU; elected Interim President in September 1977 to serve out the remainder of the term of Archbishop Makarios, who died on 3 August 1977, and elected President in his own right by acclamation in February 1978; Turkish Sector: "President" Rauf DENKTASH; "Prime Minister" Mustafa CAGATAY Suffrage: universal age 21 and over Elections: officially every five years (next presidential elections to be held in 1983); parliamentary elections held in May 1981; Turkish Cypriot "presidential" and "parliamen- tary" elections held in June 1981 Political parties and leaders: Greek Sector: Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Ezekias Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DS), Glafkos Cler- ides; Democratic Party (DK), Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; New Democratic Movement (NDP), Alecos Michaelides; New Union of the Center, Tassos Papadopoulos; Pancyprian Renewal Party (FAME), Khrysostomos Sofianos; Turkish Sector: National Unity Party (UBP), Mustafa Cagatay; Com- munal Liberation Party (TKP), Alpay Durduran; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker Ozgur; Democratic People's Party (DHP), Nejat Konuk; Turkish Unity Party (TBP), Ismail Tezer Voting strength (1981 elections): in the parliamentary elections pro-Western Democratic Rally and Communist AKEL each received 12 of the 35 seats; Kyprianou 's center- right Democratic Party received eight seats; and socialist EDEK won three seats; in "presidential" and "parliamen- tary" elections in the Turkish Cypriot sector, Rauf Denktash won with 52 percent of the vote; his party (UBP) received 18 of 40 seats in the "Assembly" while the center-left TKP won 13 seats; the remainder were divided among the other parties Communists: 12,000; sympathizers estimated to number 60,000 Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; pro- West); Pan Cyprian Labor Feder- ation (PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypri- ot Workers (SEK; pro- West); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is) Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $2,165 million (1980, est), $4,223 per capita; 1980 est. real growth rate 4.2% Turkish Sector GNP: $200.7 million (1978), $1,580 per capita Agriculture: main crops — potatoes, grapes, citrus fruit, grains Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gypsum, asbestos), manufactures principally for local consumption — beverages, footwear, clothing, cement Electric power: 500,000 kW capacity (1981); 1,042 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,654 kWh per capita Exports: $532.8 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items — food and beverages including citrus, raisins, potatoes and wine, also cement and clothing Turkish Sector exports: $40.2 million (f.o.b., 1979); princi- pal items — citrus fruits, potatoes, metal pipes and pyrites Imports: $1,214 million (c.i.f., 1980); principal items — manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, food Turkish Sector imports: $107.5 million (c.i.f., 1979); principal items are foodstuffs, raw materials, fuels, machinery Major trade partners: imports (1980)— 15.4% UK, 0.8% Italy, 10.1% Iraq, 7.6% West Germany, 7.0% Greece; exports (1980)— 20.7% UK, 7.7% Saudi Arabia, 6.8% Syria, 9.9% Lebanon, 8.2% Libya Turkish Sector major trade partners: imports (1979) — 43% Turkey, 21.2% UK, 7% Italy, 6.6% West Germany, 2.7% France; exports (1979)— 66.4% UK, 21% Turkey, 3.7% West Germany Budget: (1980 est.) revenues $489.7 million, expenditures $582.7 million, deficit $93.0 million Turkish Sector budget: (1980 prelim.) revenues $33.1 million, expenditures $62.0 million, deficit $28.9 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cyprus pound=US$2.834 (1980 average) Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate: 76.04 Turkish lira=US$l (1980 average) Fiscal year: calendar year 53 CZECHOSLOVAKIA CYPRUS (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 9,710 km total; 4,580 km bituminous surface treated; 5,130 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol), 6 minor; Famagusta under Turkish Cypriot control Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,656 m Telecommunications: moderately good telecommunica- tion system in both Greek and Turkish sectors; 92,580 telephones (15.0 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 4 FM, and 25 TV stations; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey; 2 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 174,000; 123,000 fit for military service; about 5,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $57.7 million; about 14.8% of central government budget (See reference map V) LAND 127,946 km2; 42% arable, 14% other agricultural, 35% forested, 9% other Land boundaries: 3,540 km PEOPLE Population: 15,369,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun — Czechoslovak(s); adjective — Czecho- slovak Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czechs, 30.0% Slovaks, 4.0% Magyars, 0.6% Germans, 0.5% Poles, 0.4% Ukrainians, 0.2% others (Jews, Gypsies) Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2% Orthodox, 1% other Language: Czech, Slovak, Hungarian Literacy: almost complete Labor force: 7.6 million; 14% agriculture, 38.6% industry, 11% services, 36.4% construction, communications and others GOVERNMENT Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR) Type: Communist state Capital: Prague Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate and nomi- nally autonomous republics (Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic); seven regions (kraj) in Czech lands, three regions in Slovakia; national capitals of Prague and Bratislava have regional status Legal system: civil law system based on Austrian- Hungarian codes, modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1960, amended in 1968 and 1970; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Charles University School of Law; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May 54 CZECHOSLOVAK/A (Continued) Branches: executive — President (elected by Federal As- sembly), Cabinet (appointed by President); legislative — Fed- eral Assembly (elected directly), Czech and Slovak National Councils (also elected directly) legislate on limited area of regional matters; judiciary — Supreme Court (elected by Fed- eral Assembly); entire governmental structure dominated by Communist Party Government leaders: President Gustav HUSAK (elected May 1975), Premier Lubomir STROUGAL Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: governmental bodies and president every five years (last election, June 1981) Dominant political party and leader: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gustav Husak, General Secretary; Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status of "provincial KSC organization" Voting strength (1976 election): 99.7% for Communist- sponsored single slate Communists: 1.45 million party members and candidate members (January 1978) Other political groups: puppet parties— Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Free- dom Party, Slovak Revival Party Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $117.6 billion in 1980 (in 1980 dollars), $7,645 per capita; 1980 real growth rate 1.9% Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops — wheat, rye, potatoes, sugar beets; net food importer — meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and vegetables; caloric intake, 3,100 calories per day per capita (1967) Major industries: machinery, food processing, metal- lurgy, textiles, chemicals Shortages: ores, crude oil Crude steel: 14.8 million metric tons produced (1979), 1,000 kg per capita Electric power: 18,292,000 kW capacity (1981); 78.9 billion kWh produced (1981), 5,196 kWh per capita Exports: $13,890 million (f.o.b., 1979); 53% machinery, equipment; 26% fuels, raw materials; 4% foods, food products, and live animals; 17% consumer goods, excluding foods (1978) Imports: $14,371 million (f.o.b., 1979); 40% machinery, equipment; 45% fuels, raw materials; 8% foods, food products, and live animals; 6% consumer goods, excluding foods (1978) Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, UK; $28,261 million (1979); 71% with Communist countries, 29% with non- Communist countries Monetary conversion rate: noncommercial 9.54 crowns= US$1, commercial 5.35 crowns=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted at the rate of 5.35 crowns=US$l COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 13,131 km total; 12,872 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 102 km broad gauge (1.524 m), 157 km narrow gauge (0.750 m and 0.760 m); 2,891 km double track; 3,034 km electrified; government owned (1980) Highways: 73,793 km total; 60,300 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 13,493 km gravel, crushed stone (1979) Inland waterways: 475 km (1980) Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products, 861 km; natural gas, 6,000 km Freight carried: rail — 286.2 million metric tons, 72.6 billion metric ton/km (1980); highway — 1,235.3 million metric tons, 21.3 billion metric ton/km (1980); waterway — 10.5 million metric tons, 3.6 billion metric ton/km (exclud- ing international transit traffic) (1980) Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdansk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and Koper in Yugoslavia; Ham- burg, FRG; Rostock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague, Defrn, Komarno, Bratislava (1979) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,737,000; 2,888,000 fit for military service; 112,000 reach military age annually Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, 23 billion crowns, 7.8% of total budget 55 DENMARK ffn "'" 6Efi FED. r nfM ! REP. Of 5 EM' \ 6E8. ,-' S (See reference map V) LAND 42,994 km8 (exclusive of Greenland and Faroe Islands); 64% arable, 8% meadows and pastures, 11% forested, 17% other Land boundaries: 68 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 3,379 km PEOPLE Population: 5,125,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun — Dane(s); adjective — Danish Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other Language: Danish; small German-speaking minority Literacy: 99% Labor force: 2,529,000 (1979 average); 8.2% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 21.0% manufacturing, 7.9% construction, 13.3% commerce, 6.8% transportation, 7.0% banking and business services, 34.1% social services; 6.9% average unem- ployment rate Organized labor: 65% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Denmark Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Copenhagen Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 communes, 88 towns Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Univer- sities of Copenhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: birthday of the Queen, 16 April Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Folketing); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts Government leaders: Queen MARGRETHE II; Prime Minister Anker J0RGENSEN Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: on call of prime minister but at least every four years (last election 8 December 1981) Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Anker J0rgensen; Liberal, Henning Christophersen; Conservative, Poul Schlttter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen; So- cialist People's, Gert Petersen; Communist, Joergen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben Wilhjelm; Center Democratic, Erhard Jakobsen; Christian People's, Christian Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristiansen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger; Progress Party, Mogens Glistrup Voting strength (1981 election): 32.9% Labor, 11.3% Liberal, 14.4% Conservative, 8.9% Progress, 11.3% Socialist People's, 5.1% Radical Liberal, 2.6% Left Socialist, 8.3% Center Democrats, 2.3% Christian, 1.4% Justice Communists: 7,500-8,000; a number of sympathizers, as indicated by 34,625 Communist votes cast in 1981 elections Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EEC, ELDO (observer), EMA, ESRD, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $64.6 billion (1980), $12,623 per capita; 51.6% private consumption, 18.8% investment, 27.5% government, 3.5% net foreign sector and stock building; 1980 growth rate —0.2%, constant prices Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in dairying and animal husbandry; main crops — cereals, root crops; food imports — oilseed, grain, feedstuffs; caloric intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita (1968-69) Fishing: catch 1.7 million metric tons (1979), exports $707 million 1979 (est.) Major industries: food processing, machinery and equip- ment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, transport equipment, metal products, bricks and mortar, furniture and other wood products Crude steel: 863,000 metric tons produced (1978), 170 kg per capita Electric power: 7,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 25.438 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,960 kWh per capita Exports: $16.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items- meat, dairy products, industrial machinery and equipment, 56 DENMARK (Continued) textiles and clothing, chemical products, transport equip- ment, fish, furs, and furniture Imports: $19.2 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items- industrial machinery, transport equipment, petroleum, tex- tile fibers and yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals, grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper Major trade partners: 49.5% EC-nine (18.8% West Ger- many, 13.2% UK); 13.0% Sweden; 5.0% US (1979) Aid: donor — economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF) $1.7 billion (1970-79) Budget: (1981) expenditures $24.2 billion, revenues $21.36 billion Monetary conversion rate: 5.6359 Kroner=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 January COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,770 km standard gauge (1.435 m); Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard gauge lines are privately owned and operated Highways: approximately 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth Inland waterways: 417 km Pipelines: refined products, 418 km Ports: 16 major, 44 minor Civil air: 55 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased out Airfields: 178 total, 121 usable; 24 with permanent- surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 3.11 million telephones (60.8 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 37 FM, and 30 TV stations; 16 submarine coaxial cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,294,000; 1,094,000 fit for military service; 41,000 reach military age (20) annually DJIBOUTI (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas) (See reference map VII) LAND 23,310 km2; 89% desert wasteland, 10% permanent pas- ture, and less than 1% cultivated Land boundaries: 517 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands) PEOPLE Population: 306,000 (July 1982) average annual growth rate 4.1% Nationality: noun — Afar(s), Issa(s); adjective — Afar, Issa Ethnic divisions: Somalis (Issas) and Afars Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian Language: French (official), Somali, Afar, Arabic, all widely used Literacy: about 5% Labor force: a small number of semiskilled laborers at port Organized labor: some 3,000 railway workers organized GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Djibouti Type: republic Capital: Djibouti Political subdivisions: 5 Cercles (districts) Legal system: based on French civil law system, tradition- al practices, and Islamic law Branches: 65-member Parliament, Cabinet, President, Prime Minister Government leader: President HASSAN Gouled Aptidon Suffrage: universal Elections: Parliament elected May 1977 57 DOMINICA DJIBOUTI (Continued) Political parties and leaders: Peoples Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled Communists: possibly a few sympathizers Member of: Arab League, FAO, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN ECONOMY GNP: $264.7 million (1978) Agriculture: livestock; desert conditions limit commercial crops to about 6 hectares, including fruits and vegetables Industry: ship repairs and services of port and railroad drastically reduced with war of 1977-78 in Ethiopia's Oga- den that cut the railroad line; it has since been reopened Electric power: 55,000 kW capacity (1980); 220 million kWh produced (1980), 770 kWh per capita Imports: $92 million (1978); almost all domestically need- ed goods — foods, machinery, transport equipment Exports: $86 million (1978); hides and skins, and transit of coffee; values plummeted after railroad line was cut Monetary conversion rate: 178 Djibouti francs=US$l Fiscal year: probably same as that for France (calendar year) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: the Franco-Ethiopian railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti Highways: 1,387 km total; 279 km bituminous surface, 112 km improved earth; 996 km unimproved earth Ports: 1 major (Djibouti) Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Telecommunications: fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radiocommunication stations at outlying places; 4,350 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station and no FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 INTELSAT satellite station at Ambouli, working with Indian Ocean satellite DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, about 64,000; about 38,000 fit for military service Defense is responsibility of France Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2.9 million; about 3.4% of central government budget DOMINICAN PUERTO RICO Atlantic Ocean DOMINICA *L~ (See reference map III) LAND 790 km2; 24% arable, 2% pasture, 67% forests, 7% other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 148 km PEOPLE Population: 80,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.6% Nationality: noun — Dominican(s); adjective — Dominican Ethnic divisions: mostly of African Negro descent Religion: Roman Catholic, Church of England, Methodist Language: English; French patois Literacy: about 80% Labor force: 23,000; about 50% in agriculture; 24% unemployment Organized labor: 25% of the labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 3 November 1978, recognizes Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Roseau Political subdivisions: 10 parishes Legal system: based on English common law; three local magistrate courts and the British Caribbean Court of Appeals Branches: legislature, 11 -member popularly elected House of Assembly; executive, Cabinet headed by Premier Government leader: Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES Suffrage: universal adult suffrage over age 18 Elections: every five years; most recent 21 July 1980 Political parties and leaders: Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Michael Douglas; Dominica Freedom Party (DFP), 58 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOMINICA (Continued) Mary Eugenia Charles; Dominica Democratic Labor Party (DDLP), Oliver Seraphin; Dominica Liberation Movement Alliance (DLMA), William Riviere Voting strength (1980 election): House of Assembly seats — DFP 17 seats, DLP 2 seats, independent 2 seats Communists: negligible Member of: CARICOM, FAO, GATT (de facto), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMCO, IMF, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $35 million (1980 est. in 1977 prices), $430 per capita; 1980 real growth rate, -1.4% (est.) Agricultural products: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa, dasheen Major industries: agricultural processing, tourism Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1981); 15 million kWh produced (1981), 189 kWh per capita Exports: $8.9 million (f.o.b., 1980 proj.); bananas, lime juice and oil, cocoa, reexports Imports: $49 million (c.i.f., 1980 proj.); machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured articles, cement Major trade partners: exports— 56% UK, 14% East Com- mon Market, 17% rest of CARICOM, 6% other Caribbean, 4% US (1979); imports— 25% UK, 12% ECC, 16% rest of Caribbean, 14% US Aid: economic— bilateral ODA and OOF (1970-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $22.6 million; no military aid Budget: revenues, $28 million (including grants); expendi- tures, $30 million (excluding grants) (1980/81) Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars=US$l Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 630 km total; 360 km paved, 270 km gravel and earth Ports: 2 minor (Roseau, Portsmouth) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 4,000 telephones in fully automatic network (5.1 per 100 popl.); VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia; 2 AM stations and 1 TV station Atlantic Ocean CUB*; -^ & ;•;•;'.. i^.&> HAIT DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Saoto Domingo Cari6bean Sea KNEZUOA (See reference map III) LAND 48,692 km2; 14% cultivated, 4% fallow, 17% meadows and pastures, 45% forested, 20% built on or waste Land boundaries: 361 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 1,288 km PEOPLE Population: 6,013,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun — Dominican(s); adjective— Dominican Ethnic divisions: 73% mulatto, 16% white, 11% Negro Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish Literacy: 68% Labor force: 1.3 million; 73% agriculture, 8% industry, 19% services, and other Organized labor: 12% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Dominican Republic Type: republic Capital: Santo Domingo Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the National District Legal system: based on French civil codes; 1966 constitution National holiday: Independence Day, 27 February Branches: President popularly elected for a four-year term; bicameral legislature consisting of Senate (27 seats) and Chamber of Deputies (91 seats) elected for four-year terms; Supreme Court Government leader: President Antonio (Silvestre) GUZ- MAN Fernandez 59 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC (Continued) Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over age 18 or married, except members of the armed forces and police, who cannot vote Elections: last national election May 1978; next election May 1982 Political parties and leaders: Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), Ivelisse Prats de Perez Reformist Party (PR), Joaquin Balaguer; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan Bosch; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y Wessin; Social Christian Revolutionary Party (PRSC), Roge- lio Delgado Bogaert; Movement for National Conciliation (MNC), Jaime Manuel Fernandez Gonzalez; Antireelection Movement of Democratic Integration (MIDA), Francisco Augusto Lora; National Civic Union (UCN), Guillermo Delmonte Urraca; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Luis Julian Perez; Popular Democratic Party (PDF), Homero Lajara Burgos; Fourteenth of June Revolutionary Movement (MR-1J4), Hector Aristy Pereyra; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde, central committee, legal- ized in 1978; Dominican Popular Movement (MPD), illegal; 12th of January National Liberation Movement (ML-12E), Plinio Matos Moquete, illegal; Communist Party of the Dominican Republic (PACOREDO), Luis Montas Gonzalez, illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Franklin Franco Pichardo; Demo- cratic Union (UD), Ramon Antonio Flores; Revolutionary League of Workers (LRT), Claudio Tavarez; several addi- tional small leftist parties Voting strength (1978 election): 51.7% PRD, 40.9% PR, 7.4% thirteen minor parties Communists: an estimated 7,000 to 9,000 members in severallegal and illegal factions; effectiveness limited by ideological differences and organizational inadequacies Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISO, ITU, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $6.8 billion (1980 prelim.), $1,256 per capita; real growth rate 1980, 5.4% Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, to- bacco, rice, corn Major industries: tourism, sugar processing, nickel min- ing, bauxite mining, gold mining, textiles, cement Electric power: 890,000 kW capacity (1981); 3.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 519 kWh per capita Exports: $962 million (f.o.b., 1980); sugar, nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, bauxite Imports: $1,515 million (f.o.b., 1980); foodstuffs, petrole- um, industrial raw materials, capital equipment Major trade partners: exports — 46% US including Puerto Rico (1980); imports— 45% US including Puerto Rico (1980) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), from US, $414 million; (1970-79) ODA and OOF from other Western countries, $103 million; military- authorized from US (1970-80), $18 million Budget: revenues, $891 million; expenditures, $1,094.1 million (1980 est.) Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,600 km total; 104 km government owned common-carrier 1.065-meter gauge; 1,496 km privately owned plantation lines of four different gauges ranging from 0.60 m to 1.43 m, 0.760-meter gauge predominating Highways: 11,400 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth Pipelines: refined products, 69 km Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Barahona, Haina, San Pedro de Macoris), 17 minor Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 47 total, 37 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide radio-relay network; 139,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 31 FM, and 22 TV stations; 1 co- axial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,423,000; 939,000 fit for military service; 75,000 reach military age (18) annually 60 ECUADOR BRAZIL Pacific Ocean \ nm \vs -~, v. V (See reference map IV) LAND 274,540 km2 (including Galapagos Islands); 11% culti- vated, 8% meadows and pastures, 55% forested, 26% waste, urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and the Galapagos Islands, for which information is not available) Land boundaries: 1,931 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos Islands) PEOPLE Population: 8,537,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun — Ecuadorean(s); adjective — Ecuador- ean Ethnic divisions: 40% mestizo, 40% Indian, 10% white, 5% Negro, 5% Oriental, and other Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing) Language: Spanish, Quechua Literacy: 57% Labor force: 2 million, of which 56% agriculture, 13% manufacturing, 4% construction, 7% commerce, 4% public administration, 16% other services and activities Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Ecuador National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August Type: republic Capital: Quito Political subdivisions: 20 provinces including Galapagos Islands Legal system: based on civil law system; progressive new constitution passed in January, 1978 referendum came into effect following the installation of a new civilian government in August 1979; legal education at four state and two private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Branches: executive; Chamber of Representatives; inde- pendent judiciary Government leader: President Osvaldo HURTADO Lar- rea assumed office in May 1981 following the death of President Jaime Roldos in an airplane crash Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: presidential and parliamentary elections held April 1979; a presidential election is scheduled for 1984 Political parties and leaders: Popular Democracy Party, Julio Trujillo (the party of Pres. Hurtado); Concentration of Popular Forces, party leader position vacant, populist; Radi- cal Liberal Party, Ignacio Hidalgo, center right; Conserva- tive Party, Jose Teran, center right; People, Change, and Democracy, Aguiles Rigail, center left; Democratic Left, Rodrigo Borja, center left; Democratic Party, Francisco Huerta, progressive liberal Voting strength: results of April 1979 presidential elec- tion— Jaime Roldos, Concentration of Popular Forces 62%; Sixto Duran-Ballen, center-right coalition 28% Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro- Moscow, Rene Mauge — secretary-general), 500 members plus an estimated 3,000 sympathizers; Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE/ML, pro-Peking), 100 members; Revolution- ary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE), 200 members Member of: ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (formed in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, OPEC, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $11.0 billion (1980), $1,320 per capita; 63% private consumption, 14% public consumption, 25% gross invest- ment, —2% foreign; average annual real growth rate 1975-80, 6.3% Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugar- cane, fruits, corn, potatoes, rice; caloric intake, 2,104 calories per day per capita (1977) Fishing: catch 475,000 metric tons (1977); exports $165.6 million (1980), imports negligible Major industries: food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing, petroleum Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity (1981); 3.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 340 kWh per capita Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum, bananas, coffee, cocoa, fish products Imports: $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1980); agricultural and indus- trial machinery, industrial raw materials, building supplies, chemical products, transportation and communication equipment Major trade partners: exports (1980)— 31% US, 19% LAIA, 8% EC, 13% Japan; imports (1980)— 38% US, 18% EC, 14% Japan, 13% LAIA 61 EGYPT ECUADOR (Continued) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments of ODA and OOF (FY70-80), US, $177.3 million; other Western countries (1970-79), $243.0 million; Communist countries (1970-75), $9.4 million; military— (FY70-79) US, $40.0 million Budget: (1980) revenues, $1,504 million; expenditures, $1,680 million Monetary conversion rate: 35 sucres=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,121 km total; 966 km 1.067-meter gauge, 155 km 0.750-meter gauge; all single track Highways: 69,280 km total; 11,925 km paved, 24,400 km gravel, 32,955 km earth roads Inland waterways: 1,500 km Pipelines: crude oil, 623 km; refined products, 1,358 km Ports: 3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar), 11 minor Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 174 total, 174 usable; 17 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities adequate only in largest cities; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 260,000 telephones (2.9 per '100 popl.); 250 AM, 38 FM, and 17 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,908,000; 1,295,000 fit for military service; 87,000 reach military age (20) annually (See reference maps VI and VII) LAND 1,000,258 km2 (including 19,237 km* in Sinai); 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% multiple cropped); 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 0.7% inland water Land boundaries: approximately 2,580 km (including border of Sinai area) WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone") Coastline: 2,450 km (1967); includes approximately 500 km within Sinai area PEOPLE Population: 44,740,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun — Egyptian(s); adjective — Egyptian or Arab Republic of Egypt Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim, 6% Copt and other Language: Arabic official, English and French widely understood by educated classes Literacy: around 44% Labor force: 13.4 million; 45-50% agriculture, 13% indus- try, 11% trade and finance, 26% services and other; shortage of skilled labor Organized labor: 1 to 3 million GOVERNMENT Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt Type: republic; under presidential rule since June 1956 Capital: Cairo Political subdivisions: 26 governorates 62 EGYPT (Continued) Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; permanent constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme Court, also in Council of State, which oversees validity of adminis- trative decisions; legal education at Cairo University; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: National Day, 23 July Branches: executive power vested in President, who appoints Cabinet; People's Assembly dominated by the government's National Democratic Party; independent judi- ciary administered by Minister of Justice Government leader: President Hosni MUBARAK Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: regular elections to People's Assembly every five years (most recent June 1979); presidential elections every six years (President Mubarak was elected in October 1981) Political parties and leaders: formation of political par- ties must be approved by government; National Democratic Party, formed in mid- 1978 by President Anwar El-Sadat, is the major party; various small opposition parties Communists: approximately 500, party members Member of: AAPSO, AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979 and from ISCON in May 1979 ECONOMY GNP: $23.4 billion (1980), $550 per capita; real growth of 8% in 1980 Agriculture: main cash crop — cotton; other crops — rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat, corn, barley; not self- sufficient in food Major industries: textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement Electric power: 5,480,600 kW capacity (1980); 18.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 434 kWh per capita Exports: $3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); crude petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fabric, rice, onions, potatoes, chemi- cals, cement Imports: $7.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods Major trade partners: US, EC countries Monetary conversion rate: official rate — 1 Egyptian pound=US$1.43 (selling rate), 0.70 Egyptian pound=US$l (selling rate) Fiscal year: July through June, beginning in 1980 COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 347 km 0.750-meter gauge Highways: 47,025 km total; 12,300 km paved, 2,500 km gravel and crushed stone, 14,200 km improved earth, 18,025 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 3,360 km; Suez Canal, 160 km long, used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 11.5 meters of water; Alexandria-Cairo waterway navigable by barges of metric ton capacity; Nile and large canals by barges of 420-metric ton capacity; Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to 300-metric ton capacity; secondary canals by sailing craft of 10- to 70-metric ton capacity Freight carried: Suez Canal (1966)— 242 million metric tons of which 175.6 million metric tons were POL Pipelines: crude oil, 675 km; refined products, 240 km; natural gas, 365 km Ports: 3 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez), 8 minor Civil air: 37 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in and 2 leased out Airfields: 109 total, 77 usable; 68 with permanent-surface runways; 45 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers Alexandria and Cairo, secondary centers Al Mansurah, Ismailia, and Tanta; intercity connec- tions by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 23 AM, 3 FM, and 35 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; Symphonic satellite station; 2 submarine coaxial cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,912,000; 7,120,000 fit for military service; about 458,000 reach military age (20) annually 63 EL SALVADOR Caribbean Sea San StlJiita* El SALVADOR iT' WCARA6UA , Pacific Ocean (See reference map III) LAND 21,400 km2; 32% cropland (9% corn, 5% cotton, 7% coffee, 11% other), 26% meadows and pastures, 31% nonagricul- tural, 11% forested Land boundaries: 515 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 307 km PEOPLE Population: 4,617,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -2.4% Nationality: noun — Salvadoran(s); adjective — Salvadoran Ethnic divisions: 92% mestizo; Indian and white minor- ities, 4% each at most Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic, probably 97%-98% Language: Spanish Literacy: 50% literacy in urban areas, 30% in rural areas Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 50% agriculture, 14% manufacturing and construction, 7% commerce, 29% public and private services; shortage of skilled labor and large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improv- ing situation Organized labor: 8% total labor force; 10% agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force (1982) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of El Salvador Type: republic Capital: San Salvador Political subdivisions: 14 departments Legal system: based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; constitution adopted 1962; military coup on 15 October 1979; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of El Salvador; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: Constituent Assembly elected on 28 March 1982 (60 seats) Government leaders: military/civilian junta composed of Jose Napoleon DUARTE (President), Army Col. Jaime Ab- dul GUTIERREZ (Vice President), Jose Antonio MORALES Ehrlich, Dr. Ramon AVALOS Navarrete Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: 28 March 1982 Constituent Assembly election; Constituent Assembly to write new constitution and appoint new provisional government until scheduled presidential elections in 1983 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Julio Samayoa; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Raul Molina; Democratic Action (AD), Rene Forti'n Magafla; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco Quifionez; Popu- lar Orientation Party (POP), Gen. Jose Alberto Medrano; National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Maj. Roberto D'Au- buisson; Renovative Action Party (PAR), Ernesto Oyarbide Voting strength: PDC 24 seats, ARENA 19 seats, PNC 14 seats, AD 2 seats, POP 0 seats, and PPS 1 seat; ACAN-EFE Coalition (composed of ARENA, PCN, AD, POP, and PPS) controls 36 of 60 seats Leftist revolutionary movement (Farabundo Marti Na- tional Liberation Front — FMLN): armed insurgents — Uni- fied Revolutionary Directorate (DRU; alliance of guerrilla groups), Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of the National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Communist Party of El Salvador/Liberation Armed Forces (PCES/FAL), and Cen- tral American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC); mili- tant front organizations — Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular Revolution- ary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), 28 February Popular Leagues (LP-28), National Democratic Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation Movement (MLP); revolutionary coalition — Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU; FD consists of moderate leftist groups — Independent Movement of Professionals and Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC) Extreme rightist vigilante organizations: National Democratic Organization (ORDEN), White Warriors Union (UGB), Death Squadron (EM), Mano Blanca (MANO), Orga- nization for Liberation from Communism (OLC) Labor organizations: Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independ- ent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant associ- ation; General Confederation of Trade Unions (CGS); United Confederation of Workers (CUT), leftist; Popular Democrat- ic Unity (UPD), moderate political pressure group headed by FESINCONSTRANS, UCS, and other democratic labor organizations Business organizations: National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), moderate; National Federation of Salvadoran Small Busi- nessmen (FENAPES), moderate 64 EQUATORIAL GUINEA EL SALVADOR (Continued) Member of: Central American Common Market (CACM), FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $3.5 billion (1980), $667 per capita; 83% private consumption, 17% government consumption, 24% gross do- mestic investment; —24% net foreign balance; real growth rate, -10.0% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, rice, beans; caloric intake, 2,051 calories per day per capita (1977); protein intake 51 grams per day per capita (1974) Fishing: catch 5,487 metric tons (1978) Major industries: food processing, textiles, clothing, pe- troleum products Electric power: 480,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.3 billion kWh produced (1981), 266 kWh per capita Exports: $969 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, cotton, sugar Imports: $907 million (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, auto- motive vehicles, petroleum, foodstuffs, fertilizer Major trade partners: exports— 32% US, 22% CACM, 33% EC, 13% other (1977); imports— 28% US, 24% CACM, 14% EC, 8% Japan, 26% other (1979) Aid: economic — authorized from US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $149 million; ODA and OOF committed by other Western countries (1970-79), $71 million; military — from US (FY70-80), $16 million Budget: (1980) $412 million current revenues, $569 mil- lion expenditures Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=US$l (official) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single tracked Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: Lempa River partially navigable Pipelines: crude oil 1,051 km; refined products 431 km; natural gas 365 km Ports: 2 major (Acajutla, La Union), 1 minor Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft Airfields: 158 total, 146 usable; 5 with permanent- surfaced runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio-relay sys- tem; connection into Central American microwave net; 70,000 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 60 AM, 9 FM, and 5 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean Satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,057,000; 673,000 fit for military service; 55,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 Decem- ber 1982, $133.9 million; central government budget unknown Malabo^ EQUATORIAL GUINEA SAO TOME r~~'J AND PRINCIPE,, (See reference map VII) LAND 28,051 km2; Rio Muni, about 25,900 km2, largely forested; Fernando Po, about 2,072 km2 Land boundaries: 539 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 296 km PEOPLE Population: 260,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun — Equatorial Guinean(s); adjective — Equatorial Guinean Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of Province Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of Rio Muni primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, primarily Spanish Religion: natives all nominally Christian and predomi- nantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained Language: Spanish official language of government and business; also pidgin English, Fang Literacy: school enrollment reportedly 90% for school age children, but overall literacy rate is only 38% Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans involved in subsis- tence agriculture; labor shortages on plantations GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea Type: republic Capital: Malabo Political subdivisions: 3 military regions; 7 provinces with appointed military governors Legal system: in transition; law by decree issued by Supreme Military Council; in part based on Spanish civil law and custom National holiday: 12 October 65 EQUATORIAL GUINEA (Continued) Branches: executive and legislative powers held by 11- member Supreme Military Council, assisted by ministries headed by appointed military commissars; judicial process not clearly defined since coup Government leader: Lt. Col Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, President, Supreme Military Coun- cil (SMC), succeeded former President Masie Nguema after 3 August 1979 coup Suffrage: popular suffrage has been deferred Elections: last parliamentary elections held December 1973 Political parties and leaders: political activities suspend- ed; before coup of 3 August 1979, National Unity Party of Workers (PUNT) was the sole legal party Communists: no significant number of Communists, but some sympathizers Member of: Conference of East and Central African States, EGA, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UPU ECONOMY GNP: $100 million (1980); $417 per capita (Note: economy destroyed by former President Masie Nguema) Agriculture: major cash crops — Rio Muni, timber, coffee; Fernando Po, cocoa; main food products — rice, yams, cas- sava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, and livestock Major industries: fishing, sawmilling Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1980); 25 million kWh produced (1980), 99 kWh per capita Exports: $13.3 million (1980 est); cocoa, coffee, and wood Imports: $37.1 million (1980 est.); foodstuffs, chemicals and chemical products, textiles Major trade partner: Spain Budget: (1976) receipts $2.8 million Monetary conversion rate: 172.1 Ekuele=US$l (March 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: Rio Muni — 2,460 km, including approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth; Fernando Po — 300 km, including 146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth Inland waterways: Rio Muni has approximately 167 km of year-round navigable waterway, used mostly by pirogues Ports: 1 major (Malabo), 3 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: poor system with adequate govern- ment services; international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and no FM stations; no TV station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 58,000; 30,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central government budget ETHIOPIA (See reference map VII) LAND 1,178,450 km8; 10% cropland and orchards, 55% meadows and natural pastures, 6% forests and woodlands, 29% waste- land, built-on areas, and other Land boundaries: 5,198 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm; for seden- tary fisheries, territorial sea extends to limit of fisheries Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore islands) PEOPLE Population: 30,569,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun — Ethiopian(s); adjective — Ethiopian Ethnic divisions: Calla 40%, Amhara and Tigrai 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1% Religion: 35%-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 40%-45% Mus- lim, 15%-20% animist, 5% other Language: Amharic official; many local languages and dialects; English major foreign language taught in schools Literacy: about 5% Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal husbandry; 10% government, military, and quasi-government Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union formed January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union members GOVERNMENT Official name: Ethiopia Type: under military rule since mid-1974; monarchy abolished in March 1975, but republic not yet declared Capital: Addis Ababa Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also referred to as regional administrations) Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic, com- mon and customary law influences; constitution suspended September 1974; military leaders have promised a new constitution but established no time frame for its adoption; legal education at Addis Ababa University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Popular Revolution Commemoration Day, 12 September Branches: executive power exercised by the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), dominated by its chairman and small circle of associates; predominantly civilian Cabinet is ineffectual and holds office at sufferance of military; legislature dissolved September 1974; judiciary at higher levels based on Western pattern, at lower levels on traditional pattern, without jury system in either Government leader: MENGISTU Haile-Mariam, Chair- man of the Provisional Military Administrative Council Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: urban dwellers' association officials elected June 1981 Political parties and leaders: no political party exists, although efforts to create one have been underway for the past few years Communists: probably a few Communist sympathizers in the government; government officially committed to orga- nize a Communist party, but progress is slow Other political or pressure groups: important dissident groups include Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Liberation Front/Popular Liberation Forces in Eritrea; Tigrean Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) in Tigre Province; Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) in the Ogaden Region Member of: AFDB, EGA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $4.4 billion (1981), $138 per capita; growth rate 2.0- 3.0% (1981) Agriculture: main crop — coffee Major industries: cement, sugar refining, cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery Electric power: 330,000 kW capacity (1980); 720 million kWh produced (1980), 25 kWh per capita Exports: $408 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 70% coffee, 5% hides and skins Imports: $779 million (c.i.f., 1981 est.) 18% petroleum Major trade partners: imports — Saudi Arabia, Japan, Italy, West Germany, Iran, UK, France, and US; exports — US, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Italy, West Germany External debt: $740 million, 1981; external debt ratio 6.6% 67 ETHIOPIA (Continued) Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian Birr=US$l Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,089 km total; 782 km meter gauge (1.00 m), of which 97 km are in Djibouti; 307 km 0.95-meter gauge Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,650 km bituminous, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km improved earth, 28,000 km unim- proved earth Ports: 2 major (Assab, Massawa) Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft Airfields: 187 total, 167 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,871,000; 3,690,000 fit for military service; 346,000 reach military age (18) annually FALKLAND ISLANDS (Islas Malvinas) ' (See reference map IV) LAND Colony — 12,168 km2; area consists of some 200 small islands and two principal islands, East Falkland (6,680 km2) and West Falkland (5,276 km2); dependencies— South Sand- wich Islands, South Georgia, and the Shag and Clerke Rocks WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 1,288 km PEOPLE Population: 2,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -0.7% Nationality: noun — Falkland Islander(s); adjective — Falk- land Island Ethnic divisions: almost totally British Religion: predominantly Church of England Language: English Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14 Labor force: 1,100 (est); est. over 95% in agriculture, mostly sheepherding GOVERNMENT Official name: Colony of the Falkland Islands Type: British crown colony Capital: Stanley Political subdivisions: local government is confined to capital Legal system: English common law Branches: Governor, Executive Council, Legislative Council 1 The possession of the Falkland Islands has been disputed by the UK and Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas Malvinas) since 1833. On 1 April 1982 Argentine military forces invaded the islands. The British responded by sending warships to the South Atlantic. 68 FAROE ISLANDS FALKLAND ISLANDS (Continued) Government leader: Governor and Commander in Chief J. R. W. PARKER (also High Commissioner for British Antarctic Colony) Suffrage: universal ECONOMY Government budget: Colony — revenues, $5.1 million (FY68); expenditures, $5.3 million (1980-81) Agriculture: Colony — predominantly sheep farming Major industries: Colony — wool processing Electric power: 1,250 kW capacity (1980); 2.5 million kWh produced (1980), 1,150 kWh per capita Exports: Colony— $5.8 million (1978); wool, hides and skins, and other; dependencies — no exports in 1968 or 1969 Imports: Colony — $3.4 million (1978); food, clothing, fuels, and machinery; dependencies — $8,368 (1969); mineral fuels and lubricants, food, and machinery Major trade partners: nearly all exports to the UK, also some to the Netherlands and to Japan; imports from Cura- cao, Japan, and the UK Aid: economic — (1970-79) Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF, $24 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Falkland Island pound = US$2.3263 COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable, 1 with permanent surface runways; 1 with runways 1,200-2,439 m Telecommunications: government-operated radiotele- phone networks providing effective service to almost all points on both islands; approximately 530 telephones (est. 29.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station (See reference map V) LAND 1,340 km2; less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm; fishing 200 nm Coastline: 764 km PEOPLE Population: 45,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.2% (current) Nationality: noun — Faroese (sing., pi.); adjective — Faroese Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population Religion: Evangelical Lutheran Languages: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish Literacy: 99% Labor force: 15,000; largely engaged in fishing, manufac- turing, transportation, and commerce GOVERNMENT Official name: Faroe Islands Type: self-governing province within the Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in Danish parliament Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy Political subdivisions: 7 districts, 49 communes, 1 town Legal system: based on Danish law; Home Rule Act enacted 1948 Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown, acting through appointed High Commissioner,' and 32- member provincial parliament (Lagting) in matters of strict- ly Faroese concern; executive power vested in Crown, acting through High Commissioner, but exercised by provincial cabinet responsible to provincial parliament FIJI FAROE ISLANDS (Continued) Government leaders: Queen MARGRETHE II; Lagmand (Chairman) Pauli ELLEFSEN; Danish Governor Leif GROTH Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21 Elections: held every four years; most recent, 8 Novem- ber 1980 Political parties and leaders: Coalition, Pauli Effefsen; Peoples, Jogvan Sundstein; Republican, Erlendur Patursson; Home Rule, Tobj0rn Poulsen; Progressive and Fishermen's, Adolf Hansen; Social Democratic, Atli Dam Voting strength (1980 election): Coalition, 23.8%; Social Democratic, 21.7%; Republican, 17.0%; Peoples, 17.9%; Home Rule, 8.4%; Progressive and Fishermen's, 8.2% Communists: insignificant number Member of: Nordic Council ECONOMY GDP: $420.8 million (1979), about $8,280 per capita Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing Fishing: catch 261,800 metric tons (1979); exports, $131.6 million (1979 est.) Major industry: fishing Electric power: 48,000 kW capacity (1980); 90 million kWh produced (1980), 2,140 kWh per capita Exports: $150.7 million (f.o.b., 1979); mostly fish and fish products Imports: $205.8 million (c.i.f., 1979); machinery and transport equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, food products Major trade partners: 48.1% Denmark, 8.9% US, 8.6% Norway, 8.1% UK (1978) Budget: (FY78) expenditures $73.3 million, revenues $73.3 million Monetary conversion rate: 5.261 Danish Kroner=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year beginning 1 January 1979 COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 200 km Ports: 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international communica- tions; fair domestic facilities; 15,000 telephones (35 per 100 popl.); 1 AM and 3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49 included with Denmark nN PAPUA ^ &f GUfflEA Pacific Ocean Coral Sea V VANUATU FIJI "NEW CALEDONIA (See reference map X) LAND 18,272 km2; consists of more than 300 islands and many more coral atolls and cays; the larger islands, Viti Levu, Taveuni, and Kadavu are all mountainous and volcanic in origin, with peaks rising over 1,210 meters; landownership — 83.6% Fijians, 1.7% Indians, 6.4% government, 7.2% Europe- an, 1.1% other; about 30% of land area is suitable for farming WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): (economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 1,129 km PEOPLE Population: 654,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun — Fijian(s); adjective — Fijian Ethnic divisions: 50% Indian, 44% Fijian, 6% European, Chinese, and others Religion: Fijians mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu with a Muslim minority Language: English and Fijian (official), Hindustani spo- ken among Indians Literacy: over 80% Labor force: 176,000 (1979); 43.8% agriculture, 15.6% industry Organized labor: about 50% of labor force organized into 22 unions; unions organized along lines of work, breakdown by ethnic origin causes further fragmentation GOVERNMENT Official name: Fiji Type: independent parliamentary state within Common- wealth; Elizabeth II recognized as chief of state Capital: Suva located on the south coast of the island of Viti Levu 70 FIJI (Continued) Political subdivisions: 14 provinces Legal system: based on British National holiday: 10 October Branches: executive — Prime Minister; legislative — 52-member House of Representatives (Alliance Party 36 seats, National Federation Party 15 seats, 1 independent); 22-member appointed Senate; judicial — Supreme Court Government leader: Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years unless House dissolves earlier, last held September 1977 Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed by Ratu Mara; National Federation, primarily Indian, headed by Jai Ram Reddy Communists: few, no figures available Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, EEC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, UN, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $811 million (1979), $1,300 per capita; 6% real growth rate (1979) Agriculture: main crops — sugar, coconut products, ba- nanas, ginger, rice; major deficiency, grains Major industries: sugar processing, tourism Electric power: 117,000 kW capacity (1981); 351 million kWh produced (1981), 550 kWh per capita Exports: $258.0 million (f.o.b., 1979, including reexports totaling $56.9 million); 57.8% sugar, 5.4% coconut oil Imports: $471.4 million (c.i.f., 1979); 23.0% machinery, fuels, chemicals, 19.0% manufactured goods, 18.4% petrole- um, 17.0% food Major trade partners: UK, New Zealand, US, Canada, Australia, Japan Aid: disbursed 1978— UK, Australia, and New Zealand, $42.3 million Budget: (FY80) outlays $280 million (current prices) Monetary conversion rate: Fijian dollar=US$1.2 (1979) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 644 km narrow gauge (0.610 m); owned by Fiji Sugar Corp., Ltd. Highways: 2,960 km total (1981); 390 km paved, 2,150 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km navigable by motor- ized craft and 200-metric ton barges Ports: 1 major, 6 minor Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft Airfields: 15 total, 15 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and in- ternational (wire/radio integrated) public and special- purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; re- gional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US/Canada and New Zealand/Australia, et al.; 37,515 tele- phones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM and 2 FM stations; no TV stations; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 169,000; 95,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: the defense of the Fiji Islands was the responsibility of the UK until 10 October 1970; military budget for 1979, $11.1 million; 4% of central government budget 71 FINLAND Norwegian Sea SOVIET UNION fSee reference map VJ LAND 336,700 km2; 8% arable, 58% forested, 34% other Land boundaries: 2,534 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm; fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes islands and coastal indentations PEOPLE Population: 4,816,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun — Finn(s); adjective — Finnish Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small Lappish minority Religion: 93% Evangelical Lutheran, 1% Greek Orthodox, 1% other, 5% no affiliation Language: Finnish 92%, Swedish 7%; small Lapp- and Russian-speaking minorities Literacy: 99% Labor force: 2.1 million; 11.7% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 26.1% mining and manufacturing, 7.0% construc- tion, 14.3% commerce, 7.8% transportation and communica- tions, 5.6% banking and finance, 25.5% services; 4.6% unem- ployed (1979 average) Organized labor: 60% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Finland Type: republic Capital: Helsinki Political subdivisions: 12 provinces; 443 communes, 78 towns Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal education at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament (Eduskunta); executive power vested in President and exercised through coalition Cabinet responsi- ble to parliament; Supreme Court, four superior courts, 193 lower courts Government leaders: President Mauno KOIVISTO; Prime Minister Kalevi SORSA Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not compulsory Elections: parliamentary, every four years (last in 1979); presidential, every six years (President Koivisto elected to six-year term in January 1982) Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Kalevi Sorsa; Center, Paavo Vayrynen; Peoples Democratic League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto; Conservative, Illka Suo- minen; Liberal, Jaakko Itala; Swedish Peoples Party, Par Stenback; Rural, Pekka Vennamo; Finnish People's Unity Party, Anssi Keski-Vahala; Finnish Communist Party, Aarne Saarinen; Finnish Christian League, Raino Westerholm; Constitutional Right, Georg Ehrnrooth Voting strength (1979 parliamentary election): 23.9% Social Democratic, 21.6% Conservative, 17.8% Peoples Democratic League, 17.4% Center, 4.8% Christian League, 4.6% Finnish Rural Party, 4.6% Swedish Peoples, 3.7% Liberal Peoples, 1.2% Constitutional Peoples, 0.3% Finnish Peoples Unity Party, 0.1% Socialist Workers Party Communists: 43,000; an additional 65,000 persons belong to Peoples Democratic League; a further number of sympa- thizers, as indicated by 517,198 votes cast for Peoples Democratic League in 1979 elections Member of: ADB, CEMA (special cooperation agree- ment), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFAD.IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $40.3 billion (1980), $8,476 per capita; 57% con- sumption, 24% investment, 19% government; 3% net exports of goods and services; 1978 growth rate 7.2% (constant prices) Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially dairying, pre- dominates; forestry important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops — cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages — food and fodder grains; calo- ric intake 2,940 calories per day per capita (1970-71) Major industries: include metal manufacturing and ship- building, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining 72 FRANCE FINLAND (Continued) Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materials, except wood, and iron ore Crude steel: 2.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 480 kg per capita Electric power: 11,100,000 kW capacity (1980); 38.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 8,050 kWh per capita Exports: $14.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing and footwear Imports: $15.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics Major trade partners: (1979) 38% EC-nine (12% West Germany, 11% UK); 17% USSR, 15% Sweden; 5% US Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA), $290 million (1970-79) Budget: (1979) expenditures $10.88 billion, revenues $9.61 billion Monetary conversion rate: Finnmark (Fim) 3.7301 = US$1 (1980 average, IMF) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 6,038 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total 6,010 km 1.524-meter gauge, 477 km multi- ple track, and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750- meter gauge and 6 km 1.524-meter gauge are privately owned Highways: about 73,552 km total in national classified network, including 31,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous-treated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved (stabi- lized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 29,440 km of private (state subsidized) roads Inland waterways: 6,597 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km Ports: 11 major, 14 minor Civil air: 40 major transport Airfields: 173 total, 173 usable; 43 with permanent- surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good telecom service from cable and radio-relay network; 2.24 million telephones (47.0 per 100 popl.); 15 AM, 87 FM, and 143 TV stations; 3 submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,289,000; 1,092,000 fit for military service; 36,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $750 million; about 5.3% of proposed central government budget Allan, Ocean (See reference map V) LAND 551,670 km2; 35% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures, 14% waste, urban, or other, 25% forested Land boundaries: 2,888 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km) PEOPLE Population: 54,174,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4% Nationality: noun — Frenchman (men); adjective — French Ethnic divisions: 45% Celtic; remainder Latin, Germanic, Slav, Basque Religion: 83% Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African workers), 13% unaffiliated Language: French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional patois — Provencal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish Literacy: 97% Labor force: 20.5 million (September 1979); 47% services, 35% industry, 9% agriculture, 9% unemployed Organized labor: approximately 17% of labor force, 23% of salaried labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: French Republic Type: republic, with President having wide powers Capital: Paris Political subdivisions: 96 metropolitan departments, 21 regional economic districts Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; new constitution adopted 1958, amended concerning elec- tion of President in 1962; judicial review of administrative 73 FRANCE (Continued) but not legislative acts; legal education at over 25 schools of law National holiday: National Day, 14 July Branches: presidentially appointed Prime Minister heads Council of Ministers, which is formally responsible to Na- tional Assembly; bicameral legislature — National Assembly (491 members), Senate (304 members) restricted to a delay- ing action; judiciary independent in principle Government leader: President Francois MITTERRAND Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compulsory Elections: National Assembly — every five years, last elec- tion June 1981, direct universal suffrage, two ballots; Sen- ate— indirect collegiate system for nine years, renewable by one-third every three years, last election September 1980; President, direct, universal suffrage every seven years, two ballots, last election May 1981 Political parties and leaders: majority coalition — Social- ist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin; Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Roger- Gerard Schwartzenberg; right opposition — Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques Chirac; Republi- cans (PR), Jacques Blanc; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Jean Lecanuet; Radical (RAD), Didier Bariani; Union for French Democracy (federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean Lecanuet Voting strength (first ballot, 1981 election): diverse left, 2.05%; Communist, 16.17%; Socialist, 36.12%; left Radical 1.39%; RPR, 20.8%; UDF, 19.2%; diverse right, 2.8%; other 1.47% Communists: 600,000 claimed; Communist voters, 4 mil- lion in 1981 elections Other political or pressure groups: Communist- controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail — CFDT) about 800,000 members est; Independent labor union (Force Ouvridre) about 1,000,000 members est.; Inde- pendent white collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) 340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais — CNPF or Patronat) Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— Interna- tional Whaling Commission, NATO (signatory), OAS (ob- server), OECD, South Pacific Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $535 billion (1979), $10,010 per capita; 63.5% private consumption, 21.2% investment (including govern- ment), 13.0% government consumption; 1979 real growth rate, 3.2%; average annual growth rate (1970-79), 3.7% Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost producer; main products — beef, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone foodstuffs; food shortages — fats and oils, tropical produce; caloric intake, 3,270 calories per day per capita (1969-70) Fishing: catch 713,620 metric tons (1979); exports (in- cludes shellfish, etc.) $243 million, imports $968 million (1979) Major industries: steel, machinery and equipment, tex- tiles and clothing, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, aircraft, motor vehicles Shortages: crude oil, textile fibers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats and oils Crude steel: 23.4 million metric tons produced (1979), 440 kg per capita Electric power: 74,913,000 kW capacity (1981); 300.150 billion kWh produced (1981), 5,589 kWh per capita Exports: $98 billion (f.o.b., 1979); principal items — ma- chinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, agricul- tural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing, chemicals Imports: $107 billion (c.i.f., 1979); principal items — crude petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and steel products, foodstuffs, agricultural products Major trade partners: 18% West Germany; 11% Italy; 9% Belgium-Luxembourg; 6% US; 7% Franc Zone; 7% UK; 6% Netherlands; 2% Eastern Europe; 2% USSR (1979) Aid: donor — (1970-79) bilateral economic aid commit- ments (ODA and OOF), $24.5 billion Budget: (1979) expenditures 478 billion francs, revenues 443 billion francs, deficit 35 billion francs Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc= US$0. 2352 (1979 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 36,775 km total; French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,520 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 10,079 km electrified, 15,630 km double or multiple track; 2,255 km of various gauges (1.000 m to 1.440 m), privately owned and operated Highways: 1,542,400 km total; 27,500 km national high- way; 340,000 km departmental highway; 420,000 km com- munity roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 4,900 km of controlled-access divided "autoroutes"; approx. 861,000 km have bituminous-treated surface or better Inland waterways: 14,912 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled Pipelines: crude oil, 2,253 km; refined products, 4,344 km; natural gas, 22,532 km 74 FRENCH GUIANA FRANCE (Continued) Ports: 24 major, 20 secondary, 24 minor Civil air: 313 major transport aircraft, including 18 leased in and 4 leased out Airfields: 465 total, 448 usable; 237 with permanent- surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 123 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed system provides satisfactory telephone, telegraph, and radio and TV broad- cast services; 22.2 million telephones (41.5 per 100 popl.); 55 AM, 423 FM, and 5,676 TV stations; 25 submarine coaxial cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with total of 6 antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,620,000; fit for military service 11,549,000; 428,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $22.4 billion; about 18.3% of proposed central government budget (See reference map IV) LAND 90,909 km2; 90% forested, 10% wasteland, built on, inland water and other, of which .05% is cultivated and pasture Land boundaries: 1,183 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 378 km PEOPLE Population: 69,000 (July 1982), annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun — French Guianese (sing., pi.); adjec- tive— French Guiana Ethnic divisions: 95% Negro or mulatto, 5% Caucasian, 10,000 East Indian, Chinese Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic Language: French Literacy: 73% Labor force: 17,012 (1967 census); services 49%, construc- tion 21%, agriculture 18%, industry 8%, transportation 4%; information on unemployment unavailable Organized labor: 7% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Department of French Guiana Type: overseas department and region of France; repre- sented by one deputy in French National Assembly and one senator in French Senate; Deputy Elie Castor, Senator Raymond Tarcy Capital: Cayenne Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19 communes each with a locally elected municipal council Legal system: French legal system; highest court is Court of Appeals based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Marti- nique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana 75 FRENCH GUIANA (Continued) Branches: executive: prefect appointed by Paris; legisla- tive: popularly elected 16-member General Council and a Regional Council composed of members of the local General Council and of the locally elected deputy and senator to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system Government leader: Commissioner of the Republic Max- ime GONZALVO Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: General Council elections normally are held every five years; last election March 1978 Political parties and leaders: Guyanese Socialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy (senator), Leopold Helder; Union of the Guyanese People (UPG), weak leftist party allied with, but also reported to have been absorbed by, the PSG; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Hector Rivierez Communists: Communist party membership negligible ECONOMY GNP: $100 million (at market prices, 1975), $800 per capita Agriculture: main crops — rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, ba- nanas, sugarcane Fishing: catch 1,142 metric tons (1977) Major industries: timber, rum, gold mining, production of rosewood essence, and space center Electric power: 31,000 kW capacity (1981); 136 million kWh produced (1981), 1,705 kWh per capita Exports: $7.2 million (1977); shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence Imports: $143.4 million (1977); food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, and petroleum Major trade partners: exports — 78% US, 11% France, 5% Martinique; imports— 49% France, 10% US, 3% Trinidad and Tobago (1969) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (FY70-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $700 million, no military aid Monetary conversion rate: 4.21 French francs=US$l 1980 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 32 km private plantation line, 0.600-meter gauge Highways: 820 km total; 570 km paved, 250 km im- proved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small ocean- going vessels and river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km possibly navigable by native craft Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 10 total, 10 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: limited open-wire and radio-relay system with about 13,700 telephones (22.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,000; 9,000 fit for military service 76 FRENCH POLYNESIA Pacific Ocean KIRIBATI FRENCH POLYNESIA (See reference map X) LAND About 4,000 kmz WATER Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: about 2,525 km PEOPLE Population: 155,000 (July 1982), annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun — French Polynesian(s); adjective — French Polynesian Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chinese, 6% local French, 4% metropolitan French Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Catholic GOVERNMENT Official name: Territory of French Polynesia Type: overseas territory of France Capital: Papeete Political subdivisions: five districts Legal system: based on French; lower and higher courts Branches: 33-member Territorial Assembly, popularly elected; 5-member Council of Government, elected by Assembly; popular election of two deputies to National Assembly and one senator to Senate in Paris Government leader: High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Paul NOIROT-COSSON, ap- pointed by French Government Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years, last in May 1977 Political parties and leaders: Le Front Uni, autonomist coalition, Francis Sanford; Tahoeraa Huiraatira, conserva- tive Gaullist, Gaston Flosse Voting strength (1977 election): Le Front Uni, 14 seats; Tahoerra Huiraatira, 10 seats; independents, 9 seats ECONOMY GDP: $636.8 million (1976), $4,550 per capita Agriculture: coconut main crop Major industries: maintenance of French nuclear test base, tourism Electric power: 67,000 kW capacity (1981); 160 million kWh produced (1979), 1,074 kWh per capita Exports: $21 million (1977); principal products — coconut products (79%), mother-of-pearl (14%), vanilla (1971) Imports: $419 million (1977); principal items — fuels, food- stuffs, equipment Major trade partners: imports — 59% France, 14% US; exports — 86% France Aid: France $91 million (1978) Budget: $180 million in 1979; ODA and OOF commit- ments from Western (non-US countries) Monetary conversion rate: 100 CFP=1NZ$ (1971) COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 3,700 km, all types Ports: 1 major, 6 minor Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Civil air: about 3 major transport aircraft Telecommunications: 17,302 telephones (12.9 per 100 popl.); 72,000 radio and 14,000 TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, and 6 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Defense is responsibility of France 77 GABON (See reference map VII) LAND 264,180 kmz; 75% forested, 15% savanna, 9% urban and wasteland, less than 1% cultivated Land boundaries: 2,422 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100 nm; fishing, 150 nm Coastline: 885 km PEOPLE Population: 662,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.3% Nationality: noun — Gabonese (sing., pi.); adjective — Gabonese Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, including 4 major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Mbede, Okande); about 100,000 expatriate Africans and Europeans, including 20,000 French Religion: 55% to 75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist Language: French official language and medium of instruction in schools; Fang is a major vernacular language Literacy: government claims more than 80% of school age children in school, but literacy rate is substantially below this figure— 20% Labor force: about 280,000 of whom 98,000 are wage earners in the modern sector (late 1979) Organized labor: there are 38,000 members of the nation- al trade union, the Gabonese Trade Union Confederation (COSYGA) GOVERNMENT Official name: Gabonese Republic Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1964 Capital: Libreville Political subdivisions: nine provinces subdivided into 36 prefectures Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal education at Center of Higher and Legal Studies at Libreville; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted National holiday: 12 March, 17 August Branches: power centralized in President, elected by universal suffrage for seven-year term; unicameral 93-mem- ber National Assembly (including nine members chosen by Omar Bongo) has limited powers; constitution amended in 1979 so that Assembly deputies will serve five-year terms; independent judiciary Government leader: President El Hadj Omar BONGO Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Presidential election last held December 1979, next presidential election scheduled for 1986; parliamentary election last held February 1980, next election scheduled for 1985; constitutional change separates dates for presidential and parliamentary elections Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) led by President Bongo is only legal party Communists: no organized party; probably some Com- munist sympathizers Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, BDECA (Central African Development Bank), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAB (African Wood Organi- zation), OAU, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $3.8 billion (1980), $6,333 per capita; 7.1% annual growth rate (1971-81) Agriculture: commercial — cocoa, coffee, wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops — bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops; imports food Fishing: catch 10,000 metric tons (excluding shellfish) (1978) Major industries: petroleum production, sawmills, petro- leum refinery; mining of increasing importance; major minerals — manganese, uranium, iron (not produced) Electric power: 175,400 kW capacity (1980); 564 million kWh produced (1980), 869 kWh per capita Exports: $1,770 million (f.o.b., 1979); crude petroleum, wood and wood products, minerals (manganese, uranium concentrates, gold), coffee Imports: $615 million (f.o.b., 1979); excluding UDEAC trade; mining, roadbuilding machinery, electrical equip- ment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles Major trade partners: France, US, West Germany, and Curacao 78 THE GAMBIA GABON (Continued) Budget: (1979) revenues $1.1 billion, current expenditures $605 million, development expenditures $344 million Monetary conversion rate: 212.7 Communaute Finan- ciere Africaine francs=US$l (1979) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 970 km standard gauge (1.437 m) under con- struction; 180 km are completed Highways: 6,947 km total; 459 km paved, 5,517 km gravel and improved and 971 km unimproved Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km perennially navigable Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km Ports: 2 major (Owendo and Port-Gentil), 3 minor Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft Airfields: 121 total, 98 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system of open-wire, radio-relay, tropospheric scatter links and radiocommunica- tion stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 7 AM, 2 FM, and 8 TV stations; 11,600 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 158,000; 81,000 fit for military service; 5,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $49.5 million; 3.1% of central government budget (See reference map VII) LAND 10,360 km2; 25% uncultivated savanna, 16% swamps, 4% forest parks, 55% upland cultivable areas, built-up areas, and other Land boundaries: 740 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm Coastline: 80 km PEOPLE Population: 635,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Gambian(s); adjective — Gambian Ethnic divisions: over 99% Africans (Mandinka 40.8%, Fulani 13.5%, Wolof 12.9%, remainder made up of several smaller groups), fewer than 1% Europeans and Lebanese Religion: 85% Muslim, 15% animist and Christian Language: English official; Mandinka and Wolof most widely used vernaculars Literacy: about 10% Labor force: approx. 165,000, mostly engaged in subsist- ence farming; about 15,000 are wage earners (government, trade, services) Organized labor: 25% to 30% of wage labor force at most GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of The Gambia Type: republic; independent since February 1965 (The Gambia and Senegal in early 1982 formed a loose confeder- ation named Senegambia, which calls for the integration of their armed forces, economies and monetary systems, and foreign policies) Capital: Banjul Political subdivisions: Banjul and five divisions 79 THE GAMBIA (Continued) Legal system: based on English common law and custom- ary law; constitution came into force upon independence in 1965, new republican constitution adopted in April 1970; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: 18 February Branches: Cabinet of 10 members; 44-member House of Representatives, in which four seats are reserved for chiefs, four are appointed, 35 are filled by election for five-year terms, a Speaker is elected by the House, and the Attorney General is an appointed member; independent judiciary Government leader: Sir Alhaji Dawda Kairaba JAWARA, President Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Secretary General Dawda K. Jawara; United Party (UP), Pierre N'Jie; and National Convention Party (NCP), Sherrif Dibba (Dibba is to be tried for treason because of his complicity in the August 1980 coup attempt; the NCP may be disbanded) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: general elections held April 1977; PPP 31 seats, NCP 4 seats; next general elections scheduled for 1982 Communists: small underground group Member of: AFBD, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMD, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $200 million (1980), about $333 per capita; real growth rate 2.8% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice, palm kernels Fishing: catch 17,446 metric tons (1979); exports $956,000 (1974) Major industry: peanut processing Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1980); 35 million kWh produced (1980), 57 kWh per capita Exports: $27.4 million (1980); peanuts and peanut pro- ducts, fish, and palm kernels Imports: $141.2 million (1980); textiles, foodstuffs, tobac- co, machinery, petroleum products Major trade partners: exports — mainly EEC; imports — EEC Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $91.0 million; Communist countries (1974-79), $17 million; OPEC, ODA (1974-79), $36.0 million; US (FY70-79), $18.2 million Budget: (1980-81) revenues $51.5 million, current expen- ditures $49.4 million, development expenditures $35.8 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Dalasi=US$0.716 (1981) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 400 km Ports: 1 major (Banjul) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and no FM stations; no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 141,000; 71,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central government budget; includes fire and police expenditures 80 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (See reference map V) LAND 108,262 km2; 43% arable, 15% meadows and pasture, 27% forested, 15% other Land boundaries: 2,309 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 901 km (including islands) PEOPLE Population: 16,738,000, including East Berlin (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0% Nationality: noun — German(s); adjective — German Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic and other Religion: 53% Protestant, 8% Roman Catholic, 39% unaf- filiated or other; less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catholics actively participate Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic) minority Literacy: 99% Labor force: 8.7 million; 38.0% industry; 3.2% handi- crafts; 7.1% construction; 8.6% agriculture; 7.4% transport and communications; 10.3% commerce; 20.1% services; 3.2% other Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: German Democratic Republic Type: Communist state Capital: East Berlin (not officially recognized by US, UK, and France, which together with the USSR have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin) Political subdivisions: (excluding East Berlin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties (Kreise), 7,600 communities (Gemeinden) Legal system: civil law system modified by Communist legal theory; new constitution adopted 1974; court system parallels administrative divisions; no judicial review of legis- lative acts; legal education at Universities of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, and Jena; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion; more stringent penal code adopted 1968, amended in 1974 and 1979 National holiday: Foundation of German Democratic Republic, 7 October Branches: legislative — Volkskammer (elected directly); executive — Chairman of Council of State, Chairman of Council of Ministers, Cabinet (approved by Volkskammer); judiciary — Supreme Court; entire structure dominated by Socialist Unity (Communist) Party Government leaders: Chairman, Council of State, Erich HONECKER (Head of State); Chairman, Council of Minis- ters, Willi STOPH (Premier) Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over Elections: national every five years; prepared by an electoral commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be secret and voters permitted to strike names off ballot; more candidates than offices available; parliamentary elec- tions held 14 June 1981, and local elections held 20 May 1979 Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Communist) Party (SED), headed by General Secretary Erich Honecker, dominates the regime; four token parties (Christian Demo- cratic Union, National Democratic Party, Liberal Democrat- ic Party, and Democratic Peasant's Party) and an amalgam of special interest organizations participate with the SED in National Front Voting strength: 1981 parliamentary elections and 1979 local elections; over 99% voted the regime slate Communists: 2.1 million party members Other special interest groups: Free German Youth, Free German Trade Union Federation, Democratic Women's Federation of Germany, German Cultural Federation (all Communist dominated) Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO, IMCO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $135.4 billion (1980, 1980 dollars), $8,089 per capita; 1980 growth rate 2.6% Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops — potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats, industrial crops; shortages in grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1971) Fish catch: 244,237 metric tons (1980) Major industries: metal fabrication, chemicals, light in- dustry, brown coal, and shipbuilding Shortages: coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel products, nonferrous metals 81 GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC (Continued) Crude steel: 7.308 million metric tons produced (1980), approx. 436 kg per capita Electric power: 20,965,000 kW capacity (1981); 101.8 billion kWh produced (1981), 6,080 kWh per capita Exports: $17.3 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1979) Imports: $19.2 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1979) Major trade partners: $36,500 million (1979); 68% Com- munist countries, 32% non-Communist countries Monetary conversion rate: 3.11 DME=US$1 for trade data (1980 rate) Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data report- ed for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for the consumption year 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 14,164 km total; 13,874 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 290 km meter (1.00 m) or other narrow gauge, 3,360 km double track standard gauge (1.435 m); 1,621 km overhead electrified (1979) Highways: 117,500 km total; 47,500 km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,744 km are autobahn and limited access roads; over 70,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone, and earth (1979) Inland waterways: 2,302 km (1979) Freight carried: rail — 302.5 million metric tons, 54.4 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway — 730.2 million metric tons, 21.6 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway— 14.8 million metric tons, 1.9 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1979) Pipelines: crude oil, 1,200 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas 650 km Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland waterway ports are E. Berlin, Riesa, Magdeburg, and Eisenhuttenstadt (1979) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,319,000; 3,470,000 fit for military service; 138,000 reach military age (18) annually Personnel: paramilitary field force was integrated into the Confederal Armed Forces with the Senegalese military troops Military budget: (announced) for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 10.2 billion marks; 6.2% of total budget (See reference map V) LAND 248,640 km* (including West Berlin); 33% cultivated, 23% meadows and pastures, 13% waste or urban, 29% forested, 2% inland water Land boundaries: 4,232 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.) PEOPLE Population: 61,697,000, including West Berlin (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0% Nationality: noun — German(s); adjective — German Ethnic divisions: 99% Germanic, 1% other Religion: 48.9% Protestant, 44.7% Roman Catholic, 6.4% other (as of 1975) Language: German Literacy: 99% Labor force: 27.199 million (1979); 36.4% in manufactur- ing, 6.6% construction, 37.4% services, 9.7% government, 5.6% agriculture, 0.5% other; 3.8% unemployed July 1980 Organized labor: 33.7% of total labor force; 40.1% of wage and salary earners GOVERNMENT Official name: Federal Republic of Germany Type: federal republic Capital: Bonn Political subdivisions: 10 Laender (states); Western sec- tors of Berlin are ultimately controlled by US, UK, and France which, together with the USSR, have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Federal Constitutional Court; has not accept- ed compulsory ICJ jurisdiction 82 GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF (Continued) Branches: bicameral parliament — Bundesrat (upper house), Bundestag (lower house); President (titular head of state), Chancellor (executive head of government); inde- pendent judiciary Government leaders: President Karl CARSTENS, elected 23 May 1979 for a five-year term, took office 1 July 1979; Chancellor Helmut SCHMIDT leads coalition of Social Democrats and Free Democrats Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: next national election scheduled for fall of 1984 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU), Helmut Kohl, Franz Josef Strauss, Gerhard Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Richard von Weizsacker; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Willy Brandt, Hans-jUrgen Wischnewski, Herbert Wehner, Helmut Schmidt; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Hans- Dietrich Genscher, Otto Graf Lambsdorff, Wolfgang Misch- nick; National Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies Voting strength (1980 election): 42.9% SPD, 44.5% CDU/CSU, 10.6% FDP, 2.0% splinter groups of left and right (no parliamentary representation) Communists: about 40,000 members and supporters Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veterans groups Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECSC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $821 billion (1980), $3,330 per capita (1980); 55% private consumption, 22% investment, 20% government consumption; net foreign balance 0%, inventory change 1% (distribution based on current price series) Agriculture: main crops — grains, potatoes, sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient; food shortages — fats and oils, pulses, tropical products; caloric intake, 2,980 calories per day per capita (1975-76) Fishing: catch 287,000 metric tons, $167 million (1980); exports $256 million, imports $802 million (1980) Major industries: among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships, vehi- cles, machine tools Shortages: fats and oils, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur Crude steel: 50 to 60 million metric tons capacity; 43.8 million metric tons produced (1980), 710 kg per capita Electric power: 89,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 368.731 million kWh produced (1980), 6,010 kWh per capita Exports: $193 billion (f.o.b., 1980); manufactures 90.0% (machines and machine tools, chemjcals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 5.3%, fuels 3.4%, raw materials 1.3% Imports: $188 billion (c.i.f., 1980); manufactures 61.2%, fuels 21.9%, agricultural products 12.9%, raw materials 4.0% Major trade partners: (1980) EC 47.1% (France 12.0%, Netherlands 10.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7.5%, Italy 8.2%, UK 6.6%); other Europe 18.4%; OPEC 8.7%; Communist 5.9%; US 6.8% Aid: donor — (1970-79) bilateral economic aid commit- ments (ODA and OOF), $21 billion Budget: (1980) expenditures $118.7 billion, revenues $103.5 billion, deficit $15.2 billion Monetary conversion rate: DM 1.82 (West German marks)=US$l (1980 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 32,555 km total; 28,533 km government owned, standard gauge (1.435 m), 12,491 km double track; 11,140 km electrified; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 214 km electrified; 424 km meter gauge (1.00 m); 186 km electrified Highways: 479,600 km total; 171,600 km classified, in- cludes 153,160 km cement-concrete, bituminous, or stone block (includes 7,400 km of autobahnen); 8,240 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; in addition, 308,000 km of unclassified roads of various surface types (community roads) Inland waterways: 5,222 km of which almost 70% usable by craft of 990 metric ton capacity or larger Pipelines: crude oil, 2,071 km; refined products, 3,240 km; natural gas, 95,414 km Ports: 10 major, 1 1 minor Civil air: 208 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in and 2 leased out Airfields: 466 total, 432 usable; 221 with permanent- surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 32 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed, modern tele- communication service to all parts of the country; fully adequate in all respects; 26.6 million telephones (43.4 per 100 popl.); 90 AM, 370 FM, and 5,510 TV stations; 6 submarine coaxial cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 6 antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,350,000; 13,670,000 fit for military service; 528,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $19.12 billion; about 18% of the proposed central government budget 83 GHANA (See reference map Vlf) LAND 238,280 km2; 19% agricultural, 60% forest and brush, 21% other Land boundaries: 2,285 krn WATER Coastline: 539 km Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm PEOPLE Population: 12,943,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun — Ghanaian(s); adjective — Ghanaian Ethnic divisions: 99.8% Negroid African (major tribes Ashanti, Fante, Ewe), 0.2% European and other Religion: 45% animists, 43% Christian, 12% Muslim Language: English official; African languages include Akan 44%, Mole-Dagbani 16%, Ewe 13%, and Ga-Adangbe 8% Literacy: about 25% (in English) Labor force: 3.4 million; 61% agriculture and fishing, 16.8% industry, 15.2% sales and clerical, 4.1% services, transportation, and communications, 2.9% professional; 400,000 unemployed Organized labor: 350,000 or approximately 10% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Ghana Type: republic; independent since March 1957; 31 De- cember 1981 coup ended two-year-old civilian government and suspended constitution and political activity Capital: Accra Political subdivisions: eight administrative regions and separate Greater Accra Area; regions subdivided into 58 districts and 267 local administrative districts Legal system: based on English common law and custom- ary law; legal education at University of Ghana (Legon); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March Branches: executive authority vested in seven-member Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC); on 21 Janu- ary 1982 PNDC appointed secretaries to head most ministries Government leader: former Flight Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS, Chairman of PNDC Suffrage: universal over 21 Elections: elections held in June 1979 for parliament and president; presidential runoff election held in July Political parties and leaders: political parties outlawed after 31 December 81 coup Communists: a small number of Communists and sympathizers Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $10.1 billion (1979 est.) at current prices, about $849 per capita; real growth rate less than 1% (1970-77) Agriculture: main crop — cocoa; other crops include root crops, corn, sorghum and millet, peanuts; not self-sufficient, but can become so Fishing: catch 229,904 metric tons (1979) Major industries: mining, lumbering, light manufactur- ing, fishing, aluminum Electric power: 1,157,000 kW capacity (1980); 4.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 365 kWh per capita Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); cocoa (about 70%), wood, gold, diamonds, manganese, bauxite, and aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance-of-payments data) Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); textiles and other manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport equipment Major trade partners: UK, EC, and US Budget: (1980) revenue $1.4 billion est., current expendi- ture $1.4 billion est., capital expenditure $327 million est. Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cedi=US$0.3636 (1979 and 1980) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; diesel locomotives gradually replacing steam engines Highways: 32,200 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bitumi- nous surface, 26,166 km gravel or laterite 84 GIBRALTAR GHANA (Continued) . Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers provide 235 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; additional routes navigable seasonally by small craft; Lake Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways Pipelines: refined products, 3 km Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi), 1 naval base (Sekondi) Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft Airfields: 14 total, 12 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,752,000; 1,532,000 fit for military service; 134,000 reach military age (18) annually (See reference map V) LAND 6.5 km2 Land boundaries: 1.6 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 12 km PEOPLE Population: 30,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8% Nationality: noun — Gibraltarian; adjective — Gibraltar Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portu- guese, and Spanish descent Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic Language: English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for all official purposes Literacy: illiteracy is negligible Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-Gibraltar laborers Organized labor: over 6,000 GOVERNMENT Official name: Gibraltar Type: British colony Capital: none Legal system: English law; constitutional talks in July 1968; new system effected in 1969 after electoral inquiry Branches: parliamentary system comprised of the Gibral- tar House of the Assembly (15 elected members and 3 ex officio members), the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Governor is appointed by the Crown Government leaders: Governor and Commander in Chief Gen. Sir William JACKSON; Chief Minister Sir Joshua HASSAN 85 GIBRALTAR (Continued) Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more Elections: every five years; last held in February 1980 Political parties and leaders: Association for the Ad- vancement of Civil Rights (AACR), Sir Joshua Hassan; Democratic Party of British Gibraltar (DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist Labor Party, Joe Boscano Voting strength: (February 1980) AACR, 8 seats; DPBG, 6 seats; Socialist Labor, 3 seats Communists: negligible Other political or pressure groups: the Housewives Asso- ciation; the Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representa- tives Organization ECONOMY Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on commerce and large British naval and air bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed port is transit trade and port serves also as important supply depot for fuel, water, and ships' wares; recently built dockyards and machine shops provide mainte- nance and repair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at Gibraltar each year; UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly half the insured labor force and a recently announced decision to close the Royal Navy dockyard will significantly a<y to unemployment; local industry is confined to manulacture of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish; some factories for manufacture of clothing are being devel- oped; a small segment of local population makes its liveli- hood by fishing; in recent years tourism has increased in importance Electric power: 40,000 kW capacity (1981); 80 million kWh produced (1981), 2,760 kWh per capita Exports: $41.3 million (1979); principally reexports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine Imports: $11.7 million (1979); principally manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs; 69% from UK Major trade partners: UK, Morocco, Portugal, Nether- lands Budget: (1978-79) revenue $56 million, expenditure $64.7 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Gibraltar pound =1 pound sterling=US$2.3263 (1980) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 56 km, mostly paved Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate international radiocom- munication facilities; automatic telephone system serving 9,000 telephones (30.3 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, about 8,000; about 4,000 fit for military service Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom GREECE Msditerranean Sea CYPRUS^ U8Y, CSee reference map V) LAND 132,608 km2; 29% arable and land under permanent crops, 40% meadows and pastures, 20% forested, 11% waste- land, urban, other Land boundaries: 1,191 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm Coastline: 13,676 km PEOPLE Population: 9,743,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun — Greek(s); adjective — Greek Ethnic divisions: 98.8% Greek, 0.2% Turkish, 1.0% other Religion: 99% Greek Orthodox, 0.3% Muslim, 0.7% other Language: Greek; English and French widely understood Literacy: males about 94%; females about 79%; total about 86% Labor force: 3.3 million (1979 est); approximately 31% agriculture, 30% industry, 39% services; urban unemploy- ment is under 3%, but substantial unreported unemployment exists in agriculture Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Hellenic Republic Type: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974 Capital: Athens Political subdivisions: 52 departments (nomoi) constitute basic administrative units for country; each nomos headed by officials appointed by central government and policy and programs tend to be formulated by central ministries; degree of flexibility each nomos may have in altering or avoiding programs imposed by Athens depends upon tradition and influence which prominent local leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis key figures in central government; the departments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise some degree of autonomy from Athens since they are governed through the Ministry of Northern Greece Legal system: new constitution enacted in June 1975 National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March Branches: executive consisting of a President, elected by the Vouli (parliament), a Prime Minister, and a Cabinet; legislative consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and an independent judiciary Government leaders: President Constantine KARAMAN- LIS; Prime Minister Andreas PAPANDREOU Suffrage: universal age 18 and over Elections: every four years; Papandreou's Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated the incumbent New Democra- cy government of George Rail is in elections held on 18 October 1981 Political parties and leaders: Panhellenic Socialist Move- ment, Andreas Papandreou; New Democracy, Evangelos Averoff-Tossizza; Communist Party-Exterior, Kharilaos Florakis; Progressive Party, Spyros Markezinis; Communist Party-Interior, Kharalambos Drakopoulos; United Demo- cratic Left, Ilias Iliou; Nationalist Camp, Stefanos Stefano- poulos; Party of Democratic Socialism, loannis Pesmatzoglou Voting strength: Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 170 seats; New Democracy, 1 12 seats; Communists (Exterior), 13 seats; independents, 5 seats Communists: an estimated 25,000-30,000 members and sympathizers Member of: EC, EIB (associate), EMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY: GNP: $41.8 billion (1980), $4,370 per capita; 62% con- sumption, 24% investment, 16% government; 4% change in stocks; net foreign balance 6%; real growth rate 1.6% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton; nearly self-sufficient; food shortages — livestock products Major industries: food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products Crude steel: 936,000 million metric tons produced (1978), 100 kg per capita Electric power: 5,700,000 kW capacity (1981); 29.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,900 kWh per capita Exports: 4,078 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items — tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles 87 GREENLAND GREECE (Continued) Imports: $10,769 million (c.i.f., 1980); principal items- machinery and automotive equipment, petroleum and pe- troleum products, manufactured consumer goods, chemicals, meat and live animals Major trade partners: (1980 est.) imports— 15.2% West Germany, 9.3% Italy, 6.1% France, 8.8% Saudi Arabia, 5.9% Egypt; exports — 7.9% West Germany, 9.7% Italy, 5.7% Netherlands, 7.4% France, 5.6% US, 5.5% Saudi Arabia, 4.1% UK Aid: economic commitments — US, $436 million (FY70-80); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $869 million (1970-79); military— US, $1,357 million (FY70-80) Budget: (1980 est.) central government revenues $8.03 billion, expenditures $10.10 billion, $2.07 million deficit Monetary conversion rate: US$1 =42.6 Greek drachmas (1980 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,476 km total; 1,565 km standard gauge (1.435 m) of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 889 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 22 km narrow gauge (0.750 m); all government owned Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers which provide navigable length of just less than 80 km Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km, refined products, 547 km Ports: 17 major, 37 minor Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft Airfields: 74 total, 70 unable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 Telecommunications: adequate, modern networks reach all areas on mainland and islands; 2.66 million telephones (28.1 per 100 popl.); 31 AM, 37 FM, and 149 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 1 Atlantic Ocean antenna and 1 Indian Ocean antenna DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,298,000; 1,851,000 fit for military service; about 75,000 reach military age (21) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1.7 billion; about 18% of central govern- ment budget : %^T (See reference map II) LAND 2,175,600 km2; less than 1% arable (of which only a fraction cultivated), 84% permanent ice and snow, 15% other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: approx. 44,087 km, (includes minor islands) PEOPLE Population: 51,000 (July 1982) - „., annual growth rate 0.6% Nationality: noun — Greenlander(s); adjective — Green- landic Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danes Religion: Evangelical Lutheran Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects Literacy: 99% Labor force: 12,000; largely engaged in fishing and sheep breeding GOVERNMENT Official name: Greenland Type: province of Kingdom of Denmark; two representa- tives in Danish parliament; separate Minister for Greenland in the Danish Cabinet Capital: Godthab (administrative center) Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 communes Legal system: Danish law; transformed from colony to province in 1953; limited home rule began in spring 1979 Branches: legislative authority, rests jointly with the elect- ed 21 -seat Landsting and Danish parliament; executive power vested in Premier and four-person council; 19 lower courts Government leaders: Queen MARGRETHE II, Premier Jonathan MOTZFELDT 88 GRENADA GREENLAND (Continued) Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21 Elections: held every four years Political parties: Siumut — leading party in present gov- ernment with 13 seats (moderate socialist, advocating more distinct Greenland identity and greater autonomy from Denmark; the Atassut Party, which controls the remaining eight seats, is more conservative, favors continuing close relations with Denmark and the EC; Sulissartut Partiat, the political wing of the Greenland labor movement; and the Inuit Atagatigik, a Marxist-Leninist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule ECONOMY GNP: included in that of Denmark Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay; sheep grazing; garden produce Fishing: catch 82,000 tons (1979); exports $53.7 million (1978) Major industries: mining, slaughtering, fishing, sealing Electric power: 77,000 kW capacity (1980); 125 million kWh produced (1980), 2,500 kWh per capita Exports: $101.4 million (f.o.b., 1978); fish and fish products, metallic ores and concentrates Imports: $177.8 million (c.i.f., 1978); petroleum and pe- troleum products, machinery and transport equipment, food products Major trade partners: (1978) Denmark 67.2%, US 7.9%, Finland 5.3%, West Germany 5.3%, UK 5.3% Monetary conversion rate: 5.6359 Danish Kroner=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year beginning 1 January 1979 COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 80 km Ports: 7 major, 16 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 12 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate domestic and interna- tional service provided by cables and radio relay; 9,000 telephones (18.4 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 11 FM, and 2 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satel- lite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: included with Denmark PUERTO At/antic Ocean Caribbean Sea VENEZUELA .GRENADA (See reference map HI) LAND 344 km2 (Grenada and southern Grenadines); 44% culti- vated, 4% pastures, 12% forests, 17% unused but potentially productive, 23% built on, wasteland, other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 121 km PEOPLE Population: 109,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun — Grenadian(s); adjective — Grenadian Ethnic divisions: mainly of African-Negro descent Religion: Church of England; other Protestant sects; Roman Catholic Language: English; some French patois Literacy: unknown Labor force: 36,000 (1978, est); 40% agriculture Organized labor: 33% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Grenada Type: independent state since February 1974, recognizes Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: St. Georges Political subdivisions: 6 parishes Legal system: based on English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 7 February Branches: following the 13 March 1979 coup, led by New Jewel Movement leader Maurice Bishop, constitution sus- pended on 25 March 1979 and replaced by People's Laws; three-man electoral commission appointed; elections unscheduled Government leaders: Prime Minister Maurice BISHOP; UK Governor General Paul SCOON GUADELOUPE GRENADA (Continued) Suffrage: universal adult Elections: formerly every five years; most recent general election 7 December 1976 Political parties and leaders: New Jewel Movement (NJM), Maurice Bishop; United People's Party (UPP), Win- ston Whyte; Grenada National Party (GNP), Herbert A. Blaize; Grenada United Labor Party (GULP) Voting strength (1976 election): GULP 51.7%, Opposition Coalition, 48.3%; Legislative Council seats, GULP 9, Opposi- tion Coalition, 6 (NJM 3, UPP 1, GNP 1, unaffiliated 1) Communists: negligible Member of: CARICOM, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IPS, ILO, IMF, NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO ECONOMY GDP: $88 million (1980 est), $800 per capita; real growth rate 1980 est., -1% Agriculture: main crops — spices, cocoa, bananas Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1981); 25 million kWh produced (1981), 231 kWh per capita Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1980 prelim.); cocoa beans, nutmeg, bananas, mace Imports: $55 million (c.i.f., 1980 prelim.); food, machin- ery, building materials Major trade partners: exports — 39% UK, 17% West Ger- many, 12% Netherlands (1979); imports — 27% West Indies, 27% UK, 9% US (1976) Budget: (prelim. 1980) revenues, $39 million; expendi- tures, $40 million Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars= US$1 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved Ports: 1 major (St. Georges), 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,200 telephones (4.9 per 100 popl.); VHF and UHF links to Trinidad and Carriacou; 3 AM stations DOMIMCAN , REPUBLIC PUERTO RICO GUADELOUPE - Caribbean Sea VENEZUELA (See reference map III) LAND 1,779 km!; 24% cropland, 9% pasture, 4% potential crop- land, 16% forest, 47% wasteland, built on; area consists of two islands WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 306 km PEOPLE Population: 305,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -0.7% Nationality: noun — Guadeloupian(s); adjective — Guade- loupe Ethnic divisions: 90% Negro or mulatto, 5% Caucasian, less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African Language: French, Creole patois Literacy: over 70% Labor force: 120,000; 25% agriculture, 25% unemployed Organized labor: 11% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Department of Guadeloupe Type: overseas department and region of France; repre- sented by three deputies in the French National Assembly and two senators in the Senate; last deputy election, 21 June 1981 Capital: Basse-Terre Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34 communes, each with a locally elected municipal council Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court of appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Guade- loupe, French Guiana, and Martinique 90 GUADELOUPE (Continued) Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris; legisla- tive, popularly elected General Council of 36 members and a Regional Council composed of members of the local General Council and the locally elected deputies and sena- tors to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system Government leader: Commissioner of the Republic Rob- ert MIGUET Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: General Council elections are normally held every five years; last General Council election took place in June 1981 Political parties and leaders: Rassemblement pour la Republique (RPR), Gabriel Lisette; Communist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Henri Bangou; Socialist Party (MSG), leader unknown; Progressive Party of Guadeloupe (PPG), Henri Rodes; Independent Republicans; Federation of the Left; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Majority (UNM) Voting strength: MSG, 1 seat in French National Assem- bly; PCG, 1 seat; UDF, 1 seat (1981 election) Communists: 3,000 est. Other political or pressure groups: Guadeloupe Liber- ation Army (GLA) ECONOMY GNP: $864 million (1977), $2,630 per capita; real growth rate (1977) 8% Agriculture: main crops, sugarcane and bananas Major industries: agricultural processing, sugar milling, rum distillation, and tourism Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1981); 260 million kWh produced (1981), 817 kWh per capita Exports: $119 million (f.o.b., 1978); sugar, fruits and vegetables, bananas Imports: $455 million (c.i.f., 1978); foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, raw materials and supplies, and petroleum products Major trade partners: exports — 95% metropolitan France and rest of franc zone; imports — 75% metropolitan France and rest of franc zone (1977) Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF commitments (1970-79) from Western (non-US) countries, $2.4 billion; no military aid Monetary conversion rate: 4.21 French francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines Highways: 1,110 km total; 770 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable, 8 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate; 39,100 telephones (12.4 per 100 popl.); interisland radio- relay links; 2 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 80,000; 50,000 fit for military service 91 GUATEMALA Pacific Ocean (See reference map III) LAND 108,880 km2; 14% cultivated, 10% pasture, 57% forest, 19% other Land boundaries: 1,625 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 400 km PEOPLE Population: 7,537,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun — Guatemalan(s); adjective — Guatema- lan Ethnic divisions: 58.6% Ladino (mestizo and westernized Indian), 41.4% Indian Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a primary tongue Literacy: about 30% Labor force (1974): 1.8 million; 52.5% agriculture, 10.1% manufacturing, 21.7% services, 7.9% commerce, 3.9% con- struction, 2.1% transport, 0.7% mining, 1.2% electrical, 0.8% other; unemployment estimates vary from 3% to 25% Organized labor: 6.4% of labor force (1975) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Guatemala Type: republic Capital: Guatemala Political subdivisions: 22 departments Legal system: civil law system; constitution came into effect 1966; constitution suspended following March 1982 coup; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at University of San Carlos of Guatemala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: traditionally dominant executive; elected uni- cameral legislature; seven-member (minimum) Supreme Court Government leader: military junta under the presidency of Gen. (Ret.) Efrain RIOS MONTT following coup of 23 March 1982, which removed President Maj. Gen. Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia; Gen. Angel Anibal Guevara had been elected president in the March 1982 election and was scheduled to take office on 1 July 1982 Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory for literates, optional for illiterates Elections: last elections (President and Congress) 7 March 1982 Political parties and leaders: Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz; Revolutionary Party (PR), Jorge Garcia-Granados Quifionez (secretary general); National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcon; Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo (secretary general); Rene de Leon Schlotter (honorary president and party strongman); Nation- alist Authentic Central (CAN), Luis Alfonso Lopez (secretary general), Gustavo Anzueto Vielman (secretary and 1982 presidential candidate), Gen. Carlos Arana Osorio (party strongman); National United Front (FUN), Col. Enrique Peralta Azurdia; Nationalist Renovator Party (PNR), Alejan- dro Maldonado Aguirre; United Revolutionay Party (FUR); suspended political activity of all parties following March 1982 coup Voting strength: (1978) for President— PID/PR, 269,973 (42.3%); MLN, 211,393 (33.1%); DCG, 156,730 (24.6%); for congressional seats— PID/PR, 34 seats; MLN, 20 seats; DCG, 7 seats Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radi- cal left guerrilla groups — Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT Dissidents Other political or pressure groups: Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF) Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $7.8 billion (1980 est), $1,080 per capita; 76% private consumption, 7% government consumption, 22% domestic investment (1978), —5% net foreign balance (1978); average annual real growth rate (1974-80), 4.3% Agriculture: main products— -coffee, cotton, corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock; caloric intake, 2,156 calories per day per capita (1977) 92 GUINEA GUATEMALA (Continued) Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, nonmetallic minerals, metals Electric power: 420,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.43 billion kWh produced (1980), 200 kWh per capita Exports: $1,757 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, meat Imports: $1,971 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactured prod- ucts, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels Major trade partners: exports (1979)— 31% US, 26% CACM, 10% West Germany, 9% Japan; imports (1979)— 33% US, 15% CACM, 10% Venezuela, 10% Japan, 6% West Germany Aid: economic commitments — US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $241 million; from other Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF, $99 million; military — assistance from US (FY70-79), $22 million Central government budget (1981 est): expenditures, $1,280 million; revenues, $815 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$l (official) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 909 km, 0.914-meter gauge, single tracked; 819 km government owned, 90 km privately owned Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,851 km paved, 11,438 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year round; addi- tional 730 km navigable during high-water season Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km Ports: 2 major (San Jose, and Santo Tomas de Castilla), 3 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 532 total, 527 usable; 10 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: modern telecom facilities limited to Guatemala City; 70,600 telephones (1.4 per 100 popl.); 97 AM, 20 FM, and 25 TV stations; connection into Central American microwave net; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,750,000; 1,189,000 fit for military service; about 82,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $79.0 million; 5.4% of central government budget (See reference map VII) LAND 246,050 km2; 3% cropland, 10% forest Land boundaries: 3,476 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 346 km PEOPLE Population: 5,278,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun — Guinean(s); adjective — Guinean Ethnic divisions: 99% African (3 major tribes — Fulani, Malinke, Susu; and 15 smaller tribes) Religion: 75% Muslim, 25% animist, Christian, less than 1% Language: French official; each tribe has own language Literacy: 5% to 10%; French only significant written language Labor forcer 1.8 million, of whom less than 10% are wage earners; most of population engages in subsistence agricul- ture Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage labor force loosely affiliated with the National Confederation of Guin- ean Workers, which is closely tied to the PDG GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea Type: republic; under one-party presidential regime Capital: Conakry Political subdivisions: 35 administrative regions, 170 arrondissements, about 8,000 local entities at village level Legal system: based on French civil law system, custom- ary law, and presidential decree; constitution adopted 1958; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction 93 GUINEA (Continued) National holiday: Independence Day, 2 October Branches: executive branch dominant, with power con- centrated in President's hands and a small group who are both ministers and members of the party's politburo; uni- cameral People's National Assembly (210 members) and judiciary have little independence Government leader: President Ahmed Sekou TOURE, who has been designated "The Supreme Leader of the Revolution" Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: approximate schedule — five years parliamen- tary, latest in 1980; seven years presidential, latest in 1975 Political parties and leaders: only party is Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), headed by Sekou Toure Communists: no Communist party, although there are some sympathizers Member of: AFDB, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $1.5 billion (1980), $270 per capita Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, bananas, palm products, peanuts, and pineapples; staple food crops — cassava, rice, millet, corn, sweet potatoes; livestock raised in some areas Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina, light manu- facturing and processing industries Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1980); 500 million kWh produced (1980), 90 kWh per capita Exports: $410 million (f.o.b., 1980); bauxite, alumina, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels Imports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum products, metals, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles Major trade partners: Communist countries, Western Europe (including France), US Budget: (1979) public revenue $479.6 million, current expenditures $271.2 million, development expenditures $435.6 million Monetary conversion rate: 18.928 syli=US$l floating (Februaryl981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 805 km; 662 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 143 km standard gauge (1.435 m) Highways: 7,604 km total; 4,949 km paved, remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 2 minor Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft Airfields: 18 total, 18 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,173,000; 590,000 fit for military service 94 GUINEA-BISSAU (formerly Portuguese Guinea) A tlantic Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 36,260 km2 (includes Bijagos archipelago) Land boundaries: 740 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 274 km PEOPLE Population: 823,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun — Guinean(s); adjective — Guinean Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (Balanta 30%, Fulani 20%, Mandyako 14%, Malinke 13%, and 23% other tribes); less than 1% European and mulatto Religion: 66% animist, 30% Muslim, 4% Christian Language: Portuguese and numerous African languages Literacy: 3% to 5% Labor force: 90% of economically active population engaged in subsistence agriculture GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau Type: republic; achieved independence .from Portugal in September 1974; constitution abolished after 14 November 1980 coup; new constitution pending Capital: Bissau Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3 circumscrip- tions (predominantly indigenous population) Legal system: to be determined National holiday: 12 September Branches: Presidency and Cabinet overseen by Revolu- tionary Council Government leaders: President and Revolutionary Coun- cil Chairman Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA; Vice President of the Revolutionary Council and Foreign Affairs Minister Victor SAUDE MARIA Suffrage: universal over age 15 Elections: none held to date Political parties and leaders: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by Pres. Vieira, secretary general, only legal party; Guinea-Bissau recently decided to retain the binational party title despite its formal break with Cape Verde Communists: a few Communists, some sympathizers Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $200 million (1980), $333 per capita, real growth rate 1.5% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — palm products, root crops, rice, coconuts, peanuts Fishing: catch 3,724 metric tons (1979 est.) Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1980); 13 million kWh produced (1980), 16 kWh per capita Exports: $9.6 million (1980); principally peanuts, palm- kernals, shrimp, fish, lumber Imports: $48.3 million (1980); foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, transport equipment Major trade partners: mostly Portugal, and other Europe- an countries Budget: (1979 est.) revenue $27.4 million, current expen- ditures $45.4 million, investment expenditures $107.7 mil- lion Monetary conversion rate: 37.6 Guinean pesos=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bituminous, re- mainder earth) Inland waterways: scattered stretches Ports: 1 major (Bissau) Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 59 total, 56 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: limited system of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 3,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station and 1 FM station; no TV stations DEFENSE FORCES: Military manpower: males 15-49, 190,000; 110,000 fit for military service Ships: no combat ships 95 GUYANA (See reference map IV) LAND 214,970 km*; 1% cropland, 3% pasture, 8% savanna, 66% forested, 22% water, urban, and waste Land boundaries: 2,575 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 459 km PEOPLE Population: 870,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: noun — Guyanese (sing., pi.); adjective — Guyanese Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indians, 43% Negro and Negro mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% white and Chinese Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other Language: English Literacy: 86% Labor force: 242,000 (1975); 29% agriculture, 31% manufacturing/mining, 40% services; 21% unemployed Organized labor: 34% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Cooperative Republic of Guyana Type: republic within Commonwealth Capital: Georgetown Political subdivisions: 10 government districts Legal system: based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 23 February Branches: Council of Ministers presided over by Prime Minister; 65-member unicameral legislative National Assem- bly (elected), including 12 seats elected by local councils; Supreme Court Government leader: Executive President L. F. S. BURNHAM Suffrage: universal over age 18 as of constitutional amendment August 1973 Elections: last held in December 1980, following promul- gation of new constitution (on 6 October) replacing British- drafted constitution Political parties and leaders: People's National Congress (PNC), L. F. S. Burnham; People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi Jagan; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Rupert Roopnarine, Olive Thomas, Walter Omawale, Eusi Kwayana; United Force (UF), Feilden Singh Voting strength (1980 election, unofficial returns): 77.60% PNC, 19.46% PPP, 2.88% UF Communists: est. 100 hardcore within PPP; top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive Youth Organization, militant wing of the PPP) include many Communists, but rank and file is conservative and non-Communist; small but unknown number of orthodox Marxist-Leninists within PNC, some of whom are PPP turncoats Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Con- gress (TUC); Working People's Vanguard Party (WPVP); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Lib- erties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two organiza- tions are small and active but not well organized Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $555 million (1980), $700 per capita; real growth 1981, -6% proj. Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, rice, other food crops; food shortages — wheat flour, cooking oil, processed meat, dairy products Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina production, sugar and rice milling, timber Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1981); 520 million kWh produced (1981), 530 kWh per capita Exports: $389 million (f.o.b., 1980); bauxite, sugar, rice, alumina, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum Imports: $425 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactures, ma- chinery, food, petroleum Major trade partners: exports— 28% UK, 21% US, 14% CARICOM, 6% Canada; imports— 22% US, 23% UK, 35% CARICOM, 4% Canada (1980) Budget: revenue $183 million, expenditure $373 million (1980) Monetary conversion rate: managed according to basket of currencies; G$3=US$1 (June 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year 96 HAITI GUYANA (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 110 km total, all single track; 80 km 0.914- meter gauge, 30 km 1.067-meter gage Highways: 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, and 590 km unimproved Inland waterways: 5,900 km; Demerara River navigable to Mackenzie by ocean steamers, others by ferryboats, small craft only Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 3 minor Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 88 total, 88 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system with radio-relay network and over 27,000 telephones (3.3 per 100 pop!.); tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; 6 AM, 2 FM and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 215,000; 172,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $22.7 million; 9.0% of central government budget * ^fi>' Atlantic Ocean DOMINICAN JAMAICA (.>(„«- Caribbean Sea (See reference map III) LAND 27,713 km2; 31% cultivated, 18% rough pastures, 7% forested, 44% unproductive Land boundary: 361 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 1,771 km PEOPLE Population: 6,054,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun — Haitian(s); adjective — Haitian Ethnic divisions: over 90% Negro, nearly 10% mulatto, few whites Religion: 10% Protestant, 75% to 80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo) Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of popu- lation; all speak Creole Literacy: 10% to 12% Labor force: 2.3 million (est. 1975); 79% agriculture, 14% services, 7% industry, 5% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Haiti Type: republic under the 14-year dictatorship of Frangois Duvalier who was succeeded upon his death on 21 April 1971 by his son, Jean-Claude Capital: Port-au-Prince Political subdivisions: five departments (despite constitu- tional provision for nine) Legal system: based on Roman civil law system; constitu- tion adopted 1964 and amended 1971; legal education at State University in Port-au-Prince and private law colleges 97 HAITI (Continued) in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes, Gonaives, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January Branches: lifetime President, unicameral 58-member leg- islature of very limited powers, judiciary appointed by President Government leader: President-for-Life Jean-Claude DUVALIER Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: constitution as amended in 1971 provides for lifetime president to be designated by his predecessor and ratified by electorate in plebiscite; legislative elections, which are held every six years, last held February 1979 Political parties and leaders: National Unity Party, inactive government party; Haitian Christian Democratic Party, Sylvio Claude; Haitian Christian Social Party, Gre- goire Eugene Voting strength (1979 legislative elections): 99% regime loyalists; 1 independent elected Communists: United Haitian Communist Party (PUCH), illegal and in exile; domestic strength unknown; party leaders in exile Other political or pressure groups: none Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $1.3 billion (1979), $258 per capita; real growth rate 1980, 7% Agriculture: main crops — coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum, pulses; caloric intake, 1,850 calories per day per capita Major industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, bauxite mining, tourism, light as- sembly industries Electric power: 150,000 kW capacity (1981); 300 million kWh produced (1981), 51 kWh per capita Exports: $138 million (f.o.b., 1979); coffee, light industrial products, bauxite, sugar, essential oils, sisal Imports: $227 million (f.o.b., 1979); consumer durables, foodstuffs, industrial equipment, petroleum products, con- struction materials Major trade partners: exports — 77% US; imports — 51% US (1977) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-80) from US, $200.0 million; (1970-79) ODA and OOF from other Western countries, $130.8 million; mili- tary—US (FY70-80), $1.9 million Budget: (1979/80 est.) revenue, $142 million; expenditure, $274 million Monetary conversion rate: 5 gourdes=US$l Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 80 km narrow gauge (0.760 m), single-track, privately owned industrial line; 8 km dual-gauge 0.760- to 1.065-meter gauge, government line, dismantled Highways: 3,200 km total; 600 km paved, 950 km otherwise improved, 1,650 km unimproved Inland waterways: negligible; about 100 km navigable Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitien), 12 minor Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 15 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: all domestic facilities inadequate, international facilities slightly better; telephone expansion program underway; 18,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 40 AM and 5 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,334,000; 774,000 fit for military service; about 65,000 reach military age (18) annually HONDURAS Pacific Ocean (See reference map til) LAND 112,150 km2; 27% forested, 30% pasture, 36% waste and built up, 7% cropland Land boundaries: 1,530 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 820 km PEOPLE Population: 4,103,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1% Nationality: noun — Honduran(s); adjective — Honduran Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo, 7% Indian, 2% Negro, and 1% white Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish Literacy: 47% of persons 10 years of age and over (est. 1970) Labor force: approx. 1 million (1980); 59.3% agriculture, 12.7% services, 12.5% manufacturing, 8.3% commerce, 3.0% transportation, 2.7% construction, 1.1% financial sector, 0.4% mining; 10.8% unemployed; 3% unspecified Organized labor: 40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1981) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Honduras Type: republic Capital: Tegucigalpa Political subdivisions: 18 departments Legal system: based on Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; new constitution became effective in January 1982; judicial review of legisla- tive acts in Supreme Court; legal education at University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: constitution provides for elected President, unicameral legislature, and national judicial branch Government leader: President Roberto SUAZO Cordova took office in January 1982 Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 21 Elections: national election 29 November 1981 for presi- dent; members of unicameral legislature chosen by propor- tional representation and 281 municipal councils Political parties and leaders: the armed forces have fulfilled their pledge to restore civilian government; they will monitor Suazo's administration closely, however, and could seize power once again; major political leaders — Liberal Party (PLH), Roberto Suazo Cordova (Rodista fac- tion), Carlos Roberto Reina Idiaquez and Jorge Arturo Reina Idiaquez (ALIPO faction), Ramon Villeda Bermudez and Conrado Napky Damas (FUL faction); National Party (PNH), Ricardo Zuniga Augustinus, Mario Rivera Lopez; National Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), Miguel An- donie Fernandez, Enrique Aguilar Paz; Honduran Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Hernan Corrales Padilla; Com- munist Party of Honduras (PCH), Rigoberto Padilla Rush (uninscribed) Voting strength (1981 election with 98% vote tally): PLH 633,365; PNH 486,092, PINU 29,133, PDCH 18,785; legisla- tive seats (with 98% vote tally)— PLH 44, PNH 34, PINU 2- 3, PDCH 1 Communists: about 1,500 Other political or pressure groups: National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Council of Honduran Private Enterprise (COHEP), Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH), National Union of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers Confederation (CGT), United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH) Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $2.5 billion (1980), $660 per capita; 62% private consumption, 13% government consumption, 30% domestic investment; —5% net foreign balance (1978); real growth rate, average 1975-79, 6.9%; real growth rate 1980, 2.5% Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coffee, corn, beans, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco; caloric intake, 2,015 calories per day per capita (1977) Fishing: catch 6,405 metric tons (1978); exports est. $0.8 million (1976); imports $0.8 million (1974) Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, cloth- ing, wood products Electric power: 178,000 kW capacity (1980); 970 million kWh produced (1980), 253 kWh per capita 99 HONG KONG HONDURAS (Continued) Exports: $835 million (f.o.b., 1980); bananas, coffee, lum- ber, meat, petroleum products Imports: $1,019 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactured prod- ucts, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, petroleum Major trade partners: exports— 50% US, 9% CACM, 18% West Germany (1977); imports— 43% US, 6% Venezuela, 12% CACM, 11% Japan, 4% West Germany (1977) Aid: economic commitments — US, including Ex-Im, (FY70-80), $260 million loans; other Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and ODF, (1970-79), $90.0 million; military- assistance from US (FY79-80), $23 million Budget: (1980) expenditures $448 million, revenues $379 million Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras=US$l (official) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 751 km total; 293 km 1.067-meter gauge, 458 km 0.914-meter gauge Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,200 km navigable by small craft Ports: 5 major (Puerto Cortes, La Ceiba, Tela, San Lor- enzo, Puerto Castilla), 3 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 217 total, 213 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central American microwave net; 20,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 104 AM, 12 FM, and 7 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 874,000; 521,000 fit for military service; about 44,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $45.2 million; about 6.7% of central govern- ment budget (includes the armed forces and other military) CHINA PHILIPPINES M (See reference map VIII) LAND 1,036 km2; 14% arable, 10% forested, 76% other (mainly grass, shrub, steep hill country) Land boundaries: 24 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 733 km PEOPLE Population: 5,272,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: adjective — Hong Kong Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other Religion: 10% Christian, 90% eclectic mixture of local religions Language: Chinese, English Literacy: 75% Labor force (1976 Census): 1.87 million; 45.3% manufac- turing, 18.6% services, 6.0% construction, mining, quarrying and utilities, 19.4% commerce, 2.6% agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and hunting, 7.3% communications, 0.8% other; est. unemployment 3.0%, underemployment is a serious problem Organized labor: 21% of 1976 labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Hong Kong Type: British colony Capital: None Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New Territories Legal system: English common law Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Executive Coun- cil; he legislates with advice and consent of Legislative Council; Urban Council which alone includes elected repre- 100 HONG KONG (Continued) sentatives, responsible for health, recreation, and resettle- ment; independent judiciary Government leader: Governor and Commander in Chief Sir Edward YOUDE Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 professional or skilled persons Elections: every two years to select one-half of elected membership of Urban Council; other Urban Council mem- bers appointed by the Governor Political parties: Civic Association; Reform Club; Socialist Democratic Party; Hong Kong Labor Party Voting strength: (elected Urban Council members) Civic Association 4, Reform Club 3, and 1 independent Communists: an estimated 2,000 cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Trade Unions (Communist controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese dominated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (Communist controlled), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' Associ- ation of Hong Kong Member of: ADB ECONOMY GDP: $17.4 billion (1979, in 1979 prices), $3,600 per capita; average real growth 1979, 11.5% Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position in the economy; main products — rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; food shortages — rice, wheat Major industries: textiles and clothing, tourism, plastics, electronics, light metal products, food processing Shortages: industrial raw materials, water, food Electric power: 3,491,000 kW capacity (1980); 11.320 billion kWh produced (1980), 2,195 kWh per capita Exports: $15.2 billion (f.o.b., 1979), including $4.0 billion reexports; principal products — clothing, plastic articles, tex- tiles, electrical goods, wigs, footwear, light metal manufactures Imports: $17.26 billion (c.i.f., 1979) Major trade partners: (1979) exports— 33.6% US, 11.4% West Germany, 10.7% UK; imports— 22.5% Japan, 17.6% China, 12.0% US Budget: (1979/80) $2.8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 4.9 Hong Kong dollars=US$l (December 1979) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 35 km standard gauge (1.435 m); government owned Highways: 966 km total; 660 km paved, 306 km gravel and crushed stone, or earth Ports: 1 major Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5 million telephones; 5 AM and 2 FM radiobroadcast stations with 11 transmitters; 5 TV stations; 2.5 million radio and 1.1 million TV receivers; 10,100 Telex subscriber lines with direct connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT ground stations with access to Pacific and Indian Ocean satellites; coaxial cable to Guangzhou (Canton), China; 3 international submarine cables; troposcatter to Taiwan avail- able but inactive DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,550,000; 1,220,000 fit for military service; about 52,000 reach military age (18) annually Defense is the responsibility of UK 101 HUNGARY SOVIET UNION (See reference map V) LAND 92,981 kmz; 60% arable, 14% other agricultural, 16% forested, 10% other Land boundaries: 2,245 km PEOPLE Population: 10,714,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0% Nationality: noun — Hungarian(s); adjective — Hungarian Ethnic divisions: 92.4% Magyar, 3.3% Gypsy, 2.5% Ger- man, 0.7% Jews, 1.1% other Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.6% atheist and other Language: 98.2% Magyar, 1.8% other Literacy: 97% Labor force: 5,230,000 (1979); 20% agriculture, 33% industry and building, 47% other nonagriculture GOVERNMENT Official name: Hungarian People's Republic Type: Communist state Capital: Budapest Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties), 5 autono- mous cities in county status, 97 jaras (districts) Legal system: based on Communist legal theory, with both civil law system (civil code of 1960) and common law elements; constitution adopted 1949 amended 1972; Su- preme Court renders decisions of principle that sometimes have the effect of declaring legislative acts unconstitutional; legal education at Lorand Eotvos Tudomanyegyetem School of Law in Budapest and two other schools of law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Liberation, 4 April Branches: executive — Presidential Council (elected by parliament); legislative — parliament (elected by direct suf- frage); judicial — Supreme Court (elected by parliament) Government leaders: Pal LOSONCZI, President, Presi- dential Council; Gyorgy LAZAR, Chairman, Council of Ministers Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: every five years (last election June 1980); national and local elections are held separately Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Socialist (Com- munist) Workers' Party (MSZMP; sole party); Janos Kadar is First Secretary of Central Committee Voting strength (1980 election): 7,809,000 (99.3%) for Communist-approved candidates; 97% of electorate eligible to vote did so Communists: about 754,000 party members (March 1975) Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO; has applied for membership in IMF and the World Bank ECONOMY GNP: $52.8 billion in 1980 (at 1980 dollars), $4,931 per capita; 1980 growth rate, 0.3% Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops — corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, wine grapes; caloric intake 3,185 calories per day per capita (1977) Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering indus- tries, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharma- ceuticals) Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high grade coal, forest products, crude oil Crude steel: 3.9 million metric tons produced (1979), 360 kg per capita Electric power: 6,103,000 kW capacity (1981); 26.180 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,437 kWh per capita Exports: $11,117 million (f.o.b., 1979); 28% machinery, 16% industrial consumer goods, 31% raw materials and semimanufactures, 21% food and raw materials for the food industry, energy sources 4% (distribution for 1979) Imports: $11,919 million (c.i.f., 1979); 22% machinery, 8% industrial consumer goods, 47% raw materials and semi- manufactures, 8% food and raw materials for the food industry, energy sources 15% (distribution for 1979) Major trade partners: $23,036 million (1979); 68% with Communist countries, 32% with non-Communist countries Monetary conversion rate: 32.05 forints=US$l (commer- cial); 22.57 forints=US$l (noncommercial) — July 1980 Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data report- ed for calendar years COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 7,864 km total; 7,615 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 214 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.760 m), 35 km broad gauge (1.524 m), 1,179 km double track, 1,613 km electrified; government owned (1978) 102 ICELAND HUNGARY (Continued) Highways: 29,759 km total; 25,000 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 4,101 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 658 km earth (1980) Inland waterways: 1,688 km (1980) Pipelines: crude oil, 1,500 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas, 2,896 km Freight carried: rail — 135.2 million metric tons, 24.6 billion metric ton/km (1980); highway— 237.8 million metric tons, 6.2 billion metric ton/km (1980); waterway — est. 4.1 million metric tons, 6.8 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are Rostock, GDR; Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szczecin in Poland; and Galati and Braila in Romania (1978) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,594,000; 2,085,000 fit for military service; about 67,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 18 billion forints; 3.7% of total budget , Jan Msyen "ssi" Norwegian St"1' JCEIAND Sea |ft. ReykjawliV,^ NORWAY1' i Atlantic Ocean (See reference map V) LAND 102,952 km2; arable negligible, 22% meadows and pas- tures, forested negligible, 78% other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 4,988 km PEOPLE Population: 233,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun — Icelander(s); adjective — Icelandic Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation Language: Icelandic Literacy: 99% Labor force: 102,000; 9.0% agriculture; 5.4% fishing; 8.0% fish processing; 16.8% other manufacturing; 12.2% construc- tion; 18.6% commerce, finance, and services; 6.3% transpor- tation and communications; 23.7% other; unemployment 1979 est., 0.4% Organized labor: 60% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Iceland Type: republic Capital: Reykjavik Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215 parishes, 14 incorporated towns Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; constitution adopted 1944; legal education at University of Iceland; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June 103 ICELAND (Continued) Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament (Althing); executive power vested in Presi- dent but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts Government leaders: President Vigdls FINNBOGADOT- TIR, Prime Minister Gunnar THORODDSEN; government coalition Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory Elections: parliamentary every four years, last 2-3 De- cember 1979; presidential every four years Political parties and leaders: Independence (conserva- tive), Geir Hallgrlmsson; Progressive, Steingnmur Her- mannsson; Social Democratic, Kjartan Johannsson; People's Alliance (Communist front), Svavar Gestsson Voting strength (1979 election): 37.9% Independence, 24.9% Progressive, 19.7% People's Alliance, 17.4% Social Democratic, 1.2% other Communists: est. 2,200, many of whom participate in the People's Alliance, which drew 24,390 votes in the 1979 parliamentary elections Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free trade agreement pending resolution of fishing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com- mission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $2,760 million (1980), $12,213 per capita; 63.2% consumption, 27.0% investment, 12.0% government, 0.6% change in stocks; —0.5% net foreign demand (1979); 1980 growth rate 2.8%, constant prices Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, potatoes, turnips; food shortages — grains, sugar, vegetable and other fibers; caloric intake, 2,900 calories per day per capita (1964-66) Fishing: landed 1,640,951 metric tons; marine product exports $589.3 million (1979) Major industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, diatomite production, hydroelectricity Shortages: grain, fuel, wood, minerals, vegetable fibers Electric power: 670,000 kW capacity (1980); 3.143 billion kWh produced (1980), 13,720 kWh per capita Exports: $932.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); fish and fish prod- ucts, animal products, aluminum, diatomite Imports: $1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery and transpor- tation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles Major trade partners: (1979) exports— EC 39%, US 28%, USSR 4%; imports— EC 46%, USSR 11%, US 7% Aid: economic authorizations including Ex-Im from US, $19.1 million (FY70-80) Budget: (1979) expenditures $674 million, revenues $699 million Monetary conversion rate: 4.7977 kronur=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and con- crete; 1,284 km bituminous treated and gravel; 10,893 km earth Ports: 4 major (Akureyri, Hafnarfjordhur, Reykjavik, Seydhisfjordhur), and about 50 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased out Airfields: 119 total, 100 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate domestic service, wire and radio communication system; 103,800 telephones (45.9 per 100 popl.); 17 AM, 19 FM, and 96 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean antenna DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 60,000; 52,000 fit for military service (Iceland has no conscription or compulsory military service) 104 INDIA Indian Ocean (See reference map VIII) LAND 3,136,500 km2 (includes Indian part of Jammu-Kashmir, Sikkim, Goa, Damao and Diu); 50% arable, 5% permanent meadows and pastures, 20% desert, waste, or urban, 22% forested, 3% inland water Land boundaries: 12,700 km2 WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; additional 100 nm is fisheries conservation zone, De- cember 1968; archipelago concept baselines); 200 nm exclu- sive economic zone Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore islands) PEOPLE Population: 723,762,000, including Sikkim and the Indian-held part of disputed Jammu-Kashmir (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun — Indian(s); adjective — Indian Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 1.8% Sikh, 2.6% Christian, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.7% other Language: 24 languages spoken by a million or more persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; English enjoys "associate" status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India Literacy: males 39%; females 18%; both sexes 29% (1971 census) Labor force: about 197 million; 70% agriculture, more than 10% unemployed and underemployed; shortage of skilled labor is significant and unemployment is rising Organized labor: about 2.5% of total labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of India Type: federal republic Capital: New Delhi Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union territories Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January Branches: parliamentary government, national and state; relatively independent judiciary Government leader: Prime Minister Indira GANDHI Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: national and state elections ordinarily held every five years; may be postponed in emergency and may be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; last general election in January 1980; state elections staggered Political parties and leaders: Indian National Congress, controlled national government from independence to March 1977, and split in January 1978; larger Congress group is headed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi; the smaller Congress group is headed by Sharad Pawar; Janata Party led by Chandra Shekhar; Lok Da! Party by Charan Singh; Bharatiya Janata Party by A. B. Vajpayee; Commu- nist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao, general secre- tary; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Namboodiripad, general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan Singh, gen- eral secretary; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), a regional party in Tamil Nadu led by M. G. Ramachandran; Akali Dal representing Sikh religious com- munity in the Punjab Communists: 470,000 members claimed by CPI, 270,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist extremist groups, about 15,000 members Other political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seeking reorganization of states; numerous "senas" or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv Sena in Bombay, the Anand Marg, and the Rashtriya Swayamserak Sangh Member of: ADB, AIOEC, Colombo Plan, Common- wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $150.6 billion (FY81 est. at current prices), $217 per capita; real growth 7% in FY81 Agriculture: main crops — rice, other cereals, pulses, oil- seed, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, and coffee 105 INDONESIA INDIA (Continued) Fishing: catch 2.5 million metric tons (FY78); exports $151 million (FY77), imports, none in 1976 and 1977 Major industries: textiles, food processing, steel, machin- ery, transportation equipment, cement, jute manufactures Crude steel: 9.4 million metric tons of ingots (FY81) Electric power: 34,831,000 kW capacity (1980); 128.874 million kWh produced (1980), 188 kWh per capita Exports: $9 billion (f.o.b., FY81 est); engineering goods, textiles and clothing, tea Imports: $16 billion (f.o.b., FY81 est.); machinery and transport equipment, petroleum, edible oils, fertilizers Major trade partners: US, UK, USSR, Japan Budget: (FY81 revised est.) central government revenue and capital receipts, $26.4 billion; disbursements, $28.9 billion Monetary conversion rate: 9.11 rupees=US$l (November 1981) Fiscal year: fiscal year ends 31 March of stated year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 60,693 km total (1981); 30,909 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 25,503 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 4,281 km narrow gauge (0.762 m and 0.610 m), government owned; 46 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 855 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 345 km narrow gauge (0.762 m and 0.610 m), privately owned; 12,617 km double track; 4,820 km electrified Highways: 1,327,450 km total (1979); 514,250 km hard surfaced, 190,600 km gravel or crushed stone, 495,500 km improved earth, 416,700 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 16,000 km; 2,575 km navigable by river steamers Pipelines: crude oil, 1,980 km; refined products, 1,056 km; natural gas, 854 km; slurry 992 km Ports: 9 major, 79 minor Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft Airfields: 355 total, 321 usable; 186 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 55 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 107 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair domestic telephone service where available, good internal microwave links; telegraph facilities widespread; AM broadcast adequate; international radio communications adequate; 2.6 million telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); about 174 AM stations at 80 locations, 17 TV stations, 13 earth satellite stations; submarine cables extend to Sri Lanka; 7 satellite stations under construction DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 183,001,000; 111,614,000 fit for military service; about 8,343,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $5.7 billion; 17.0% of central government budget ^PHILIPPINES Philippine •a&*fx**2~f Indian Ocean AUSTRALIA (See reference map IX) LAND 1,906,240 km*; 12% small holdings and estates, 64% forests, 24% inland water, waste, urban, and other Land boundaries: 2,736 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): under an archi- pelago theory, claim is 12 nm, measured seaward from straight baselines connecting the outermost islands (fishing 200 nm, economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 54,716 km PEOPLE Population: 157,595,000, including East Timor and West Irian Jaya (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun — Indonesian(s); adjective — Indonesian Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock comprising 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26% other Religion: 90% Muslim, 5% Christian, 3% Hindu, 2% other Language: Indonesian (modified form of Malay) official; English and Dutch leading foreign languages Literacy: 60% (est.); 72% in 6-16 age group Labor force: 60 million; 64% agriculture, 12% trade, 7% industry, 17% other (1980 est.) Organized labor: 10% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Indonesia Type: republic Capital: Jakarta Political subdivisions: 27 first-level administrative subdi- visions or provinces, which are further subdivided into 282 second-level areas Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of 106 INDONESIA (Continued) government; legal education at University of Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August Branches: executive headed by President who is chief of state and head of Cabinet; Cabinet selected by President; unicameral legislature (DPR, or parliament), of 460 mem- bers (96 appointed, 364 elected); second and larger body (MPR, or congress) of 920 members includes the legislature and 460 other members (chosen by several processes, but not directly elected) elects President and Vice President, and theoretically determines national policy; judicial, Supreme Court is highest court Government leader: President, Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (reelected by Congress, March 1978) Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married persons regardless of age Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-official "par- ty" based on functional groups), Amir Moertono; Indonesia Democracy Party (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Sunawar Sukowati; Unity Development Party (federation of former Islamic parties), John Naro Voting strength (1977 election): Golkar 232 seats, Indone- sia Democracy 29, Unity Development 99 Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength est. at 1,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre-October 1965 hardcore membership has been estimated at 1.5 million Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $67 billion (1980), about $450 per capita; real average annual growth, (1973-78) 6.8%, (1980) 9.6% Agriculture: subsistence food production, and smallholder and plantation production for export; main crops — rice, rubber, copra, other tropical products; food shortages — rice, wheat Fishing: catch 1.6 million tons (1978); exports $181 mil- lion (1980), imports $8 million (1977) Major industries: petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer production, timber Electric power: 4,754,000 kW capacity (1980); 14.606 billion kWh produced (1980), 96 kWh per capita Exports: $22.4 billion (f.o.b., FY80/81); petroleum and LNG ($16.7 billion; 1.2 million b/d), timber, rubber, coffee, tin, palm oil, tea, copper Imports: $15.6 billion (FY80/81); rice, wheat, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel products, machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables Major trade partners: (1980) exports — 49% Japan, 20% US, 11% Singapore; imports— 31% Japan, 13% US, 9% Saudi Arabia, 6% West Germany Budget: (1980-81) expenditures, $16.8 billion; receipts, $14.4 billion domestic, $2.4 billion foreign Monetary conversion rate: 642 rupiah=US$l (December 1981) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; government owned Highways: 93,063 km total; 26,583 km paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone, 24,959 km improved or unimproved earth Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Jaya 4,587 km Ports: 15 ocean ports Civil air: approximately 120 major transport aircraft Airfields: 403 total, 392 usable; 86 with permanent- surface runways; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 70 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 392,563 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, and 14 TV stations; 1 international ground satellite station (1 Indian Ocean anten- na and 1 Pacific Ocean antenna), and a domestic satellite communications system DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 38,679,000; 22,868,000 fit for military service; about 1,798,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $2.76 billion; about 12.4% of central government budget 107 IRAN 6 SOVIET UNION Arabian Sea (See reference map Vt) LAND 1,647,240 km2; 14% agricultural, 11% forested, 16% culti- vable with adequate irrigation, 51% desert, waste, or urban, 8% migratory grazing and other Land boundaries: 5,318 km (including areas belonging to Iran and now occupied by Iraq during continuing border war) WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 50 nm) Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, with 676 km PEOPLE Population: 41,203,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun — Iranian(s); adjective — Iranian Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persians, 3% Kurds, 13% other Iranian, 18% Turkic, 3% Arab and other Semitic, 1% other Religion: 93% Shia Muslim; 5% Sunni Muslim; 2% Zoroas- trians, Jews, Christians and Baha'is Language: Persian, Turkish dialects, Kurdish, Arabic Literacy: about 37% of those seven years of age and older (1976 est.) Labor force: 12.0 million, est. (1979); 33% agriculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of skilled labor substantial GOVERNMENT Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran Type: republic Capital: Tehran Political subdivisions: 23 provinces, subdivided into dis- tricts, subdistricts, counties, and villages Legal system: the new constitution codifies Islamic prin- ciples of government National holiday: Shia Islam religious holidays observed nationwide Branches: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, provides general guidance for the government, which is divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches Government leaders: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah KHO- MEINI, President Ali KHAMENEI (cleric), Prime Minister Mir Hosein MUSAVI-KHAMENEI, Speaker of Islamic Con- sultative Assembly Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (cleric) Suffrage: universal, age 18 and over Elections: elections to endorse new constitution were held in late 1979; those to select a president in January 1980 and July and November 1981, and those to select the parliament (two rounds) in March and May 1980; several parliamentary byelections were held in 1980 and 1981 Political parties and leaders: Islamic Republic Party (IRP), Ali Khamenei; Tudeh Party, Nur-ed-Din Kianuri Voting strength: reliable figures not available; IRP and sympathizers dominate the parliament Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: People's Strugglers (Mojahedin), People's Fedayeen, and Kurdish Democratic Party are armed political groups; other ethnic minorities, local leaders and Islamic Committees enforce their political views through armed militia Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OPEC, RCD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO; continued par- ticipation in some of these organizations doubtful under the new Islamic constitution ECONOMY GNP: $81.7 billion (1979), $2,170 per capita; 1979 real GNP growth, -24% Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets, cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep, and goats Major industries: crude oil production (1.4 million b/d in 1981) and refining, textiles, cement and other building materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating (steel and copper) Electric power: 9,614,600 kW capacity (1980); 16.843 billion kWh produced (1980), 431 kWh per capita Exports: $11 billion (est., 1981); 97% petroleum; also carpets, fruits, and nuts Imports: $15 billion (est., 1981); foodstuffs, pharmaceuti- cals, machinery, military supplies 108 IRAQ IRAN (Continued) Major trade partners: exports — Japan, West Germany, Netherlands, Italy, UK, Spain, France; imports — West Ger- many, Japan, UK, Italy Budget: (FY81) proposed expenditures of $39 billion, actual expenditures likely to be below this level Monetary conversion rate: 70.5 rials=US$l Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 92 km 1.676-meter gauge Highways: 81,800 km total; 36,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 15,000 km improved earth Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the Caspian Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined products, 3,500 km; natural gas, 3,282 km Ports: 7 major, 6 minor Civil air: approx. 50 major transport aircraft Airfields: 178 total, 143 usable; 78 with permanent- surface runways; 17 with runways over 3,659 m, 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 69 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,310,000; 5,722,000 fit for military service; about 409,000 reach military age (21) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20 March 1981, $4.2 billion; 10% of central government budget TURKEY \ CSee reference map VI) LAND 445,480 km2; 18% cultivated, 68% desert, waste, or urban, 10% seasonal and other grazing land, 4% forest and woodland Land boundaries: 3,668 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 58 km PEOPLE Population: 14,034,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.3% Nationality: noun — Iraqi(s); adjective — Iraqi Ethnic divisions: 70.9% Arabs, 18.3% Kurds, 2.4% Turko- mans, 0.7% Assyrians, 7.7% other Religion: 90% Muslim (50% Shia Muslim, 40% Sunni Muslim), 8% Christian, 2% other Language: Arabic, Kurdish minority speaks Kurdish Literacy: 20% to 40% Labor force: 3.1 million (1977); 30% agriculture, 27% industry, 21% government, 22% other; rural underemploy- ment high, but not serious because low subsistence levels make it easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage of technically trained personnel Organized labor: 11% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Iraq Type: republic; National Front government consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI) and proadministration Kurds; Communists play no role in government Capital: Baghdad Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under centrally ap- pointed officials Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; provisional constitution 109 7RAQ (Continued) adopted in 1968; judicial review was suspended; legal educa- tion at University of Baghdad; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 17 July Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in power since 1968 coup Government leaders: President Saddam HUSAYN; Depu- ty Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 'Izzat IBRAHIM Suffrage: universal Elections: elections — first held since overthrow of monar- chy in 1958 — to National Assembly and to Legislative Council for autonomous region held in June and September 1980 Communists: est. 2,000 hardcore members Political or pressure groups: political parties banned, possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected mem- bers of the regime, army officers, and religious and ethnic dissidents Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $35.2 billion (1979 est.), $2,730 per capita Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, livestock Major industry: crude petroleum 1.3 million b/d (1981); petroleum revenues for 1981, $13 billion Electric power: 3,840,000 kW capacity (1980); 10.429 billion kWh produced (1980), 767 kWh per capita Exports: $13.2 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); net receipts from oil, $13 billion; nonoil, $200 million est. Imports: $17 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 15% from Commu- nist countries (1981) Major trade partners: exports — France, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, USSR, other Communist countries; imports — West Germany, Japan, France, US, UK, USSR and other Communist countries (1980) Budget: public revenue $20 billion, current expenditures $8.9 billion, development expenditures $11.1 billion (1979 est.) Monetary conversion rate: 1 Iraqi dinar=US$3.39 (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,700 km total; 1,123 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 577 km meter gauge (1.00 m); 16 km meter gauge double track Highways: 20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved, 4,645 km improved earth, 9,656 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab navigable by maritime traffic for about 104 km; Tigris and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al Faw) Pipelines: crude oil, 3,821 km; 585 km refined products; 1,360 km natural gas Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft Airfields: 87 total, 73 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways; 39 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good network consists of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 320,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM and 13 TV stations; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,146,000; 1,809,000 fit for military service; about 156,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $2.9 billion; 24% of central government budget 110 IRELAND Atlantic Ocean IRELAND FRANCE (See reference map V) LAND 68,894 km2; 17% arable, 51% meadows and pastures, 3% forested, 2% inland water, 27% waste and urban Land boundaries: 360 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 1,448 km PEOPLE Population: 3,533,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.5% Nationality: noun — Irishman(men), Irish (collective pi.); adjective — Irish Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Celts Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other Language: English and Gaelic official; English is gen- erally spoken Literacy: 98%-99% Labor force: about 1,133,000 (1978); 26% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 19% manufacturing; 15% commerce; 7% construction; 5% transportation; 4% government; 24% other; 7.8% unemployment (August 1979) Organized labor: 36% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic) Type: republic Capital: Dublin Political subdivisions: 26 counties Legal system: based on English common law, substan- tially modified by indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17 March Branches: elected President; bicameral parliament re- flecting proportional and vocational representation; judici- ary appointed by President on advice of government Government leaders: President Patrick HILLERY; Prime Minister Charles HAUGHEY; Deputy Prime Minister Ray- mond MACSHARRY Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every five years — last election February 1982; President elected for seven-year term — last election November 1976 Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Michael O'Leary; Fine Gael, Garret Fitzgerald; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan; Sinn Fein the Workers' Party (SFWP), Tomas MacGiolla Voting strength: (1982 election) Fianna Fail (81 seats), Fine Gael (63 seats), Labor Party (15 seats), Sinn Fein the Workers' Party (3 seats), independents (4 seats) Communists: approximately 600 Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EEC, ESRO (observ- er), EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $17.1 billion (1980), $5,000 per capita; 63.8% con- sumption, 30.1% investment, 22.2% government, —2.5% inventories and net factor income; —14.0% net foreign demand Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used for permanent hay and pasture; main products — livestock and dairy prod- ucts, turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages — grains, fruits, vegetables; ca- loric intake 3,510 calories per day per capita (1970) Fishing: catch 108,434 metric tons (1978); exports of fish and fish products $66.5 million (1979), imports of fish and fish products $26.0 million (1979) Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles and clothing, chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, machinery and transportation equipment Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp, steel and nonferrous metals, fertilizers, cereals and animal feed, textile fibers and textiles Crude steel: 66,000 metric tons produced in 1978 Electric power: 3,117,000 kW capacity (1980); 10.889 million kWh produced (1980), 3,170 kWh per capita Exports: $8,322.0 million (f.o.b., 1980); dairy products, live animals, textiles, chemicals, machinery, clothing Imports: $11,153.0 million (c.i.f., 1980); petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, cereals 111 ISRAEL IRELAND (Continued) Major trade partners: 74.1% EC (42.7% UK); 8.0% US and Canada Budget: (1980 actual) 3,702 million pounds expenditures, 3,155 million pounds revenues, 547 million pounds deficit, public sector borrowing requirement 1,316 million pounds; (1981 est.) 4,719 million pounds expenditures, 3,932 million pounds revenues, 787 million pounds deficit, public sector borrowing requirement 1,637 million pounds Monetary conversion rate: 1 Irish pound=US$2.0580 (1980 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,190 km 1.600-meter gauge, government owned Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km surfaced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone Inland waterways: approximately 1,000 km Ports: 6 major, 38 minor Civil air: 36 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in and 4 out Airfields: 38 total, 37 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: small, modern system using cable and radio-relay circuits; 586,000 telephones (17.2 per 100 popl.); 15 AM, 14 FM, and 59 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; planned satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 807,000; 662,000 fit for military service; about 33,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $222 million; about 4.0% of the central government budget (See reference map VI) NOTE: the Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the data below unless indicat- ed; the occupied Gaza Strip (360 kmz) was administered from 1948 to June 1967 by Egypt but not claimed as sovereign territory; Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to Egypt on 25 April 1982 LAND 20,720 km2 (excluding about 26,331 km2 of occupied territory in Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Gaza as of January 1982); 20% cultivated, 40% pastureland and meadows, 4% forested, 4% desert, waste, or urban, 3% inland water, 29% unsurveyed (mostly desert) Land boundaries: 1,036 km (before 1967 war); including occupied areas, approximately 1,050 km (as of January 1982) WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm Coastline: 273 km (before 1967 war); including occupied areas, approximately 400 km (January 1982) PEOPLE Population: 3,916,000, excluding East Jerusalem (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun — Israeli(s); adjective — Israeli Ethnic divisions: 85% Jews, 15% non-Jews (mostly Arabs) Religion: 85% Judaism, 11% Islam, 4% Christian and other Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language Literacy: 88% Jews, 48% Arabs Labor force: 1,318,000; 6.3% agriculture, forestry and fishing; 23.5% industry, mining, and manufacturing; 1.0% electricity and water; 6.3% construction and public works; 11.6% commerce; 6.9% transport, storage, and communica- tions; 8.2% finance and business; 29.3% public services; 6.1% personal and other services (1980) 112 7SRAEL (Continued) Organized labor: 90% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: State of Israel Type: republic Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by US, which main- tains Embassy in Tel Aviv Political subdivisions: six administrative districts Legal system: mixture of English common law and, in personal area, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; commercial matters regulated substantially by codes adopt- ed since 1948; no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establish- ment (1948), the basic laws of the Knesset (legislature) relating to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the president, the government and the Israel citizenship law; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Hebrew University in Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 14 May Branches: President Yitzhak Navon has largely ceremo- nial functions, except for the authority to decide which political leader should try to form a ruling coalition follow- ing an election or the fall of a previous government; executive power vested in Cabinet; unicameral parliament (Knesset) of 120 members elected under a system of propor- tional representation; legislation provides fundamental laws in absence of a written constitution; two distinct court systems (secular and religious) Government leader: Prime Minister Menachem BEGIN Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: held every four years unless required by dissolution of Knesset; last election held in June 1981 Political parties and leaders: Herut, Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Foreign Affairs Minister Yitzhak Shamir; Liberal Party, Deputy Prime Minister Simcha Ehrlich; La 'am, Eliezer Shostak; State List, Yitzhak Peretz (Likud is a coalition formed in 1973 of Herut, Liberals, La "am, and State List); National Religious Party, Yosef Burg, Zevulun Hammer; Israel's Labor Alignment (includes MAPAM, Vic- tor Shemtov, and Israel Labor Party, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin); RAKAH Communist Party, Meir Wilner; TAMI, Aharon Aba-Hatzeira; TELEM, Mordechai Ben-Porat; Orthodox Agudat Israel, Avraham Shapira; Citizens Rights Movement, Shulamit Aloni; Shinui Party, Amnon Rubin- stein; Tehiya (Rebirth, formed by Likud defectors), Yuval Ne'eman Voting strength: Likud, 48 seats; National Religious Par- ty, 6 seats; Orthodox Agudat Israel, 4 seats; Israel's Labor Alignment (Labor Party-MAPAM), 47 seats; Shinui Party, 2 seats; Citizens Rights Movement, 1 seat; RAKAH, 4 seats; Tehiya, 3 seats; TAMI, 3 seats; TELEM, 2 seats Communists: RAKAH (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 members; the Jewish Communist Party, MAKI, is now part of Moked, which is a far-left Zionist party included in SHELLI Other political or pressure groups: rightwing Kach Movement led by Rabbi Meir Kahane; Black Panthers, a loosely organized youth group seeking more benefits for oriental Jews; Gush Emunim, Jewish religious zealots push- ing for freedom for Jews to settle anywhere on the West Bank Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $19.5 billion (1980, in 1980 prices), $4,640 per capita; 1980 growth of real GNP 2.3% Agriculture: main products — citrus and other fruits, vege- tables, beef and dairy products, poultry products Major industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles and clothing, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, rubber and plastic products, potash mining Electric power: 2,693,000 kW capacity (1980); 12.528 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,285 kWh per capita Exports: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980); major items — polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products; tourism is important foreign exchange earner Imports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); major items — military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and aircraft Major trade partners: exports — US, West Germany, UK, Switzerland, France, Italy; imports — US, West Germany, UK, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy Budget: public revenue $14.5 billion, current expendi- tures $13.7 billion, development expenditures $1.6 billion Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound was allowed to float on 31 October 1977; the shekel became the unit of account on 1 October 1980 (1 shekel=10 Israeli pounds) and as of October 1981 13.74 shekels=US$l Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 767 km standard gauge (1.435 m) Highways: 4,459 km paved, 7 km gravel/crushed stone, remainder unknown 113 ITALY ISRAEL (Continued) Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in Airfields: 66 total, 55 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: most highly developed in the Mid- dle East though not the largest; good system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 930,000 telephones (25.4 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 10 FM stations, 15 TV stations, and 25 repeater stations; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, second antenna planned DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 1,838,000; of 921,000 males 15-49, 580,000 fit for military service; of 909,000 females 15-49, 571,000 fit for military service; 35,000 males and 33,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes liable for military service (See reference map V) LAND 301,217 km2; 50% cultivated, 17% meadow and pasture, 21% forest, 3% unused but potentially productive, 9% waste or urban Land boundaries: 1,702 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 4,996 km PEOPLE Population: 57,353,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun — Italian(s); adjective — Italian Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population in- cludes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene- Italians in the north and of Albanian-Italians in the south Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic (de facto state religion) Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta re- gion; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area Literacy: 5%-7% of population illiterate (1972); illiteracy varies widely by region Labor force: 22,372,000 (1980); 14.1% agriculture, 37.6% industry, 48.3% other (1980); 7.6% unemployment (1980); 1.5 million Italians employed in other West European countries Organized labor: 50-55% (est.) of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Italian Republic Type: republic Capital: Rome Political subdivisions: constitution provides for establish- ment of 20 regions; five with special statute (Sicilia, Sar- degna, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle 114 ITALY (Continued) d'Aosta) have been functioning for some time and the remaining 15 regions with regular statute were instituted on 1 April 1972; 95 provinces, 8,081 communes Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiasti- cal law influence; constitution came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitu- tional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June Branches: executive — President empowered to dissolve Parliament and call national election; he is also Commander of the Armed Forces and presides over the Supreme Defense Council; otherwise, authority to govern invested in Council of Ministers; legislative power invested in bicameral, popu- larly elected Parliament; Italy has an independent judicial establishment Government leaders: President Alessandro PERTINI; Premier Giovanni SPADOLINI Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in senatorial elections where minimum age of voter is 25) Elections: national elections for Parliament held every five years (most recent, June 1979); provincial and municipal elections held every five years with some out of phase; regional elections every five years (held June 1980) Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Flaminio Piccoli (secretary general); Communist Party (PCI), Enrico Berlinguer (secretary general); Socialist Party (PSI), Benedetto Craxi (secretary general); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Pietro Longo (secretary general); Liberal Party (PLI), Valeric Zanone (party secretary); Italian Social Move- ment (MSI), Giorgio Almirante (party secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giovanni Spadolini (party secretary) Voting strength (1979 election): 38.3% DC, 30.4% PCI, 9.8% PSI, 5.3% MSI, 3.8% PSDI, 3.0% PRI, 1.9% PLI, 3.4% other Communists: 1,814,740 members (February 1978) Other political or pressure groups: the Vatican; three major trade union confederations (CGIL — Communist dominated, CISL — Christian Democratic, and UIL — Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufactur- ers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, ESRO, EURA- TOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GDP: $394 billion (1980), $6,900 per capita; 63.1% private consumption, 20.0% gross fixed investment, 16.6% govern- ment, net foreign balance —0.5%; 1980 growth rate 4.0% (1975 constant prices) Agriculture: important producer of fruits and vegetables; main crops — cereals, potatoes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food shortages — fats, meat, fish, and eggs; daily caloric intake, 3,172 calories per capita (1977) Fishing: catch 401,958 metric tons (1978); exports $90 million (1979), imports $459 million (1979) Major industries: machinery and transportation equip- ment, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals Crude steel: 26.5 million metric tons produced (1980), 465 kg per capita Electric power: 48,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 186.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,247 kWh per capita Exports: $77.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items — machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear Imports: $99.7 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items- machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals, wool, cotton, petroleum Major trade partners: (1980) 46% EC-nine (17% West Germany, 14% France, 5% UK, 4% Netherlands); 2% USSR and 3% other Communist countries of Eastern Europe Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid committed (ODA and OOF), $5.8 billion (1970-79) Monetary conversion rate: Smithsonian rate as of De- cember 1973, 650.4 lire=US$l; average rate in 1980, 856 lire=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 20,085 km total; 16,140 km government owned standard gauge (1.435 m), 8,585 km electrified; 3,945 km nongovernment owned — 2,100 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,155 km electrified, and 1,845 km narrow gauge (0.950 m), 380 km electrified Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrade 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth Inland waterways: 2,500 km navigable routes Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined products, 2,148 km; natural gas, 13,749 km 115 IVORY COAST ITALY (Continued) Forts: 16 major, 22 significant minor Civil air: 146 major transport aircraft, including 6 leased in Airfields: 147 total, 142 usable; 84 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 32 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: well engineered, well constructed, and efficiently operated; 18.1 million telephones (31.7 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 1,830 FM, and 1,350 TV stations; 20 coaxial submarine cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with a total of 5 antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,075,000; 11,862,000 fit for military service; 466,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $8.8 billion; about 4.4% of central govern- ment budget At/antic Ocean (See reference map Vtl) LAND 323,750 km2; 40% forest and woodland, 8% cultivated, 52% grazing, fallow, and waste; 322 km of lagoons and connecting canals extend east-west along eastern part of the coast Land boundaries: 3,227 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 run (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 515 km PEOPLE Population: 8,569,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.3% Nationality: noun — Ivorian(s); adjective — Ivorian Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic groups; no single tribe more than 20% of population; most important are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approximately 2 million foreign Africans, mostly Upper Voltans; about 75,000 to 90,000 non- Africans (50,000 to 60,000 French and 25,000 to 30,000 Lebanese) Religion: 66% animist, 22% Muslim, 12% Christian Language: French official, over 60 native dialects, Dioula most widely spoken Literacy: about 65% at primary school level Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in agricul- ture, forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture, remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of the Ivory Coast Type: republic; one-party presidential regime established 1960 Capital: Abidjan 116 IVORY COAST (Continued) Political subdivisions: 24 departments subdivided into 127 subprefectures Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1960; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal education at Abidjan School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 7 December Branches: President has sweeping powers, unicameral legislature, separate judiciary Government leader: President Felix HOUPHOUET- BOIGNY Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: legislative and municipal elections were held in November 1980; Houphouet-Boigny reelected in October 1980 to his fifth consecutive five-year term Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDCI), only party; Houphouet-Boigny firmly controls party Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers Member of: AFDB, CEAO, KAMA, EGA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $10.3 billion (1980 est.), $1,250 per capita; real average annual growth rate, 6.8% (1980 est.) Agriculture: commercial — coffee, cocoa, wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food crops — corn, millet, yams, rice; other commodities — cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish; self- sufficient in most foodstuffs but rice, sugar, and meat imported Fishing: catch 92,050 metric tons (1979 est.); exports $44.7 million (1979), imports $71.9 million (1979) Major industries: food and lumber processing, oil refin- ery, automobile assembly plant, textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small shipyards, fertilizer plant, and battery factory Electric power: 721,500 kW capacity (1980); 1.717 billion kWh produced (1980), 210 kWh per capita Exports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); cocoa (32%), coffee (23%), tropical woods (19%), cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil Imports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); manufactured goods and semifinished products (50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materials and fuels (10%) Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) ODA and OOF (1970-79), $1,341 million; US authorizations, in- cluding Ex-Im (FY70-80), $141 million Major trade partners: (1979) France and other EC coun- tries about 65%, US 10%, Communist countries about 3% Budget: (1980), revenues $2.8 billion, current expenditures $2.8 billion, development expenditures $1.4 billion Monetary conversion rate: about 211.3 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 657 km of the 1,173 km Abidjan to Ouagadou- gou, Upper Volta line, all single track meter gauge (1.00 m); only diesel locomotives in use Highways: 45,600 km total; 2,461 km bituminous and bituminous-treated surface; 31,939 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 11,200 km unimproved Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers and numer- ous coastal lagoons Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 3 minor Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft Airfields: 50 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system above African average; con- sists of open-wire lines and radio-relay links; 78,400 tele- phones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 8 FM, and 6 TV stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,081,000; 1,068,000 fit for military service; 84,000 males reach military age (18) annually 117 JAMAICA (See reference map III) LAND 11,422 km2; 21% arable, 23% meadows and pastures, 19% forested, 37% waste, urban, or other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 1,022 km PEOPLE Population: 2,295,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.2% Nationality: noun — Jamaican(s); adjective — Jamaican Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.4%, white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 0.9% Religion: predominantly Protestant, some Roman Catho- lic, some spiritualist cults Language: English Literacy: government claims 82%, but probably only about one-half of that number are functionally literate Labor force: 1,006,900, including 269,000 unemployed (1980); 30% in agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining, 10% manufacturing/mining, 14% public administration, 4% con- struction, 11% commerce, 4% transportation and utilities, 16% services; 26% unemployed; shortage of technical and managerial personnel Organized labor: about 33% of labor force (1980) GOVERNMENT Official name: Jamaica Type: independent state within Commonwealth since August 1962, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state Capital: Kingston Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 7 August Branches: Cabinet headed by Prime Minister; 60-member elected House of Representatives; 21-member Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister, eight by opposition leader); judiciary follows British tradition under a Chief Justice Government leader: Prime Minister Edward P. G. SEAGA; Governor General Florizel GLASSPOLE Suffrage: universal, age 18 and over Elections: at discretion of Governor General upon advice of Prime Minister but within five years; latest held 30 October 1980 Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People's National Party (PNP), Michael Manley Voting strength: (1980 general elections) approx. 58.8% JLP (51 seats in House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats) Communists: Communist Party of Jamaica; Worker's Party of Jamaica; Worker's Party of Jamaica, Trevor Munroe Other political or pressure groups: New World Group (Caribbean regionalists, nationalists, and leftist intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro religious/racial cultists, pan- Africanists); New Creation International Peacemakers Tab- ernacle (leftist group); Workers Liberation League (a Marxist coalition of students/labor) Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, O$>, Pan American Health Organization, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $2.4 billion (1980), $1,089 per capita; real growth rate 1981, 1% est. Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, citrus fruits, ba- nanas, pimento, coconuts, coffee, cocoa, tobacco Major industries: bauxite mining, textiles, food process- ing, light manufactures, tourism Electric power: 1,400,000 kW capacity (1981); 2.2 billion kWh produced (1981), 974 kWh per capita Exports: $1 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit products, rum, cocoa Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1981 prov.); fuels, machinery, transportation and electrical equipment, food, fertilizer Major trade partners: exports— US 37%, UK 25%, Can- ada 8%; imports— US 37%, UK 10%, Canada 6% (1978) Budget: revenue $0.8 billion, expenditure $1.3 billion (1981) Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jamaican dollar=US$0.5613 Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March 118 JAPAN JAMAICA (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 370 km, all standard gauge (1.435 m), single track Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth Pipelines: refined products, 10 km Ports: 2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay, 10 minor Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in and 1 leased out Airfields: 42 total, 22 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone network with 111,000 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 8 AM, 11 FM, and 9 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 511,000; 378,000 fit for military service; no conscription; 31,000 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually Supply: dependent on UK and US Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $33.2 million; about 2.3% of central government budget (See reference map VIII) LAND 370,370 km2; 16% arable and cultivated, 3% grassland, 12% urban and waste, 69% forested WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm except 3 nm in five international straits (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 13,685 km PEOPLE Population: 118,519,000, (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun — Japanese (sing., pi.); adjective — Japanese Ethnic divisions: 99.2% Japanese, 0.8% other (mostly Korean) Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian Language: Japanese Literacy: 99% Labor force (1980): 56.5 million; 10% agriculture, forest- ry, and fishing; 35% manufacturing, mining, and construc- tion; 51% trade and services; 4% government; 2% unemployed Organized labor: 22% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Japan Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Tokyo Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures Legal system: civil law system with English-American influence; constitution promulgated in 1946; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 29 April 119 JAPAN (Continued) Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of state; executive power is vested in Cabinet dominated by the Prime Minis- ter, chosen by the lower house of the bicameral, elective legislature (Diet); judiciary is independent Government leaders: Emperor HIROHITO; Prime Min- ister Zenko SUZUKI Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: general elections held every four years or upon dissolution of lower house, triennially for one-half of upper house Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Z. Suzuki, president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), I. Asukata, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), R. Sasaki, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), K. Miya- moto, Presidium chairman; Komeito (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chairman; New Liberal Club (NLC), S. Tagawa; Social Democratic Federation (SDF), H. Den Voting strength (1980 elections): Lower House— 47.9% LDP, 19.3% JSP, 9.8% JCP, 9.0% CGP, 6.6% DSP, 3.0% NLC, 0.7% SDF, 3.6% independents and minor parties; Upper House— 43.3% LDP, 22.4% JSP, 11.7% JCP, 5.0% CGP, 5.1% DSP, 0.6% NLC, 0.0% SDF, 11.8% independents and minor parties Communists: approximately 400,000 registered Commu- nist Party members Member of: ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $1,038 billion (1980, at 226.8 yen=US$l); $8,889 per capita (1980); 58% personal consumption, 32% invest- ment, 10% government current expenditure, 1% stocks, and — 1% foreign balance; real growth rate 4.2% (1980); average annual growth rate (1976-80), 5.5% Agriculture: land intensively cultivated — rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 73% self-sufficient in food (1978); food shortages — meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oil and fats; caloric intake, 2,502 calories per day per capita (1974) Fishing: catch 10.6 million metric tons (1979) Major industries: metallurgical and engineering indus- tries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles, chemicals Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials Crude steel: 111 million metric tons produced (1980) Electric power: 153,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 520.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,435 kWh per capita Exports: $130.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 88% manufactures (including 27% machinery, 23% motor vehicles, 14% iron and steel) Imports: $122.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 50% fossil fuels, 17% manufactures, 13% foodstuffs, 8% machinery and equipment Major trade partners: exports — 24% US, 21% Southeast Asia, 11% Middle East, 7% Communist countries, 17% Western Europe; imports — 31% Middle East, 13% Southeast Asia, 17% US, 7% Western Europe, 5% Communist countries Aid: bilateral economic and committed (ODA and OOF), $22 billion (1970-79) Budget: revenues $101 billion, expenditures $168 billion, deficit $67 billion (general account for fiscal year ending March 1980) Monetary conversion rate: 219 yen=US$l (mid-January 1982), floating since February 1973 Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 29,711 km total (1979); 1,077 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 28,634 km predominantly narrow gauge (1.067 m), 7,539 km double track, 8,279 km or 28% of total route length electrified; 82% government owned Highways: 1,106,138 km total (1976); 474,434 km paved, 631,704 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal "inland seas" Pipelines: crude oil, 50 km; natural gas, 1,728 km Ports: 53 major, over 2,000 minor Civil air: 265 major transport aircraft Airfields: 195 total, 170 usable; 125 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic and interna- tional service; 55.4 million telephones (47.6 per 100 popl.); 167 AM stations, 48 FM stations plus 429 relay stations; 5,525 TV stations (192 major — 1 kw or greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philip- pines, China, and USSR DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 31,204,000; 26,059,000 fit for military service; about 884,000 reach military age (18) annually Supply: defense industry potential is large, with capability of producing the most sophisticated equipment; manufac- tured equipment includes small arms artillery, armored vehicles, and other types of ground forces materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval vessels (submarines, guided missile and other destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and other minor craft including amphibious, auxiliaries, service craft, and small support ships), small amounts of all types of army materiel; several missile systems are produced under US license and a vigorous domestic missile development pro- gram exists Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 March 1983, $11.8 billion; about 5.2% of total budget 120 JORDAN (See reference map VI) NOTE: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in control of West Jordan. Although approximately 930,000 persons resided in this area before the start of the war, fewer than 750,000 of them remain there under the Israeli occupation, the remainder having fled to East Jordan. Over 14,000 of those who fled were repatriated in August 1967, but their return has been more than offset by other Arabs who have crossed and are continuing to cross from West to East Jordan. These and certain other effects of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war are not included in the data below. LAND 96,089 km2 (including about 5,439 km2 occupied by Israel); 11% agricultural, 88% desert, waste, or urban, 1% forested Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967, 1,668 km excluding occupied areas) WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 26 km PEOPLE Population: 3,246,000— East and West Banks, including East Jerusalem (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%; East Bank, 2,415,000, average annual growth rate 3.9%; West Bank, including East Jerusalem, 831,000, average annual growth rate 1.2% Nationality: noun — Jordanian(s); adjective — Jordanian Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian, 1% Armenian Religion: 90%-92% Sunni Muslim, 8%-10% Christian Language: Arabic official; English widely understood among upper and middle classes Literacy: about 50%-55% in East Jordan; somewhat less than 60% in West Jordan Labor force: 638,000; less than 2% unemployed Organized labor: 9.8% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: 'Amman Political subdivisions: eight governorates (three Israeli occupied) under centrally appointed officials Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; constitution adopted 1952; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May Branches: King holds balance of power; Prime Minister exercises executive authority in name of King; Cabinet appointed by King and responsible to parliament; bicameral parliament with House of Representatives last chosen by national elections in April 1967, and dissolved by King in February 1976; a National Consultative Council appointed by the King in March 1978 as temporary substitute for House of Representatives; Senate last appointed by King in January 1979; present parliament subservient to executive; secular court system based on differing legal systems of the former Transjordan and Palestine; law Western in concept and structure; Sharia (religious) courts for Muslims, and religious community council courts for non-Muslim commu- nities; desert police carry out quasi-judicial functions in desert areas Government leader: King HUSSEIN I Suffrage: all citizens over age 20 Political parties and leaders: political party activity illegal since 1957; Palestine Liberation Organization and various smaller fedayeen groups clandestinely active on West Bank; Muslim Brotherhood Communists: party actively repressed, membership esti- mated at less than 500 Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $3.4 billion (East Bank only, 1980), $1,250 per capita; real growth rate (1980), 9% Agriculture: main crops — vegetables, fruits, olive oil, wheat; not self-sufficient in many foodstuffs Major industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, and cement production, light manufacturing Electric power: 299,000 kW capacity (1980); 917 million kWh produced (1980), 290 kWh per capita, East Bank only Exports: $553 million (f.o.b., 1980); fruits and vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist share 13% of total (1980) 121 KAMPUCHEA JORDAN (Continued) Exports: $553 million (f.o.b., 1980); fruits and vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist share 13% of total (1980) Imports: $2,414 million (c.i.f., 1980); petroleum products, textiles, capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 7% of total (1980) Aid: economic— OPEC (ODA; 1973-76), $1,143.1 million; US, including Ex-Im, (1970-80), $1.2 billion; Western (non- US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $391 million; military— US (1970-76), $906.8 million Budget: (1980)— $1,291 million public revenue, $971 mil- lion current expenditures, $520 million capital expenditures Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jordanian dinar= US$3.35, freely convertible (1980 average); 1 Jordanian dinar= US$2.99 (October 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track Highways: 6,332 total; 4,837 paved, 1,495 gravel and crushed stone Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km Ports: 1 major (Aqaba) Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 27 total, 18 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system of radio-relay, wire, and radio; 53,000 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, and 1 1 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 1 Indian Ocean station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 722,000; 511,000 fit for military service; 36,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $874 million; 44% of central government budget (See reference map IX) LAND 181,300 km2; 16% cultivated, 74% forested, 10% built-on area, wasteland, and other Land boundaries: 2,438 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: about 443 km PEOPLE Population: 5,882,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun — Kampuchean(s); adjective — Kam- puchean Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Kampuchean), 5% Chinese, 5% other minorities Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% various other Language: Cambodian GOVERNMENT Official name: Democratic Kampuchea (supported by resistance forces deployed principally near the western border); People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK; pro- Vietnamese, in Phnom Penh) Type: both are Communist states Capital: Phnom Penh Political subdivisions: 19 provinces Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by People's Representative Assembly in Democratic Kampuchea; no information for PRK National holiday: 17 April for both regimes Branches: Cabinet, State Presidium, and some form of People's Representative Assembly in Democratic Kampu- chea; Peoples Revolutionary Council, various ministries, and a "National Congress" held in early 1979 and a second time in September 1979 in PRK 122 KAMPUCHEA (Continued) Government leaders: Presidium Chairman and Prime Minister KHIEU SAMPHAN; Deputy Prime Ministers IENG SARY and SON SEN; Assembly Standing Committee Chairman NUON CHEA in Democratic Kampuchea; Chair- man, Council of State, HENG SAMRIN; Chairman, Council of Ministers, CHAN SI; Minister of National Defense BOU THANG; and Foreign Minister HUN SEN in PRK Suffrage: universal over age 18 Political parties and leaders: Democratic Kampuchea Khmer Communist Party disbanded December 1981 though chief political figure still former party chairman Pol Pot; in PRK Kampuchean United Front for National Construction and Defense (KUFNCD) and separate Kampuchean Peoples Revolutionary Party Member of: Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive), NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO for Democratic Kampuchea; none for PRK ECONOMY GNP: less than $500 million (1971) Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for rubber planta- tions; main crops — rice, rubber, corn; food shortages — rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products Shortages: fossil fuels Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1981); 100 million kWh produced (1981), 18 kWh per capita Exports: probably less than $1 million est. (1978); natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood Imports: probably less than $20 million (1978); food, fuel, machinery Trade partners: (1978) exports — China; imports — China, North Korea; (1981) Vietnam and USSR Aid: economic commitments— US (FY70-80), $690 mil- lion; other Western, (1970-79) $135 million; military (FY70- 80) — US, $1,260 million; Communist not available Budget: no budget data available since Communists took over government Monetary conversion rate (1978): no currency in use Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 612 km meter gauge (1.00 m); government owned Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters Ports: 2 major, 5 minor Airfields: 52 total, 23 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: service barely adequate for govern- ment requirements and virtually nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and other adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts limited to 1 station DEFENSE Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,571,000; 843,000 fit for military service; 99,000 reach military age (18) annually 123 KENYA Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 582,750 km2; about 21% forest and woodland, 13% suit- able for agriculture, 66% mainly grassland adequate for grazing (1971) Land boundaries: 3,368 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zones 200 nm) Coastline: 536 km PEOPLE Population: 17,832,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1% Nationality: noun — Kenyan(s); adjective — Kenyan Ethnic divisions: 97% native African (including Bantu Nilotic, Hamitic and Nilo-Hamitic); 2% Asian; 1% Europe -.1, Arab, and others Religion: 56% Christian, 36% animist, 7% Muslim, 1% Hindu Language: English and Swahili official; each tribe has own language Literacy: 27% Labor force: 5.4 million; about 900,000, in monetary economy Organized labor: about 390,000 GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Kenya Type: republic within Commonwealth since December 1963 Capital: Nairobi Political subdivisions: 7 provinces plus Nairobi area Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law and Islamic law; constitution enacted 1963; judicial review in Supreme Court; legal education at Kenya School of Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: 12 December Branches: President and Cabinet responsible to unicam- eral legislature (National Assembly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by constituencies and 12 appointed by the President; Assembly must be reelected at least every five years; High Court, with Chief Justice and at least 11 justices, has unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceeding; provision for systems of courts of appeal Government leader: President Daniel T. arap MOI Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: general election (held November 1979) elected present National Assembly and President Political party and leaders: Kenya Africa National Union (KANU), president, Daniel arap Moi Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the National Assembly Communists: may be a few Communists and sym- pathizers Other political or pressure groups: labor unions Member of: AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $4.3 billion (1980), $340 per capita; real average annual growth rate, 4.8% (1970-78) Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, sisal, tea, pyre- thrum, cotton, livestock; food crops — corn, wheat, sugar- cane, rice, cassava; largely self-sufficient in food Major industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, agricultural processing, cigarettes, flour), oil refining, cement, tourism Electric power: 481,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.5 billion kWh produced (1981), 90 kWh per capita Exports: $1,168.8 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, tea, live- stock products, pyrethrum, soda ash, wattle-bark tanning extract Imports: $2,233.7 million (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, trans- port equipment, crude oil, paper and paper products, iron and steel products, and textiles Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Iran, US, Zambia, Uganda Budget: (1978/79) revenues $1,582.5 million; current ex- penditures $1,399.1 million; development expenditures $635.9 million External public debt: $2.2 billion, 1980 external debt ratio 15% Monetary conversion rate: 9.01 Kenya shillings=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June 124 KENYA (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,040 km meter gauge (1.00 m) Highways: 52,250 km total; 5,542 km paved, 16,500 km gravel, 29,550 km improved earth, remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria and Lake Rudolph systems are within boundaries of Kenya Pipelines: refined products, 483 km Ports: 1 major (Mombasa) Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 216 total, 194 usable; 12 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: in top group of African systems; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocom- munication stations; 168,200 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, and 4 TV stations; Atlantic and Indian Ocean satellite service from 1 station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,463,000; 2,130,000 fit for military service; no conscription Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1980, $168.6 million; about 8% of central government budget KIRIBATI (formerly Gilbert Islands) Pacific Ocean UNITED'' STATES KIRIBATI Christmas I. • TUVALU FUI • WESTERN SAMOA (See reference map X) LAND About 690 km" WATER Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: about 1,143 km PEOPLE Population: 59,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.1% Nationality: noun — Kiribatian(s); adjective — Kiribati Ethnic divisions: Micronesian Religion: Catholic Literacy: adult literacy ratio 90% Labor force: 15,921 (1973); general unemployment rate 4.9% GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Kiribati Type: republic; became independent 12 July 1979 Capital: Tarawa Branches: 35-member parliament, nationally elected President Government leader: President leremia TABAI Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese National Party, Christian Democratic Party Member of: ADB, GATT (de facto) ECONOMY GDP: $36.0 million (1979 est), $630 per capita Agriculture: copra, subsistence crops of vegetables, sup- plemented by domestic fishing Industry: phosphate production, which as of May 1979 was expected to cease in mid-1979 Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1981); 6 million kWh produced (1981), 104 kWh per capita 125 KOREA, NORTH KIRIBATI (Continued) Exports: $21.2 million (1978); 88% phosphate, 11.6% copra Imports: $18.4 million (1978); foodstuffs, fuel, transporta- tion equipment Aid: Western (non-US) commitments (ODA; 1979), $46.0 million; Australia (1980-83), $8.1 million committed Budget: $15.2 million (1979) Monetary conversion rate: 0.90 Australian$=US$l COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 483 km of motorable roads Inland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Northern Line Islands Ports: 3 minor Civil air: 2 Trislanders, however, no major transport aircraft Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast station; 866 tele- phones (4.3 per 100 popl.) (See reference map VIII) LAND 121,730 km2; 17% arable and cultivated, 74% in forest, scrub, and brush; remainder wasteland and urban Land boundaries: 1,675 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm; military 50 nm) Coastline: 2,495 km PEOPLE Population: 20,586,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun — Korean(s); adjective — Korean Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost nonexistent Language: Korean Literacy: 90% (est.) Labor force: 6.1 million; 48% agriculture, 52% non- agricultural; shortage of skilled and unskilled labor GOVERNMENT Official name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea Type: Communist state; one-man rule Capital: P'yongyang Political subdivisions: nine provinces, three special cities (P'yongyang, Kaesong, and Chongjin) Legal system: based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; constitu- tion adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 9 September Branches: Supreme Peoples Assembly theoretically super- vises legislative and judicial function; State Administration Council (cabinet) oversees ministerial operations 126 KOREA, SOUTH NORTH KOREA (Continued) Government and party leaders: KIM Il-s6ng, President DPRK and General Secretary of the Korean Workers Party; YI Chong-6k, Premier Suffrage: universal at age 17 Elections: election to SPA every four years, but this constitutional provision not necessarily followed — last elec- tion February 1982 Political party: Korean Workers (Communist) Party; claims membership of about 2 million, or about 11% of population Member of: FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IPU, IRCS, ITU, UN (observer status only), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $14.1 billion (1979), $750 per capita Agriculture: main crops — corn, rice, vegetables; food shortages — meat, cooking oils; production of foodstuffs ade- quate for domestic needs at low levels of consumption Major industries: machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processing Shortages: complex machinery and equipment, coking coal, petroleum Crude steel: 3.5 million metric tons produced (1979), 187 kg per capita Electric power: 5,428,000 kW capacity (1980); 35.915 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,829 kWh per capita Exports: $1,320 million (1979); minerals, chemical and metallurgical products Imports: $1,300 million (1979); machinery and equip- ment, petroleum, foodstuffs, coking coal Major trade partners: total trade turnover $2.6 billion (1979); 43% with non-Communist countries, 57% with Com- munist countries Aid: economic and military aid from the USSR and China Monetary conversion rate: 1.79 won=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1980; 3,870 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 665 km narrow gauge (0.762 m); 159 km double tracked; about 2,940 km electrified; govern- ment owned Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only Ports: 6 major, 26 minor DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,658,000; 2,852,000 fit for military service; 231,000 reach military age (18) annually (See reference map VIII) LAND 98,913 km8; 23% arable (22% cultivated), 10% urban and other, 67% forested Land boundaries: 241 km WATER Limits of territorial waters: 12 rim (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 2,413 km PEOPLE Population: 41,092,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun — Korean(s); adjective — Korean Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chinese minority (approx. 20,000) Religion: strong Confucian tradition; pervasive folk reli- gion (Shamanism); vigorous Christian minority (16.6% Chris- tian population); Buddhism (including estimated 20,000 members of Soka Gakkai); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million adherents Language: Korean Literacy: about 90% Labor force: 14.2 million (1979); 36% agriculture, fishing, forestry; 24% mining and manufacturing; 40% services and other; average unemployment 3.8% (1979) Organized labor: about 13% of nonagricultural labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Korea Type: republic; power centralized in a strong executive Capital: Seoul Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 2 special cities; heads centrally appointed Legal system: combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical 127 SOUTH KOREA (Continued) thought; constitution approved 1980; has not accepted com- pulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 15 August Branches: executive, legislative (unicameral), judiciary Government leaders: President CHUN Doo Hwan; Prime Minister YOO Chang Soon Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: under new constitution of October 1980, Presi- dent elected every seven years indirectly by a 5,000-man electoral college; last election February 1981; four-year National Assembly, elected in March 1981, consists of 276 representatives, 184 directly elected and 92 chosen through proportional representation Political parties and leaders: major party is the govern- ment's Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Chun Doo Hwan (president) and Yi Chae-hyong (chairman); opposition parties are Democratic Korea Party (DKP), Yu Chi-Song (president); Korean National Party (KNP), Kim Chong-Chol (president); Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Ko Chong-hun (president); and several smaller parties Communists: Communist activity banned by govern- ment; an estimated 37,000-50,000 former members and supporters Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Korean National Christian Council; large, potentially volatile, student popula- tion concentrated in Seoul Member of: AALCC (Afro-Asian League Consultative Committee), ADB, Asian Parliamentary Union, APACL — Asian People's Anti-Communist League, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, Geneva Conventions of 1949 for the protection of war victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, IMCO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Com- mission, IWC— International Wheat Council, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UN Special Fund, UPU, WACL— World Anti-Communist League, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; official observer at UN; does not hold UN membership ECONOMY GNP: $56.6 billion (1980, in 1980 prices), $1,481 per capita; real growth -6.2% (1980); real growth 7.2% (1976-80 average) Agriculture: 29% of the population live on the land, but agriculture, forestry, and fishery constitute 16% of GNP; main crops — rice, barley; food shortages — wheat, dairy products, corn Fishing: catch 2,410,346 metric tons (1980) Major industries: textiles and clothing, food processing, chemicals, steel, electronics, shipbuilding Shortages: base metals, petroleum, lumber, and certain food grains Electric power: 9,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 37.611 billion kWh produced (1979), 886 kWh per capita Exports: $17.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); textiles and clothing, electrical machinery, footwear, steel, ships, fish Imports: $22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains Major trade partners: exports — 26% US, 17% Japan; imports— 26% Japan, 22% US (1979) Aid: economic— US (FY46-80), $6.0 billion committed; Japan (1965-75), $1.8 billion extended; military— US (FY46- 80) $7.6 billion committed Budget: $11.8 billion (1981) Monetary conversion rate: controlled float, 700.5 won=US$l (31 December 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 46,800 km total (1980); 9,290 km national highway, 37,510 km provincial and local roads Freight carried: rail (1980) 49 million metric tons; high- way 145 million metric tons; air (1979) 14 billion metric tons (domestic) Pipelines: 515 km refined products Ports: 10 major, 18 minor Civil air: 41 major transport aircraft Airfields: 127 total, 118 usable; 63 with permanent- surface runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate domestic and interna- tional services; 2.0 million telephones (5.2 per 100 popl.); 95 AM, 19 FM, and 25 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 11,201,000; 7,560,000 fit for military service; 455,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $4.6 billion; about 34% of central govern- ment budget 128 KUWAIT raq Saudi Afabtif Neutral Zone SAUDI ARABIA CSee reference map VI) LAND 16,058 km2 (excluding neutral zone but including islands); insignificant amount forested; nearly all desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 459 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nni Coastline: 499 km PEOPLE Population: 1,553,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 6.2% Nationality: noun — Kuwaiti(s); adjective — Kuwaiti Ethnic divisions: 42% Kuwaitis, 41% other Arabs, 7% South Asians, 4% Iranians, 6% other Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, other Language: Arabic; English commonly used foreign language Literacy: about 60% Labor force: 360,000 (1978 est); 74% services, 11% indus- try, 11% construction; 70% of labor force is non-Kuwaiti Organized labor: labor unions, first authorized in 1964, formed in oil industry and among government personnel GOVERNMENT Official name: State of Kuwait Type: nominal constitutional monarchy Capital: Kuwait Political subdivisions: 3 governorates, 25 voting con- stituencies Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; constitution took effect in 1963; popularly elected 50-man National Assembly (the 15 Cabinet members can also vote) reinstated in March 1981 after being suspended in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts not yet determined; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 25 February Branches: Council of Ministers Government leader: Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al SABAH Suffrage: native born and naturalized males age 21 or over; law requires 20 years residency after naturalization Elections: National Assembly elected in February 1981 Political parties and leaders: political parties prohibited, some small clandestine groups are active Communists: insignificant Other political or pressure groups: large (300,000) Pales- tinian community Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $27.2 billion (1980), $18,390 per capita est. Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on imports for food; approx. 75% of potable water must be distilled or imported Major industries: crude petroleum production average for 1980, 1.7 million b/d; refinery production 123 million bbls (1980), average b/d refinery capacity equaled 645,000 bbls at end of 1976; other major industries include processing of fertilizers, chemicals; building materials; flour Electric power: 2,578,000 kW capacity (1980); 9.05 billion kWh produced (1980), 6,382 kWh per capita Exports: $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980), of which petroleum accounted for about 90%; nonpetroleum exports are mostly reexports, $2.1 billion (1980 est.) Imports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); major suppliers — US, Japan, UK, West Germany Budget: (1980) $25.5 billion revenues, expenditures $7.9 billion, capital $2.3 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kuwaiti dinar=US$3.69 (1980) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none 129 KUWAIT (Continued) Highways: 2,545 km total; 2,255 km bituminous; 290 km earth, sand, light gravel Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined products, 40 km; natural gas, 121 km Ports: 3 major (Ash Shuwaikh, Ash Shuaybah, Mina al Ahmadi), 4 minor Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 10 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent international and ade- quate domestic telecommunication facilities; 153,000 tele- phones (12.0 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 1 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 satellite station with Indian and Atlantic Ocean antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, about 383,000; about 232,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $1,104 million; 6% of central government budget LAOS CHINA BURMA South China Sea (See reference map IX) LAND 236,804 km2; 8% agricultural, 60% forests, 32% urban, waste, and other; except in very limited areas, soil is very poor; most of forested area is not exploitable Land boundaries: 5,053 km PEOPLE Population: 3,577,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7% Nationality: noun — Lao or Laotian (sing.); Laotians (pi.); adjective — Lao or Laotian Ethnic divisions: 48% Lao; 25% Phoutheung (Kha); 14% Tribal Tai; 13% Meo, Yao, and other Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and other Language: Lao official, French predominant foreign language Literacy: about 15% Labor force: about 1-1.5 million; 80%-90% agriculture Organized labor: only labor organization is subordinate to the Communist Party GOVERNMENT Official name: Lao People's Democratic Republic Type: Communist state Capital: Vientiane Political subdivisions: 13 provinces subdivided into dis- tricts, cantons, and villages Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 2 December Branches: President; 40-member Supreme People's Coun- cil; Cabinet; Cabinet is totally Communist but Council contains a few nominal neutralists and non-Communists; National Congress of People's Representatives established the current government structure in December 1975 Government leaders: President SOUPHANOUVONG; Prime Minister KAYSON PHOMVIHAN; Deputy Prime 130 LAOS (Continued) Ministers NOUHAK PHOUMSAVAN, PHOUMI VONGVI- CHIT, PHOUN SIPASEUT, KHAMTAI SIPHANDON, and SALI VONGKHAMSAO Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections for National Assembly, originally scheduled for 1 April 1976, have not yet been held Political parties and leaders: Lao People's Revolutionary Party (Communist), party chairman Kayson Phomvihan, includes Lao Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist Forces; third congress of Lao People's Revolutionary Party scheduled for first half of 1982; other parties are moribund Other political or pressure groups: non-Communist po- litical groups are moribund; most leaders have fled the country Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, SEAMES, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $290 million, $90 per capita (1977 est.) Agriculture: main crops — rice (overwhelmingly domi- nant), corn, vegetables, tobacco, coffee, cotton; formerly self-sufficient; food shortages (due in part to distribution deficiencies), including rice Major industries: tin mining, timber, tobacco, textiles, electric power Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum, transportation system, trained personnel Electric power: 141,000 kW capacity (1980); 887 million kWh produced (1980), 253 kWh per capita Exports: $15 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); electric power, forest products, tin concentrates; coffee, undeclared exports of opium and tobacco Imports: $80 million (c.i.f., 1979 est.); rice and other foodstuffs, petroleum products, machinery, transportation equipment Major trade partners: imports from Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, China, Vietnam; exports to Thailand and Malaysia; trade with Communist countries insignificant; Laos was once a major transit point in world gold trade, value of 1973 gold reexports $55 million Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries ODA and OOF (1970-79), $235 million; US (FY70-80), $276 million; military— US assistance $1,119.5 million (1970- 75) Budget: (1979 est.) receipts, $54.7 million; expenditures, $174.2 million; deficit $119.5 million Monetary conversion rate: US$1 =400 kip (since June 1978) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Highways: about 21,300 km total; 1,300 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 5,900 km gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 14,100 km unimproved earth and often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor Airfields: 88 total, 76 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: service to general public consid- ered poor; radio network provides generally erratic service to government users; approx. 10 AM stations; over 2,000 est. telephones; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 845,000; 453,000 fit for military service; 40,000 reach military age (18) annually; no conscription age specified Lao People's Liberation Army (LPLA): the LPLA con- sists of an army with naval, aviation, and militia elements 131 LEBANON c^ LEBANON Beirut* Mediterranean Set (See reference map VI) LAND 10,360 km2; 27% agricultural land, 64% desert, waste, or urban, 9% forested Land boundaries: 531 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): no specific claims (fishing, 6 nm) Coastline: 225 km PEOPLE Population: 3,177,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%; this estimate does not take into account any demographic consequences of the 1975-76 civil war Nationality: noun — Lebanese (sing., pi.); adjective- Lebanese Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian, 1% other Religion: 55% Christian, 44% Muslim and Druze, 1% other (official estimates); Muslims, in fact, constitute a majority Language: Arabic (official); French is widely spoken Literacy: 86% Labor force: about 1 million economically active; 49% agriculture, 11% industry, 14% commerce, 26% other; mod- erate unemployment Organized labor: about 65,000 GOVERNMENT NOTE: Between early 1975 and late 1976, Lebanon was torn by civil war between its Christians — then aided by Syrian troops — and its Muslims and their Palestinian allies. The cease-fire established in October 1976 between the domestic political groups has generally held, despite occa- sional fighting, although the country is still under the occupation of Syrian troops constituted as the Arab Deter- rent Force by the Arab League. In March 1978 southern Lebanon was invaded by Israeli troops. When the Israelis withdrew in June, they turned much of the south over to a United Nations interim force but left Christian militias in control of zones along the border. The country's own army is gradually being reestablished but is still too fragile to give the central government effective power. Syria's move to- ward supporting the Lebanese Muslims and the Palestinians and Israel's growing support for Lebanese Christians have brought the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no progress has been made on national reconciliation or politi- cal reforms — the original cause of the war. The following description is based on the present constitutional and cus- tomary practices of the Lebanese system. Official name: Republic of Lebanon Type: republic Capital: Beirut Political subdivisions: 5 provinces Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, and civil law system; constitution mandated in 1926; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Lebanese Uni- versity; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 22 November Branches: power lies with President elected by parlia- ment (Chamber of Deputies); Cabinet appointed by Presi- dent, approved by parliament; independent secular courts on French pattern; religious courts for matters of marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc.; by custom, President is a Maronite Christian, Prime Minister is a Sunni Muslim, and president of parliament is a Shia Muslim; each of nine religious communities represented in parliament in proportion to national numerical strength Government leader: President Elias SARKIS Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21; authorized for women over 21 with elementary education Elections: Chamber of Deputies held every four years or within three months of dissolution of Chamber; security conditions have prevented parliamentary elections since April 1972 Political parties and leaders: political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic consid- erations; most parties have well-armed militias which are still involved in occasional clashes Communists: the Lebanese Communist Party was legal- ized in 1970; members and sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000 Other political or pressure groups: Palestinian guerrilla organizations Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO 132 LESOTHO LEBANON (Continued) ECONOMY Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, potatoes, tobacco, olives, onions; not self-sufficient in food Major industries: service industries, food processing, tex- tiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, some metal fabricating, tourism Electric power: 604,000 kW capacity (1980); 2.325 billion kWh produced (1980), 760 kWh per capita Exports: $817 million (f.o.b., 1980) Imports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980) Budget: (1981) public revenue $942 million, current ex- penditures $941 million, development expenditures $327 million Monetary conversion rate: 4.61 Lebanese pounds=US$l as of October 1981 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 378 km total; 296 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 82 km 1.050- meter gauge; all single track Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km improved earth Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km Ports: 3 major (Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda), 5 minor Civil air: 36 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased out and 4 leased in Airfields: 8 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; major military airfields are Riyaq and Kleiat Telecommunications: rebuilding program disrupted; in- ternational facilities restored, domestic being rebuilt; fair system of radio relay, cable; approx 125,000 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2 FM, 4 AM, and 7 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 3 submarine cables; planned second satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 719,000; 443,000 fit for military service; average of about 40,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $272 million; 26% of central government budget Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 30,303 km2; 15% cultivable; largely mountainous Land boundaries: 805 km PEOPLE Population: 1,395,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun — Mosotho (sing.), Basotho (pi.); adjec- tive— Basotho Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho, 1,600 Europeans, 800 Asians Religion: 70% or more Christian, rest animist Language: all Africans speak Sesotho vernacular; English is second language for literates Literacy: 40% Labor force: 87.4% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; 150,000 to 250,000 spend from six months to many years as wage earners in South Africa Organized labor: negligible GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho Type: constitutional monarchy under King Moshoeshoe II; independent member of Commonwealth since 1966 Capital: Maseru Political subdivisions: 10 administrative districts Legal system: based on English common law and Roman- Dutch law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; legal education at National University of Lesotho; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 4 October Branches: executive, divided between a largely ceremo- nial King and a Prime Minister who leads Cabinet of at least seven members; Prime Minister dismissed bicameral legisla- ture in early 1970 and subsequently ruled by decree until 1973 when he appointed Interim National Assembly to act as 133 LESOTHO (Continued) legislative branch; judicial — 63 Lesotho courts administer customary law for Africans, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal at Maseru has appellate jurisdiction Government leaders: King MOSHOESHOE II; Prime Minister Chief Leabua JONATHAN Suffrage: universal for adults Elections: elections held in January 1970; nullified alleg- edly because of election irregularities; subsequent elections promised at unspecified date Political parties and leaders: National Party (BNP), Chief Leabua Jonathan; Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu Mokhehle Voting strength: in 1965 elections for National Assembly, BNP won 32 seats; BCP, 22 seats; minor parties, 4 seats Communists: negligible, Communist Party of Lesotho banned in early 1970 Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $473.6 million (1979/80), $312 per capita; real growth rate, 5% (1980) Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley Major industries: none Electric power: approximately 35 million kWh imported from South Africa (1981) Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances $110 million est. in 1979); $33.7 million (f.o.b., 1979/80), wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, diamonds, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins Imports: $288.0 million (c.i.f., 1979/80); mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, petroleum, oil, and lubricants Major trade partner: South Africa Budget: (FY80) revenues, $137.6 million; current expendi- tures, $98.2 million; development budget, $84.2 million Monetary conversion rate: Lesotho uses the South Afri- can rand; 1 SA rand=US$1.15 (1981) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1.6 km; owned, operated, and included in the statistics of the Republic of South Africa Highways: approx. 4,033 km total; 320 km paved; 1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 946 km im- proved, 2,128 km unimproved earth Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 1 with permanent surface runways; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system a modest one consisting of a few landlines, a small radio-relay system, and minor radio- communication stations; 4,500 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations and 1 FM station; 1 TV station planned DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 313,000; 167,000 fit for military service 134 LIBERIA Atlantic Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 111,370 km2; 20% agricultural, 30% jungle and swamps, 40% forested, 10% unclassified Land boundaries: 1,336 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 579 km PEOPLE Population: 2,024,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun — Liberian(s); adjective — Liberian Ethnic divisions: 97% indigenous Negroid African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Kru, Grebo, Gola, Kissi, Krahn, and Mandingo; 3% descendants of repatriated slaves known as A merico- Liberians Religion: probably more Muslims than Christians; 70%-80% animist Language: English official; 28 tribal languages or dialects, pidgin English used by about 20% Literacy: about 24% over age 5 Labor force: 510,000, of which 160,000 are in monetary economy; non- African foreigners hold about 95% of the top- level management and engineering jobs Organized labor: 2% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Liberia Type: highly centralized military rule following coup on 12 April 1980 Capital: Monrovia Political subdivisions: country divided into 9 counties Legal system: constitution suspended; martial law im- posed; laws previously in force remain until repealed or amended by decrees issued by People's Redemption Council National holiday: National Redemption Day, 12 April Branches: executive and legislative powers held by mili- tary People's Redemption Council, assisted by military Cabinet; judicial powers vested in People's Supreme Tribu- nal and lower courts Government leader: Gen. Samuel Kanyon DOE (replaced President William R. Tolbert) Suffrage: universal 18 years and over Elections: military has set 12 April 1985 as the date for return to civilian rule Political parties and leaders: political activities suspend- ed; before coup True Whig Party dominated; African Socialist-oriented Progressive People's Party headed by B. Gabriel Matthews had recently been legalized; unauthorized Marxist-oriented Movement for Justice in Africa, led by Togba Nab Tipoteh and Amos Sawyer Communists: no Communist Party and only a few sympathizers Member of: AFDB, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $1.04 billion (1980), $660 per capita; -3.1% real annual growth rate (1980) Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cassava, coffee, cocoa; imports of rice, wheat, and live cattle and beef are necessary for basic diet Fishing: catch 13,484 metric tons (1979 est.) Industry: rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore, diamonds), 15,000 b/d oil refinery Electric power: 355,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 534 kWh per capita Exports: $600.4 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); iron ore, rubber, diamonds, lumber and logs, coffee, cocoa Imports: $550.7 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, manufac- tured goods, foodstuffs Major trade partners: US, West Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US), ODA and OOF (1970-79), $324.0 million; US authorizations (in- cluding Ex-Im) (FY70-80), $182.7 million; Communist (1970- 79), $23.0 million; military— US (FY70-80), $13.1 million Budget: (FY81) revenues $251.8 million, current expendi- tures $204.3 million, development expenditures $126.0 million Monetary conversion rate: Liberia uses US currency Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 499 km total; 354 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 145 km narrow gauge (1.067 m); all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government 135 LIBYA LIBERIA (Continued) Highways: 8,524 km total; 804 km bituminous treated, 2,055 km gravel, 4,731 km improved earth, and remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: 370 km, for shallow-draft craft Ports: 1 major (Monrovia), 4 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 82 total, 81 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph service via radio-relay network; main center is Monrovia; 7,700 tele- phones (0.5 per 100 pop!.); 4 AM, 3 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 430,000; 233,000 fit for military service; no conscription Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $60.1 million; 13.9% of central government budget (See reference map VII) LAND 1,758,610 km2; 6% agricultural, 1% forested, 93% desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 4,345 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (except for Gulf of Sidra where sovereignty is claimed and northern limit of jurisdiction fixed at 32°30'N and the unilaterally proclaimed 100 nm zone around Tripoli) Coastline: 1,770 km PEOPLE Population: 3,425,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 5.4% Nationality: noun — Libyan(s); adjective — Libyan Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with some Negro stock; some Greeks, Maltese, Jews, Italians, Egyptians, Paki- stanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians Religion: 97% Muslim Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities Literacy: 35% Labor force: 900,000, of which about 350,000 are resident foreigners GOVERNMENT Official name: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Type: republic; major overhaul of the constitution and government structure in March 1977 established a system of popular congresses which theoretically controls the ruling General Secretariat Capital: Tripoli Political subdivisions: 10 administrative provinces closely controlled by central government Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provi- sion for judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at 136 L/BYA (Continued) Law School, at University of Libya at Benghazi; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September Branches: paramount political power and authority rests with the Secretariat of the General People's Congress which theoretically functions as a parliament with a cabinet called the General People's Committee Government leaders: Col. Mu'ammar al-QADHAFI (Chief of State); General Secretary of the General People's Congress Muhammad al-Zarruq RAJAB Suffrage: universal Elections: representatives to the General People's Con- gress are drawn from popularly elected municipal committees Political parties: none Communists: no organized party, negligible membership Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nation- alist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with small, almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely Member of: AFDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GDP: roughly $24.5 billion (1981 est), $6,960 per capita Agriculture: main crops — wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 85% of Libya's food is imported Major industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts Electric power: 1,950,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.561 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,561 kWh per capita Exports: $22.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum Imports: $9.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); manufactures, food Major trade partners: imports — Italy, West Germany, US; exports — Italy, West Germany, UK, US, France Budget: (1980 est.) revenue $15.8 billion; expenditures $11.7 billion, including development expenditure of $8.5 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 Libyan pound=US$3.38 Fiscal year: calendar year since 1974 COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 16,250 km total; 7,750 km bituminous and bituminous treated, 8,500 km gravel, crushed stone and earth Pipelines: crude oil 3,686 km; natural gas 938 km; refined products 443 km (includes 217 km liquid petroleum gas) Ports: 3 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, Benghazi), 4 minor, and 5 petroleum terminals Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 98 total, 86 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways, 6 with runways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 33 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 813,000; 479,000 fit for military service; about 35,000 reach military age (17) annual- ly; conscription now being implemented Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $502 million; 6% of central government budget 137 LIECHTENSTEIN (See reference map V) LAND 168 km8 Land boundaries: 76 km PEOPLE Population: 26,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7% Nationality: noun — Liechtensteiner(s); adjective — Liech- tenstein Ethnic divisions: 95% Germanic, 5% Italian and other Religion: 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Protestant, 10.2% other Language: German, Alemannic dialect Literacy: 100% Labor force: 11,368, 5,078 foreign workers (mostly from Switzerland and Austria); 54.5% industry, trade, building trade; 41.6% services; 4.0% agriculture, forestry, and hunting GOVERNMENT Official name: Principality of Liechtenstein Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy Capital: Vaduz Political subdivisions: 1 1 communes Legal system: principality has its own civil and penal codes; lowest court is county court (Landgericht), presided over by one judge, which decides minor civil cases and summary criminal offenses; criminal court (Kriminalger- icht), with a bench of five judges, is for major crimes; another court of mixed jurisdiction is the court of assizes (three judges) for misdemeanors; Superior Court (Oberger- icht) and Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) are courts of appeal for civil and criminal cases (five judges each); an administrative court of appeal from government actions and the State Court determine the constitutionality of laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Branches: unicameral Parliament, hereditary Prince, in- dependent judiciary Government leaders: Head of State, H. S. H. Prince FRANZ Josef II; Head of Government (Prime Minister), Hans BRUNHART Suffrage: males age 20 and over Elections: every 4 years; last election 1982 Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Dr. Peter Marxer; Christian Social Party, Fritz Kaiser Voting strength (1978): FBP 51%, VU 49%; in 1982 elections Brunhart received 53.6% of the vote Communists: none Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, IAEA, INTEL- SAT, ITU, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WIPO; considering UN membership; under several post-World War I treaties Switzerland handles Liechtenstein's customs and postal tele- phone and telegraph systems and represents the principality abroad on a diplomatic and consular level whenever request- ed to do so by the Liechtenstein Government ECONOMY Liechtenstein has a prosperous economy based primarily on small-scale light industry and some farming; metal industry is by far the most prominent sector employing almost 4,000 workers; high-frequency installations, boilers for central heating, hardware, small machinery, canned goods, furniture and upholstery, chemical and pharmaceuti- cal goods, vacuum installations, optical and measuring in- struments, oil tanks, artificial teeth, ceramics, and textiles are the principal manufactures, intended almost entirely for export; industry accounts for 98 percent of total employ- ment; livestock raising and dairying are the main sources of income in the small farm sector; major source of income to the government is the sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors, estimated at $6 million annually; low business taxes 'and easy incorporation rules have induced between 20,000 and 30,000 holding companies, so-called letter box companies, to establish nominal offices in the principality; average tax paid by one of these companies is about $400 a year; economy is tied closely to that of Switzerland in a customs union; no national accounts data are available GNP: approximately $14,000 per capita (1978) 138 LUXEMBOURG LIECHTENSTEIN (Continued) Major trade partners: exports (1979)— $466 million; 42% EC, 32% EFTA (24% Switzerland), 26% other Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1980); 57 million kWh produced (1980), 2,110 kWh per capita; power is exchanged with Switzerland, but net exports average 35 million kWh yearly Budget: (1979) revenues $113 million, expenditures $112 million, surplus $15 million COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 18.5 km, standard gauge (1.435 m), electrified; owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads Civil air: no transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serv- ing about 18,000 telephones (72.0 per 100 popl.); no broad- cast facilities DEFENSE FORCES Defense is responsibility of Switzerland i /-4^-~x —^i I f I \- U FEDERAL REPUBLIC ' f X5LG1B*' \ OF6ERMANY *%. ^ M FBAUGE (See reference map V) LAND 2,590 km2; 25% arable, 27% meadows and pasture, 15% waste or urban, 33% forested, negligible amount of inland water Land boundaries: 356 km PEOPLE Population: 366,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun — Luxembourger(s); adjective — Luxem- bourg Ethnic divisions: 83% Luxembourger, including an esti- mated 5% of Italian descent; remainder French, German, Belgian, and other Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, remaining 3% Protestant and Jewish Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; most edu- cated Luxembourgers also speak English Literacy: 98% Labor force: (1977) 147,300; one-third of labor force is foreign, comprised mostly of workers from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and West Germany (1977); unemployment 0.9% (1981) GOVERNMENT Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Luxembourg Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for administra- tive purposes has 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch, Greven- tnacher) and 12 cantons Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1868; judicial review of legislative acts in the Cassation Court only; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 23 June Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven ministers comprise Council of Government headed by President, 139 LUXEMBOURG (Continued) which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to the unicatneral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies; the Coun- cil of State, appointed for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper house; judicial power exercised by independent courts Government leaders: Grand Duke JEAN, Head of State; Pierre WERNER, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: every five years for entire Chamber of Depu- ties; latest elections June 1979 Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party, Pierre Werner (parliamentary president) and Jacques Santer (party president); Socialist, Robert Krieps (party president); Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte (party president); Liberal, Colette Flesch; Communist, Dominique Urbany; Independ- ent Socialists, Jean Gremling (party president); Enroles de Forces Voting strength in Chamber of Deputies (1979): Chris- tian Socialist, 24; Socialist Workers, 14; Liberals, 15; Social Democrats, 1; Communists, 2; Independent Socialists, 1; Enroles de Force, 1 Communists: 500 party members (1981) Other political or pressure groups: group of steel indus- tries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions, Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shop- keepers Federation Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, EC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $5.8 billion, $15,950 per capita (1980); 46.6% pri- vate consumption, 13.0% government consumption, 20.0% investment, 1.6% stockbuilding, 17.5% foreign balance Agriculture: mixed farming; main crops — dairy products and wine Major industries: iron and steel (25% of GNP), food processing, chemicals, metal products and engineering, tires, and banking Crude steel: 4.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 14 metric tons per capita Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.115 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,050 kWh per capita Exports, Imports, Major trade partners: Luxembourg has a customs union with Belgium under which foreign trade is recorded jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's princi- pal exports are iron and steel products, principal imports are coal and consumer goods; most of its foreign trade is with Germany, Belgium, France, and other EC countries (for totals, see Belgium) Budget: (1980) revenues $1,545 million, expenditures $1,566 million, deficit $20.5 million Monetary conversion rate: LF29.24=US$1, 1980 aver- age; under the BLEU agreement, the Luxembourg franc is equal in value to the Belgian franc which circulates freely in Luxembourg Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 270 km standard gauge (1.435 in): 160 km double track; 136 km electrified Highways: 5,094 km total; 4,981 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km limited access divided highway completed or under construction Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River Pipelines: refined products, 48 km Port: (river) Mertert Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in and 4 leased out Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system, mainly buried cables; 199,000 telephones (54.8 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 96,000; 80,000 fit for military service; about 3,000 reach military age (19) annually 140 MACAU CHINA (See reference map VIII) LAND 15.5 km2; 10% agricultural, 90% urban Land boundaries: 201 m WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm; fishing, 12 nm Coastline: 40 km PEOPLE Population: 289,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7% Nationality: noun — Macanese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Macau Ethnic divisions: 99% Chinese, 1% Portuguese Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics, about one- half are Chinese Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and Macanese; no data on Chinese population Labor force: 5% agriculture, 30% manufacturing, 3% construction, 1% utilities, 27% commerce, 8% transportation and communications, 26% services (1960 data) GOVERNMENT Official name: Macau Type: overseas province of Portugal Capital: Lisbon (Portugal) Political subdivisions: municipality of Macau, and two islands Legal system: Portuguese civil law system Branches: 18-member Legislative Assembly, with Gover- nor and 5 appointed, 6 nominated, and 6 elected representatives Government leader: Governor Cdr. Vasco Fernando Lecte da Almeida e COSTA Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese, and foreign residents over 18 Elections: conducted every four years Political parties and leaders: Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group Communists: numbers unknown Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy pro- Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 Macau Government acceded to Chinese de- mands which gave Chinese veto power over administration of the enclave ECONOMY Agriculture: main crops — rice, vegetables; food short- ages— rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on imports for food requirements Major industries: textiles, fireworks Electric power: 116,856 kW capacity (1981); 234 million kWh produced (1981), 805 kWh per capita Exports: $404.5 million (f.o.b., 1979), plus reexports $55.7 million; textiles and clothing, foodstuffs Imports: $365.0 million (c.i.f., 1979) Major trade partners: exports — 16.6% West Germany, 15.7% France, 23.2% US; imports— 51.0% Hong Kong, 30.0% China (1979) Monetary conversion rate: 5.0/4.9 patacas=US$l (August 1979); pataca has been pegged to Hong Kong dollar since 1977 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 42 km paved Ports: 1 major Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station Telecommunications: fairly modern communication fa- cilities maintained for domestic and international services; 13,000 telephones; 4 AM and 3 FM radio broadcast transmit- ters; est. 75,000 radio receivers; international HF radio communication facility; access to international communica- tions carriers provided via Hong Kong and China DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 76,000; 45,000 fit for military service Defense is responsibility of Portugal Personnel: there are no Portuguese military personnel in Macau 141 MADAGASCAR Antananarivo MADAGASCAR - Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 595,700 km2; 5% cultivated, 58% pastureland, 21% forest- ed, 8% wasteland, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm (fishing 150 nm; exclusive economic zone 150 nm) Coastline: 4,828 km PEOPLE Population: 8,992,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun — Malagasy (sing, and pi.); adjective — Malagasy Ethnic divisions: basic split between Highlanders of pre- dominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin, consisting of Merina (1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000) on the one hand and coastal tribes — collectively termed the Cotiers — with mixed Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on the other; coastal tribes include Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000, Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000; there are also 10-12,000 European French, 5,000 Indians of French nationality, and 5,000 Creoles Religion: more than half animist; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim Language: French and Malagasy official Literacy: 45% of population age 10 and over Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90% are non- salaried family workers engaged in subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners, 26% agriculture, 17% domestic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11% con- struction, 9% services, 6% transportation, 2% miscellaneous Organized labor: 4% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Democratic Republic of Madagascar Type: republic; real authority in hands of Supreme Revo- lutionary Council dominated by President Ratsiraka's AREMA party Capital: Antananarivo Political subdivisions: 6 provinces Legal system: based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; constitution of 1959 modified in October 1972 by law establishing provisional government institutions; new constitution accepted by referendum in December 1975; legal education at National School of Law, University of Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 26 June Branches: executive — a 21-member Supreme Revolution- ary Council (made up of military and political leaders); assisted by cabinet called Council of Ministers; People's National Assembly; Military Committee for Development; regular courts are patterned after French system, and a High Council of Institutions reviews all legislation to determine its constitutional validity Government leader: Cdr. Didier RATSIRAKA, President Suffrage: universal for adults (18 and above) Elections: referendum held in December 1975 gave overwhelming approval to government and new constitu- tion; elections for People's National Assembly held in June 1977; only one political grouping allowed to take part in the election, "The Front for the Defense of Malagasy Socialist Revolution," which presented a single list of candidates Political parties and leaders: 6 parties are now allowed limited political activity under the national front and are represented on the Supreme Revolutionary Council; the 6 parties are: AREMA (President Ratsiraka's Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution); AKFM (Pastor Richard Andria- manjato's pro-Soviet Congress Party for Malagasy Independ- ence); VONJY (Dr. Marojama Razanabahiny's Movement for National Unity); UDECMA (Norbert Andriamorasata's Mal- agasy Christian Democratic Union); MFM (Manandafy Ra- kotonirina's Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime); MONIMA (Monja Jaona's National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar) party apparently split over issue of joining national front, leader of faction support- ing front unknown, Monja Jaona leads other faction Voting strength: number of registered voters (1977) — 3.5 million; in 1977 local elections, President Ratsiraka's AREMA captured approximately 89.5% of the 73,000 avail- able positions on 11,400 local Executive Committees; AKFM won about 7.3% of the seats, MONIMA 1.7%, and VONJY 1.4%; UDECMA won only about 45 seats Communists: Communist party of virtually no impor- tance; small and vocal group of Communists has gained 142 MADAGASCAR (Continued) strong position in leadership of AKFM, the rank and file of which is non-Communist Member of: KAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OGAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $2.3 billion (1980), about $265 per capita; real growth 4.2% (1980) Agriculture: cash crops — coffee, vanilla, cloves, sugar, tobacco, sisal, rice, raphia; food crops — rice, cassava, cereals, potatoes, corn, beans, bananas, coconuts, and peanuts; ani- mal husbandry widespread; imports some rice, milk, and cereal Fishing: catch 51,380 metric tons (1978) Major industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil refinery Electric power: 100,000 kW capacity (1980); 410 million kWh produced (1980), 47 kWh per capita Exports: $518.0 million (f.o.b., 1980); 30% coffee, 8% vanilla, 7% sugar, 6% cloves; agricultural and livestock products account for about 85% of export earnings Imports: $724.1 million (f.o.b., 1980); about 19% consumer goods, 21% foodstuffs, 41% primary products (crude oil, fertilizers, metal products), 19% capital goods (1974) Major trade partners: France (in 1974 accounted for 37% of exports and 48% of imports), US, EC; trade with Commu- nist countries remains a minute part of total trade Budget: (1980) revenues $521 million (est), current expen- ditures $540 million (est.), development expenditures $255 (est.) Monetary conversion rate: 290 Malagasy francs=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 884 km of meter gauge (1.00 m) Highways: 27,500 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; remainder improved and unimproved earth (est.) Inland waterways: of local importance only, Lake Alao- tra, isolated streams and small portions of Canal des Pangalanes Ports: 4 major (Tamatave, Diego Suarez, Majunga, Tulear) Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased out Airfields: 172 total, 131 usable; 29 with permanent- surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system, above African average; includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, and radio-relay links; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 37,100 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 11 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,972,000; 1,206,000 fit for military service; 84,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $114.4 million; about 10.3% of central government budget 143 MALAWI (See reference map VII) LAND 95,053 km2; about 31% of land area arable (of which less than half is cultivated), nearly 25% forested, 6% meadow and pasture, 38% other Land boundaries: 2,881 km PEOPLE Population: 6,410,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun — Malawian(s); adjective — Malawian Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1% European and Asian Religion: majority animist; rest Christian and Muslim Language: English and Chichewa official; Tombuka is second African language Literacy: 15% of population Labor force: 331,536 wage earners employed in Malawi (1978); 48% agriculture, 10% construction, 10% commerce, 11% manufacturing, 15% personal services, 5% miscella- neous services; 6,000 Europeans permanently employed Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are unionized GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Malawi Type: one-party state Capital: Lilongwe Political subdivisions: 3 administrative regions and 24 districts Legal system: based on English common law and custom- ary law; constitution adopted 1964; judicial review of legisla- tive acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July Branches: strong presidential system with Cabinet ap- pointed by President; unicameral National Assembly of 87 elected and up to 15 nominated members; High Court with Chief Justice and at least two justices Government leader: Life President Dr. H. Kamuzu BANDA Suffrage: universal adult (21 years) Elections: parliamentary elections June 1978 Political parties and leaders: Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Secretary General E. Bakili Muluzi Communists: no Communist party; Malawi maintains no foreign relations with Communist governments Member of: AFDB, EEC (associate member), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $800 million (1980), $133 per capita; current real growth rate 6.5% (1980) Agriculture: cash crops— tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, tung, maize; subsistence crops — corn, sorghum, mil- let, pulses, root crops, fruit, vegetables, rice Electric power: 124,000 kW capacity (1980); 340 million kWh produced (1980), 55 kWh per capita Major industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer goods Exports: $278.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton Imports: $335.3 billion (f.o.b., 1980); manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, building and construc- tion materials, fuel, fertilizer Major trade partners: exports — UK, FRG, US, Nether- lands, South Africa; imports — South Africa, UK, Japan, US, FRG Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $683 million; US authorized (FY70-80), $18.2 million Budget: 1980 revenues $319.3 million, current expendi- tures $240.5 million, development expenditures $200.5 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Malawi kwacha=US$0.8258 Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March 144 MALAYSIA MALAWI (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 754 km 1.067-meter gauge Highways: 11,311 km total; 2,361 km paved; 381 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 8,569 km improved earth Inland waterways: Lake Malawi, 1,290 km and Shire River, 144 km, 3 lake ports Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 50 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and radiocommunications stations; 28,800 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 4 FM, and no TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 683,000 fit for military service 15-49, 1,348,000; about f *& w \THAILANO \Jjv South China rlK Sea /\. \ BRUMElV ~> /Sjw»- —*s-$- A I A ¥ S I Ay .T^T \ ^ Kuala M SINGAPORE HI, D 0 N E SS\i A (See reference map IX) NOTE: established on 16 September 1963, Malaysia con- sists of Peninsular Malaysia, which includes 11 states of the former Federation of Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which includes the 2 former colonies of North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak LAND Peninsular Malaysia: 131,313 km2; 20% cultivated, 26% forest reserves, 54% other Sabah: 76,146 km2; 13% cultivated, 34% forest reserves, 53% other Sarawak: 125,097 km2; 21% cultivated, 24% forest re- serves, 55% other Land boundaries: 509 km Peninsular Malaysia, 1,786 km East Malaysia WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm, exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia, 2,607 km East Malaysia PEOPLE Population: 14,661,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3% Peninsular Malaysia: 12,105,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1% Sabah: 1,135,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1% Sarawak: 1,421,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6% Nationality: noun — Malaysian(s); adjective — Malaysian Ethnic divisions: Malaysia: 50% Malay, 35% Chinese, 10% Indian Peninsular Malaysia: 53% Malay, 35% Chinese, 11% Indian and Pakistani, 1% other Sabah: 69% indigenous tribes, 21% Chinese, 10% other 145 MALAYSIA (Continued) Sarawak: 50% indigenous tribes, 30% Chinese, 19% Malay, 1% other Religion: Peninsular Malaysia: Malays nearly all Muslim, Chi- nese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other Sarawak: 23% Muslim, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 16% Christian, 35% tribal religion, 2% other Language: Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Man- darin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages Literacy: Peninsular Malaysia: about 48% Sabah and Sarawak: 23% Labor force: Malaysia: 4.95 million (1980) Peninsular Malaysia: 4.1 million; 46.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 10.9% manufacturing and construction, 31.9% trade, transport, and services (1980) Sabah: 366,000 (1980); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13% trade and transportation, 1% other Sarawak: 455,000 (1980); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13% trade, transportation, and services, 1 % other Organized labor: 562,000 (May 1980), about 11% of total labor force; unemployment about 6.1% of total labor force (1979), but higher in urban areas GOVERNMENT Official name: Malaysia Type: Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nominally headed by Paramount Ruler (King); a bicameral Parliament consist- ing of a 58-member Senate and a 154-member House of Representatives Peninsular Malaysian states: hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Malacca where Governors appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments limited by federal constitution Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 16 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government Sarawak: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 24 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and internal security, and other powers are delegat- ed to federal government Capital: Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur Sabah: Kota Kinabalu Sarawak: Kuching Political subdivisions: 13 states (including Sabah and Sarawak) Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into force 1963; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of Supreme Head of the Feder- ation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 31 August Branches: nine state rulers alternate as Paramount Ruler for five-year terms; locus of executive power vested in Prime Minister and Cabinet, who are responsible to bicameral Parliament; following communal rioting in May 1969, gov- ernment imposed state of emergency and suspended consti- tutional rights of all parliamentary bodies; parliamentary democracy resumed in February 1971 Peninsular Malaysia: executive branches of 11 states vary in detail but are similar in design; a Chief Minister, appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor, heads an execu- tive council (cabinet) which is responsible to an elected, unicameral legislature Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by Governor appointed by central government, largely ceremo- nial role; executive power exercised by Chief Minister who heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to unicameral legis- lature; judiciary part of Malaysian judicial system Government leader: Prime Minister MAHATHIR bin Mohamad Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: minimum of every five years, last elections July 1978 Political parties and leaders: Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a confederation of 11 political parties dominated by United Malay National Organization (UMNO), Mahathir bin Mohamad; opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Islamic Party (PAS) Sabah: Berjaya Party, Datuk Harris Salleh; United Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tun Datuk Mustapha; Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP) Sarawak: coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumipatra Bersatu (PPBB), Datuk Amar Taib; the United People's Party (SUPP), Ong Kee Hui; and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Stephen Ningkan Voting strength: Peninsular Malaysia: (1978 election) National Front, 131 of 154 seats in lower house of parliament; Democratic Action Party, 16 seats; Islamic Party, 5 seats; Sarawak People's Organization, 1 seat; 1 independent seat Sabah: (March 1981 Assembly Elections) Berjaya Party controls 43 of 48 seats in State Assembly, USNO 3 seats, SCCP 1 seat, 1 seat vacant 146 MALAYS/A (Continued) Sarawak: (1979 elections) National Front controls 45 of 48 State Assembly seats Communists: Peninsular Malaysia: approximately 3,000 armed in- surgents on Thailand side of Thai/Malaysia border; approxi- mately 300 full-time inside Peninsular Malaysia Sarawak: 125 armed insurgents in Sarawak Sabah: insignificant Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITC, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: Malaysia: $21.6 billion (1980), $1,520 per capita; annu- al growth 8.2% (1980) Agriculture: Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, oil palm, rice; 10%-15% of rice requirements imported Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops — rubber, tim- ber, coconut, rice; food deficit — rice Sarawak: main crops — rubber, timber, pepper; food deficit — rice Fishing: catch 685,107 metric tons (1978) Major industries: Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, elec- tronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber Sabah: logging, petroleum production Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging Electric power: Peninsular Malaysia: 1,899,973 kW capacity (1980); 8.157 billion kWh produced (1980), 725 kWh per capita Sabah: 183,000 kW capacity (1980); 586 million kWh produced (1980), 558 kWh per capita Sarawak: 147,000 kW capacity (1980); 343 million kWh produced (1980), 269 kWh per capita Exports: $12.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); natural rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, light manufactures Imports: $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980) Major trade partners: exports — 17% Singapore, 17% US, 23% Japan, 14% EEC; imports— 23% Japan, 15% US, 11% EEC (1979) Budget: 1982 revenue and grants, $4 billion; current expenditure $7.7 billion, capital expenditures $6.5 billion; deficit $2 billion; $2.2 billion military, 80% civilian Monetary conversion rate: 2.25 ringgits=US$l (Decem- ber 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track; government owned East Malaysia: 136 km meter gauge (1.00 m) in Sabah Highways: Peninsular Malaysia: 19,753 km total; 15,900 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 3,000 km crushed stone/gravel, 883 km improved or unimproved earth East Malaysia: about 5,426 km total (1,644 km in Sarawak, 3,782 km in Sabah); 819 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,671 km earth Inland waterways: Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km East Malaysia: 4,200 km (1,569 km in Sabah, 2,518 km in Sarawak) Ports: Peninsular Malaysia: 3 major, 14 minor East Malaysia: 3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3 minor in Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak) Civil air: approximately 30 major transport aircraft Pipelines: crude oil, 69 km; refined products, 56 km Airfields: Peninsular Malaysia: 61 total, 61 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Sabah: 35 total, 35 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Sarawak: 47 total, 47 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: Peninsular Malaysia: good intercity service provided mainly by microwave relay; international service good; good coverage by radio and television broadcasts; 305,000 tele- phones (2.9 per 100 popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, and 16 TV stations; submarine cables extend to Singapore; connected to SEA- COM submarine cable terminal at Singapore by microwave relay; 2 ground satellite stations 147 MALDIVES MALAYSIA (Continued) Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 36,000 telephones (2.8 per 100 popl ); 14 AM, 1 FM, 5 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 ground satellite station Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay network ex- tends to Sabah via Brunei; 40,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 5 AM stations, no FM, and 6 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: Peninsular Malaysia: males 15-49, 2,993,000; 1,901,000 fit for military service; 135,000 reach military age (21) annually Sabah: males 15-49, 278,000; 165,000 fit for military service; 13,000 reach military age (21) annually Sarawak: males 15-49, 351,000; 209,000 fit for military service; 15,000 reach military age (21) annually External defense dependent on loose Five Power Defense Agreement (FPDA) which replaced Anglo-Malayan Defense Agreement of 1957 as amended in 1963 Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $2,928.3 million; about 21.1% of central government budget \ •\ Lieadin & Sen LANKA MALDIVES ,,, '•"Male Indian Ocean (See reference map VIII) LAND 298 km2; 2,000 islands grouped into 12 atolls; about 220 islands inhabited WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): the land and sea between latitudes 7°9'N and 0°45'S and between longitudes 72°30'E and 73°48'E; these coordinates form a rectangle of approximately 37,000 nm2; territorial sea ranges from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing, approximately 100 nm; economic, approxi- mately 200 nm Coastline: 644 km (approx.) PEOPLE Population: 163,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun — Maldivian(s); adjective — Maldivian Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, and Negro Religion: Sunni Islam Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala) Literacy: largely illiterate Labor force: fishing industry employs 80% of the labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Maldives Type: republic Capital: Male Political subdivisions: 19 administrative districts corre- sponding to atolls Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 26 July, Independence Day Branches: popularly elected unicameral national legisla- ture (Majlis) (members elected for five-year terms); elected 148 MALI MALDIVES (Continued) President, chief executive; appointed Chief Justice responsi- ble for administration of Islamic law Government leader: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM Suffrage: universal over age 21 Political parties and leaders: no organized political par- ties; country governed by the Didi clan for the past eight centuries Communists: negligible number Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, UN, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $23 million (1978), $160 per capita Agriculture: crops — coconut and millet; shortages — rice, sugar, flour Fishing: catch 27,700 metric tons (1979) Major industries: fishing; some coconut processing; tourism Electric power: 4,500 kW capacity (1981); 9 million kWh produced (1981), 57 kWh per capita Exports: $10.7 million (1980 prov.); fish Imports: $26.9 million (1980 prov.); rice, sugar Major trade partners: Japan, Sri Lanka, Singapore Budget: (1980 est.) revenue $5.6 million; expenditure $7.1 million Monetary conversion rate: 3.93 Maldivian rupees=US$l, official rate; 7.55 rupees=US$l, market rate (average 1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: none Ports: 2 minor (Male, Gan) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: minimal domestic and international telecommunication facilities; 550 telephones (0.4 per 100 pop!.); 2 AM stations, 1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean INTEL- SAT station CSee reference map VII) LAND 1,204,350 km2; only about a fourth of area arable, forests negligible, rest sparse pasture or desert Land boundaries: 7,459 km PEOPLE Population: 7,015,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun — Malian(s); adjective — Malian Ethnic divisions: 99% native African including tribes of both Berber and Negro descent Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% animist, 1% Christian Language: French official; several African languages, of which Mande group most widespread Literacy: under 5% Labor force: 2.8 million Organized labor: National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization over 13 national unions GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Mali Type: republic; military regime in power since November 1968; fulfilled its plans in June 1979 for a phased return to civilian rule Capital: Bamako Political subdivisions: 7 administrative regions; 42 ad- ministrative districts (cercles), arrondissements, villages; all subordinate to central government Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1974, came into full effect in 1979; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitu- tional Section of Court of State; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 22 September Branches: executive authority exercised by Military Com- mittee of National Liberation (MCNL) composed of 1 1 army 149 MALI (Continued) officers; under MCNL functional Cabinet composed of civilians and army officers; judiciary Government leaders: Brig. Gen. Moussa TRAORE, Presi- dent of MCNL, Chief of State, and head of government Suffrage: universal over age 21 Political parties and leaders: Democratic Union of Ma- lian People (UDPM), is the sole political party under civilian leadership Elections: constitutional elections took place June 1979 Communists: a few Communists and some sympathizers Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77. GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $1.15 billion (1980), $163 per capita; annual real growth rate 5.7% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — millet, sorghum, rice, corn, peanuts; cash crops — peanuts, cotton, and livestock Fishing: catch 95,000 tons (1980) Major industries: small local consumer goods and processing Electric power: 50,000 kW capacity (1980); 115 million kWh produced (1980), 17 kWh per capita Exports: $175.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, and skins Imports: $300.9 million (f.o.b., 1980); textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, and sugar Major trade partners: mostly with franc zone and West- ern Europe; also with USSR, China Budget: (1980) revenues $181.4 million, current expendi- tures $187.5 million Monetary conversion rate: 422.6 Mali francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 642 km meter gauge (1.00 m) Highways: approximately 15,700 km total; 1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 44 total, 39 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: domestic system poor and provides only minimal service; radio-relay, wire, and radiocommuni- cations stations in use; expansion of radio relay in progress; 8,000 telephones; 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 2 antennas for Atlantic and Indian Ocean INTELSAT satellites DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,521,000; 767,000 fit for military service; no conscription 150 MALTA t MALTA Met/iterranean Sea (See reference map V) LAND 313 km2; 45% agricultural, negligible amount forested, remainder urban, waste, or other (1965) WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 25 nm) Coastline: 140 km PEOPLE Population: 376,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun — Maltese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Maltese Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, British Religion: 98% Roman Catholic Language: English and Maltese Literacy: about 83%; compulsory education introduced in 1946 Labor force: 125,000 (November 1977); 32% services (except government), 18% government (except job corps), 5% job corps, 26% manufacturing, 6% agriculture, 3% construc- tion, 5% utilities and drydocks; 3.3% registered unemployed Organized labor: approximately 40% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Malta Type: parliamentary democracy, independent republic within the Commonwealth since December 1974 Capital: Valletta Political subdivisions: 2 main populated islands, Malta and Gozo, divided into 13 electoral districts (divisions) Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1961, came into force 1964; has accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations Branches: executive, consisting of Prime Minister and Cabinet; legislative, comprising 65-member House of Repre- sentatives; independent judiciary National holiday: Republic Day, 13 December Government leaders: President Agatha BARBARA, Prime Minister Dominic MINTOFF Suffrage: universal over age 18; registration required Elections: at the discretion of the Prime Minister, but must be held before the expiration of a five-year electoral mandate; last election December 1981 Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party, Edward Fenech Adami; Malta Labor Party, Dominic Mintoff Voting strength (1981 election): Labor, 34 seats (48%); Nationalist, 31 seats (51%) Communists: less than 100 (est.) Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC (International Wheat Council), NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $945 million (1979), $2,720 per capita; 62% private consumption, 23% gross investment; 16% government con- sumption, — 1% net foreign sector; in 1978 real GDP growth was 11% (1979); 12.5% (1971-76 average) Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; generally ade- quate supplies of vegetables, poultry, milk and pork pro- ducts; seasonal or periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder, fruits, and other basic foodstuffs; main products — potatoes, cauliflowers, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; 2,680 calories per day per capita Major industries: ship repair yard, clothing, building industry, food manufacturing, textiles, tourism Shortages: most consumer and industrial needs (fuels and raw materials) must be imported Electric power: 135,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.55 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,550 kWh per capita Exports: $483 million (f.o.b., 1980); clothing, textiles, ships, printed matter Imports: $938 million (c.i.f., 1980) Major trade partners: 70% EC-nine (21% UK, 21% West Germany, 16% Italy); 5% US (1979) Budget: (1982) projects $551 million in expenditures, $547 million in revenues Monetary conversion rate: 1 Maltese pound=US$2.8963 (average 1980) Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December 151 MARTINIQUE MALTA (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 1,285 km total; 1,173 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35 km improved and unim- proved earth Ports: 1 major (Valletta), 2 minor Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways, 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: modern automatic telecom system centered in Valletta; 78,900 telephones (25.3 per 100 pop!.); 2 TV, 2 AM, and 5 FM stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 80,000; 66,000 fit for military service Supply: various facilities and equipment turned over by the UK in 1965; has received 2 patrol boats, small arms, and mortars from Libya; vehicles and engineer equipment from Italy Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $13.5 million; about 2.4% of central government budget DOMINICAN RERJ8UC PUtBTO RICO Caribbean See At/antic Ocean ^ MARTINIQUE . I VENEZUELA (See reference map III) LAND 1,100 km2; 31% cropland, 16% pasture, 29% forest, 24% wasteland, built on WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 290 km PEOPLE Population: 302,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -0.8% Nationality: noun — Martiniquais (sing, and pi.); adjec- tive— Martiniquais Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-Caucasian- Indian mixture, less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, and Chinese, 5% Caucasian Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African Language: French, Creole patois Literacy: over 70% Labor force: 100,000; 23% agriculture, 20% public serv- ices, 11% construction and public works, 10% commerce and banking, 10% services, 9% industry, 17% other Organized labor: 11% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Department of Martinique Type: overseas department of France; represented by three deputies in the French National Assembly and two senators in the Senate Capital: Fort-de-France Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements; 34 communes, each with a locally elected municipal council Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court of appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Guade- loupe, French Guiana, and Martinique 152 MARTINIQUE (Continued) Branches: executive, Commissioner appointed by Paris; legislative, popularly elected council of 36 members and a Regional Council including all members of the local general council and the locally elected deputies and senators to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system Government leader: Commissioner of the Republic Jean CHEVANCE Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: General Council elections normally are held every five years; last General Council election took place in June 1981 Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Emile Maurice; Progressive Party of Martinique (PPM), Aime Cesaire; Communist Party of Martinique (PCM), Armand Nicolas; Democratic Union of Martinique (UDM), Leon-Laurent Valere Voting strength: RPR, 1 seat in French National Assem- bly; PPM, 1 seat; UDM, 1 seat Communists: 1,000 estimated Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action Group (GAP), Socialist Revolution Group (GRS), Martinique Independence Movement (MIM) ECONOMY GNP: $1,169 million (1977 at current prices), $3,570 per capita Agriculture: bananas, sugarcane, and pineapples Major industries: agricultural processing, particularly su- gar milling and rum distillation; cement, oil refining, and tourism Electric power: 65,000 kW capacity (1981); 250 million kWh produced (1981), 796 kWh per capita Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1978); bananas, refined petroleum products, rum, sugar, pineapples Imports: $545 million (c.i.f., 1978); foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, raw materials and supplies, and petroleum products Major trade partners: exports — 56% France (1978); im- ports—62% France, 28% EEC and franc zone, 4.5% US, 5.5% other (1977) Aid: economic — bilateral ODA and OOF commitments (1970-79) from Western (non-US) countries, $2.6 billion; no military aid Monetary conversion rate: 4.21 French francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth Ports: 1 major (Fort-de-France), 5 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate; 38,500 telephones (12.2 per 100 popl.); interisland VHP and UHF radio links; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 1 AM, 1 FM, and 7 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 77,000; 40,000 fit for military service 153 MAURITANIA (See reference map VII) LAND 1,085,210 km*; less than 1% suitable for crops, 10% pasture, 90% desert Land boundaries: 5,118 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 70 nm (fishing, 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 754 km PEOPLE Population: 1,561,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun — Mauritanian(s); adjective — Mauri- tanian Ethnic divisions: 30% Moor, 30% Black, 40% mixed Moor/Black Religion: nearly 100% Muslim Language: Arabic is the national language, French is the working language for government and commerce Literacy: about 17% Labor force: about 95,000 wage earners (1979); remainder of population in farming and herding; considerable unemployment Organized labor: 30,000 union members claimed by single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union GOVERNMENT Official name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania Type: republic; military seized power in bloodless coup 10 July 1978 Capital: Nouakchott Political subdivisions: 12 regions and a capital district NOTE: Mauritania acquired administrative control of the southern third of Western (formerly Spanish) Sahara under a 1975 agreement with Morocco and Spain. Following an August 1979 peace agreement with Polisario insurgents fighting for control of Western Sahara, Mauritania withdrew from the territory and renounced all territorial claims. Legal system: based on French and Islamic law; military constitution April 1979 National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November Branches: executive, Military Committee for National Salvation rules by decree; National Assembly and judiciary suspended pending restoration of civilian rule Government leader: Chief of State and Head of Govern- ment, Lt. Col. Mohamed Khouna Ould HAIDALLA Suffrage: universal for adults Elections: in abeyance; last presidential election August 1976 Political parties and leaders: suspended Communists: no Communist party, but there is a scatter- ing of Maoist sympathizers Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Arab League, CEAO, CI- PEC (associate), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: about $689 million (1980 est), $400 per capita, average annual increase in current prices about 11% (1974-80) Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads or subsistence farmers; main products — livestock, cereals, vegetables, dates; cash crops — gum arabic Fishing: local catch, 34,170 metric tons (1980 est.); ex- ports, 42,000 metric tons (1980 est.) Major industries: mining of iron ore and gypsum, fishing Electric power: 70,000 kW capacity (1980); 105 million kWh produced (1980), 69 kWh per capita Exports: $194 million (f.o.b., 1980 prelim.); iron ore, fish Imports: $307 million (f.o.b., 1980); foodstuffs, petroleum, capital goods Major trade partners: (trade figures not complete because Mauritania has a form of customs union with Senegal and much local trade unreported) France and other EC mem- bers, UK, and US are main overseas partners Budget: $204 million (budgeted) current expenditures, $10.5 million capital expenditures, $114.9 million extra budgetary expenditure, $140.4 million revenue (1980) Monetary conversion rate: 48.66 Ouguiyas=US$l as of November 1981 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 650 km standard gauge (1.435 m), single track, privately owned 154 MAURITIUS Af AUEITANIA (Continued) Highways: 7,540 km total; 1,350 km paved; 710 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise improved; 5,480 km unimproved Inland waterways: 800 km Ports: 2 major (Nouadhibouand and Nouakchott), 2 minor Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft Airfields: 31 total, 31 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: poor system of cable and open- wire lines, a minor radio-relay link, and radiocommunica- tions stations; 3,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM or TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 337,000; 164,000 fit for military service; conscription law not implemented Supply: primarily dependent on France; has also received material from Algeria, Morocco, UK, Spain, and Romania Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $60.0 million; 26.0% of central government budget MADAGASCAR / MAURITIUS ( REUNION Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 1,856 km2 (excluding dependencies); 50% agricultural, intensely cultivated; 39% forests, woodlands, mountains, river, and natural reserves; 3% built-up areas; 5% water bodies, 2% roads and tracks, 1% permanent wastelands WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 177 km PEOPLE Population: 990,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7% Nationality: noun — Mauritian(s); adjective — Mauritian Ethnic divisions: 67% Indians, 29% Creoles, 3.5% Chi- nese, 0.5% English and French Religion: 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly Catholic with a few Anglican Protestants), 17% Muslim Language: English official language; Hindi, Chinese, French, Creole Literacy: estimated 60% for those over 21 and 90% for those of school age Labor force: 335,000; 30% agriculture, 24% industry; 20% government services; 14% are unemployed, 12% other Organized labor: about 35% of labor force, forming over 270 unions GOVERNMENT Official name: Mauritius Type: independent state since 1968, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Port Louis Political subdivisions: 5 organized municipalities and various island dependencies Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areas; constitu- tion adopted 6 March 1968 155 MAURITIUS (Continued) National holiday: Independence Day, 12 March Branches: executive power exercised by Prime Minister and 21-man Council of Ministers; unicameral legislature (National Assembly) with 62 members elected by direct suffrage, 8 specially elected Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Seewoosagur RAMGOOLAM Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: legislative elections held in December 1976; municipal elections held in 1977 Political parties and leaders: the government is presently controlled by the Mauritian Labor Party (S. Ramgoolam) and supported by several dissident members of the Mauritian Social Democratic Party (G. Duval); the main opposition parties are the Mauritian Militant Movement (P. Berenger) and the Mauritian Socialist Party (H. Boodhoo); there are also several minor parties Voting strength: the Mauritian Labor Party, supported by dissident members of the Mauritian Social Democratic Par- ty, had a majority in the National Assembly before it was dissolved in December 1981, in preparation for parliamen- tary elections in 1982 Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Com- munist organizations; Mauritius Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius Communist Par- ty, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist League, Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle School Friendly Association, Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society Other political or pressure groups: various labor unions Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $890 million (1980), $890 per capita; real growth -9% in 1980 Agriculture: sugar crop is major economic asset; about 40% of land area is planted to sugar; most food imported — rice is the staple food — and since cultivation is already intense and expansion of cultivable areas is unlikely, heavy reliance on food imports except sugar and tea will continue Shortage: land Industries: mainly confined to processing sugarcane, tea; some small-scale, simple manufactures; tobacco fiber; some fishing; tourism, diamond cutting, weaving and textiles, electronics Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1980); 370 million kWh produced (1980), 385 kWh per capita Exports: $318 million (f.o.b., 1981); $187 million sugar, $4 million tea, $5 million molasses Imports: $456 million (f.o.b., 1981); foodstuffs 30%, man- ufactured goods about 25% Major trade partners: all EC-nine countries and US have preferential treatment, UK buys over 50% of Mauritius's sugar export at heavily subsidized prices; small amount of sugar exported to Canada, US, and Italy; imports from UK and EC primarily, also from South Africa, Australia, and Burma; some minor trade with China Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries (1970-79), $137.0 million; Communist countries (1970- 79), $40.2 million; US authorizations (FY70-80), $22.2 million Budget: (1981) revenues $235 million, current expendi- tures $381 million, development expenditures $120 million Monetary conversion rate: 8.88 Mauritian rupees=US$l 1981 (floating with pound sterling) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 1,786 km total; 1,636 km paved, 150 km earth Ports: 1 major (Port Louis) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: small system with good service; HF radio links to several countries; 1 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations; 36,400 telephones (4.0 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 259,000; 135,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $4.5 million 156 MEXICO (See reference map II) LAND 1,978,800 km2; 12% cropland, 40% pasture, 22% forested, 26% other (including waste, urban areas and public lands) Land boundaries: 4,220 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 9,330 km PEOPLE Population: 71,330,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4% Nationality: noun — Mexican(s); adjective — Mexican Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo, 30% Indian or predomi- nantly Indian, 9% white or predominantly white, 1% other Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% other Language: Spanish Literacy: 65% estimated; 84% claimed officially Labor force: 18.0 million (1978) (defined as those 12 years of age and older); 33.0% agriculture, 16.0% manufacturing, 16.6% services, 16.8% construction, utilities, commerce, and transport, 3% government, 5.4% unspecified activities; 10% unemployed, 40% underemployed Organized labor: 20% of total labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: United Mexican States Type: federal republic operating in fact under a central- ized government Capital: Mexico Political subdivisions: 31 states and the Federal District Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; constitution established in 1917; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September Branches: dominant executive, bicameral legislature, Su- preme Court Government leader: President Jose LOPEZ PORTILLO y Pacheco Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory but unenforced Elections: presidential election July 1982 Political parties and leaders: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Pedro Ojeda Paullada; National Action Party (PAN), Abel Vincencio Tovar; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Jorge Cruickshank Garcia; Authentic Party of the Revolution (FARM), Jesus Guzman Rubio; Mexican Democratic Party (PDM), Gumersindo Magafia; Socialist Workers Party (PST), Rafael Aguilar Talamantes; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Ernesto Sanchez Aguilar; Revolutionary Pary of the Workers (PRT), Rosario Ibarra de Piedra; Mexican People's Party (PPM), Alejandro Gascon Mercado; Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), Roberto Jaramillo Gonzales; Mexican Workers Party (PMT), Heberto Castillo; Socialist Action and Unity Movement (MAUS), Miguel Velasco; Mexican Communist Party (PCM), Arnoldo Martinez Verdugo; in November 1981 the PCM, MAUS, PPM, PSR, and the Popular Action Movement (MAP) merged to form the United Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM) Voting strength: 1979 congressional election: 69.8% PRI; 11% PAN; 5.1% PCM; 8.1% other opposition; 5.9% annulled Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confed- eration of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO), Na- tional Confederation of Campesinos (CNC), National Confed- eration of Popular Organizations (CNOP), Revolutionary Con- federation of Workers and Peasants (CROC) Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, LAFTA, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line — Naviera Multina- cional del Caribe), OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $170 billion (1980), $2,520 per capita; 67% private consumption, 12% public consumption, 13% private invest- ment, 12% public investment (1979); net foreign balance -4%; real growth rate 1980, 8.3% Agriculture: main crops — corn, cotton, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, sorghum, oilseeds, pulses, and vegetables; general self-sufficiency with minor exceptions in meat and dairy products; caloric intake, 2,700 calories per day per capita (1975) Fishing: catch 1,257,129 metric tons (1980); exports val- ued at $429 million, imports at $22.9 million (1980) 157 MEXICO (Continued) Major industries: processing of food, beverages, and tobacco; chemicals, basic metals and metal products, petrole- um products, mining, textiles and clothing, and transport equipment Crude steel: 9.8 million metric tons capacity (1980); 7.2 million metric tons produced (1980) Electric power: 14,320,000 kW capacity (1981); 60.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 769 kWh per capita Exports: $15,308 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, coffee, nonferrous minerals (including lead and zinc), sugar, shrimp, petroleum, sulfur, salt, cattle and meat, fresh fruit, tomatoes, machinery and equipment Imports: $18,572 million (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, equip- ment, industrial vehicles, and intermediate goods Major trade partners: exports— 62% US, 14% EC, 4% Japan (1980); imports— 65% US, 19% EC, 5% Japan Aid: economic — (including Ex-Im Credits) extensions (FY70-80) from US, $1,673.0 million; (1970-79) from Com- munist countries, $35.0 million; from other Western (non- US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $1,956.0 million Budget: 1980 public sector, revenues $58. 1 billion, expen- ditures $66.9 billion Monetary conversion rate: floating; 22.951 pesos=US$l (1980 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 20,270 km total; 19,380 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 890 km narrow gauge (0.914 m); 20 km electrified; 20,160 km government owned, 110 km privately owned Highways: 213,190 km total; 66,375 km paved, 119,050 km otherwise improved, 27,765 km unimproved Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals Pipelines: crude oil, 3,910 km; refined products, 3,490 km; natural gas, 5,710 km Ports: 12 major, 19 minor Civil air: 134 major transport aircraft, including 6 leased in Airfields: 2,196 total, 2,060 usable; 164 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 291 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system with extensive radio-relay links; connection into Central American microwave net; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station; 3.71 million telephones (5.6 per 100 popl.); 574 AM, 109 FM, and 83 TV stations; and about 100 low-power relay stations; second satellite station planned DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,358,000; 12,971,000 fit for military service; reach military age (18) annually, 810,000 Military budget: for year ending 31 December 1981, $1,656.0 million; 2.3% of central government budget MONACO (See reference map V) LAND 1.5 km2 Land boundaries: 3.7 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 4.1 km PEOPLE Population: 26,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8% Nationality: noun — Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjec- tive— Monacan or Monegasque Ethnic divisions: Rhaetian stock Religion: Roman Catholicism is official state religion Language: French Literacy: almost complete GOVERNMENT Official name: Principality of Monaco Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Monaco Political subdivisions: 4 sections Legal system: based on French law; new constitution adopted 1962; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 19 November Branches: National Council (18 members); Communal Council (15 members, headed by a mayor) Government leader: Prince RAINIER III Suffrage: universal Elections: National Council every five years; most recent 1978 Political parties and leaders: National Democratic En- tente, Democratic Union Movement, Monegasque Actionist (1973) Voting strength: figures for 1978: National Democratic Entente, 18 seats 158 MONGOLIA MONACO (Continued) Member of: IAEA, IHO, IPU, ITU, UN (permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO ECONOMY GNP: 55% tourism; 25%-30% industry (small and primar- ily tourist oriented); 10%- 15% registration fees and sales of postage stamps; about 4% traceable to the Monte Carlo casino Major industries: chemicals, food processing, precision instruments, glassmaking, printing Electric power: 8,000 kW (standby) capacity (1981); 100 million kWh supplied by France (1981) Trade: full customs integration with France, which col- lects and rebates Monacan trade duties Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2216 (1978 average) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1.6 km of 1.435 m gauge Highways: none; city streets Ports: 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: served by the French communica- tions system; automatic telephone system with about 28,800 telephones (115.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 4 FM, and 4 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES France responsible for defense (See reference map VIII) LAND 1,564,619 km2; almost 90% of land area is pasture or desert wasteland, varying in usefulness, less than 1% arable, 10% forested Land boundaries: 8,000 km PEOPLE Population: 1,759,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Mongolian(s); adjective — Mongolian Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim, limited religious activity because of Communist regime Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of popula- tion; minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese Literacy: about 80% Labor force: primarily agricultural, over half the popula- tion is in the labor force, including a large percentage of Mongolian women; shortage of skilled labor (no reliable information available) GOVERNMENT Official name: Mongolian People's Republic Type: Communist state Capital: Ulaanbaatar Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 2 autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar and Darhan) Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; new constitution adopted 1960; no constitu- tional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July Branches: constitution provides for a People's Great Hural (national assembly) and a highly centralized administration 159 MOROCCO MONGOLIA (Continued) Party and government leaders: Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal, First Secretary of the MPRP and Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Hural; Jambyn Batmonh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over Elections: national assembly elections theoretically held every four years; last election held June 1977 Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary (Com- munist) Party (MPRP); estimated membership, 67,000 (1976) Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY Agriculture: livestock raising predominates; main crops — wheat, oats, barley Industries: processing of animal products; building mate- rials; mining Electric power: 452,500 kW capacity (1981); 1.56 billion kWh produced (1981), 905 kWh per capita Exports: beef for slaughter, meat products, wool, fluor- spar, other minerals Imports: machinery and equipment, petroleum, clothing, building materials, sugar, and tea Major trade partners: nearly all trade with Communist countries (approx. 85% with USSR); total turnover about $1.0 billion (1977) Aid: heavily dependent on USSR Monetary conversion rate: 3.11 tugriks=US$l (June 1978); arbitrarily established Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,585 km (1979); all broad gauge (1.524 m) Highways: 83,280 km total; 400 km concrete, asphalt; 9,920 km crushed stone, gravel; 72,960 km earth (1975) Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1979) Freight carried: rail — 9.0 million metric tons, 3,126 mil- lion metric ton/km (1979); highway— 20.3 million metric tons, 1,342 million metric ton/km (1979); waterway— 0.04 million metric tons, 5.4 million metric ton/km (1979) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 396,000; 259,000 fit for military service; about 18,000 reach military age (18) annually Supply: military equipment supplied by USSR Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, 405 million tugriks, 12% of total budget (See reference map VII) LAND 409,200 km2; about 32% arable and grazing land, 17% forest and esparto, 51% desert, waste, and urban Land boundaries: 1,996 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 1,835 km PEOPLE Population: 22,230,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun — Moroccan(s); adjective — Moroccan Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab- Berber, 0.2% Jewish, 0.7% non-Moroccan Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish Language: Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is language of much business, government, diplo- macy, and postprimary education Literacy: 28% Labor force: 5.4 million (1980 est.); 50% agriculture, 15% industry, 26% services, 9% other; at least 20% of urban labor unemployed Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force, mainly in two unions — the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT) and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT) GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Morocco Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution adopted 1972) Capital: Rabat Political subdivisions: 39 provinces (including 4 in West- ern Sahara) and 2 prefectures (Rabat-Sale and Casablanca, which consists of 5 divisions) NOTE: Morocco acquired administrative control in 1976 over the northern two-thirds of the former Spanish Sahara 160 MOROCCO (Continued) under an agreement with Mauritania, but the legal question of sovereignty over the area has yet to be determined. Spain's role as coadministrator of the disputed territory ended in February 1976. Morocco moved to occupy and assert administrative control over the former Mauritanian- claimed (southern) sector of Western Sahara in August 1979, thereby establishing a fourth additional province in the Sahara. Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court; modern legal education at branches of Mohamed V University in Rabat and Casablanca and Karaouine University in Fes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 18 November Branches: constitution provides for Prime Minister and ministers named by and responsible to King; King has paramount executive powers; unicameral legislature two- thirds directly elected, one-third indirectly; judiciary inde- pendent of other branches Government leaders: King HASSAN II; Prime Minister Maati BOUABID Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: local elections held 12 November 1976; provin- cial elections held 25 January 1977; elections for new National Assembly provided for in Constitution adopted 15 March 1972 were held June 1977 Political parties and leaders: Istiqlal Party, M'Hamed Boucetta; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Abder- rahim Bouabid; Popular Movement (MP), Mahjoubi Aher- dan; Constitutional and Democratic Popular Movement (MPCD), Dr. Abdelkrim Khatib; National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP), Abdallah Ibrahim and Mahjoub Ben Seddik; National Assembly of Independents (RNI) formed in Octo- ber 1978 is progovernment grouping of previously unaffiliat- ed deputies in parliament, Ahmed Osman; Independent Democrats (DI), Mohamed Arsalan Jadidi, a splinter group from the RNI formed July 1981; Democratic Constitutional Party (PDC), Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani; Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), legalized in August 1974, is front for Moroccan Communist Party (MCP), which was proscribed in 1959, Ali Yata Voting strength: progovernment independents hold abso- lute majority in Chamber of Representatives; with palace- oriented Popular Movement deputies, the King controls over two-thirds of the seats Communists: 300 est. Member of: AFDB, Arab League, EC (association until 1974), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $16.1 billion (1981 est.), about $740 per capita; average annual real growth 6-7% during 1973-77, 1.5% in 1981, 3-4% during 1978-80 Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock raising predomi- nate; main products — wheat, barley, citrus fruit, wine, vege- tables, olives; some fishing Fishing: catch 280,000 metric tons (1979); exports $85.5 million (1981) Major sectors: mining and mineral processing (phos- phates, smaller quantities of iron, manganese, lead, zinc, and other minerals), food processing, textiles, construction and tourism Electric power: 1,401,000 kW capacity (1980); 5.503 billion kWh produced (1980), 259 kWh per capita Exports: $2.50 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 46% phosphates, 54% other Imports: $4.40 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 18% capital goods, 24% foodstuffs, 29% petroleum products Major trade partners: France, West Germany, Italy Budget: (1981 est.) revenue $5.0 billion, expenditure $5.5 billion, development expenditure $2.0 billion Monetary conversion rate: 5.1 dirhams=US$l average rate in 1981; 5.3 dirhams=US$l in November 1981 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,756 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 161 km double track; 708 km electrified Highways: 55,970 km total; 24,700 km bituminous treat- ed, 4,000 km gravel, crushed stone, and improved earth, 27,270 km unimproved earth Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (abandoned) refined products; 241 km natural gas Ports: 8 major (including Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla), 10 minor Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 81 total, 76 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio-relay links; principal centers Casa- blanca and Rabat, secondary centers Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier and Tetouan; 210,000 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 7 FM, and 27 TV stations; 5 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,780,000; 2,950,000 fit for military service; about 248,000 reach military age (18) annually; limited conscription 161 MOZAMBIQUE Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) Land 786,762 km2; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated, 56% woodland and forest, 14% wasteland and inland water Land boundaries: 4,627 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 2,470 km PEOPLE Population: 12,695,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun — Mozambican(s); adjective — Mozam- bican Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1% European and Asian Religion: 65.6% animist, 21.5% Christian, 10.5% Muslim, 2.4% other Language: Portuguese (official); many tribal dialects Literacy: 15% (1974 est.) GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Republic of Mozambique Type: "people's republic"; achieved independence from Portugal in June 1975 Capital: Maputo Political subdivisions: 10 provinces subdivided into about 94 districts; administrators are appointed by central government Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June Branches: none established Government leader: President Samora Moises MACHEL Suffrage: not yet established Elections: information not available on future election schedule Political parties and leaders: the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by Samora Machel, is only legal party Communists: none known Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $2.8 billion (1980 est.), about $272 per capita; average annual growth rate —1% (1971-81) Agriculture: cash crops — raw cotton, cashew nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal; other crops — corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sorghum, and cassava; self-sufficient in food except for wheat which must be imported Major industries: food processing (chiefly sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels); chemicals (vegetable oil, oil- cakes, soap, paints); petroleum products; beverages; textiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos, ce- ment products); tobacco Electric power: 2,166,000 kW capacity (1980); 11.3 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,080 kWh per capita Major trade partners: Portugal, South Africa, US, UK, West Germany Budget: (1978) expenditures, $309 million, revenues, $241 million Monetary conversion rate: 40.643 escudos=US$l as of November 1977 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,436 km total; 3,288 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km narrow gauge (0.750 m) Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: approx. 3,750 km of navigable routes Pipelines: crude oil, 306 km (not operating); refined products, 280 km Ports: 3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2 significant minor Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 292 total, 247 usable; 29 with permanent- surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of troposcatter, open- wire lines, and radio relay; 51,600 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 2 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,763,000; 1,633,000 fit for military service Supply: mostly from the USSR and PRC, and to a lesser extent from other Communist countries and Portugal Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $157.8 million; 27.8% of central government budget 162 NAMIBIA (South-West Africa) (See reference map Vli) LAND 823,620 kmz; mostly desert except for interior plateau and area along northern border Land boundaries: 3,798 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 1,489 km PEOPLE Population: 1,086,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun — Namibian(s); adjective — Namibian Ethnic divisions: 83% African, 11% white, 6% mulatto; approximately half the Africans belong to Ovambo tribe Religion: whites predominantly Christian, nonwhites ei- ther animist or Christian Language: Afrikaans principal language of about 70% of white population, German of 22% and English of 8%; several African languages Literacy: high for white population; low for nonwhite Labor force: 203,300 (total of economically active, 1970); 68% agriculture, 15% railroads, 13% mining, 4% fishing Organized labor: no trade unions, although some white wage earners belong to South African unions GOVERNMENT Official name: Namibia Type: former German colony of South-West Africa man- dated to South Africa by League of Nations in 1920; UN formally ended South Africa's mandate on 27 October 1966, but South Africa has retained administrative control Capital: Windhoek Political subdivisions: 10 tribal homelands, mostly in northern sector, and zone open to white settlement with administrative subdivisions similar to a province of South Africa Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law Branches: since September 1977 Administrator-General, appointed by South African Government, has exercised coordinative functions over zone of white settlement and tribal homelands, where traditional chiefs and representative bodies exercise limited autonomy; Namibian National As- sembly, elected December 1978, has been granted legislative powers, subject to Administrator-General's veto; a Ministers' Council, composed of members of the National Assembly and with limited executive powers, established July 1980 Government leader: Danie HOUGH, Administrator- General Suffrage: several tribal homelands have adult franchise for homeland legislatures; all ethnic groups were eligible to vote in 1978 election for Namibian National Assembly Elections: election of Namibian National Assembly, De- cember 1978 Political parties and leaders: there are approximately 50 political parties in Namibia; the major parties include (white parties) — Action Front for the Preservation of the Turnhalle Principles (AKTUR), also known as the National Party of South- West Africa, Kosie Pretorius; Federal Party, Bryan O'Linn; Republican Party, Dirk Mudge; many of the nonwhite parties belong to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), a mul- tiethnic alliance of traditional tribal leaders and the white Republican Party, which is favored in South Africa; the other multiethnic alliance, the Namibian National Front (NNF), the white Federal Party, and nonwhite groups opposed to the homeland system, operates independently; South-West Africa People's Organization Democrats (SWAPO-D), a predominant- ly Ovambo party led by Andreas Shipanga, broke away from Sam Nujoma's SWAPO and is loosely affiliated with NNF Voting strength: (1978 election) DTA won 41 seats in Namibian National Assembly; AKTUR, 6 seats; 3 miniscule parties, 1 seat each; NNF, SWAPO, and SWAPO-D boycot- ted elections; 15 additional, appointed seats have not been filled Communists: no Communist Party, SWAPO guerrilla force is supported by USSR, Cuba, and other Communist states as well as OAU Other political or pressure groups: South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma, main- tains a foreign-based guerrilla movement; is predominantly Ovambo but has some influence among other tribes; is the only Namibian group recognized by the UN General Assem- bly and the Organization of African Unity ECONOMY Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and sheep) predomi- nates, subsistence crops (millet, sorghum, corn, and some wheat) are raised but most food must be imported 163 NAURU NAMIBIA (Continued) Fishing: catch fell 31% to 277,000 metric tons (1980), processed mostly in South African enclave of Walvis Bay Major industries: meatpacking, fish processing, copper, lead, diamond, and uranium mining, dairy products Electric power: 540,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.3 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,251 kWh per capita Aid: South Africa is only donor Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African Rand= US$1.15 (as of March 1978); 0.87 SA Rand=US$l Fiscal year: 1 ApriI-31 March • COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,340 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 gravel, remainder earth roads and tracks Ports: 2 major (Walvis Bay and Luderitz) Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 128 total, 102 usable; 17 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires extend to other population centers; 50,300 telephones (5.2 per 100 popl.); 11 FM, no TV stations; AM and TV stations under construction DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, about 239,000; about 141,000 fit for military service Defense is responsibility of Republic of South Africa; however, a Southwest African Territory Force was estab- lished 1 August 1980 Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $63.1; 6.7% of central government budget NAURU. Pacific Ocean SOLOMON oS ISLANDS •* Coral Sea VANUATU'. (See reference map X) LAND 21.2 km2; insignificant arable land, no urban areas, exten- sive phosphate mines WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 24 km PEOPLE Population: 9,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7% Nationality: noun — Nauruan(s); adjective — Nauruan Ethnic divisions: 58% Nauruans, 26% other Pacific Is- landers, 8% Chinese, 8% Europeans Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Catholic) Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island tongue; English, the language of school instruction, spoken and understood by nearly all Literacy: nearly universal GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Nauru Type: republic; independent since January 1968 Capital: no capital city per se; government offices in Yaren District Political subdivisions: 14 districts Branches: president elected from and by Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly elected 18-member unicameral legislature, the Parliament; Cabinet to assist the President, four members, appointed by President from Parliament members Government leader: President Hammer DEROBURT Suffrage: universal adult Elections: last held in December 1980 Political parties and leaders: governing faction, Presi- dent DeRoburt; opposition Nauru Party, Lagumot Harris 164 NEPAL NAURU (Continued) Member of: no present plans to join UN; enjoys "special membership" in Commonwealth; South Pacific Commission, ESCAP, INTERPOL, ITU, UPU ECONOMY GNP: over $155.4 million (1977), $21,400 per capita Agriculture: negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food, water Major industries: mining of phosphates, about 2 million tons per year Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1981); 29 million kWh produced (1981), 4,144 kWh per capita Exports: $50.4 million (f.o.b., 1977) Imports: $32 million (c.i.f., 1977); 16% food, fuel Major trade partners: exports — 75% Australia and New Zealand; imports — Australia, UK, New Zealand, Japan Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar=US$1.12 (1979) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth Inland waterways: none Ports: 1 minor Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, one on order Airfields: 1 with runways over 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate intraisland and interna- tional radiocommunications provided via Australian facili- ties; 1,500 telephones (20.8 per 100 popl.); 3,600 radio receivers, 1 AM, no FM or TV stations; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, about 1,800; fit for military service, about 1,000; less than 100 reach military age (18) annually, 1978-82, No formal defense structure and no regular armed forces (See reference map VIII) LAND 141,400 km2; 16% agricultural area, 14% permanent meadows and pastures, 38% alpine land (unarable), waste, or urban; 32% forested Land boundaries: 2,800 km PEOPLE Population: 15,715,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4% Nationality: noun — Nepalese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Nepalese Ethnic divisions: two main categories, Indo-Nepalese (about 80%) and Tibeto-Nepalese (about 20%), representing considerable intermixture of Indo-Aryan and Mongolian racial strains; country divided among many quasi-tribal communities Religion: only official Hindu kingdom in world, although no sharp distinction between many Hindu (about 88%) and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians Language: 20 mutually unintelligible languages divided into numerous dialects; Nepali official language and lingua franca for much of the country; same script as Hindi Literacy: about 12% Labor force: 4.1 million; 95% agriculture, 5% industry; great lack of skilled labor GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Nepal Type: nominally a constitutional monarchy; King Biren- dra exercises autocratic control over multitiered panchayat system of government Capital: Kathmandu Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; legal education at Nepal Law College in Kathmandu; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Birthday of the King, 28 December 165 NEPAL (Continued) Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by the King; directly elected National Panchayat (Assembly) Government leaders: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev; Prime Minister Surya Bahadur THAPA Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: village and town councils (panchayats) elected by universal suffrage; district panchayat members are indi- rectly elected; a constitutional amendment in 1980 provided for direct elections to the National Panchayat, which consists of 140 members (including 28 members appointed by the King), who serve five-year terms; Nepal's first general election in 22 years was held in May 1981 Political parties and leaders: all political parties outlawed Communists: the two wings of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) — pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese — are split into several lesser factions; the combined membership is about 6,500, with the majority (perhaps 5,000) in the pro-Chinese wing; the CPN continues to operate more or less openly; internal dissension, however, greatly hinders its effectiveness Other political or pressure groups: proscribed Nepali Congress Party led by B. P. Koirala Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $2.4 billion (FY81 current prices), $115 per capita; 5.5% real growth in FY81 Agriculture: over 90% of population engaged in agricul- ture; main crops — rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; match, cigarette, and brick factories Electric power: 86,600 kW capacity (1980); 210 million kWh produced (1980), 14 kWh per capita Exports: $116 million est. (FY81 est.); rice and other food products, jute, timber Imports: $373 million est. (FY81 est.); manufactured con- sumer goods, fuel, construction materials, food products Major trade partner: over 80% India Budget: (FY81 revised est.) domestic revenue $147 mil- lion, expenditure $253 million Monetary conversion rate: 12 Nepalese rupees=US$l Fiscal year: 15 July- 14 July COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 63 km (1977), all narrow gauge (0.762 m); all in Terai close to Indian border; 10 km from Raxaul to Biranj is government owned Highways: 4,136 km total; 1,751 km paved, 556 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,829 km improved and unim- proved earth; additionally 322 km of seasonally motorable tracks Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft Airfields: 47 total, 46 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: poor telephone and telegraph serv- ice; fair radiocommunication and broadcast service; interna- tional radiocommunication service is poor; 10,000 telephones (less than 0.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, no FM, and no TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,704,000; 1,919,000 fit for military service; 176,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 14 July 1981, $22.1 million; 5.4% of central government budget 166 NETHERLANDS i \ NETHERLANDS I t)8(TE0 6- (See reference map V) LAND 33,929 km2; 70% cultivated, 5% waste, 8% forested, 8% inland water, 9% other Land boundaries: 1,022 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 451 km PEOPLE Population: 14,349,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun — Netherlander(s); adjective — Nether- lands Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian and other Religion: 31% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic, 24% unaffiliated Language: Dutch Literacy: 98% Labor force: 4.8 million (1978); 30% manufacturing, 24% services, 16% commerce, 10% agriculture, 9% construction, 7% transportation and communications, 4% other; 10% unemployment, November 1981 Organized labor: 33% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides at The Hague Political subdivisions: 11 provinces governed by centrally appointed commissioners of Queen Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution of 1815 frequently amended, reissued 1947; judicial review in the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order than Acts of Parliament; legal education at six law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April Branches: executive (Queen and Cabinet of Ministers), which is responsible to bicameral States General (parliament) consisting of a First Chamber (75 indirectly elected mem- bers) and a Second Chamber (150 directly elected members); independent judiciary Government leaders: Head of State, Queen BEATRIX; Prime Minister, Andreas A. M. VAN AGT Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: must be held at least every four years for lower house (most recent held 26 May 1981), and every three years for half of upper house (most recent May 1981) Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Ap- peal (CDA; fused into a single party as of 11 October 1980), Chairman Pieter Bukman; Labor (PvdA), Max van den Berg; Liberal (VVD), Jan Kamminga; Democrats '66 (D'66), J. M. M. van Berkom; Communist (CPN), Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist Socialist (PSP), Bram van der Lek; Political Reformed (SGP), Hette G. Abma; Reformed Political Union (GPV), Jan van der Jagt; Radical Party (PPR), Herman Verbeek; Democratic Socialist '70 (DS'70), Z. Hartog; Rightist Peoples Party (RVP), Hendrik Koekoek; Reformed Political Federation (RPF), P. Lamgeler Voting strength (1981 election): 28.3% PvdA (44 seats), 30.8% CDA (48 seats), 17.3% VVD (28 seats), 11.1% D'66 (17 seats), 2.0% SGP (3 seats), 2.1% CPN (2 seats), 2.0% PPR (3 seats), 0.8% GPV (1 seat), 2.1% PSP (1 seat), 0.2% RPF (2 seats), 0.6% DS'70 (1 seat) Communists: CPN claims about 27,000 members Other political or pressure groups: large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protes- tant Employers Associations; the nondenominational Feder- ation of Netherlands Enterprises; and IKV — Interchurch Peace Council Member of: ADB, Benelux, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAQ, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, INRO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council (with respect to interests of the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname), NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $144.2 billion (1981), $10,159 per capita; 59.6% consumption, 21.6% investment, 18.8% government Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main crops — horticultural crops, grains, potatoes, sugar beets; food shortages — grains, fats, oils; calorie intake, 3,186 calories per day per capita (1970-71) 167 NETHERLANDS (Continued) Fishing: catch 295,000 metric tons (1979); exports of fish and fish products $491.6 million (1979), imports $275.4 million (1979) Major industries: food processing, metal and engineering products, electrical and electronic machinery and equip- ment, chemicals, petroleum products, and natural gas Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton, base metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood, lumber, feedgrains, and oilseeds Crude steel: 7.7 million metric ton capacity; 5.8 million metric tons produced (1979), 410 kg per capita Electric power: 18,500,000 kW capacity (1980); 64.809 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,570 kWh per capita Exports: $63.6 billion (f.o.b., 1979); foodstuffs, machinery, chemicals, petroleum products, natural gas, textiles Imports: $67.2 billion (c.i.f., 1979); machinery, transporta- tion equipment, crude petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals, raw cotton, base metals and ores, pulp Major trade partners: (1979) 64.3% EC, 27.3% West Germany, 13.9% Belgium-Luxembourg, 8.9% France, 8.0% UK Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid committed, $6,555 million (1970-78) Budget: (1982 proj.) revenues $135.1 billion, expenditures $151.0 billion, at exchange rate of 2.50 guilders=$l (Decem- ber 1981) Monetary conversion rate: 1.9881 gui!ders=US$l, aver- age 1980 est. Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,046 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 2,880 km government owned (NS), 1,759 km electrified, 1,588 km double track; 166 km privately owned Highways: 107,300 km total; 90,600 km paved (including 2,106 km of limited access, divided highways); 16,700 km gravel, crushed stone Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 900 metric ton capacity or larger Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined products; 9,886 km natural gas Ports: 8 major, 6 minor Civil air: 95 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in and 1 1 leased out Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio-relay links; 6.80 million telephones (48.3 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 33 FM, and 29 TV stations; 9 coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,853,000; 3,275,000 fit for military service; 128,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $4.5 billion; about 9.5% of central government budget 168 NETHERLANDS ANTILLES fi°M- Atlantic Ocean if • NETHERLANDS '•'; Caribbean ANTILLES Sea (See reference map HI) LAND 1,020 km2; 5% arable, 95% waste, urban, or other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm, fishing 200 nm Coastline: 364 km PEOPLE Population: 247,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0% Nationality: noun — Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective — Netherlands Antillean Ethnic divisions: racial mixture with African, Caribbean Indian, European, Latin, and oriental influences; Negroid characteristics are dominant on Curacao, Indian on Aruba Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; sizable Protes- tant, smaller Jewish minorities Language: Dutch official; Papiamento, a Spanish- Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect predominates; English widely spoken Literacy: 95% Labor force: 83,000 (1977); 2% agriculture, 20% industry, 10% construction, 65% government and services, 3% other; unemployment 20% (1977) Organized labor: 60%-70% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Netherlands Antilles Type: territory within Kingdom of the Netherlands, en- joying complete domestic autonomy Capital: Willemstad, Curacao Political subdivisions: four island territories — Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, and the Windward Islands — St. Eustatius, southern part of St. Martin (northern part is French), Saba Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence; constitution adopted 1954 Branches: federal executive power rests nominally with Governor (appointed by the Crown), actual power exercised by eight-member Council of Ministers or cabinet presided over by Minister-President; legislative power rests with 22-member Legislative Council; independent court system under control of Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Justice (administrative functions under Minister of Justice); each island territory has island council headed by Lieutenant Governor Government leaders: Prime Minister Domenico Felip MARTINA (leader of Movement for a New Antilles) won election on 6 July 1979; Governor Bernardito M. LEITO; in September 1981 Aruba 's People's Electoral Party (MEP), led by Gilberto "Betico" Croes, pulled out of the governing coalition demanding independence; talks are being held with the Netherlands on the future status of the Antilles Suffrage: universal age 18 and over Elections: Federal elections mandatorily held every four years, last regular held 17 June 1977 (early elections were held 6 July 1979); island council elections every 4 years, last held 25 April 1979 Political parties and leaders: political parties are indig- enous to each island: Curacao: Movement for a New Antilles (MAN), Do- menico Felip Martina; Democratic Party (DP), S. G. M. Rozendal; National People's Party-United (NVP-U) Edsel Jenerun; Frente Obrero de Liberation' 30 di Mayo (FOL), Wilson "Papa" Godett; Social Democratic Party (PSD), R. J. Isa Aruba: People's Electoral Movement (MEP), G. F. "Betico" Croes; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), L. O. Chance; Aruban People's Party (AVP), D. G. Croes Bonaire: Labor Party (FOB); Democratic Party Bonaire (UPB); New Democratic Action (ADEN) Windward Islands: Windward Islands Democratic Party (DPWI); United Federation of Antillean Workers (UFA); Windward Islands Political Movement (WIPM); and others Voting strength: (1977 federal election) 6 seats DP, 5 seats MEP, 3 seats FOL, 3 seats NVP, 3 seats PPA, 1 seat DPWI, 1 seat UPB Communists: no Communist party Member of: EC (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $652 million (1976), $2,680 per capita; real growth rate, —1% (est.) Agriculture: little production Major industries: petroleum refining on Curacao and Aruba; petroleum transshipment facilities on Curacao, 169 NEW CALEDONIA NETHERLANDS ANTILLES (Continued) Aruba, and Bonaire; tourism on Curasao, Aruba, and St. Martin; light manufacturing on Curacao and Aruba Electric power: 310,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1981), 7,346 kWh per capita Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1977); 96% petroleum prod- ucts, phosphate Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1977); 64% crude petroleum, food, manufactures Major trade partners: exports — 46% US, 2% Canada, 1% Netherlands; imports— 35% Venezuela, 11% US, 4% Nether- lands (1977) Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF commitments (1970-79), economic — Western (non-US) countries $353 million Budget: (1977) public sector current revenues, $278 mil- lion; public sector expenditures, $306 million Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Netherlands Antillean florins (NAF)=US$1, official Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth Ports: 4 major (Willemstad, Oranjestad, Caracasbaai, Bul- lennbaai); 6 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in Airfields: 7 total, all usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: generally adequate telecom facili- ties; extensive interisland radio-relay links; 53,000 telephones (21.1 per 100 popl.); 11 AM, 2 FM and 5 TV stations; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 60,000; 35,000 fit for military service; about 2,600 reach military age (20) annually Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands SOLOMON %* "'X Coral Sea .VANUATU NEW CALEDONIA Tasman Sea \'} °FUI Pacific Ocean NEW ZEALAND (See reference map X) LAND 22,015 km8; 6% cultivable, 22% pasture land, 15% forests, 57% waste or other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 2,254 km PEOPLE Population: 138,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.5% Nationality: noun — New Caledonian(s); adjective — New Caledonian Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42%; French 40%; remain- der Vietnamese, Indonesian, Chinese, Polynesian Religion: natives 90% Christian Language: Melanesian-Polynesian dialects Literacy: unknown Labor force: size unknown; Javanese and Tonkinese laborers were imported for plantations and mines in pre-World War II period; immigrant labor now coming from Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and French Polynesia Organized labor: labor not organized GOVERNMENT Official name: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies Type: French overseas territory; represented in French parliament by one deputy and one senator Capital: Noumea Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island group depen- dencies— Isle of Pines, Loyalty Islands, Huon Islands, Island of New Caledonia Legal system: French law Branches: administered by High Commissioner, responsi- ble to French Ministry for Overseas France and Governing Council; Assemblee Territoriale 170 NEW ZEALAND NEW CALEDONIA (Continued) Government leader: Claude CHARBONNIAUD, French High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Suffrage: universal Elections: Assembly elections every five years, last in September 1977 Political parties: Rassemblement pour la Caledonie — Conservative; Union Caledonienne — eventual independ- ence; Union Multiraciale and Palika — independence parties Voting strength (1977 election): Rassemblement pour la Caledonie, 12 seats; Union Caledonienne, 9 seats; Palika, 2 seats; 8 other parties divide up remaining 12 seats Communists: number unknown; Union Caledonienne strongly leftist; some politically active Communists were deported during 1950s; small number of North Vietnamese Other political parties and pressure groups: several lesser parties Member of: EIB (associate) ECONOMY GNP: $569 million (1977), $4,000 per capita; -1.0% growth (1977) Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing; major products — coffee and vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef; must import grains and vegetables Industry: mining of nickel Electric power: 365,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.606 billion kWh produced (1981), 11,723 kWh per capita Exports: $363.3 million (f.o.b., 1977); 95% nickel, coffee Imports: $340 million (c.i.f., 1977); 26% mineral fuel imports, 21% machinery, transport equipment, food Major trade partners: (1976) exports— 49% France, 29% Japan, 16% US; imports— 39% France, 13% Australia, 11% rest of EC Monetary conversion rate: 75 CFP francs=US$l (1978/79) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 5,448 km total (1977); 558 km paved, 2,251 km improved earth, 2,639 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: none Ports: 1 major (Noumea), 21 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 23,000 telephones (17.0 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, and 7 TV stations; 1 earth satellite station Pacific Ocean Wellington (See reference map X) LAND 268,276 km2; 3% cultivated, 50% pasture, 10% parks and reserves, 1% urban, 16% forested, and 20% waste, water, or other; 4 principal islands, 2 minor inhabited islands, several minor uninhabited islands WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: about 15,134 km PEOPLE Population: 3,120,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun — New Zealander(s); adjective — New Zealand Ethnic divisions: 87% European, 9% Maori, 2% Pacific Islanders, 2% other Religion: 81% Christian, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and other, 18% none or unspecified Literacy: 98% Labor force: 1,316,000 (1979); 13% agriculture, 33% manufacturing, mining, and construction, 9% transportation and communications, 24% commerce and finance, 21% administrative and professional; unemployment 4.3% (De- cember 1978) Organized labor: 46% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: New Zealand Type: independent state within Commonwealth, recogniz- ing Elizabeth II as head of state Capital: Wellington Political subdivisions: 239 territorial units (boroughs, counties, town and district councils); 657 special-purpose bodies Legal system: based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for Maoris; constitution consists of 171 NEW ZEALAND (Continued) various documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; legal education at Victoria, Auck- land, Canterbury, and Otago Universities; accepts compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February Branches: unicameral legislature (House of Representa- tives, commonly called Parliament); Cabinet responsible to Parliament; three-level court system (magistrates, courts, Supreme Court, and Court of Appeal) Government leader: Prime Minister Robert D. MULDOON Suffrage: universal age 18 and over Elections: held at three-year intervals or sooner if parlia- ment is dissolved by Prime Minister; last election November 1981 Political parties and leaders: National Party (Govern- ment), Robert D. Muldoon; Labor Party (Opposition), Wal- lace E. Rowling; Social Credit Political League, Bruce Beetham; Communist Party of New Zealand (Marxist- Leninist; pro-Albania), Richard C. Wolfe; Socialist Unity Party (pro-Soviet), G. H. (Bill) Andersen Voting strength (1981 election): National Party 47 seats, Labor Party 43 seats, Social Credit 2 seats Communists: CPNZ about 300, SUP about 100 Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, Com- monwealth of Nations, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: NZ$13.5 billion (1978), NZ$4,350 per capita; real average annual growth (1976-78), 1.4% Agriculture: fodder and silage crops about one-half of area planted in field crops; main products — wool, meat, dairy products; New Zealand is food surplus country; caloric intake, 3,500 calories per day per capita (1964) Fishing: exports 26,000 metric tons valued at $50.3 million (1977); domestic 84,700 metric tons (in 1978); catch by foreign fishing vessels operating within 200-mile exclu- sive economic zone (established 1978), 384,000 metric tons Major industries: food processing, textile production, machinery, transport equipment; wood and paper products Electric power: 6,583,000 kW capacity (1980); 28.920 billion kWh produced (1980), 9.175 kWh per capita Exports: $4.6 billion (f.o.b., 1979); principal products (trade year 1978/79)— 27% meat, 13% dairy products, 17% wool Imports: $4.5 billion (c.i.f., 1979); principal products (trade year 1978/79) — 30% machinery, 20% manufactured goods, 13% minerals, 12% chemicals Major trade partners: (trade year 1978/79) exports — 14% UK, 15% Japan, 12% Australia, 16% US; imports— 21% Australia, 14% UK, 13% Japan, 13% US Aid: bilateral economic aid commitments (1970-79), $400 million Budget: (1980/81) expenditures, NZ$8,721 million; re- ceipts, NZ$7,154 million; deficit NZ$1,567 Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1=US$0.97 (March 1980) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March NOTE: trade data are for year ending 30 June; trade year and fiscal year do not correspond COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 4,716 km total (1980); all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km electrified; over 99% govern- ment owned Highways: 92,617 km total (1977); 46,716 km paved, 45,901 km gravel or crushed stone Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation Pipelines: natural gas, 785 km Ports: 3 major Civil air: about 40 major transport aircraft Airfields: 193 total, 185 usable; 25 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 50 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent international and domes- tic systems; 1.7 million telephones (55 per 100 popl.); 64 AM stations, no FM, 14 TV stations, and 129 repeaters; subma- rine cables extend to Australia and Fiji Islands; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 814,000; 587,000 fit for military service; 30,000 reach military age (20) annually about Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $457.0 million; about 4.9% of central government budget 172 NICARAGUA (See reference map III) LAND 147,900 km2; 7% arable, 7% prairie and pasture, 50% forest, 36% urban, waste, or other Land boundaries: 1,220 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (fishing, 200 nm; continental shelf, including sovereignty over super- jacent waters) Coastline: 910 km PEOPLE Population: 2,643,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun — Nicaraguan(s); adjective — Nicaraguan Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white, 9% Negro, 5% Indian Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish (official); English and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast Literacy: 87% of population 10 years of age and over Labor force: 850,000 (1981 est); 42% agriculture, 13% industry, 23% service industries, 3% construction, 14% com- merce, 5% other; 25% unemployment Organized labor: almost 39% of Nicaragua's 850,000 economically active citizens are organized; of the seven confederations, five are Sandinista or Marxist oriented; they are — the government-sponsored Sandinista Workers' Central (CST), with over 125,000 members, including state and municipal employees; the Association of Campesino Work- ers (ATC), which also has 125,000 members; the General Confederation of Independent Workers (CGI-I), with ap- proximately 15,000 members; the Workers Front, with a small membership of about 100; and the Central for Labor Action and Unity (CAUS), with about 3,000 members; the other two unions are the Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN), with 25,000 members, and the Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS), with 12,000 members GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Nicaragua Type: republic Capital: Managua Political subdivisions: 1 national district and 16 departments Legal system: the Sandinista-appointed Government of National Reconstruction revoked the constitution of 1974 and issued a Fundamental Statute and a Program of the Government of National Reconstruction to guide its actions until a new constitution is drafted National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: executive and administrative responsibility for- mally reside in the three-member junta of the Government of National Reconstruction; in reality, the junta shares power with, and in fact is dominated by, the nine-member Sandin- ista National Directorate; a 51-member quasi-legislative Council of State was established in May 1980; the country's highest judicial authority is the junta-appointed Supreme Court, comprised of six members Government leader: Coordinator of the Junta Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra often acts as government leader on official occasions Elections: the Sandinistas announced in August 1980 that neither national nor municipal elections would be held until 1985 Political parties and leaders: all political parties except those favoring a return to Somozaism are permitted to function; only the Liberal Party, because of its ties to the Somoza family, has been specifically banned; among the parties that have been active under the new government are the Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (Alfonso Robelo), the Social Democratic Party (Wilfredo Montalvan), the Social Christian Party (Adan Fletes), and the Democratic Conserva- tive Party (Emilio Alvarez Montalvan); the Sandinistas have made major strides toward developing a grassroots party apparatus and have formalized their alliance with other leftist parties by creating the Revolutionary Patriotic Front Communists: the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN), founded in 1944, has served as Nicaragua's Moscow-line Communist party; it is allied with the Sandinistas; the Nicaraguan Communist Party (Eli Altamirano) — formed in 1967 when it broke with the PSN, splinter Trotskyite and Maoist groups, including the Workers Front and the Move- ment for Popular Action — have all been viewed as oppo- nents by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) Other political or pressure groups: the Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is an umbrella group compris- ing 11 different chambers of associations, including such groups as the Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Industry, and the Nicaraguan Institute of Development 173 NICARAGUA (Continued) Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line — Naviera national del Caribe), OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $1.8 billion (1980), $692 per capita; 71% private consumption, 11% government consumption, 14% domestic investment, 4% net foreign balance (1979); real growth rate 1980, -10.0% Agriculture: main crops — cotton, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, beans, cattle; caloric intake, 2,446 calories per day per capita (1977) Major industries: food processing, chemicals, metal pro- ducts, textiles and clothing Electric power: 385,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.35 billion kWh produced (1981), 550 kWh per capita Exports: $450 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, coffee, chemi- cal products, meat, sugar Imports: $822 million (f.o.b., 1980); food and nonfood agricultural products, chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, trans- portation equipment, machinery, construction materials, clothing, petroleum Major trade partners: exports— 21% US, 23% CACM, 28% EC, 28% other; imports— 31% US, 23% CACM, 17% EC, 29% other (1978) Aid and Ex-Im Credits: economic — extensions (FY70-80) from US, $223.4 million; other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $144.6 million; military— (FY70-79) from US, $20 million Budget: 1980 expenditures $622 million Monetary conversion rate: 10.0 cordobas=US$l (official) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 344 km 1.067-meter gauge, government owned Highways: 24,126 km total; 1,654 km paved, 2,711 km gravel or crushed stone, 5,427 km earth or graded earth, 14,334 km unimproved Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km Ports: 1 major (Corinto), 7 minor Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft Airfields: 349 total, 326 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: low-capacity radio-relay and wire system being replaced after war damage; connection into Central American microwave net; Atlantic Ocean INTEL- SAT station; 55,800 telephones (2.2 per 100 popl.); 85 AM, 30 FM, and 6 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 573,000; 353,000 fit for military service; 30,000 reach military age (18) annually 174 NIGER BENIN Salt a! Guinea (See reference map VII) LAND 1,266,510 km2; about 3% cultivated, perhaps 20% some- what arable, remainder desert Land boundaries: 5,745 km PEOPLE Population: 5,833,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun — Nigerien(s) (sing, and pi.); adjective — Niger Ethnic divisions: main Negroid groups 75% (of which, Hausa 50%, Djerma and Songhai 21%); Caucasian elements include Tuareg, Toubous, and Tamacheks; mixed group includes Fulani Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder largely animists and a very few Christians Language: French official; many African languages; Hau- sa used for trade Literacy: about 6% Labor force: 26,000 wage earners; bulk of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry Organized labor: negligible GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Niger Type: republic; military regime in power since April 1974 Capital: Niamey Political subdivisions: 7 departments, 32 arrondissements Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1960, suspended 1974; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 18 December Branches: executive authority exercised by Supreme Mili- tary Council (SMC) composed of army officers; Cabinet includes some civilian technocrats Government leader: Lt. Col. Seyni KOUNTCHE, Presi- dent of Supreme Military Council, Chief of State, Minister of Defense, and Minister of Interior Suffrage: suspended Elections: political activity banned Political parties and leaders: political parties banned Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, EGA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $2.7 billion (1980), $491 per capita, annual average growth rate 1.3% (1971-81) Agriculture: commercial — peanuts, cotton, livestock; main food crops — millet, sorghum, niebe beans, vegetables Major industries: cement plant, brick factory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil presses, slaughterhouse, and a few other small light industries; uranium production began in 1971 Electric power: 32,800 kW capacity (1980); 78 million kWh produced (1980), 14 kWh per capita Exports: $557.9 million (f.o.b., 1980); about 65% uranium, rest peanuts and related products, livestock, hides, skins; exports understated because much regional trade not recorded Imports: $801.0 million (c.i.f., 1980); fuels, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, consumer goods Major trade partners: France (over 50%), other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC countries, US; preferential tariff to EC and franc zone countries Budget: (1980/81) revenue $458.8 million, current expen- diture $255.9 million, development expenditure $344.6 million Monetary conversion rate: about 225.8 Communaute Financiere Africaine=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September 175 NIGERIA NIGER (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 8,220 km total; 2,674 km paved bituminous, 2,658 km gravel, 2,888 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: Niger River navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier from mid-December through March Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 66 total, 62 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: small system of wire and radio- relay links concentrated in southwestern area; 8,500 tele- phones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 12 AM stations, no FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 4 domestic anten- nas under construction DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,255,000; 676,000 fit for military service; about 60,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1981, $15.4 million; about 3.9% of central government budget (See reference map VII) LAND 924,630 km2; 24% arable (13% of total land area under cultivation), 35% forested, 41% desert, waste, urban, or other Land boundaries: 4,034 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 853 km PEOPLE Population: 82,396,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.3% Nationality: noun — Nigerian(s); adjective — Nigerian Ethnic divisions: of the more than 250 tribal groups, the Hausa and Fulani of the north, the Yoruba of the south, and the Ibos of the east comprise 60% of the population; about 27,000 non- Africans Religion: no exact figures on religious breakdown, but last census (1963) showed Nigeria to be 47% Muslim, 34% Christian, and 18% animist Language: English official; Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo also widely used Literacy: est. 25% Labor force: approx. 28-32 million (1979) Organized labor: between 800,000 and 1 million wage earners, approx. 2.4% of total labor force, belong to some 70 unions GOVERNMENT Official name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Type: federal republic since 1979 Capital: Lagos Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by elected governors Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; new constitution was promulgated for 176 NIGERIA (Continued) Fiscal year: calendar year restoration of civilian rule in October 1979; accepts compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October Branches: a strong executive president, a bicameral Na- tional Assembly with a 95-seat Senate and a 449-seat House, and a separate judiciary Government leader: President Alhaji Shehu SHAGARI Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: national elections held every four years (last held in 1979) to elect a federal president, federal Senate, federal House of Representatives, state governors, and state legislatures Political parties and leaders: National Party of Nigeria (NPN), led by Shehu Shagari; Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), led by Obafemi Awolowo; Nigerian People's Party (NPP), led by Nnamdi Azikiwe; Great Nigerian People's Party (GNPP), led by Waziri Ibrahim; People's Redemption Party (PRP), led by Aminu Kano Communists: the pro-Communist underground comprises a fraction of the small Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor organization but have little influence on government Member of: AFDB, APC, Commonwealth, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $92.6 billion (1980 est, current prices), $1,087 per capita; 7.8% growth rate (1980 est.) Agriculture: main crops — peanuts, cotton, cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock; almost self-sufficient Fishing: catch 535,435 metric tons (1979); imports $14.5 million (1974) Major industries: mining — crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing industries — oil palm, peanut, cot- ton, rubber, petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufacturing industries — textiles, cement, building materials, food pro- ducts, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics Electric power: 1,823,000 kW capacity (1980); 5.2 billion kWh produced (1980), 66 kWh per capita Exports: $23.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); oil (95%), cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin Imports: $15.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); machinery and trans- port equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals Major trade partners: UK, EC, US Budget: (1980) revenues $22.1 billion, current expendi- tures $8.6 billion, development expenditures $16.7 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 Naira=US$1.8297 (1980) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous surface treatment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unimproved Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks; additionally, Kainji Lake has several hundred miles of navigable lake routes Pipelines: 1,918 km crude oil; 102 km natural gas; 3,000 km refined products Ports: 5 major (Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Sapele), 10 minor Civil air: 40 major transport aircraft Airfields: 79 total, 75 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: above average system with major expansion in progress; radio relay and cable routes; 154,200 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 6 FM, and 26 TV stations; satellite station with Atlantic and Indian Ocean antennas, domestic satellite system with 18 stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 17,450,000; 10,030,000 fit for military service; 860,000 reach military age (18) annually 177 NORWAY <^->-^ (See reference map V) LAND Continental Norway, 323,750 km2; Svalbard, 62,160 km2; Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 3% arable, 2% meadows and pastures, 21% forested, 74% other Land boundaries: 2,579 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413 km (excludes long fjords and numerous small islands and minor indenta- tions which total as much as 16,093 km overall) PEOPLE Population: 4,113,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.3% Nationality: noun — Norwegian(s); adjective — Norwegian Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small Lappish minority Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other Language: Norwegian, small Lapp and Finnish-speaking minorities Literacy: 100% Labor force: 1.9 million; 8.6% agriculture, forestry, fish- ing, 21.2% mining and manufacturing, 5.8% banking and financial services, 8.1% construction, 16.9% commerce, 9.2% transportation and communication, 29.3% services; 1.4% unemployed (1979 average) Organized labor: 60% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Norway Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Oslo Political subdivisions: 19 counties, 2 territories, 404 communes, 47 towns Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; constitution adopted 1814, modified 1884; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; legal education at University of Oslo; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Storting); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104 lower courts Government leaders: King OLAV V; Prime Minister Rare WILLOCH Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 20 Elections: held every four years (next in 1985) Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro Harlem Brundt- land; Conservative, Jo Benkow; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian People's, Kare Kristiansen; Liberal, Odd Einar D0rum; Socialist Left, Berge Furre; Norwegian Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progressive, Carl I. Hagen Voting strength (1981 election): Labor, 37.3%; Conserva- tive, 31.6%; Christian People's, 9.3%; Center, 6.7%; Socialist Left (Socialist Electoral Alliance, formerly antitax), 4.9%; Liberal, 3.9%; Progressive, 4.5%; Norwegian Communist, 0.3%; Red Electoral Alliance, 0.7%; Liberal People's Party (antitax), 0.6% Communists: 2,500 est.; a number of sympathizers as indicated by the 24,618 votes cast in the 1981 election for the Norwegian Communist Party and the Red Electoral Alliance Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate member), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC— Interna- tional Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $55.4 billion in 1980, $13,549 per capita; 49% private consumption; 26% investment; 20% government; net foreign balance 2%; 1980 growth rate 3.6%, in constant prices; 4.8% average (1970-76) Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main crops — feed grains, potatoes, fruits, vegetables; 40% self- sufficient; food shortages — food grains, sugar; caloric intake, 2,940 calories per day per capita (1969-70) Fishing: catch 2.5 million metric tons (1979); exports $707 million (1979) Major industries: oil and gas, food processing, shipbuild- ing, wood pulp, paper products, metals, chemicals 178 OMAN NORWAY (Continued) Shortages: most raw materials with the exception of timber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite ore, dairy products and fish Crude steel: 921,000 metric tons produced (1979), 230 kg per capita Electric power: 20,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 83.986 billion kWh produced (1980), 20,520 kWh per capita Exports: $18,712 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items- oil, natural gas, metals, pulp and paper, fish products, ships, chemicals, oil Imports: $16,955 million (c.i.f., 1980); principal items — foodstuffs, ships, fuels, motor vehicles, iron and steel, chemi- cal compounds, textiles Major trade partners: 55% EC (25% UK, 14% West Germany, 6% Denmark); 15% Sweden; 6% US; 2% Eastern Bloc countries (1979) Aid: donor, bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $1.1 billion (1970-79) Budget: (1980) revenues $15.0 billion, expenditures $18.7 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 kroner= US$0.202 (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 4,257 km standard gauge (1.435 m); Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,241 km (2,440 km electrified and 91 km double track); 16 km privately owned and electrified Highways: 78,116 km total; 17,699 km concrete and bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous treated; 41,140 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth Inland waterways: 1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels maximum Pipelines: refined products, 53 km Ports: 9 major, 69 minor Civil air: 51 major transport aircraft Airfields: 103 total, 102 usable; 52 with permanent- surface runways; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and interna- tional telephone, telegraph, and telex services; 1.73 million telephones (42.3 per 100 popl.); 40 AM, 685 FM, and 1,320 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 6 domestic satellite stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,002,000; 815,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $1.3 billion; about 8.8% of proposed central government budget IRAN SAUOI \r~ ?V ARABIA Tu* Arabian Sea (See reference map VI) LAND About 212,380 km2; negligible amount forested, remain- der desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 1,384 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 2,092 km PEOPLE Population: 948,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1% Nationality: noun — Omani(s); adjective — Omani Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab with small groups of Iranians, Baluchis, and Indians Religion: Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects, few Shias) Language: Arabic Literacy: 10% Labor force: 300,000; 49% are non-Omani GOVERNMENT Official name: Sultanate of Oman Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with strong resid- ual UK influence Capital: Muscat Political subdivisions: 1 province (Dhofar), 9 regions, and numerous districts (wilayats) Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; no constitution; ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 18 November Government leader: Sultan Qaboos bin SAID (Al Bu Said) Other political or pressure groups: outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen 179 PAKISTAN OMAN (Continued) Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $5.2 billion (1980), $5,780 per capita est. Agriculture: based on subsistence farming (fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels), fishing, and trade Major industries: petroleum discovery in 1964; produc- tion began in 1967; production 1980, 282,000 b/d; pipeline capacity, 400,000 b/d; revenue for 1980 est. at $3.2 billion Electric power: 396,000 kW capacity (1980); 867 million kWh produced (1980), 1,467 kWh per capita Exports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980) mostly petroleum; non-oil exports (mostly agricultural) Imports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1980) Major trade partners: UK, US, other European, Gulf states, India, Australia, China, Japan Budget: (1980) revenues $3.5 billion, current expenditures $1.964 billion, development expenditures $715 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Riyal Omani= US$2. 895 (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 2,816 km total; 5 km bituminous surface, 2,811 km motorable track Pipelines: crude oil 960 km; natural gas 390 km Ports: 1 major (Qaboos), 3 minor Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft, including 7 leased in and 1 leased out Airfields: 195 total, 143 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 56 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire, radio- relay, and radiocommunications stations; 13,000 telephones (0.9 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, no FM, 11 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station, 6 domestic antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 213,000; 123,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1.7 billion; 41% of central government budget (See reference map VIII) LAND 803,000 km2 (includes Pakistani part of Jammu-Kashmir); 40% arable, including 24% cultivated; 23% unsuitable for cultivation; 34% unreported, probably mostly waste; 3% forested Land boundaries: 5,900 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 1,046 km PEOPLE Population: 93,106,000, excluding Junagadh, Manavadar, Gilgit, Baltistan, and the disputed area of Jammu-Kashmir, (July 1982); average annual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun — Pakistani(s); adjective — Pakistani Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% other Language: official, Urdu; total spoken languages — 7% Urdu, 64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 9% other; English is lingua franca Literacy: 24% (1980) Labor force: 24.45 million (1981 est.); 52% agriculture, 21% industry, 27% services. Organized labor: 5% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan Type: parliamentary, federal republic; military seized power 5 July 1977 and temporarily suspended some constitu- tional provisions Capital: Islamabad Political subdivisions: four provinces — Punjab, Sind, Ba- luchistan, and North- West Frontier — with the capital terri- tory of Islamabad and certain tribal areas centrally adminis- tered; Pakistan claims that Azad Kashmir is independent pending a settlement of the dispute with India, but it is in fact under Pakistani control 180 PAKISTAN (Continued) Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; President Zia's government has established Islamic Shariat courts paralleling the secular courts and has introduced Koranic punishments for criminal offenses National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March Government leader: President and Chief Martial Law Administrator Gen. Mohammad ZIA-UL-HAQ Suffrage: universal from age 18 Elections: opposition agitation against rigging elections in March 1977 led to military coup; military promised to hold new national and provincial assembly elections in October 1977 but postponed them; in 1979 elections were postponed indefinitely Political parties and leaders: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), pro-Bhutto wing, Mrs. Z. A. Bhutto, moderate wing, Ghulam Mustapha Jatoi; Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, Asghar Khan; National Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz Mazari (formed in 1975 by members of outlawed National Awami Party — NAP— of Abdul Wali Khan, who is de facto NDP leader); the above two are the main groups in the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD), formed in February 1981; Pakistan National Party (PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo (Ba- luch elements of the former NAP); Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i- Pakistan (JUP), Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani; Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), a disintegrating coalition of six parties including Pakistan Muslim League (PML) — Pir of Pagaro group; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Tofail Mohammed; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur Rahman Communists: party membership very small; sympathizers estimated at several thousand Other political or pressure groups: military remains strong political force Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, RCD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $27.8 billion (FY81 est), $332 per capita; average annual real growth, 5.7% (FY79-81) Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main crops — wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton Fishing: catch 304,500 metric tons (FY81 est.) Major industries: cotton textiles, food processing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals, natural gas Electric power: 3,920,000 kW capacity (1980); 17.64 billion kWh produced (1980), 207 kWh per capita Exports: $2,958 million (f.o.b., FY81); primarily rice, cotton (raw and manufactured), carpets, rugs and mats, petroleum products, leather Imports: $5,486 million (f.o.b., FY81; petroleum crude and products, sugar, machinery, tea, medicaments, chemi- cals, iron and steel Major trade partners: US, UK, West Germany, Saudi Arabia, Japan, China Budget: FY81 — current expenditure, $3,213.7 million; capital expenditures, $2,669.8 million Monetary conversion rate: 9.9 rupees=US$l (February 1973 through January 1982) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 8,815 km total (1981); 535 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 7,670 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 610 km narrow gauge (0.762 m); 1,022 km double track; 286 km electrified; government owned Highways: 80,500 km total (1981); 23,500 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 3,100 km improved earth, 30,900 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: negligible Pipelines: 230 km crude oil; 1,600 km natural gas Ports: 2 major, 4 minor Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft Airfields: 111 total, 92 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 27 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,200-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international radiocommuni- cation service over microwave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic radiocommunications poor; broadcast service good; 314,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 27 AM, no FM, 16 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE Military manpower: males 15-49, 21,754,000; 14,795,000 fit for military service; 1,108,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $1.77 billion; about 27% of central government budget 181 PANAMA "x /•— i ., .fS / Caribbean Sea '"NICARAGUA..1 COLOMBIA (See reference map HI) LAND 75,650 km2 (excluding Canal Zone, 1,430 km2); 24% agricultural land (9% fallow, 4% cropland, 11% pasture), 20% exploitable forest, 56% other forests, urban, and waste Land boundaries: 630 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continen- tal shelf including sovereignty over superjacent waters) Coastline: 2,490 km PEOPLE Population: 2,011,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun — Panamanian(s); adjective — Pana- manian Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% Negro, 9% white, 7% Indian and other Religion: over 90% Roman Catholic, remainder mainly Protestant Language: Spanish; about 14% speak English as native tongue; many Panamanians bilingual Literacy: 82% of population 10 years of age and over Labor force: est. 625,000 (January 1982); 45% commerce, finance and services; 29% agriculture, hunting and fishing; 10% manufacturing and mining; 5% construction; 4% Canal Zone; 5% transportation and communications; 1.2% utilities; 2% other; unemployed estimated at 10-15% (January 1982); shortage of skilled labor but an oversupply of unskilled labor Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force (1978 est.) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Panama Type: republic Capital: Panama Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 1 intendancy Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted in 1972; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Panama; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November Branches: President and Vice President, elected by Na- tional Assembly; popularly elected unicameral legislature, National Assembly of Community (Corregimiento) Repre- sentatives; legislative powers currently exercised in the main by National Council on Legislation, but constitutional amendments, approved in October 1978, give somewhat broader role to National Assembly; presidentially appointed Supreme Court subject to Corregimiento review under new constitutional amendment Government leaders: Aristides ROYO is constitutional President and Chief of State, but remains accountable to the National Guard General Staff Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: elections for National Assembly in August 1978, Assembly chose President and Vice President in October 1978; constitutional reforms allow Assembly to elect from its own membership representatives comprising two- thirds of the primary legislative organ, the National Council on Legislation; the remaining one-third of the Council's 56 representatives was chosen in September 1980 by direct popular elections; direct popular elections for President and Vice President and the Assembly will be held in 1984 Political parties and leaders: legislation providing for legalization of political parties, which were suspended fol- lowing 1968 Torrijos coup, approved October 1978; since early 1979, all political parties and groups have been allowed to organize under new democratization program; Revolu- tionary Democratic Party (PRO; official government party), Gerardo Gonzalez; Communist People's Party (PdP; pro- government), Ruben Dario Souza; Liberal Party (PL; opposi- tion), Arnulfo Escalona; Christian Democratic Party (PDC; opposition), Guillermo Cochez; Panamenista Party (PP; op- position), Arnulfo Arias Voting strength: only two progovernment and two small opposition parties registered candidates for 1980 legislative elections; half the candidates ran as independents Communists: 500 active and several hundred inactive members People's Party (PdP); 1,500 members and sympathiz- ers of rival Fraction movement which split from PdP in 1974 Other political or pressure groups: National Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE) Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IDE, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO 182 PANAMA (Continued) ECONOMY GNP: $3,004 million (1980), $1,580 per capita; 63% private consumption, 18% government consumption, 28% gross fixed investment, —7% net foreign balance (1978); real growth (1980), 4.9% Agriculture: main crops — bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most basic foods; 2,341 calories per day per capita (1977) Fishing: catch 113,768 metric tons (1978); exports $27.7 million (1977) Major industries: food processing, metal products, con- struction materials, petroleum products, clothing, furniture Electric power: 550,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.812 billion kWh produced (1980), 935 kWh per capita Exports: $411 million (f.o.b., 1980); bananas, petroleum products, shrimp, sugar, coffee Imports: $1,280 million (f.o.b., 1980); manufactures, trans- portation equipment, crude petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports — 65% US, 11% Panama Canal Zone, 11% West Germany, 3% Italy, 11% Central America, 4% Netherlands; imports— 33% US, 15% Ecuador, 6% Venezuela, 9% Colon Free Zone, 5% Japan, 3% West Germany (1978) Aid: economic — US, authorized, including Ex-Im (FY70- 80), $350.6 million; other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $383.0 million; military— US (FY70-80), $12 million Budget: (1980 est.) $1,015 million in revenues, $1,215 million in expenditures Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$l (official) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 192 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 114 km 0.914-meter gauge Highways: 8,400 km total; 2,715 km paved, 3,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km improved and unim- proved earth Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal Pipelines: refined products, 96 km Ports: 2 major (Cristobal/Colon/Coco Solo, Balboa/ Panama City), 10 minor Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 151 total, 150 usable; 39 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: domestic and international telecom facilities well developed; connection into Central American microwave net; Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station; 157,000 telephones (8.4 per 100 popl.); 90 AM, 30 FM, and 13 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable 1 DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 499,000; 344,000 fit for military service; no conscription 183 PAPUA NEW GUINEA Pacific Ocean V INDONESIA- I NEW GUINEA Mores! Coral Sea * AUSTRALIA (See reference map X) LAND 475,369 km8 Land boundaries: 966 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: about 5,152 km PEOPLE Population: 3,126,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun — Papua New Guinean(s); adjective — Papua New Guinean Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and Polynesian Religion: over one-half of population nominally Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects); remainder animist Language: 715 indigenous languages; pidgin English in much of the country and Motu in Papua region are linguae francae; English spoken by 1% to 2% of population Literacy: 15%; in English, 0.1% Labor force: 1.44 million (1979); agriculture, forestry, fishing employ 85% of labor force; 200,000 (1979 est.) in salaried employment GOVERNMENT Official name: Papua New Guinea Type: independent parliamentary state within Common- wealth recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state Capital: Port Moresby Political subdivisions: 19 administrative districts (15 in New Guinea, 4 in Papua) Legal system: based on English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September Branches: executive — National Executive Council; legis- lature— House of Assembly (109 members); judiciary — court system consists of Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and various inferior courts (district courts, local courts, children's courts, wardens' courts) Government leaders: Governor General Sir Tore LOKO- LOKO; Prime Minister Sir Julius CHAN Suffrage: universal adult suffrage Elections: preferential-type elections for 109-member House of Assembly every five years, next held in June 1982 Political parties: Pangu Party, People's Progress Party, United Party, Papua Besena, National Party, Melanesian Alliance Communists: no significant strength Member of: ADB, CIPEC (associate), Commonwealth, ESCAP (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, South Pacific Commission, South Pacific Forum, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO (associate) ECONOMY GNP: $2.05 billion (FY79 est.), $650 per capita; real growth (1979) 3% est. Agriculture: main crops — coffee, cocoa, coconuts, timber, tea Major industries: sawmilling and timber processing, cop- per mining (Bougainville) Electric power: 425,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.275 billion kWh produced (1980), 398 kWh per capita Exports: $960.0 million (f.o.b., 1979); copper, coconut products, coffee beans, cocoa, copra, timber Imports: $935.5 million (c.i.f., 1979) Major trade partners: Australia, UK, Japan Aid: economic — Australia, $1,158 million committed (1976-81); World Bank group (1968-September 1969), $14.8 million committed; US, Ex-Im bank loans (FY70-73), $32.5 million extended Budget: (1979) $759 million Monetary conversion rate: Kina $1=US$1.5 (December 1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 10,940 km Ports: 5 principal, 9 minor 184 PARAGUAY PAPUA NEW GUINEA (Continued) Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft Airfields: 535 total, 433 usable; 18 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea telecom serv- ices are adequate and are being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio and international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend from Madang to Australia and Guam; 45,274 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 31 AM, no FM and no TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 748,000; about 413,000 fit for military service Supply: dependent on Australia Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $33.6 million; 3.0% of central government budget (See reference map IV) LAND 406,630 km2; 2% under crops, 24% meadow and pasture, 52% forested, 22% urban, waste, and other Land boundaries: 3,444 km PEOPLE Population: 3,347,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4% Nationality: noun — Paraguayan(s); adjective — Paraguayan Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo, 5% white and Indian Religion: 97% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish and Guarani Literacy: officially estimated at 74% above age 10, but probably much lower (40%) Labor force: 1,003,000 (1980); 52.6% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 28.2% services; 19.2% manufacturing and mining (1970); unemployment rate 3.3% (1980) Organized labor: about 5% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Paraguay Type: republic; under authoritarian rule Capital: Asuncion Political subdivisions: 19 departments and the national capital Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; constitution promulgated 1967; judicial re- view of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education at National University of Asuncion and Catholic University of Our Lady of the Assumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 14 May Branches: President heads executive; bicameral legisla- ture; judiciary headed by Supreme Court Government leader: President Gen. Alfredo STROESS- NER 185 PARAGUAY (Continued) Suffrage: universal; compulsory between ages of 18-60 Elections: President and Congress elected together every five years; last election held in February 1978 Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ra- mon Chavez; Liberal Party, Fulvio Hugo Celauro; Febrer- ista Party, Alarico Quinones Cabral; Radical Liberal Party, German Acosta Caballero; Christian Democratic Party, R6- mulo Perina Voting strength (February 1978 general election): 90% Colorado Party, 5% Radical Liberal Party, 3% Liberal Party, Febrerista Party boycotted elections Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est. 3,000 to 4,000 party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard core; party in exile is small and deeply divided Other political or pressure groups: Popular Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by Epifanio Mendez, in exile; National Accord includes MoPoCo and Febrerista, Radical Liberal, and Christian Democratic Parties Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GDP: $4.4 billion (1980, at current prices), $1,375 per capita; 6% public consumption; 82% private consumption, 30% gross domestic investment, —18% net foreign balance (1980); real growth rate 1980, 11.4% Agriculture: main crops — oilseeds, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most foods; caloric intake, 2,824 calories per day per capita (1977) Major industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light consumer goods, cement Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1981); 825 million kWh produced (1981), 258 kWh per capita Exports: $310 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber, coffee, essential oils, tung oil Imports: $517 million (f.o.b., 1980); fuels and lubricants, machinery and motors, motor vehicles, beverages and tobac- co, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports — 15% Netherlands, 6% US, 17% Argentina, 15% West Germany, 5% Japan, 7% Switzer- land, 9% Brazil; imports — 22% Brazil, 17% Argentina, 12% US, 7% West Germany, 8% Japan, 6% UK (1979) Aid: economic bilateral commitments, US (FY70-80) $74 million, other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79) $176 million; military commitments (FY70-80), US $18 million Budget: (1980 est.) $405 million in revenues, $432 million in expenditures Monetary conversion rate: 126 guaranies=US$l (official rate, October 1979) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 970 km total; 440 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 60 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned) Highways: 13,460 km total; 1,370 km paved, 12,090 km gravel or earth Inland waterways: 3,100 km Ports: 1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river) Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft Airfields: 955 total, 818 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: principal center in Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net; 51,600 telephones (1.5 per 100 pop!.); 33 AM, 14 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 775,000; 615,000 fit for military service; 40,000 reach military age (17) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $87.6 million; 16.2% of central government budget 186 PERU (See reference map IV) LAND 1,284,640 km2 (other estimates range as low as 1,248,380 km2); 2% cropland, 14% meadows and pastures, 55% forest- ed, 29% urban, waste, other Land boundaries: 6,131 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 2,414 km PEOPLE Population: 18,631,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Peruvian(s); adjective — Peruvian Ethnic divisions: 46% Indian; 38% mestizo (white- Indian); 15% white; 1% Negro, Japanese, Chinese Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara Literacy: 45% to 50% Labor force: 5.3 million (1978); 42% agriculture, 20% services, 13% industry, 14% trade, 4% construction, 4% transportation, 1% mining, 2% other Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1978) GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Peru Type: republic; under civilian government since July 1980 Capital: Lima Political subdivisions: 23 departments with limited autonomy plus constitutional Province of Callao Legal system: based on civil law system; 1979 constitution reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral legislature; legal education at the National Universities in Lima, Trujillo, Arequipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July Branches: executive, judicial, legislative Government leader: President Fernando BELAUNDE Terry Suffrage: obligatory for literate citizens (defined as adult men and women and married persons over age 18) until age 60 Elections: elections for a civilian government were held on 18 May 1980, with the new government installed on 28 July 1980 Political parties and leaders: Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Fernando Leon de Vivero; Popular Chris- tian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; United Left (IU), Alfonso Barrantes Voting strength (1980 presidential election): 45% AP, 27% APRA, 10% PPC Communists: pro-Soviet (PCP/S) 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 factions) 1,200 Member of: AIOEC, ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, LAFTA and Andean Pact, NAM, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $16.8 billion (1980 est), $944 per capita; 66% private consumption, 10% public consumption, 14% gross investment; 10% net foreign balance (1979); real growth rate (1981), 3% Agriculture: main crops — wheat, potatoes, beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane; imports — wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; caloric intake, 2,274 calories per day per capita (1977) Fishing: catch 3.431 million metric tons (1979 prelim.); exports (meal, oil, other products) $331 million (1979) Major industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food processing, cement, auto assem- bly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication Electric power: 3,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 13.2 billion kWh produced (1981), 725 kWh per capita Exports: $3.3 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); copper, fish and fish products, copper, silver, iron, cotton, sugar, lead, zinc, petroleum, coffee Imports: $3.8 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); foodstuffs, ma- chinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufac- tures, chemicals, Pharmaceuticals Major trade partners: exports — 32% US, 8% Latin Amer- ica, 15% EC, 13% Japan (1979); imports— 37% US, 34% EC, 11% Latin America, 7% Japan (1979) Budget: 1979— $2.8 billion in revenues, $3.0 billion in expenditures 187 PHILIPPINES PERU (Continued) Monetary conversion rate: 88.65 soles=US$l (1980); floats against US dollar Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,192 km total; 1,775 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 46 km 0.60-meter gauge, 371 km 0.914-meter gauge Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon River system and 208 km Lake Titicaca Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km Ports: 7 major, 20 minor Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft Airfields: 301 total, 291 usable; 27 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most require- ments; new nationwide radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 7 domestic antennas; 457,000 telephones (2.7 per 100 popl.); 200 AM, 7 FM, and 63 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,363,000; 2,955,000 fit for military service; 173,000 reach military age (20) annually CSee reference map IX) LAND 300,440 km2; 53% forested, 30% arable land, 5% perma- nent pasture, 12% other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 0-300 nm (under an archipelago theory, waters within straight lines joining appropriate points of outermost islands are considered inter- nal waters; waters between these baselines and the limits described in the Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898, the US-Spain Treaty of 7 November 1900, and the US-UK Treaty of 2 January 1930 are considered to be the territorial sea); fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm Coastline: about 22,540 km PEOPLE Population: 51,574,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun — Filipino(s); adjective — Philippine Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant, 4% Mus- lim, 3% Buddhist and other Language: Tagalog (renamed Filipino) is the national language of the Philippine Republic; English is the language of school instruction and government business Literacy: about 83% Labor force: 18.5 million (1981); 47.3% agriculture, 12.2% manufacturing, 12.2% commerce, 17.6% services, 3.5% transportation, 4.6% construction GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of the Philippines Type: republic Capital: Manila Political subdivisions: 72 provinces Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and Anglo- American law; parliamentary constitution passed 1973; 188 PHILIPPINES (Continued) constitution amended in 1981 to provide for French-style mixed presidential-parliamentary system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations; martial law lifted in January 1981 National holiday: Independence Day, 12 June Branches: new constitution provides for unicameral Na- tional Assembly, and a strong executive branch under President and Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by Supreme Court with descending authority in a three-tiered system of local, regional trial, and intermediate appellate courts Government leader: President Ferdinand MARCOS Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Interim National Assembly serves as interim government pending regular elections scheduled for 1984 Political parties and leaders: national parties are Mar- cos's New Society Party (KBL), the Liberals, Nationalistas, and Laban; prominent regional parties include the Minda- nao Alliance and the Pusyon Bisaya Communists: about 5,000 armed insurgents; not recog- nized as legal party Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ES- CAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $35.1 billion (1980), $720 per capita; 5.4% real growth, 1980 Agriculture: main crops — rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, bananas, abaca, tobacco Fishing: catch 1.6 million metric tons (1978) Major industries: mining, agricultural processing, textiles, steel processing,chemical products Electric power: 4,980,000 kW capacity (1980); 18.924 billion kWh produced (1980), 382 kWh per capita Exports: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980); coconut products, sugar, logs and lumber, copper concentrates, bananas, gar- ments, nickel, electrical components, gold Imports: $7.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat Major trade partners: (1980) exports— 33% US, 33% Japan; imports— 22% Japan, 26% US Budget: (1980) revenues $5.06 billion, expenditures $6.17 billion (capital expenditures $2.21 billion), deficit $1.11 billion Monetary conversion rate: 8.2 pesos=US$l (September 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,510 km total (1980); 2 common-carrier sys- tems 1.067-meter gauge totaling about 1,177 km (360 km inoperable); 19 industrial systems with 4 different gauges totaling 2,333 km; 34% government owned Highways: 152,800 km total (1980); 20,000 km paved; 80,700 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 52,000 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels Pipelines: refined products, 357 km Ports: 18 major, numerous minor Civil air: approximately 80 major transport aircraft Airfields: 346 total, 316 usable; 62 with permanent- surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international radio and sub- marine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 519,642 telephones (1.2 per 100 pop!.); 273 AM stations, including 6 US; and 6 FM stations; 24 TV stations, including 4 US; submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, and Japan; tropospheric-scatter link to Taiwan; 1 ground satellite station; domestic satellite network under construction DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,619,000; 8,948,000 fit for military service; about 555,000 reach military age (20) annually Supply: limited small arms and small arms ammunition, small patrol craft production; licensed assembly of transport aircraft; most other materiel obtained from US; naval ships and equipment from Australia, Japan, Italy, Singapore, US, and Italy; aircraft and helicopters from West Germany and US 189 POLAND SOVIET UNION (See reference map V) LAND 312,354 km*; 49% arable, 14% other agricultural, 27% forested, 10% other Land boundaries: 3,090 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (6 nm contiguous zone claimed in addition to the territorial sea; fishing 12 nm, lateral limits based on geographical coordinates) Coastline: 491 km PEOPLE Population: 36,229,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.9% Nationality: noun — Pole(s); adjective — Polish Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainians, 0.5% Belorussians, less than 0.05% Jews, 0.2% other Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox, Protestant, and other Language: Polish, no significant dialects Literacy: about 98% Labor force: 19.3 million; 27% agriculture, 32% industry, 41% other nonagricultural (1980) Organized labor: Solidarity Union — new independent trade union formed as result of labor disturbances in Gdansk (fall 1980) — claims 10 million members, suspended in De- cember 1981 GOVERNMENT Official name: Polish People's Republic Type: Communist state, temporarily under martial law Capital: Warsaw Political subdivisions: 49 provinces Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1952; court system parallels administrative divisions with Supreme Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at seven law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Liberation Day, 22 July Branches: legislative, executive, judicial system domi- nated by parallel Communist party apparatus Government leaders: Wojciech JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of Ministers (Premier); Henryk JaWlohski, Chair- man of Council of State (President) Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: parliamentary and local government every four years Dominant political party and leader: Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR; Communist), Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary Voting strength (1975 election): 99% voted for Communist-approved single slate Communists: 3,091,900 party members (1980) Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Front (FJN), including United Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD), progovernment pseudo-Catholic Pax Association and Christian Social Association, Catholic independent Znak group; powerful Roman Catholic Church Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICES, IHO, Indochina Truce Commission, ILO, IMCO, Interna- tional Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Korea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, all specialized agencies except IMF and IBRD, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $165.0 billion in 1980 (1980 dollars), $4,638 per capita; 1980 growth rate, -2.6% Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum requirements; main crops — grain, sugar beets, oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock products and sugar; importer of grains; 3,200 calories per day per capita (1970) Fishing: catch 791,000 metric tons (1980) Major industries: machine building, iron and steel, ex- tractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, and food processing Crude steel: 19.5 million metric tons produced (1980), about 546 kg. per capita Electric power: 26,240,000 kW capacity (1981); 113.0 million kWh produced (1981), 3,129 kWh per capita Exports: $16,975 million (f.o.b., 1980); 48% machinery and equipment, 35% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufac- tures, 8% agricultural and food products, 9% light industrial products (1980) Imports: $19,064 million (f.o.b., 1980); 35% machinery and equipment; 46% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufac- tures; 15% agricultural and food products; 4% light industrial products (1980) 190 PORTUGAL POLAND (Continued) Major trade partners: $36,039 million (1979); 56% with Communist countries, 44% with West Monetary conversion rate: 80.0 zllotys=US$l (January 1982) Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data are reported for calendar years except for caloric intake which is reported for the consumption year, 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 27,236 km total; 24,380 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 2,856 km other gauge; 7,474 km double track; 6,868 km electrified; government owned (1980) Highways: 305,863 km total; 65,000 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 98,000 km crushed stone, gravel; 142,863 km earth (1977) Inland waterways: 4,035 km navigable rivers and canals (1979) Pipelines: 3,540 km for natural gas; 1,515 km for crude oil; 322 km for refined products Freight carried: rail — 481.8 million metric tons (1980), 135.3 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway— 2,146 million metric tons, 43.9 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway— 23.2 million metric tons, 2.0 billion metric ton/km (1979) Ports: 4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie), 12minor (1979); principal inland waterway ports are Gliwice, Wrodlaw, and Warsaw (1979) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,242,000; 7,388,000 fit for military service; 256,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 75.2 billion zllotys; 4.9% of total budget CSee reference map V and VII) LAND Metropolitan Portugal: 94,276 km2, including the Azores and Madeira Islands; 48% arable, 6% meadow and pasture, 31% forested, 15% waste and urban, inland water, and other Land boundaries: 1,207 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone Coastline: 860 km; excludes Azores (708 km) and Madeira (225 km) PEOPLE Population: 10,056,000 (July 1982), including the Azores and Madeira Islands, average annual growth rate 0.6% Nationality: noun — Portuguese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Portuguese Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000 Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant sects, 2% other Language: Portuguese Literacy: 70% Labor force: (1979) 4.1 million; 31% agriculture, 35% industry, 34% services; unemployment is now more than 13% Organized labor: the Communist-dominated General Confederation of Portuguese Workers — National Intersindi- cal (CGTP-IN) claims to represent 77% of the unionized labor force; their main competition comes from the General Workers Union (UGT) organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats GOVERNMENT Official name: Portuguese Republic 191 PORTUGAL (Continued) Type: republic, first government under new constitution formed July 1976 Capital: Lisbon Political subdivisions: 18 districts in mainland Portugal; Portugal's two autonomous regions, the Azores and Madeira Islands, have 4 districts (3 of them in the Azores); Macao, Portugal's remaining overseas territory, was granted broad executive and legislative autonomy in February 1976; Portu- gal has not officially recognized the unilateral annexation of Portuguese Timor by Indonesia Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted April 1976 to be amended by Assembly elected in October 1980; until then, legislative assembly acts to be reviewed for constitutionality by Revolutionary Council, with the advice of a Constitutional Commission of legal experts; laws judged unconstitutional by Council must be vetoed by President; Assembly can override veto by two-thirds majority; legal education at Universities of Lisbon and Coimbra; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: 25 April Branches: executive with President and Prime Minister, with 19-member Revolutionary Council, made up of mili- tary officers, responsible for safeguarding the constitution; popularly elected Assembly of the Republic; independent judiciary Government leaders: President Gen. Antonio dos Santos Ramalho EANES; Prime Minister Francisco Pinto BALSEMAO Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: national elections for Assembly of the Republic normally to be held every four years; new Assembly, with constituent powers, elected October 1980; national election for President to be held every five years, second constitu- tional president elected in December 1980; local elections to be held every three years, next elections in December 1982 Political parties and leaders: the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) is led by Mario Scares; the Social Democratic Party (PSD), formerly the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), by Francisco Pinto Balsemao; the Social Democratic Center (CDS) by Diogo Freitas do Amaral; and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) by Alvaro Cunhal Voting strength: (1980 parliamentary election) the Demo- cratic Alliance (AD) — consisting primarily of the PSD and the CDS — polled over 47.0% of the vote; the Socialists — in a coalition with two smaller parties — polled 28.0% of the vote; and the Communists — in a front coalition called the United Peoples Alliance (APU)— 16.9%, (1979 local elections) AD 47%, PS 27%, APU 21% Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims mem- bership of 164,713 (April 1979) Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO (restricted membership), ICES, ICO, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $22.2 billion (1980); 16% government consumption, 76% private consumption; 21% gross fixed capital formation; 4% change in stocks; —15% net exports; —3% net factor income from abroad; real growth rate 5.5% (1980) Agriculture: generally underdeveloped; main crops — grains, potatoes, olives, grapes for wine; deficit foods — sugar, grain, meat, fish, oilseed Fishing: landed 211,824 metric tons (1979) Major industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, pa- per, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine Crude steel: 661,000 tons produced (1979), 70 kg per capita Electric power: 4,762,700 kW capacity (1981); 19.06 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,129 kWh per capita Exports: $4.6 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items — cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber and timber products, resin Imports: $9.4 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items — petro- leum, cotton, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals Major trade partners: 44% EC, 9% US, 21% other developed, 3% Communist, 23% LDCs Aid: economic authorizations — US including Ex-Im, $1.2 billion (FY70-80); other Western (ODA and OOF), $396 million (1977-79); military authorizations — US, $137 million (FY70-80) Budget: (1980) expenditures, $7.7 billion; revenues, $5.0 billion; deficit, $2.7 billion Monetary conversion rate: 53.04 escudos=US$l (1980 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,602 km total: state-owned Portuguese Rail- road Co. (CP) operates 2,830 km 1.665- meter gauge (432 km electrified and 426 km double track), 760 km meter gauge (1.000 m); 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double, nongovernment owned Highways: 57,499 km total; 49,537 km paved (bitumi- nous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; plus an additional 4,100 km of unimproved earth roads (motorable tracks) 192 QATAR PORTUGAL (Continued) Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimpor- tant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 297 metric ton cargo capacity Pipelines: crude oil, 1 1 km Ports: 7 major, 34 minor Civil air: 36 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in and 2 leased out Airfields (including Azores and Madeira Islands): 61 total, 60 usable; 31 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 1.31 million telephones (13.2 per 100 popl.); 39 AM, 52 FM, and 42 TV stations; 4 submarine coaxial cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations (on mainland and Azores) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,372,000; 1,941,000 fit for military service; 91,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $761.5 million; about 11% of proposed central government budget (See reference map VI) LAND About 10,360 km2; negligible amount forested; mostly desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 56 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 563 km PEOPLE Population: 258,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.0% Nationality: noun — Qatari(s); adjective — Qatari Ethnic divisions: 25% Qatari, 20% other Arab, 34% South Asian, 16% Iranian, 5% others Religion: Muslim Language: Arabic, English is commonly used as second language Literacy: 25% Labor force: 100,000 (1980 est); 90% non-Qatari GOVERNMENT Offical name: State of Qatar Type: traditional monarchy; independence declared in 1971 Capital: Doha Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the ruler, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters; a constitution was promulgated in 1970 National holiday: 3 September Government leader: Amir Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage laid down Elections: constitution calls for elections for part of State Advisory Council, a consultative body, but none have been held 193 REUNION QATAR (Continued) Political parties and pressure groups: none; a few small clandestine organizations are active Branches: Council of Ministers; appointive 30-member Advisory Council Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC.IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $5.0 billion (1979), $29,900 plus per capita Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale; commer- cial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported; rice and dates staple diet Major industries: oil production and refining; crude oil production from onshore and offshore averaged 473,000 b/d (1980); 100% takeover was announced in October 1976 of the Qatar Petroleum Company, still negotiating with Qatar Shell about offshore fields; oil revenues accrued $4.7 billion (est.) in 1980, representing 91% of government/royal family income; major development projects include $7 million harbor at Ad Dawhah, fertilizer plant, two desalting plants, refrigerated storage for fishing, and a cement plant Electric power: capacity 903,900 kW (1980); 2.416 billion kWh produced (1980), 10,737 kWh per capita Exports: crude oil dominates; exports $6.2 billion (1980) of which petroleum is $5.8 billion Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1980) Budget: (1980) revenue $5.2 billion, expenditure $3.0 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 Qatar riyal=US$0.27 (1980) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 805 km total; 442 km bituminous; 362 km gravel; undetermined mileage of earth tracks Pipelines: crude oil, 169 km; natural gas, 97 km Ports: 1 major (Ad Dawhah), 1 minor Airfields: 4 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways, 1,220-2,439 m Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Telecommunications: good urban facilities; 29,000 tele- phones (15.4 per 100 popl.); international service through an Indian Ocean satellite station and a troposcatter link to Bahrain; 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, about 115,000; about 62,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1978, $157 million; 7.3% of" central government budget (See reference map VII) LAND 2,512 km'; two-thirds of island extremely rugged, consist- ing of volcanic mountains; 48,600 hectares (less than one- fifth of the land) under cultivation WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 201 km PEOPLE Population: 521,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4% Nationality: noun — Reunionese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Reunionese Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of thoroughly intermixed ancestry of French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian origin Religion: 94% Roman Catholic Language: French (official), Creole widely used Literacy: over 80% among younger generation Labor force: primarily agricultural workers; high seasonal unemployment GOVERNMENT Official name: Department of Reunion Type: overseas department of France; represented in French Parliament by three deputies and two senators Capital: Saint-Denis Legal system: French law Branches: Reunion is administered by a Prefect ap- pointed by the French Minister of Interior, assisted by a Secretary General and an elected 36-man General Council Government leader: Prefect Michel LEVALLOIS Suffrage: universal adult Elections: last municipal and general council elections in 1976; parliamentary election June 1981 194 REUNION (Continued) Political parties and leaders: Reunion Communist Party (RCP) led by Paul Verges and the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Reunion led by Georges Sinamale; other political candidates affiliated with metropolitan French parties, which do not maintain permanent organizations on Reunion Voting strength (Parliamentary election 1981): the French Democratic Union-Rally for the Republic coalition elected two deputies; the Socialists elected one deputy Communists: Communist Party small, but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule OCMLR, and in Le Port District Member of: EC, WFTU ECONOMY Agriculture: cash crops — almost entirely sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla and perfume plants; food crops — tropical fruit and vegetables, manioc, bananas, corn, market garden produce, also some tea, tobacco, and coffee; food crop inadequate, most food needs imported Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills, rum distilling plants, cigarette factory, 2 tea plants, fruit juice plant, canning factory, a slaughterhouse, and several small shops producing handicraft items Electric power: 105,000 kW capacity (1980); 285 million kWh produced (1980), 577 kWh per capita Exports: $62 million (f.o.b., 1975); 90% sugar, 4% perfume essences, 5% rum and molasses, 1% vanilla and tea (1974) Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1975); manufactured goods, food, beverages, and tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials and petroleum products Major trade partners: France (in 1970 supplied 62% of Reunion's imports, purchased 76% of its exports); Mauritius (supplied 12% of imports) Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-78), $3,257 million Monetary conversion rate: 4.705 French francs=US$l Fiscal year: probably calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 1,983 km total; 1,683 km paved, 300 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earth Ports: 1 major (Port des Galets) Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; fairly modern open-wire lines and radiocommunication stations; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Co- moros Islands, France, Madagascar, and Mauritius; 36,000 telephones (7.2 per 100 pop!.); 2 AM and 8 FM stations; 1 TV station with 13 relay transmitters; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 144,000; 77,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (18) annually 195 ROMANIA (See reference map V) LAND 237,503 km2; 44% arable, 19% other agriculture, 27% forested, 10% other Land boundary: 2,969 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 225 km PEOPLE Population: 22,510,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun — Romanian(s); adjective — Romanian Ethnic divisions: 87% Romanian, 8% Hungarian, 2% German, 3% other Religion: 14 million Romanian Orthodox, 1 million Ro- man Catholic, 1 million Protestants, 60,000 Jews, 30,000 Muslims Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German Literacy: 98%-99% of total population Labor force: 12.1 million (1979); 36% agriculture, 26% industry, 38% other nonagricultural GOVERNMENT Official name: Socialist Republic of Romania Type: Communist state Capital: Bucharest Political subdivisions: 41 counties including city of Bu- charest, which has administrative status equal to a county, and 46 municipalities Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that increasingly reflects Romanian traditions; constitution adopted 1965; legal education at University of Bucharest and two other law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers; the Grand National Assembly, under which is Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme Court; Council of State Government leaders: Nicolae CEAUS.ESCU, President of the Socialist Republic, head of state; Hie VERDET, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory Elections: elections held every five years for Grand National Assembly deputies and local people's councils Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Roma- nia only functioning party, Nicolae Ceausescu, Secretary General Voting strength (1980 election): overall participation reached 99.99%; of those registered to vote (15,631,351), 98.52% voted for party candidates Communists: 3,044,336 (March 1981) Member of: CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $116.5 billion in 1980 (1980 dollars), $5,244 per capita; 1980 real growth rate, 1.0% Agriculture: net exporter; main crops — corn, wheat, oil- seed; livestock — cattle, hogs, sheep; caloric intake, 118% of requirements Fishing: catch 140,000 metric tons (1979) Major industries: machinery, metals, fuels, chemicals, textiles, food processing, timber processing Shortages: iron ore, coking coal, metallurgical coke, cot- ton fibers, natural rubber Crude steel: 3.2 million metric tons produced (1980), 579 kg per capita Electric power: 16,104,000 kW capacity (1981); 68.455 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,048 kWh per capita Exports: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 26% machinery and equipment; 12% agricultural materials and foodstuffs; 16% manufactured consumer goods; 29% fuels, minerals, and metals; 17% other (1979) Imports: $12.8 billion (mixture f.o.b. and c.i.f., 1980); 32% machinery and equipment; 43% fuels, minerals, metals; 7% agricultural raw materials and foodstuffs; 18% other (1979) Major trade partners: $24.0 billion in 1980; 59% non- Communist countries, 41% Communist countries (1980) Monetary conversion rate: 4.47 lei=US$l (commercial), 11 lei=US$l (tourist) Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data report- ed for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year, 1 July-30 June 196 RWANDA ROMAN/A (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 11,113 km total; 10,509 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 559 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 2,202 km electrified, 2,280 km double track; government owned (1979) Highways: 73,361 km total; 28,738 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 36,790 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone and 7,833 km other (1979) Inland waterways: 1,660 km (1979) Pipelines: 2,735 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 5,149 km natural gas Freight carried: rail — 273.0 million metric tons, 76.0 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway — 414.7 million metric tons, 11.5 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway — 9.6 million metric tons, 2.1 billion metric ton/km Ports: 4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia), 7 minor; principal inland waterway ports are Giurgiu, Turnu Severin, and Orsova (1981) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,378,000; 4,500,000 fit for military service; 141,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 10.4 billion lei; about 3.3% of total budget (See reference map VII) LAND 25,900 km2; almost all the arable land, about one-third under cultivation, about one-third pastureland Land boundaries: 877 km PEOPLE Population: 5,451,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun — Rwandan(s); adjective — Rwandan Ethnic divisions: 90% Hutu, 9% Tutsi, 1% Twa (Pygmoid) Religion: 45% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1% Muslim, rest animist Language: Kinyarwanda and French official; Kiswahili used in commercial centers Literacy: 25% in French and Kinyarwanda Labor force: approximately 5% in cash economy GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Rwanda Type: republic, presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; new constitution adopted 17 De- cember 1978 Capital: Kigali Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdivided into 143 communes Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July Branches: executive (President, 16-member Cabinet); leg- islative (National Development Council); judiciary (4 senior courts, magistrates) Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARI- MANA, President and Head of State Suffrage: universal 197 RWANDA (Continued) Elections: national elections including constitutional ref- erendum and presidential plebiscite held December 1978; National Development Council elected in December 1981 Political parties and leaders: National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), General Habyari- mana (officially not a party— a "development movement" only) Communists: no Communist party Member of: AFDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $1,388 million (1981), $270 per capita; real average annual growth rate (1970-77), 5.5% Agriculture: cash crops — mainly coffee, tea, some pyre- thrum; main food crops — bananas, cassava; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore), wolfram (tungsten ore), agricultural processing, and light consumer goods Electric power: 38,000 kW capacity (1980); 160 million kWh produced (1980), 31 kWh per capita Exports: $115 million (f.o.b., 1981 est); mainly coffee, tea, cassiterite, wolfram, pyrethrum Imports: $188 million (c.i.f., 1981 est.); textiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment Major trade partners;! US, j Belgium, West Germany, Kenya External debt: $170 million (1980), external debt ratio 3.8% (1980) Budget: (1981) revenues $146.0 million; current expendi- tures $146.0 million, development expenditures $32.3 million Monetary conversion rate: 92.84 Rwanda francs=US$l (official), 1979 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 9,020 km total; 460 km paved, 2,700 km gravel and/or improved earth, remainder unimproved Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by barges and native craft Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio-relay system centered on Kigali; 4,600 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV stations; SYMPHONIE satellite station, INTELSAT terminal under construction DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,151,000; 583,000 fit for military service; no conscription Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $22.1 million; 14% of central government budget 198 ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS Atlantic Ocean «s>. ST. CHRISTOPHER*. . NEVIS ' A. Caribbean Sea (See reference map III) LAND 261 km!; 40% arable, 10% pasture, 17% forest, 33% wasteland and built on WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 135 km PEOPLE Population: 52,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8% Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent Nationality: noun — Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective — Kittsian, Nevisian Religion: Church of England, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic Language: English Literacy: about 88-90% Labor force: 30,000 (1979 est.) Organized labor: 6,700 GOVERNMENT Official name: State of St. Christopher-Nevis Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated State"; Anguilla formally seceded in May 1967 and reverted to British crown colony status on 19 December 1980 Capital: Basseterre Political subdivisions: 10 districts Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial organ is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands Branches: legislative, 10-member popularly elected House of Assembly; executive, Cabinet headed by Premier Government leaders: Premier Kennedy A. SIMMONDS; Governor Clement A. ARRINDELL Suffrage: universal adult suffrage Elections: at least every five years; most recent 18 February 1980 Political parties and leaders: St. Christopher-Nevis La- bor Party (SKLP), Lee Moore; People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy Simmonds; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel Voting strength (February 1980 election): SKLP won 4 seats in the House of Assembly, PAM won 3, NRP won 2 Communists: none known Member of: CARICOM, ISO ECONOMY GDP: $33 million (1980 est.), $672 per capita; 3.3% real growth in 1980 Agriculture: main crops — sugar on St. Christopher, cotton on Nevis Major industries: sugar processing, tourism Electric power: 12,000 kW capacity (1981); 30 million kWh produced (1981), 603 kWh per capita Exports: $20 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); sugar Imports: $43 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); foodstuffs, manu- factures, fuel Major trade partners: exports — 50% US, 35% UK; im- ports—21% UK, 17% Japan, 11% US (1973) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (1970-79) from Western (non-US) countries, $14.6 million; no military aid Budget: (1980 prelim.) revenues, $20 million; expendi- tures, $24 million Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dol- lars=US$l COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 57 km, narrow gauge (0.760 m) on St. Christo- pher for sugarcane Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved earth Ports: 2 minor (1 on each island) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via Antigua and St. Martin; about 2,400 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and 5 TV stations 199 ST. LUCIA BOM Caribbean See At/antic Ocean •ST. LUCIA (See reference map HI) LAND 616 km2; 50% arable, 3% pasture, 19% forest, 5% unused but potentially productive, 23% wasteland and built on WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 158 km PEOPLE Population: 119,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4% Nationality: noun — St. Lucian(s); adjective — St. Lucian Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic Language: English, French patois Literacy: about 80% Labor force: 45,000 (1979); 40% agriculture; 13% unem- ployment (1979) Organized labor: 20% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: St. Lucia Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 22 February 1979, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Castries Political subdivisions: 16 parishes Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands Branches: legislative, bicameral; executive, Cabinet head- ed by Prime Minister Government leaders: on 16 January 1982 the government of Prime Minister Winston Cenac resigned; an Interim Prime Minister, Michael PILGRAM, was sworn in Suffrage: universal adult suffrage Elections: every five • years; most recent 2 July 1979; general elections will be held within 90 days of the dissolu- tion of Parliament, which occurred on 6 February 1982 Political parties and leaders: United Worker's Party (UWP), John Compton; St. Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Win- ston Cenac; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George Odium (Michael Pilgram's party) Voting strength (1979 election): SLP won 12 of the 17 elected seats in House of Assembly; UWP won 5 seats Communists: negligible Member of: CARICOM, OAS ECONOMY GDP: $113 million (1980 est), $913 per capita; no real growth (1979) Agriculture: main crops — bananas, coconut, sugar, cocoa, spices Major industries: tourism, lime processing Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1981); 30 million kWh produced (1981), 240 kWh per capita Exports: $26 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); bananas, cocoa Imports: $115 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); foodstuffs, ma- chinery and equipment, fertilizers, petroleum products Major trade partners: 51% UK, 9% Canada, 17% US (1970) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF, (1970-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $31 million; no military aid Budget: (1980/81 est.) revenues, $35 million; expendi- tures, $42 million Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dol- lars=US$l COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system with 7,200 telephones (6.2 per 100 popl.); direct radio-relay link with Martinique; interisland troposcatter links to Barba- dos and Antigua; 3 AM stations, 1 TV station 200 ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean '.ST. VINCENT AND . THE GRENADINES (See reference map III) LAND 389 km2 (including northern Grenadines); 50% arable, 3% pasture, 44% forest, 3% wasteland and built on WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 84 km PEOPLE Population: 121,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9% Nationality: noun — St. Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); ad- jectives— St. Vincentian or Vincentian Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent; re- mainder mixed with some white and East Indian and Carib Indian Religion: Church of England, Methodist, Roman Catholic Language: English, some French patois Literacy: about 80% Labor force: 61,000 (1979 est); about 20% unemployed (1978) Organized labor: 10% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: St. Vincent and the Grenadines Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 27 October 1979 Capital: Kingstown Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands Government leaders: Prime Minister R. Milton CATO; Governor General (UK) Sir Sydney GUNN-MUNRO Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (18 years old and over) Elections: every five years; most recent 5 December 1979 Political parties and leaders: People's Political Party (PPP), Ebenezer Joshua; St. Vincent Labor Party (LP), R. Milton Cato; People's Democratic Party, Parnell Campbell and Kenneth John; United People's Movement (UPM), Ralph Gonsalves and Renwick Rose; Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Randolph Russell; New Democratic Party (NDP), James "Son" Mitchell Voting strength (1979 election): LP 11 seats, NDP 2 seats in the legislature Member of: CARICOM ECONOMY GNP: $47 million (1980 est.), $440 per capita; 1% real economic growth in 1980 Agriculture: main crop — bananas Major industries: food processing Electric power: 6,500 kW capacity (1981); 20 million kWh produced (1981), 168 kWh per capita Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1980 est); bananas, arrowroot, copra Imports: $57 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); foodstuffs, machin- ery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels Major trade partners: exports— 61% UK, 30% CARI- COM, 9% US; imports— 29% CARICOM, 28% UK, 9% Canada, 9% US (1972) Aid: economic — bilateral economic commitments, ODA and OOF (1970-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $23.0 million; no military aid Budget: (1980/81 est.) revenues, $18 million; expendi- tures, $29 million Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dol- lars=US$l COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 600 km total; 300 km paved; 150 km otherwise improved; 150 km unimproved earth Ports: 1 major (Kingstown), 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic tele- phone system with 5,300 sets (5.3 per 100 pop!.); VHF/UHF interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines; 2 AM stations 201 SAN MARINO (See reference map V) LAND 62 km2; 74% cultivated, 22% meadows and pastures, 4% built on Land boundaries: 34 km PEOPLE Population: 22,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6% Nationality: noun — Sanmarinese (sing, and pi.); adjec- tive— Sanmarinese Religion: Roman Catholic Language: Italian Literacy: 97% Labor force: approx. 4,300 Organized labor: General Democratic Federation of San- marinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated Camera del Lavoro, about 1,000 members GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of San Marino Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.); in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy concluded a treaty guaranteeing the independence of San Marino; although legally sovereign, San Marino is vulnerable to pressure from the Italian Government Capital: San Marino Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided into 9 castelli: Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Dog- manano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holidays: 1 April, 1 October Branches: the Grand and General Council is the legisla- tive body elected by popular vote; its 60 members serve five-year terms; Council in turn elects two Captains-Regent who exercise executive power for term of six months, the Council of State whose members head government adminis- trative departments, and the Council of Twelve, the su- preme judicial body; actual executive power is wielded by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for Internal Affairs Government leaders: since 17 July 1978 Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs and for Information, Gior- dano Bruno REFFI (Socialist); Secretary of State for Internal Affairs and Justice, Alvaro SELVA (Communist); Secretary of State for Budget, Finance, and Planning, Emilio BALDO (Unitary Socialist) Suffrage: universal (since 1960) Elections: elections to the Grand and General Council required at least every five years; an election was held 28 May 1978 Political parties and leaders; Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Gian Luigi Berti; Social Democratic Party (PSDSM), Alvaro Casali; Socialist Party (PSS), Remy Giacomini; Com- munist Party (PCS), Umberto Barulli; People's Democratic Party (PDF), leader unknown; Committee for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), leader unknown Voting strength (1974 election): 39.6% DCS, 23.7% PCS, 15.4% PSDIS, 13.9% PSS, 1.9% POP, 2.9% CDR Communists: approx. 300 members (number of sympa- thizers cannot be determined); PSS, in government with Christian Democrats since March 1973, formed a govern- ment with the PCS from the end of World War II to 1957 Other political parties or pressure groups: political par- ties influenced by policies of their counterparts in Italy, the two Socialist parties are not united Member of: ICJ, International Institute for Unification of Private Law, International Relief Union, IRC, UPU, WTO ECONOMY Principal economic activities of San Marino are farming, livestock raising, light manufacturing, and tourism; the largest share of government revenue is derived from the sale of postage stamps throughout the world and from payments by the Italian Government in exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing tobacco, gasoline, and a few other goods; main problem is finding additional funds to finance badly needed water and electric power systems expansions Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (average annual output about 4,400 metric tons/year) and grapes (average annual output about 700 metric tons/year); other grains, fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are also grown; livestock population numbers roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese and hides are most important livestock products SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE SAN MARINO (Continued) Electric power: all power is imported from Italy (1981) Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton textile produc- tion at Serravalle, brick and tile production at Dogane, cement production at Acquaviva, Dogane, and Fiorentino, and pottery production at Borgo Maggiore; some tanned hides, paper, candy, baked goods, Moscato wine, and gold and silver souvenirs are also produced Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism; in summer months 20,000 to 30,000 foreigners visit San Marino every day; several hotels and restaurants have been built in recent years to accommodate them; remittances from Sanmarinese abroad also represent an important net foreign inflow; commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer manufactures COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: about 104 km Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serv- ing 6,800 telephones (32.3 per 100 popl.); no radiobroadcast- ing or television facilities (See reference map VII) LAND 964 km2 (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe, 109 km2; including small islets of Pedras Tinhosas) WATER Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: estimated 209 km PEOPLE Population: 85,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.1% Nationality: noun — Sao Tomean(s): adjective — Sao Tomean Ethnic divisions: native Sao Tomeans, migrant Cape Verdians, Portuguese Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Sev- enth Day Adventist Language: Portuguese official Literacy: estimated at 5%-10% Labor force: most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; some unemployment, but labor shortages on plantations and for skilled work GOVERNMENT Official name: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Type: republic established when independence received from Portugal in July 1975; constitution adopted December 1975 Capital: Sao Tome Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July Branches: da Costa heads the government assisted by a cabinet of ministers; elected National Popular Assembly Government leader: President Manuel Pinto DA COSTA 203 SAUDI ARABIA SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE (Continued) Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over Elections: da Costa reelected May 1980 by Popular Assembly; Assembly elections held March-April 1980 Political parties and leaders: Movement for the Liber- ation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Secretary General Manuel Pinto da Costa Communists: no Communist party, probably a few Com- munist sympathizers Member of: AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICCO, IDA, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $40 million (1978); per capita income $490 (1978) Agriculture: cash crops — cocoa, copra, coconut, coffee, palm oil, bananas Fishing: catch, 1,500 metric tons (1979 est.) Major industries: food processing on small scale, timber Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1980); 10 million kWh produced (1980), 120 kWh per capita Exports: $26.6 million (f.o.b., 1979); mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee, palm oil Imports: $15.5 million (f.o.b., 1979); food products, ma- chinery and electrical equipment, fuels Major trade partners: main partner, Netherlands; fol- lowed by Portugal, US, and West Germany Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $579 million; US (FY77-80), $0.6 million Budget: (1979 est.) revenues $15.7 million, current expen- ditures $10.4 million, capital expenditures $9.1 million Monetary conversion rate: 38.6 escudos=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Ports: 1 major (Sao Tome), 1 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: minimal system; 900 telephones (1.0 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station (See reference map VI) LAND Estimated at about 2,331,000 km2 (boundaries undefined and disputed); 1% agricultural, 1% forested, 98% desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 4,537 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone") Coastline: 2,510 km PEOPLE Population: 19,795,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Saudi(s); adjective — Saudi Arabian or Saudi Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian (est.) Religion: 100% Muslim Language: Arabic Literacy: 15-25% (est.) Labor force: about 33% (one-half foreign) of population; 44% commerce, services, and government; 28% agriculture, 21% construction, 4% industry, 3% oil and mining GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Type: monarchy Capital: Riyadh; foreign ministry and foreign diplomatic representatives located in Jiddah Political subdivisions: 18 amirates Legal system: largely based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 23 September Branches: King Khalid (Al Sa'ud, Khalid ibn 'Abd al- 'Aziz) rules in consultation with royal family (especially Crown Prince Fahd), and Council of Ministers 204 SAUDI ARABIA (Continued) Government leader: King and Prime Minister Khalid ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz Al SA'UD Communists: negligible Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $115 billion (FY80 est), $9,500 per capita; annual growth in real nonoil GNP approx. 15% (1976/80 average, nonoil) Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-sufficient in food Major industries: petroleum production 10.2 million b/d (1980); payments to Saudi Arabian Government, $54 billion (1979); cement production and small steel-rolling mill and oil refinery; several other light industries, including factories producing detergents, plastic products, furniture, etc.; PE- TROMIN, a semipublic agency associated with the Ministry of Petroleum, has recently completed a major fertilizer plant Electric power: 10,460,800 kW capacity (1980); 27,490 billion kWh produced (1980), 2,719 kWh per capita Exports: $110 billion (f.o.b., 1981); 99% petroleum and petroleum products Imports: $34 billion (f.o.b., 1981); manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials, and proc- essed food products Major trade partners: exports — US, Western Europe, Japan; imports — US, Japan, West Germany Budget: FY82 appropriation $88.7 billion; current expen- diture $27.5 billion, project expenditure $61.2 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 Saudi riyal=US$0.30 (1980; linked to SDR, freely convertible) Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1980-81 Saudi fiscal year covers the period 15 May 1980 through 4 May 1981 COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 575 km standard gauge (1.435 m) Highways: 30,100 km total; 16,500 km paved, 13,600 km improved earth Pipelines: 5,850 km crude oil; 386 km refined products; 1,570 km natural gas, includes 1,370 km of natural gas liquids Ports: 3 major (Jidda, Ad Damman, Ras Tanura), 6 minor Civil air: 112 major transport aircraft, including 22 leased in Airfields: 157 total, 122 usable; 52 with permanent- surface runways; 7 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 62 with runways 1,220-2,439 m, 4 with runways over 3,660 m Telecommunications: good system exists, major expan- sion program nearly complete with microwave, coaxial cable, satellite systems; 200,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 1 FM, 27 TV stations, 1 submarine cable; 1 Atlantic and 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 13 domestic satellite stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,562,000; 1,464,000 fit for military service; about 93,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 April 1982, $24,640 million; about 28% of central government budget 205 SENEGAL 7 DakBr ^SENEGAC THE GAMBIA Atlantic Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 196,840 km2; 13% forested, 40% agricultural (12% cultivat- ed), 47% built-up areas, waste, or other Land boundaries: 2,680 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150 inn Coastline: 531 km PEOPLE Population: 5,991,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun — Senegalese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Senegalese Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17.5% Fulani, 16.5% Serer, 9% Tukulor, 9% Dyola, 6.5% Malinke, 4.5% other African, 1% Europeans and Lebanese Religion: 80% Muslim, 15% animist, 5% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic) Language: French official, but regular use limited to literate minority; most Senegalese speak own tribal language; use of Wolof vernacular spreading — now spoken to some degree by nearly half the population Literacy: 10% (est.) in 14 plus age group Labor force: 1,732,000; about 80% subsistence agricul- tural workers; about 170,000 wage earners Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force repre- sented by unions; however, dues-paying membership very limited, three labor central unions, major central is CNTS, an affiliate of governing party GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Senegal Type: republic (early in 1982, Senegal and The Gambia formed a loose confederation named Senegambia which calls for the integration of their armed forces, economies and monetary systems, and foreign policies) Capital: Dakar Political subdivisions: 8 regions, subdivided into 27 departments, 95 arrondissements Legal system: based on French civil law system; constitu- tion adopted 1960, revised 1963 and 1970; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court (which also audits the government's accounting office); legal education at Universi- ty of Dakar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April Branches: government dominated by President who is assisted by Prime Minister, appointed by President, and subject to dismissal by President or censure by National Assembly; 100-member National Assembly, elected for five years (effective 1978); President elected for five-year term (effective 1978) by universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Supreme Court, with members appointed by President Government leaders: Abdou DIOUF, President; Habib THIAM, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal adult Elections: presidential and legislative elections held Feb- ruary 1978 for five-year term Political parties and leaders: legal parties are Parti Socialiste (PS), moderate ruling party led by President Abdou Diouf; Parti Democratique Senegalaise (PDS), progressive socialist party led by Abdoulaye Wade; Rassemblement National Democratique (RND), left-leaning Nationalist group led by Cheikh Anta Diop; Mouvement Republicain Senegalais (MRS), conservative group led by Boubakar Gueye; Parti Africain de 1'Independance (PAI), Marxist- Leninist group led by Mahjemout Diop; Parti de 1'Indepen- dance et du Travail (PIT) Marxist-Leninist group led by Amath Dansoko; Mouvement Democratique et Populaire (MDP), left-leaning activist group led by Mamadou Dia; Mouvement Revolutionnaire pour la Democratic Nouvelle (MRDN)-Ande Jeuf, Maoist group led by Landing Savane; Ligue Democratique-Mouvement pour le Parti du Travail (LD-MPT), Marxist-Leninist group led by Babacar Sane; Union pour la Democratique Populaire (UDP), Marxist- Leninist group led by Hamedine Racine Guisse; Parti Popu- laire Senegalaise (PPS), ill-defined left-leaning Nationalist group led by Oumar Wone. Communists: small number of Communists and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: students and teachers occasionally strike Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OMVS (Organization for the Develop- ment of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO 206 SEYCHELLES SENEGAL (Continued) ECONOMY GDP: $2.1 billion (1980), $378 per capita; real growth -11.9% in 1980; nominal growth -3.9% in 1980 Agriculture: main crops — peanuts, millet, sorghum, man- ioc, rice; peanuts primary cash crop; production of food crops increasing but still insufficient for domestic re- quirements Fishing: catch 359,230 metric tons (1980); exports $153.8 million (1980) Major industries: fishing, agricultural processing plants, light manufacturing, mining Electric power: 310,850 kW capacity (1981); 1.106 billion kWh produced (1981), 92 kWh per capita Exports: $570.3 million (f.o.b., 1980 est); peanuts and peanut products; phosphate rock; canned fish Imports: $1,022.2 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); food, consumer goods, machinery, transport equipment Major trade partners: France, EC (other than France), and franc zone Budget: (1981/82) public revenue $432.7 million, current expenditures $432.7 million, development expenditures $191.7 million Monetary conversion rate: francs; about 211.3 Commun- aute Financiere Africaine francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,033 km meter gauge (1.00 m); 64 km double track Highways: 13,898 km total; 3,461 km paved, 10,437 km other Inland waterways: 1,505 km Ports: 1 major (Dakar), 3 minor Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft Airfields: 28 total, 28 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: above average urban system; 40,200 telephones (0.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV station; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,324,000; 668,000 fit for military service; 61,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $70.7 million; about 7.4% of central government budget COMOROS J\ r (MADAGASCAR (See reference map VII) LAND 404 km2; 54% arable land, nearly all of it is under cultivation, 17% wood and forest land, 29% other (mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for agriculture); 40 granitic and 50 or more coralline islands WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 491 km (Mahe Island 93 km) PEOPLE Population: 66,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9% Nationality: noun — Seychellois (sing, and pi.); adjective — Seychelles Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (admixture of Asians, Afri- cans, Europeans) Religion: 90% Roman Catholic Language: Creole official and most widely spoken; English, French Literacy: 60% adult; 75% school-age children Labor force: 15,000 in monetized sector (excluding self- employed, domestic servants, and workers on small farms); 33% public sector employment, 20% private sector employ- ment in agriculture, 20% private sector employment in construction and catering services Organized labor: 3 major trade unions GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Seychelles Type: republic; member of the Commonwealth Capital: Victoria, Mahe Island Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law system, and customary law National holiday: 29 June Branches: President, Council of Ministers 207 SEYCHELLES (Continued) Government leader: President France Albert RENE Suffrage: universal adult Elections: general elections held June 1979 gave 98% approval to Rene as only presidential candidate on yes/no ballot Political parties and leaders: Rene, who heads the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, came to power by a military coup in June 1977. Until then he had been Prime Minister in an uneasy coalition with then President James Mancham, who headed the Seychelles Democratic Party. Rene banned the Seychelles Democratic Party in mid-March 1978 and announced a new constitution in March 1979 that turned the country into a one-party state Communists: negligible, although some Cabinet Ministers espouse pro-Soviet line Other political or pressure groups: trade unions Member of: G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $90 million (1978 est.); $1,330 per capita; 6% growth rate (1980) Agriculture: islands depend largely on coconut production and export of copra; cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for perfumes) are other cash crops; food crops — small quan- tities of sweet potatoes, cassava, sugarcane, and bananas; islands not self-sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the supply must be imported; fish is an important food source Major industries: processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, small-scale manufacture of consumer goods, coir rope factory, tea factory, tourism Electric power: 16,000 kW capacity (1980); 45 million kWh produced (1980), 703 kWh per capita Exports: $5.2 million (f.o.b., 1980); cinnamon (bark and oil) and vanilla account for almost 50% of the total, copra accounts for about 40%, the remainder consists of patchouli, fish, and guano Imports: $74.0 million (c.i.f., 1980); food, tobacco, and beverages account for about 40% of imports, manufactured goods about 25%, the remainder consists of machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, textiles Major trade partners: exports — India, US; imports — UK, Kenya, South Africa, Burma, India, Australia External debt: $22 million (1980); external service payment (1980), $245,000 Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $110 million; US (FY70-80), $2.7 million; OPEC, ODA (1974-79), $1.2 million Budget: (1979) revenue $42.0 million, current expenditure $35.0 million, development expenditure $15.6 Monetary conversion rate: 6.39 Seychelles rupees=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 215 km total; 145 km bituminous, 70 km crushed stone or earth Ports: 1 small port (Victoria) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable (on Praslin Island, Astove Island, Bird Island, Mahe Island); 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: direct radiocommunications with adjacent island and African coastal countries; 5,970 tele- phones (9.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; Indian Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,000; 7,000 fit for military service Supply: infantry-type weapons and ammunition from Tanzania, USSR, and the PRC SIERRA LEONE (See reference map VII) LAND 72,261 km2; 65% arable (6% of total land area under cultivation), 27% pasture, 4% swampland, 4% forested Land boundaries: 933 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 402 km PEOPLE Population: 3,535,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun — Sierra Leonean(s); adjective — Sierra Leonean Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, rest European and Asian; 13 tribes Religion: 70% animist, 25% Muslim, 5% Christian Language: English official, but regular use limited to literate minority; principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; "Krio," the language of the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area, is used as a lingua franca Literacy: about 10% Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of population en- gages in subsistence agriculture; only small minority, some 65,000, earn wages Organized labor: 35% of wage earners GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone Type: republic under presidential regime since April 1971 Capital: Freetown Political subdivisions: 3 provinces; divided into 12 dis- tricts with 146 chief doms, where paramount chief and council of elders constitute basic unit of government; plus western area, which comprises Freetown and other coastal areas of the former colony Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; constitution adopted April 1971; highest court of appeal is the Sierra Leone Court of Appeals; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 19 April Branches: executive authority exercised by President; parliament consists of 104 authorized seats, 85 of which are filled by elected representatives of constituencies and 12 by Paramount Chiefs elected by fellow Paramount Chiefs in each district; President authorized to appoint up to seven members, of which two, currently, are filled by the heads of the Army and the Police; independent judiciary Government leader: President Siaka P. STEVENS heads government composed of members of his APC political party Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: the Constitution of Sierra Leone Act, 1971, has been replaced by the Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1978, which provides for one-party rule; Dr. Siaka Stevens was named as the first Executive President under the one-party constitution; the President's tenure has been extended from five to seven years; next presidential election 1982 Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress (APC), headed by Stevens Communists: no party, although there are a few Commu- nists and a slightly larger number of sympathizers Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Commonwealth, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $900 million (1980), $265 per capita Agriculture: main crops — palm kernels, coffee, cocoa, rice, yams, millet, ginger, cassava; much of cultivated land devoted to subsistence farming; food crops insufficient for domestic consumption Fishing: catch 50,080 metric tons (1978); imports $2.7 million (1974) Major industries: mining — diamonds, iron ore, bauxite, rutile; manufacturing — beverages, textiles, cigarettes, con- struction goods; 1 oil refinery Electric power: 95,000 kW capacity (1980); 213 million kWh produced (1980), 62 kWh per capita Exports: $230.0 million (f.o.b., 1979); diamonds, iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa, coffee Imports: $304.2 million (f.o.b., 1979); machinery and transportation equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum products Major trade partners: UK, EC, US, Japan, Communist countries 209 SINGAPORE SIERRA LEONE (Continued) Budget: (1980/81) revenues $229.9 million, current ex- penditures $221.9 million, development expenditures $73.0 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 leone= US$0.90 (1980/81) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: about 84 km narrow gauge (1.067 m) privately owned mineral line operated by the Sierra Leone Develop- ment Company Highways: 7,460 km total; 1,225 km bituminous, 490 km laterite (some gravel), and remainder improved earth Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year round Ports: 1 major (Freetown), 2 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph are ade- quate; 16,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station; 2 AM stations, 1 FM, and 1 TV station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 771,000; 373,000 fit for military service; no conscription Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $20.2 million; about 7.4% of the central government budget Indian Ocean South China Sea M A I A Y Sj ' SINGAPORE (See reference map IX) LAND 618 kmz; 31% built-up area, roads, railroads, and airfields, 22% agricultural, 47% other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 193 km PEOPLE Population: 2,472,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.2% Nationality: noun — Singaporean(s), adjective — Singapore Ethnic divisions: 76.1% Chinese, 15.0% Malay, 6.9% Indians and Pakistani, 1.8% other Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim; minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists Language: national language is Malay; Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English are official languages Literacy: 84% (1980) Labor force: 1,093,000; 2.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 0.2% mining and quarrying, 27.2% manufacturing, 30.5% services, 4.6% construction, 23.5% commerce, 11.7% transport, storage, and communications Organized labor: 23.1% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Singapore Type: republic within Commonwealth since separation from Malaysia in August 1965 Capital: Singapore Legal system: based on English common law; constitution based on preindependence State of Singapore constitution; legal education at University of Singapore; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 9 August 210 SINGAPORE (Continued) Branches: ceremonial President; executive power exer- cised by Prime Minister and Cabinet responsible to unitary legislature Government leaders: President C. V. Devan NAIR; Prime Minister LEE Kuan Yew Suffrage: universal over age 20; voting compulsory Elections: normally every five years Political parties and leaders: government — People's Ac- tion Party (PAP), Lee Kuan Yew; opposition — Barisan Sosia- lis (BS), Dr. Lee Siew Choh; Workers' Party (WP), J. B. Jeyaretnam; United People's Front (UPF), Harbans Singh; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), Chiam See Tong, Com- munist Party illegal Voting strength (1980 election): PAP won all 75 seats in Parliament and received 75.5% of vote; WP won seat in byelection in October 1981 Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo Plan, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $10.5 billion (1980 est), $4,340 per capita; 9.4% average annual real growth (1969-79), 10.2% (1980) Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy, self-sufficient in pork, poultry, and eggs, must import much of its other food requirements; major crops — rubber, copra, fruit and vegetables Fishing: catch 15,532 metric tons (1980), imports— 80,440 metric tons (1980), exports— 48,704 metric tons (1980) Major industries: petroleum refining, oil drilling equip- ment, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, electronics, ship repair, entrepot trade, financial services Electric power: 1,650,000 kW capacity (1980); 7.26 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,000 kWh per capita Exports: $19.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 37.7% reexports; petroleum products, rubber, manufactured goods Imports: $24.0 billion (c.i.f., 1980); 30.5% goods reexport- ed; major retained imports — capital equipment, manufac- tured goods, petroleum Major trade partners: exports — Malaysia, US, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Australia, Indonesia, West Germany; imports — Japan, US, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries (1970-79), $216 million; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $302 million; military— US (FY70-80), $2 million Budget: (FY80/81) revenues $3.1 billion, expenditures $2.9 billion, surplus $145 million; 24.8% military, 75.2% civilian Monetary conversion rate: 2.14 Singapore dollars=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 38 km of meter gauge Highways: 2,314 km total (1980); 2,006 km paved, 308 km crushed stone or improved earth Ports: 3 major, 2 minor Civil air: approx. 30 major transport aircraft Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good domestic facilities; good in- ternational service; good radio and television broadcast coverage; 625,130 telephones (26.5 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV stations; submarine cables extend to Hong Kong via Sabah, Philippines; 1 ground station to Hong Kong via Sabah, Malaysia; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 730,000; 574,000 fit for military service Ships: 13 coastal patrol, 6 amphibious ships (1 in reserve), 2 coastal minesweepers, 6 amphibious craft, 2 service craft; delivery of 12 new 23-meter patrol craft (swift Warrior class) began 1981 Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $716.5 million; about 15.6% of central government budget 211 SOLOMON ISLANDS «. SOLOMON N, v, ISLANDS Horn •(!*•'.- Coral Sea AUSTRALIA VANUATU Pacific Ocean (See reference map X) NOTE: This archipelagic nation, independent since 7 July 1978, includes southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadal- canal, Malaita, San Cristobal, Santa Isabel, Choiseul. North- ern Solomon Islands constitute part of Papua New Guinea. LAND About 29,785 km2 WATER Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: about 5,313 km PEOPLE Population: 245,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.4% Nationality: noun — Solomon Islander(s); adjective — Solo- mon Islander Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesians, 4.0% Polynesians, 1.5% Micronesians, 0.8% Europeans, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% others Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian; Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Methodist churches dominant Literacy: 60% GOVERNMENT Official name: Solomon Islands Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth Capital: Honiara on the island of Guadalcanal Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates Courts, also a system of native courts throughout the islands Branches: executive authority in Governor General; a Legislative Assembly of 38 members Government leaders: Governor General Baddeley DE- VESI, Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI Suffrage: universal age 21 and over Elections: every four yeats, latest August 1980 Political parties and leaders: United Party, Peter Keni- lorea; People's Alliance Party, Solomon Mamaloni, National Democratic Party, Bartholemew Ulufa'alu Member of: ADB, GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, UN, UPU ECONOMY GDP: $71.2 million (1977), $320 per capita Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut production with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas; self-sufficient in rice Electric power: 12,000 kW capacity (1981); 26 million kWh produced (1981), 113 kWh per capita Exports: $41.0 million (1977); 39% copra, 27% timber, 23% fish Imports: $32.5 million (1977); 12% energy fuels Major trade partners: exports — EEC excluding UK 42%, Japan 29%; imports— Australia 34%, UK 14%, Japan 13% (1975) Aid: economic commitments from Western (non-US) countries, ODA (1979), $13.3 million Budget: (1977) $24.2 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar= US$1.1532 (September 1978) COMMUNICATIONS Railroad: none Highways: 834 km total; 241 km sealed or all-weather Inland waterways: none Ports: 5 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 25 total, 23 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 4 AM broadcast, no FM, and no TV stations; 1,726 telephones, no TV sets; one ground satellite station 212 SOMALIA Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 637,140 km2; 13% arable (0.3% cultivated), 32% grazing, 14% scrub and forest, 41% mainly desert, urban, or other Land boundaries: 2,263 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm Coastline: 3,025 km PEOPLE Population: 6,124,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.5% Nationality: noun — Somali(s); adjective — Somali Ethnic divisions: 85% Hamitic, rest mainly Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800 Asians Religion: almost entirely Muslim Language: Somali (written form instituted by government in 1972); Arabic, Italian, English Literacy: 5-10% Labor force: 965,000 (1968 est); very few are skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomads, 30% agriculturists, govern- ment employees, traders, fishermen, handicraftsmen, other Organized labor: General Federation of Somali Trade Unions, a government-controlled organization, established in 1977 GOVERNMENT Official name: Somali Democratic Republic Type: republic Capital: Mogadishu National holiday: 21 October Political subdivisions: 16 regions, 60 districts Organization: executive authority is exercised by the Supreme Revolutionary Council, composed of military offi- cers and headed by President Siad Government leader: President Maj. Gen. MOHAMED Siad Barre Political party and leader: the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), created on 1 July 1976, is sole legal party; Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre is general secretary of the SRSP Communists: probably some Communist sympathizers in the government hierarchy Member of: AFDB, Arab League, EAMA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $411.1 million (1978 est.), $187.0 per capita Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country, raising livestock; crops — bananas, sugarcane, cotton, cereals Major industries: a few small industries, including a sugar refinery, tuna and beef canneries, textiles, iron rod plant, and petroleum refining Electric power: 90,000 kW capacity (1980); 100 million kWh produced (1980), 20 kWh per capita Exports: $137 million (f.o.b., 1980); livestock, hides, skins, and bananas Imports: $463 million (c.i.f., 1980); textiles, cereals, trans- port equipment, machinery, construction materials and equip- ment, petroleum products; also military materiel in 1977 Major trade partners: Arab countries and Italy; $21.4 million imports from Communist countries (1975 est.) External debt: $700 million (1980); external debt service payments, 5% Budget: (1981) revenues $400 million, current expend- itures $381 million, development expenditures $50 million Monetary conversion rate: 6.295 Somali shillings=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 15,215 km total; 2,335 km bituminous surface, 2880 km gravel, and 10,000 km unimproved earth, crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, remainder improved or unimproved earth (est.) Pipelines: 15 km crude oil Ports: 3 major (Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimaio) Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft Airfields: 50 total, 41 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair telephone and telegraph serv- ice; radio-relay system centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1 INTEL- SAT ground station; 2 AM stations, no FM or TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,176,000; 634,000 fit for military service; no conscription 213 SOUTH AFRICA (See reference map VII) LAND 1,222,480 km2 (includes enclave of Walvis Bay, 1,124 km8; Transkei, 44,000 km2, and Bophuthatswana, 38,000 km2); 12% cultivable, 2% forested, 86% desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 2,044 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 2,881 km, including Transkei PEOPLE Population: 30,02 1,000 (July 1982), including Bophuthats- wana, Transkei, and Venda, average annual growth rate 2.4%; Bophuthatswana 1,347,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4%; Transkei 2,390,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%; Venda 374,000 (July 82), average annual growth rate 2.4% Nationality: noun — South African(s); adjective — South African Ethnic divisions: 69.9% African, 17.8% white, 9.4% Col- ored, 2.9% Asian Religion: most whites and coloreds and roughly 60% of Africans are Christian; roughly 60% of Asians are Hindu, 20% are Muslim Language: Afrikaans and English official, Africans have many vernacular languages Literacy: almost all white population literate; government estimates 50% of Africans literate Labor force: 8.7 million (total of economically active, 1970); 53% agriculture, 8% manufacturing, 7% mining, 5% commerce, 27% miscellaneous services Organized labor: about 7% of total labor force is union- ized (mostly white workers); relatively small African unions, representing about 1% of black labor force, have recently gained official recognition GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of South Africa Type: republic Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each headed by cen- trally appointed administrator; provincial councils, elected by white electorate, retain limited powers Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; constitution enacted 1961, changing the Union of South Africa into a republic; possibility of judicial review of Acts of Parliament concerning dual official languages; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May Branches: State President as formal chief of state; Prime Minister as head of government; Cabinet responsible to the legislature; legislature elected -directly by white electorate; judiciary maintains substantial independence of government influence Government leaders: State President Marais VILJOEN; Prime Minister Pieter W. BOTHA Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites over 18 (17 in Natal Province) Elections: must be held at least every five years; last elections 30 November 1977 Political parties and leaders: National Party, P. W. Botha; Progressive Federal Party, Frederick Van Zyl Slab- bert, Colin Eglin; New Republic Party, Vause Raw Voting strength: (1977 general elections) parliamentary seats: 134 National Party, 17 Progressive Federal Party, 10 New Republic Party, 3 South Africa Party (recently ab- sorbed into the National Party) , Communists: small Communist Party illegal since 1950; party in exile maintains headquarters in London; Dr. Yasuf Dadoo, Moses Kotane, Joe Slovo Other political groups: (insurgent groups in exile) African National Congress (ANC), Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), Vusumzi Make Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC — International Whaling Commission, IWC — Interna- tional Wheat Council, UN, UPU (South Africa in process of being expelled from UPU but they have not been officially notified as yet), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GDP: $70.3 billion (1980), about $2,400 per capita; 8% real growth in 1980 Agriculture: main crops — corn, wool, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, citrus fruits; dairy products; self-sufficient in foodstuffs Fishing: catch 658,688 metric tons (1979) 214 SOVIET UNION SOUTH AFRICA (Continued) Major industries: mining, automobile assembly, metal- working, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemical, fertil- izer, fishing Electric power: 20,600,000 kW capacity (1980); 98.7 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,439 kWh per capita Exports: $25.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980, including gold); wool, diamonds, corn, uranium, sugar, fruit, hides, skins, metals, metallic ores, asbestos, fish products; gold output $13.0 billion (1980) Imports: $18.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); motor vehicles, ma- chinery, metals, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals Major trade partners: US, West Germany, Japan, UK Aid: no military or economic aid Budget: FY80 — revenue $17.6 billion, current expend- itures $16.1 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand = US$1. 2854 (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 35,434 km total (includes Namibia); 34,728 km 1.067-meter gauge of which 6,143 km are multiple track; 13,949 km electrified; 706 km 0.610-meter gauge single track Highways: 229,090 km total; 80,296 km paved, 148,794 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth Pipelines: 836 km crude oil; 1,748 km refined products; 322 km natural gas Ports: 7 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, East London, and Mossel Bay) Civil air: 79 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in, 3 leased out Airfields: 761 total, 613 usable; 83 with permanent- surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 155 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and highest capacity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 2.66 million telephones (10.8 per 100 pop).); 13 AM, 100 FM, and 40 main TV stations with 450 relay transmitters; 1 submarine cable; 1 satellite station with 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,809,000; 3,669,000 fit for military service; 295,000 reach military age (18) annual- ly; obligation for service in Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation is two years Military budget: for year ending 31 March 1981, $2.9 billion; 18.4% of central government budget (See reference map VIII) LAND 22,402,200 km2; 10.2% cultivated, 35.5% forest, 16.8% pasture and hay land, 37.5% other Land boundaries: 20,619 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin) PEOPLE Population: 269,876,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8% Nationality: noun — Soviet(s); adjective — Soviet Ethnic divisions: 72% Slavic, 28% among some 170 ethnic groups Religion: Russian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, Protes- tant, Roman Catholic, Moslem, and Jews Language: more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); 76% Slavic group, 8% other Indo-European, 11% Altaic, 3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian Literacy: 98.5% of population (ages 9-49) Labor force: civilian 144 million (midyear 1981), 22% agriculture, 78% industry and other nonagricultural fields, unemployed not reported, shortage of skilled labor reported GOVERNMENT Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Type: Communist state Capital: Moscow Political subdivisions: 15 union republics, consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6 krays, 122 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and 10 autonomous okrugs * The US Government does not recognize the incorporation of the Baltic States — Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania — into the Soviet Union. 215 SOVIET UNION (Continued) Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1977; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at 18 universities and 4 law institutes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: October Revolution Day, 7 November Branches: Council of Ministers (executive), Supreme Sovi- et (legislative), Supreme Court of USSR (judicial) Government leaders: Leonid I. BREZHNEV, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet; Nikolay A. TIKHONOV, Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal Elections: to Supreme Soviet every five years; 1,500 deputies elected in 1979; 71.7% party members Political party: Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) only party permitted Voting strength (1979 election): 174,944,173 persons over 18; allegedly 99.99% voted Communists: over 17 million party members Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol, trade unions, and other organizations which facilitate Communist control Member of: CEMA, Geneva Disarmament Conference, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO, ICCAT, ICCO, ICES, ILB, ILO, IMCO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INRO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commis- sion, IWC— International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $1,392.5 billion (1980, in 1980 US prices), $5,245 per capita; in 1980 percentage shares were — 54% consump- tion, 33% investment, 13% government and other, including defense (based on 1970 GNP in rubles at adjusted factor cost); average annual growth rate of real GNP (1971-80), 3.2%, average annual growth rate (1976-80), 2.7% Agriculture: principal food crops — grain (especially wheat), potatoes; main industrial crops — sugar, cotton, sun- flowers, and flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on fluctuations in crop yields; calorie intake, 3,300 calories per day per capita in recent years Fishing: catch 9.5 million metric tons (1980); exports 483,504 metric tons (1980), imports 181,938 metric tons (1980) Major industries: diversified, highly developed capital goods industries; consumer goods industries comparatively less developed Shortages: natural rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar, and molybdenum Crude steel: 163 million metric ton capacity as of 1 January 1979; 149 million metric tons produced in 1981, 555 kg per capita Electric power: 279,500,000 kW capacity (1981); 1,325.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 4,927 kWh per capita Exports: $76,437 million (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods (pri- marily capital goods) Imports: $68,473 million (f.o.b., 1980); grain and other agricultural products, machinery and equipment, steel pro- ducts (particularly large diameter pipe), consumer manufac- tures Major trade partners: $144.9 billion (1979 total turnover); trade 54% with Communist countries, 33% with industrial- ized West, and 13% with less developed countries Aid: economic — total extended to non-Communist LDCs (1954-80), $21.5 billion Official monetary conversion rate: 0.649 rubles=US$l (average 1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 141,800 km total; 139,917 km broad gauge (1.524 m); 1,833 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.750 m); 110,815 km broad gauge single track; 43,700 km electrified; does not include industrial lines (1980) Highways: 1,346,500 km total; 373,000 km asphalt, con- crete, stone block; 554,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 419,500 km earth (1980) Inland waterways: 142,000 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1980) Freight carried: rail— 3,728.0 million metric tons, 3,439.9 billion metric ton/km (1980); highways — 24.1 billion metric tons, 432.3 billion metric ton/km j(1980); waterway— 568. 1 million metric tons, 244.9 billion metric ton/km, excluding Caspian Sea (1980) Pipelines: 70,000 km crude oil; 20,000 km refined prod- ucts; 135,000 km natural gas Ports: 53 major (most important: Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Ilichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevastopol, Vladivostok, Nakhodka); over 180 selected minor; 58 major inland ports (some of the more important: Astrakhan, Baku, Gorkiy, Kazan, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kubyshev, Mos- cow, Rostov, Volgograd, and Kiev (1982) DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 68,359,000; 54,009,000 fit for military service; 2,101,000 reach military age (17) annually 216 SPAIN Atlantic Ocean CANARY ISLANDS PORTU (See reference map V and Vtt) LAND 505,050 km2, including Canary (7,511 km2) and Balearic Islands (5,025 km2); 41% arable and land under permanent crops, 27% meadow and pasture, 22% forest, 10% urban or other Land boundaries: 1,899 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Islands, 677 km, and Canary Islands, 1,158 km) PEOPLE Population: 37,940,000 (July 1982), including the Balearic and Canary Islands and Ceuta and Melilla (two towns on the Moroccan coast); average annual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun — Spaniard(s); adjective — Spanish Ethnic divisions: homogeneous composite of Mediterra- nean and Nordic types Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects Language: Castilian Spanish spoken by great majority; but 17% speak Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque Literacy: about 97% Labor force (1979): 13.2 million; 19% agriculture, 27% industry, 10% construction, 41% services; unemployment now estimated at nearly 12% of labor force Organized labor: labor unions legalized April 1977 expe- riencing surge in membership; probably represent 30-35% of the labor force (1979) GOVERNMENT Official name: Spanish State Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by new constitu- tion of December 1978, that completed transition from authoritarian regime of the late Generalissimo Franco and confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but without the exceptional powers inherited from Franco on being pro- claimed King 22 November 1975 Capital: Madrid Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain, including the Canaries and Balearics, divided into 50 provinces which are to be allowed to form autonomous regions — probably num- bering 13 — assuming numerous powers previously exercised by the central government; also five places of sovereignty (presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco; trans- ferred administration of Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania on 26 February 1976 Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; new constitution provides for rule of law, established jury system as well as independent constitutional court to rule on unconstitutionality of laws and to serve as court of last resort in protecting liberties and rights granted in constitution; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 24 June Branches: executive, with King's acts subject to counter- signature, Prime Minister (Presidente) and his ministers responsible to lower house; legislative with bicameral Cortes consisting of more powerful Congress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate (208 members) with possible addition of one to six members from each new autonomous region; judicial, independent Government leaders: King JUAN CARLOS I (Chief of State and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces); Prime Minister (Presidente) Leopoldo CALVO SOTELO y Bustelo Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: parliamentary election 1 March 1979 for four- year term; local elections for municipal councils on 3 April 1979 Political parties and leaders: principal national parties in the 1979 elections from right to left — the conservative Democratic Coalition (CD), major rightist group, led by former ministers Manuel Fraga Iribarne and Jose Maria de Areilza; the Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), the center-right party of Prime Minister Calvo Sotelo; the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), the major party of the democratic left, led by Secretary General Felipe Gonza- lez; and the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), led by San- tiago Carrillo, which espouses Eurocommunism; chief re- gional parties — Convergence and Unity (CiU) of Jordi Pujol in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) of Carlos Garaicoechea; Basque radical coalitions Popular Unity (HB) and Basque Left (EE); and Andalusia Socialist Party (PSA) of Alejandro Rojas Marcos Voting strength: (1979 parliamentary election in lower house) UCD 34.3%, and 168 seats (8 seats short of a majority); PSOE 29.9%, 121 seats; PCE 10.4%, 23 seats; CD 5.8%, 9 217 SPAIN (Continued) seats; CiU 2.6%, 8 seats; PNV 1.5%, 7 seats; PSA 1.7%, 5 seats; HB 0.9%, 3 seats; and 6 others, 1 seat each Communists: PCE claims to have over 160,000 members, but this figure is difficult to verify; the PCE's greatest strength is in labor where it dominates the country's strong- est trade union, the Workers Commissions, which now claims a membership of around 1 million. Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO), and the Anti-Fascist and Patriotic Revolutionary Front (FRAP) use terrorism to oppose the government; on the extreme right, the Guerrillas of Christ the King and the Anticommunist Apostolic Alliance (AAA) carry out vigilante attacks on ETA members and other leftists; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Work- ers (UGT), and the independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning inter- ests; Opus Dei; Catholic Action; university students Member of: Andean Pact (observer), ASSIMER, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; ap- plied for full membership in the EC 28 July 1977; joined Council of Europe 18 October 1977 ECONOMY GNP: $191.0 billion (1980); 70% private consumption, 11% government consumption, 21% gross fixed capital invest- ment; —3% net exports; real growth rate 1.2% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — grains, vegetables, fruits; virtu- ally self-sufficient in good crop years Fishing: landed 769,487 million metric tons (1980) Major industries: textiles and apparel (including foot- wear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles Crude steel: 12.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 310 kg per capita Electric power: 35,503,400 kW capacity (1981); 142.723 billionkWh produced (1981), 3,780 kWh per capita Exports: $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items— iron and steel products, machinery, automobiles, fruits and vege- tables, textiles, footwear Imports: $34.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items — fuels (25-30%), machinery, chemicals, iron and steel, vegetables, automobiles Major trade partners: (1980) 38% EC, 10% US, 10% other developed, 3% Communist, 39% LDCs Aid: economic commitments — US, $1.7 billion including Ex-Im (FY70-80); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79); military authorizations— US, $939.0 million (FY70-80) Budget: (1980 central government) revenues $25 billion, expenditures $29 billion, deficit $4 billion Monetary conversion rate: 79.25 pesetas=US$l (1980 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 16,272 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 13,533 km 1.668-meter gauge, 4,921 km electrified, and 2,140 km double track; FEVE (government- owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km, of pre- dominantly meter gauge (1.000 m), and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate 918 km, of predominantly meter gauge (1.000 m), 512 km electrified and 56 km double track Highways: 149,352 km total; 82,070 km national— 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block; the remaining 67,282 km are provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block) Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor importance as transport arteries and contribute little to economy Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,293 km refined products; 1,000 km natural gas Ports: 23 major, 150 minor Civil air: 166 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in and 3 leased out Airfields (including Balearic and Canary Islands): 120 total, 114 usable; 59 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facili- ties; 11.1 million telephones (29.4 per 100 popl.); 180 AM, 290 FM, and 890 TV stations; 20 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 5 antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,068,000; 7,351,000 fit for military service; 336,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $4,271.8 million; 11.6% of the proposed central government budget 218 SRI LANKA (formerly Ceylon) (See reference map VIII) LAND 65,500 km2; 25% cultivated; 44% forested; 31% waste, urban, and other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm, plus pearling in the Gulf of Mannar; 200 nm exclusive economic zone) Coastline: 1,340 km PEOPLE Population: 15,398,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun — Sri Lankan(s); adjective — Sri Lankan Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese, 18% Tamil, 7% Moor, 1% other Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim, 0.1% other Language: Sinhala official, Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages, Sinhala spoken by about 74% of popula- tion; Tamil spoken by about 18%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population Literacy: 82% (1970 est.) Labor force: 4 million; 17% unemployed; employed persons — 53.4% agriculture, 14.8% mining and manufactur- ing, 12.4% trade and transport, 19.4% services and other; extensive underemployment Organized labor: 43% of labor force, over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates GOVERNMENT Official name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Type: independent state since 1948 Capital: Colombo Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 24 administrative districts, and four categories of semiautonomous elected local governments Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim and customary law; new constitution 7 September 1978 reinstituted a strong, independent judiciary; legal education at Sri Lanka Law College and University of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 22 May Branches: the 1978 constitution established a strong presi- dential form of government under J. R. Jayewardene, who had been Prime Minister since his party's election victory in July 1977; Jayewardene will remain President until 1984, regardless of whether Parliament is dissolved and subsequent parliamentary elections are held; when Jayewardene 's term in office expires, a new President will be chosen by a direct national election for a six-year term Government leader: President J. R. JAYEWARDENE Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: national elections, ordinarily held every six years; must be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; last election held July 1977 Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Freedom Party- Sirimavo, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, president, and Sri Lanka Freedom Party — Maitwripala, Maitwripala Senanayake, president (this split in the SLFP may eventually be resolved; both sides allege to be the "official" SLFP; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Trotskyite), C. R. de Silva, president; Naya Sama Samaja Party, V. Nanayakkara, lead- er; Tamil United Liberation Front, A. Amirthalingam, lead- er; United National Party, J. R. Jayewardene; Communist Party/Moscow, K. P. Silva, general secretary; Communist Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan, general secretary; Maha- jana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front), M. B. Rat- nayaka, president; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (People's Liberation Front), Rohana Wijeweera, leader Voting strength (1977 election): 30% Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 51% United National Party, 3.9% Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1.8% Communist Party/Moscow, 6.5% TULF minor parties and independents accounted for remainder Communists: approximately 107,000 voted for the Com- munist Party in the July 1977 general election; Communist Party/Moscow approximately 5,000 members (1975), Com- munist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970 est.) Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent revolutionary groups; labor unions Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan, Common- wealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, UN, 219 SUDAN SRI LANKA (Continued) UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; is applying for membership to ASEAN ECONOMY GNP: $3.7 billion (1980 current prices), $254 per capita; real growth rate 5.5% (1980) Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about 23% of GNP; main crops — rice, rubber, tea, coconuts; food shortages — wheat and sugar Fishing: catch 157,000 metric tons (1978) Major industries: processing of rubber, tea, and other agricultural commodities; consumer goods manufacture Electric power: 310,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.2 billion kWh produced (1980), 65 kWh per capita Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); tea, rubber, petroleum products Imports: $2.0 billion (c.i.f., 1980); petroleum, machinery, transport equipment, sugar Major trade partners: (1977) exports — 8% Pakistan, 8% UK; imports— 12.4% Saudi Arabia, 9.8% Iran Budget: (1980 revised estimate) revenue $782 million, expenditure $1.65 billion Monetary conversion rate: 20.95 rupees=US$l (Novem- ber 1981) Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December (starting 1973) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,496 km total (1980); all broad gauge (1.435m); 102 km double track; no electrification; government owned Highways: 66,176 km total (1979); 24,300 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km improved earth or unimproved earth; in addition several thousand km of tracks, mostly unmotorable Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft Ports: 3 major, 9 minor Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1 leased) Airfields: 14 total, 11 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international service; 75,000 (est.) telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 16 AM stations, 2 FM stations, and 1 TV station; submarine cables extend to India; 1 ground satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,997,000; 3,138,000 fit for military service; 178,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $38.5 million, 2% of central government current budget (See reference map VII) LAND 2,504,530 km2; 37% arable (3% cultivated), 15% grazing, 33% desert, waste, or urban, 15% forest Land boundaries: 7,805 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone") Coastline: 853 km PEOPLE Population: 19,868,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Sudanese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Sudanese Ethnic divisions: 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 52% Negro, 2% foreigners, 1% other Religion: 73% Sunni Muslims in north, 23% pagan, 4% Christian (mostly in south) Language: Arabic, Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process Literacy: 20% Labor force: 8.6 million (1979); roughly 78% agriculture, 10% industry, 12% services; labor shortages for almost all categories of employment coexist with urban unemployment GOVERNMENT Official name: Democratic Republic of the Sudan Type: republic under military control since coup in May 1969 Capital: Khartoum Political subdivisions: 5 regions; regional governments were recently granted additional authority 220 SUDAN (Continued) Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; some separate religious courts; permanent constitution promulgated April 1973; legal education at University of Khartoum and Khartoum extension of Cairo University at Khartoum; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January Branches: President and Cabinet; 151-member People's Assembly; five new regional assemblies inaugurated in June 1981 for northern Sudan; plans for the division of southern Sudan are under consideration Government leader: President Gen. Gaafar Mohamed NIMEIRI Suffrage: universal adult Elections: elections for National People's Assembly held in December 1981-January 1982; most recent presidential election held April 1977 with Nimeiri as sole candidate Political parties and leaders: all parliamentary political parties outlawed since May 1969; the ban on the Sudan Communist Party was not enforced until after abortive coup in July 1971; the government's mass political organization, the Sudan Socialist Union, was formed in January 1972 Other political or pressure groups: Muslim Brotherhood, formerly at odds with, the, military regime, now participates actively in government; Ansar Muslim sect and National Unionist Party do not participate directly in government Member of: AFDB, APC, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $5.6 billion at current prices (1979), $270 per capita at current prices Agriculture: main crops — sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not self-sufficient in food production; main cash crops — cotton, gum arabic, peanuts, sesame Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles, brewery, ce- ment, edible oils, soap, distilling, shoes, Pharmaceuticals Electric power: 310,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.2 billion kWh produced (1980), 65 kWh per capita Exports: $594.0 million (f.o.b., FY80); cotton (56%), gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $187.3 million exports to Commu- nist countries (FY79) Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY80); textiles, petroleum products, vehicles, tea, wheat Major trade partners: UK, West Germany, Italy, India, China, France, Japan Budget: (FY80) public revenue $2.0 billion, total expendi- tures $2.7 billion, including development expenditure of $660.0 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Sudanese pound=US$2.00 (official); 0.5 Sudanese pound=US$l Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter gauge plantation line Highways: 20,000 km total; 1,576 km bituminous treated, 3,652 km gravel, 2,304 km improved earth; remainder unimproved earth and track Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable Pipelines: refined products, 815 km Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan) Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 80 total, 79 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 33 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: large system by African standards, but barely adequate; consists of radio relay, cables, radio- communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14 stations; 63,400 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,544,000; 2,778,000 fit for military service; 209,000 reach military age (18) annually 221 SURINAME (See reference map IV) LAND 142,709 km2; negligible amount of arable land, meadows and pastures, 76% forest, 8% unused but potentially produc- tive, 16% built-on area, wasteland, and other Land boundaries: 1,561 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 386 km PEOPLE Population: 356,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -1.5% Nationality: noun — Surinamer(s); adjective — Surinamese Ethnic divisions: 37% Hindustani (East Indian), 31% Creole (Negro and mixed), 15.3% Javanese, 10.3% Bush Negro, 2.6% Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europeans, 1.7% other and unknown Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Roman Catholic, Moravian, other Language: Dutch official; English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population, and is lingua franca among others; Hindi; Javanese Literacy: 80% Labor force: 129,000; unemployment 2.6% (1978) Organized labor: approx. 33% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Suriname Type: military-civilian rule Capital: Paramaribo Political subdivisions: 9 districts before 1980 coup, each headed by District Commissioner responsible to Minister of District Government and Decentralization except for Para- maribo, whose commissioner is responsible to Minister of Home Affairs, not functioning at present; 100 "People's Committees" installed at local level Legal system: transitional constitution in effect National holiday: Independence Day, 25 November Branches: new government announced on 1 April 1982 — Policy Center makes policy and decisions; Council of Minis- ters implements decisions; President is a ceremonial figurehead Government leaders: Lt. Col. Daysi BOUTERSE, Army Commander and strongman; Acting President Lachmiper- sad Frederick RAMDAT-MISIER Suffrage: suspended Elections: no elections planned Political parties and leaders: Revolutionary Front (De- cember 1981) official party established by Lt. Col. Daysi Bouterse; regular party activity officially suspended, al- though some continue low-Jevel functioning; National Party of Suriname (NPS), Henck Arron; Nationalist Republic Party (PNR), Edward Bruma (principal leftist party); Progressive Reform Party (VHP), J. Lachmon; Pendawa Lima, S. Somo- hardjo; Javanese Farmers' Party (KTPI), Willy Soemita; Progressive Suriname People's Party (PSV), Emile Wijntuin; Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Pannalal Parmessar Voting strength (1977): NPK 22 seats, Opposition United Democratic Parties Combination (VDP) 17 seats Communists: (all small groups) Democratic Peoples Front; Communist Party of Suriname (KPS); People's Party (VP), Ruben Lie Pauw Sam; Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Edward Narrendorp Member of: EC (associate), ECLA, FAO, GATT, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GDP: $822 million (1978); $2,370 per capita (1979); real growth rate 4% (1978) Agriculture: main crops — rice, sugarcane, bananas; self- sufficient in major staple (rice) Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing Electric power: 410,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.6 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,500 kWh per capita Exports: $514 million (f.o.b., 1980 est); alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products Imports: $501 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); capital equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, cotton, flour, meat, dairy products Major trade partners: exports— 41% US, 33% EC, 12% other European countries; imports— 31% US, 33% EC, 16% Caribbean countries (1977) Aid: economic — bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-80) from US, $1.9 million, (1970-79) from other Western countries, $945.0 million; no military aid Budget: revenue, $273 million; expenditure, $319 million (1980 est.) SUR1NAME (Continued) SWAZILAND XT rate: 1 Suriname guilder (S. Monetary conversion fl.)=US$0.560 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km meter gauge (1.00 m) (government owned) and 80 km narrow gauge (industrial lines); all single track Highways: 8,780 km total; 2,210 km paved, 1,990 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth, 2,180 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 4,500 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways while native canoes navigate upper reaches Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft, leased in Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: international facilities good; do- mestic radio-relay system; 21,300 telephones (6.1 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 2 FM, and 6 TV stations; 2 Atlantic satellite stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 63,000; 40,000 fit for military service AfSICA •/ ZIMBABWE / -J I \ MOZAMBIQUE Indian Ocean (See reference map Vtl) LAND 17,364 km2; most of area suitable for crops or pastureland Land boundaries: 435 km PEOPLE Population: 589,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Swazi(s); adjective — Swazi Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, 1% mulatto Religion: 43% animist, 57% Christian Language: English and siSwati are official languages; government business conducted in English Literacy: about 25% Labor force: 120,000; about 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; 55,000-60,000 wage earners, many only inter- mittently, with 31% agriculture, 11% government, 11% manufacturing, 12% mining and forestry, 35% other (1968 est); 18,114 employed in South African mines (1978) Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners are unionized GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Swaziland Type: monarchy, under King Sobhuza II; independent member of Commonwealth since September 1968 Capital: Mbabane (administrative) Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; legal education at University of Botswana and Swaziland; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 6 September Branches: constitution was repealed and Parliament dis- solved by King in April 1973; new bicameral Parliament formally opened in January 1979; 80-member electoral college chose 40 members of lower house and 10 members of upper house; additional 10 members for each house chosen 223 SWEDEN SWAZILAND (Continued) by King; executive authority vested in King whose assent is required before parliamentary acts become law; King's authority exercised through Prime Minister and Cabinet who must be members of Parliament; judiciary is part of Ministry of Justice but otherwise independent of executive and legislative branches; cases from subordinate courts can be appealed to the High Court and the Court of Appeal Government leaders: Head of State, King SOBHUZA II; Prime Minister Prince Mabandla (Fred E.) DLAMINI Suffrage: universal for adults Communists: no Communist party Member of: AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO ECONOMY GDP: approximately $364.4 million (1980), about $700 per capita; annual real growth 3.4% (1973-78) Agriculture: main crops — maize, cotton, rice, sugar, and citrus fruits Major industry: mining Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1980); 142 million kWh produced (1980), 251 kWh per capita Exports: $226.7 million (f.o.b., 1979); sugar, asbestos, wood and forest products, citrus, meat products, cotton, iron ore Imports: $294.8 million (f.o.b., 1979); motor vehicles, petroleum products, foodstuffs, and clothing Major trade partners: South Africa, UK, US Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $165.0 million; US (FY70- 80), $42.4 million Budget: 1980/81— revenue $190.0 million, current ex- penditure $97.1 million, development expenditure $78.2 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Lilangeni=US$1.20 (1979) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 292 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earth Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 28 total, 26 usable; 1 with runways 1,220- 2,439 m Telecommunications: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low capacity radio-relay links; 10,700 telephones (2.0 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 125,000; 73,000 fit for military service (See reference map V) LAND 448,070 km2; 7% arable, 2% meadows and pastures, 55% forested, 36% other Land boundaries: 2,196 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 3,218 km PEOPLE Population: 8,331,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun — Swede(s); adjective — Swedish Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; est. 12% foreign born or first generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks) Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native languages Literacy: 99% Labor force: 4.2 million; 5.8% agriculture, forestry, fish- ing; 24.9% mining and manufacturing; 6.8% construction; 13.8% commerce; 6.9% communications; 34.5% services including government; 6.4% banking and business services; 1.9% unemployed (average 1980) Organized labor: 80% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Sweden Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Stockholm Political subdivisions: 24 counties, 278 municipalities (townships) 224 SWEDEN (Continued) Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; a new constitution was adopted in 1975 replacing the Acts of 1809, 1866, and 1949; legal education at Universities of Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: no national holiday; King's birthday, 30 April, celebrated as such by Swedish embassies Branches: legislative authority rests with unicameral par- liament (Riksdag); executive power vested in Cabinet, re- sponsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts, 108 lower courts Government leaders: Chief of State, King CARL XVI Gustaf; Head of Government, Prime Minister Thorbjorn FALLDIN Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 18; after three years of legal residence immigrants may vote in county and municipal, but not in national elections Elections: every three years (next in September 1982) Political parties and leaders: Moderate Coalition (con- servative), Ulf Adelsohn; Center, Thorbjorn Falldin; People's Party (Liberal), Ola Ullsten; Social Democratic, Olof Palme; Left Party-Communist, Lars Werner; Swedish Communist Party, Roland Pettersson; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf Hagel Voting strength (1979 election): 43.2% Social Democratic, 20.3% Moderate Coalition, 18.1% Center, 10.6% Liberal, 5.6% Communist, 2.1% other Communists: 17,000; a number of sympathizers as indi- cated by the 327,079 votes cast for the three largest Commu- nist parties in 1979 elections; an additional 17,274 votes cast for Maoist KPML-R Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GDP: $121.5 billion, $14,627 per capita (1980); 52.2% private consumption, 20.3% investment, 29.5% government consumption; —1.2% inventory change; —0.7% net exports of goods and services; 1980 growth rate 1.4% in constant prices Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates with milk and dairy products accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops — grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% self- sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets; food shortages — oils and fats, tropical products; caloric intake, 2,820 calories per day per capita (1978) Fishing: catch 230,300 metric tons (1980), exports $65 million, imports $213 million Major industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers, potash, salt Crude steel: 4.2 million metric tons produced (1980), 505 kg per capita Electric power: 32,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 93.6 billion kWh produced (1980), 11,250 kWh per capita Exports: $27,538 million (f.o.b., 1979); machinery, motor vehicles, wood pulp, paper products, iron and steel products, metal ores and scrap, chemicals Imports: $28,579 million (c.i.f., 1979); machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and petroleum products, textile yarn and fabrics, iron and steel, chemicals, food, and live animals Major trade partners: (1979) 50% EC, 31% other devel- oped, 6% Communist, 13% LDCs Aid: donor: economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $3.8 billion (1970-79) Budget: (1980/81) revenues $36.8 billion, expenditures $49.5 billion, deficit $12.7 billion Monetary conversion rate: 4.2296 kronor=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 12,518 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ)— 11,179 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 6,959 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways — 511 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 332 km electrified; 371 km 0.891-meter gauge electrified Highways: classified network, 97,400 km, of which 51,899 km paved; 20,659 km gravel; 24,842 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges Ports: 17 major, and 30 minor Civil air: 57 major transports, including 2 leased in and 2 leased out Airfields: 254 total, 249 usable; 133 with permanent- surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic and internation- al facilities; 6.4 million telephones (77.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 330 FM, and 700 TV stations; 9 submarine coaxial cables, 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, another planned DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,034,000; 1,806,000 fit for military service; 62,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $4.1 billion; about 8% of central government budget 225 SWITZERLAND (See reference map V) LAND 41,440 km2; 10% arable, 43% meadows and pastures, 20% waste or urban, 24% forested, 3% inland water Land boundaries: 1,884 km PEOPLE Population: 6,407,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -0.3% Nationality: noun — Swiss (sing. & pi.); adjective — Swiss Ethnic divisions: total population — 69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; Swiss nation- als— 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other Religion: 53% Protestant, 46% Roman Catholic Language: Swiss nationals — 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; total population — 69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other Literacy: 98% Labor force: 2.6 million, about one-tenth foreign workers, mostly Italian; 16% agriculture and forestry, 47% industry and crafts, 20% trade and transportation, 5% professions, 2% in public service, 10% domestic and other; approximately 0.2% unemployed in September 1980 Organized labor: 20% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Swiss Confederation Type: federal republic Capital: Bern Political subdivisions: 23 cantons (3 divided into half cantons) Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; constitution adopted 1874, amended since; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; legal education at Universities of Bern, Geneva, and Lausanne, and four other university schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations National holiday: 1 August Branches: bicameral parliament has legislative authority; federal council (Bundesrat) has executive authority; justice left chiefly to cantons Government leader: Fritz HONEGGER, President (1982, rotates annually) Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: held every four years; next elections 1983 Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut Hubacher, president; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Yann Richter, president; Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP), Hans Wyer, president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Fritz Hofmann, chairman; Communist Party (PdA), Armand Magnin, chairman; National Action Party (N.A.), Hans Zwicky, chairman Voting strength (1979 election): 25.5% FDP, 25.5% SPS, 22.0% CVP, 11.5% SVP, 4.0% LdU, 4.0% LPS, 1.5% PdA, 1.5% EVP, 4.5% others Communists: about 5,000 members Other parties: Landesring (LdU); Republican Movement (Rep); Liberal Party (LPS); Evangelical People's Party (EVP); Maoist Party (POSH/PSA) Member ftf: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IPU, ITU, IWC— Interna- tional Wheat Council, OECD, UN (permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $90.31 billion (1980), $14,270 per capita; 61% consumption, 26% investment, 13% government, —0.9% net foreign balance; real growth rate 0.4% (1980) Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages — fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat; caloric intake, 3,190 calories per day per capita (1969-70) Major industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments Shortages: practically all important raw materials except hydroelectric energy Electric power: 15,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 48.162 billion kWh produced (1980), 7,610 kWh per capita 226 SYRIA SWITZERLAND (Continued) Exports: $29.27 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items- machinery and equipment, chemicals, precision instruments, metal products, textiles, foodstuffs Imports: $35.174 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items- machinery and transportation equipment, metals and metal products, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns Major trade partners: 60% EC, 23% other developed, 4% Communist, 12% LDCs Aid: donor: bilateral economic aid committed (ODA and OOF), $860 million (1970-79) Budget: receipts $8.33 billion, expenditures $8.87 billion, deficit $0.54 billion (1980) Monetary conversion rate: US$1. 00= 1.96 Swiss francs (1981 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 5,098 km total; 2,895 km government owned (SBB), 2,822 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 73 km narrow gauge (1.00 m); 1,339 km double track, 99% electrified; 2,203 km nongovernment owned, 710 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,418 km meter-gauge (1.00 m), 75 km 0.790- meter gauge, 100% electrified High'ways: 62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km aie canton and 1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn) Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046 km natural gas Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River-Basel to Rhein- felden, Schaffhausen to Constanz; in addition, there are 12 navigable lakes ranging in size from Lake Geneva to Hallwilersee Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland) Civil air: 83 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased out Airfields: 80 total, 71 usable; 41 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 4.45 million telephones (70.0 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 200 FM, and 1,125 TV stations; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,656,000; 1,435,000 fit for military service; 50,000 reach military age (20) annually Major ground units: no active combat units Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $2,018 million; 20.1% of proposed central government budget (See reference map VI) LAND 186,480 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory); 48% arable, 29% grazing, 2% forest, 21% desert Land boundaries: 2,196 km (1967) (excluding occupied area 2,156 km) WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 35 nm Coastline: 193 km PEOPLE Population: 9,423,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.4% Nationality: noun — Syrian(s); adjective — Syrian Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and other Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 16% Alawites, Druze, and other Muslim sects, 10% Christians of various sects Language: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian; French and Eng- lish widely understood Literacy: about 40% Labor force: 2.2 million; 32% agriculture, 29% industry (including construction), 39% miscellaneous services; major- ity unskilled; shortage of skilled labor Organized labor: 5% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Syrian Arab Republic Type: republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963 Capital: Damascus Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city of Damascus administered as separate unit Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; constitution promulgated in 1973; legal education at Damascus University and University of Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction 227 SYRIA (Continued) National holiday: Independence Day, 17 April Branches: executive powers vested in President and Council of Ministers; legislative power rests in the People's Assembly; seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syrian) Command Government leader: President Hafiz al-ASSAD Suffrage: universal at age 18 Elections: People's Assembly election November 1981; presidential election February 1978 Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the "national front" cabinet is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and Syrian Communist Party (SCP) Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering about 5,000 Other political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist Party ineffective; greatest threat to Assad regime lies in factional- ism in the military; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISCON, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $12.9 billion (1980), $960 per capita; real GDP growth rate 9.7% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — cotton, wheat, barley and to- bacco; sheep and goat raising; self-sufficient in most foods in years of good weather Major industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco; petroleum— 166,000 b/d production (1980), 220,000 b/d refining capacity Electric power: 1,971,500 kW capacity (1980); 3.638 billion kWh produced (1980), 406 kWh per capita Exports: $2.11 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum, textiles and textile products, tobacco, fruits and vegetables, cotton Imports: $4.01 billion (f.o.b., 1980); machinery and metal products, textiles, fuels, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports — Italy, Romania, US, USSR; imports — Iraq, West Germany, Italy, France Budget: 1981 — revenues $3.5 billion (excluding Arab aid payments), expenditures $7.8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 3.925 Syrian pounds=US$l (official rate; a parallel market was established in April 1981 with the rate determined by the government guided by supply and demand) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,281 km standard gauge, 262 km narrow gauge (1.050 m) Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,263 km improved earth Inland waterways: 672 km; of little importance Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2 minor Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft Airfields: 53 total, 49 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 rh Telecommunications: good international and fair domes- tic service; 193,000 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, and 21 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,040,000; 1,145,000 fit for military service; about 102,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2,389 million; 31% of central government budget 228 TANZANIA (See reference map VII) LAND 939,652 km1 (including islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, 2,642 km2); 6% inland water, 15% cultivated, 31% grassland, 48% bush forest, woodland; on mainland, 60% arable, of which 40% cultivated on islands of Zanzibar and Pemba Land boundaries: 3,883 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 113 km Mafia Island; 177 km Pemba Island; and 212 km Zanzibar) PEOPLE Population: 19,868,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun — Tanzanian(s); adjective — Tanzanian Ethnic divisions: 99% native Africans consisting of well over 100 tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab Religion: Mainland— 40% Animist, 30% Christian, 30% Muslim; Zanzibar — almost all Muslim Language: Swahili official, English primary language of commerce, administration and higher education; Swahili widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most people is one of the local languages Literacy: 61% Labor force: 456,000 in paid employment, over 90% in agriculture Organized labor: 15% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: United Republic of Tanzania Type: republic; single party on the mainland and on Zanzibar Capital: Dar es Salaam Political subdivisions: 25 regions — 20 on mainland, 5 on Zanzibar islands Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, customary law, and German civil law system; permanent constitution adopted 1977, replaced interim constitution adopted 1965; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at University of Dar es Salaam; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: "Union Day," 26 April Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full executive authority on the mainland; National Assembly dominated by Nyerere and the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party); National Assembly consists of 233 members, 72 from Zanzibar, of which 10 are directly elected, 65 appointed from the mainland, plus 96 directly elected from the mainland; Vice President Aboud Jumbe (President of Zanzi- bar) and the Revolutionary Council still run Zanzibar except for certain specifically designated union matters Government leaders: President Julius K. NYERERE; Prime Minister Cleopa D. MSUYA Suffrage: universal over 18 Political party and leaders: Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only political party, dominated by Nyerere and Vice President Jumbe, his top lieutenant; party was formed in 1977 as a result of the earlier union of the Tanganyika African National Union, the sole mainland party, and the Afro-Shirazi Party, the only party in Zanzibar Voting strength (October 1980 national elections): close to 7 million registered voters; Nyerere received 93% of about 6 million votes cast; general elections scheduled for late 1985 Communists: a few Communist sympathizers, especially on Zanzibar Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY Mainland: GDP: $4.6 billion (1979), $271 per capita; real growth rate, 3.7% (1979) Agriculture: main crops — cotton, coffee, sisal on mainland Major industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products Electric power: 275,000 kW capacity (1980); 964 million kWh produced (1980), 51 kWh per capita Exports: $684 million (f.o.b., 1979); coffee, cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, diamonds, cloves, tobacco, tea Imports: $1,194 million (f.o.b., 1979); manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports — China, UK, Hong Kong, India, US; imports — UK, China, West Germany, US, Japan 229 THAILAND TANZANIA (Continued) External public debt and ratio: $1.2 billion, 7.3% (1979) Budget: (1979/80) revenue $890 million, current expendi- tures $1,110 million, development expenditures $525 million Monetary conversion rate: 8.1898 Tanzanian shil- lings=US$l (June 1980) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June Zanzibar: GNP: $35 million (1967) Agriculture: main crops — cloves, coconuts Industries: agricultural processing Electric power: see Mainland (above) Exports: $504 million (f.o.b., 1977); cloves and clove products, coconut products Imports: $723 million (c.i.f., 1977); mainly foodstuffs and consumer goods Major trade partners: imports — China, Japan, and main- land Tanzania; exports — Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Pakistan Aid: economic aid commitments from Western (non-US) countries (1970-79), ODA and OOF, $100 million; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $200 million Exchange rate: 8.00 Tanzanian shillings=US$l Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 6.4 km double track; 962 km Tan-Zam Railroad 1.067-meter gauge in Tanzania Highways: total 34,227 km, 3,588 km paved; 5,529 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder improved and unim- proved earth Pipelines: 982 km crude oil Inland waterways: 1,168 km of navigable streams; several thousand km navigable on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and Malawi Ports: 3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga) Civil air: 1 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 95 total, 88 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 88,700 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations, 1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,220,000; 2,421,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $179 million; 9% of central government budget CHINA Indian Ocean (See reference map IX) LAND 514,820 km2; 24% in farms, 56% forested, 20% other Land boundaries: 4,868 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 3,219 km PEOPLE Population: 49,823,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun — Thai (sing, and pi.); adjective — Thai Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% minorities Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% Christian Language: Thai; English secondary language of elite Literacy: 82% Labor force: 78% agriculture, 15% services, 7% industry GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Thailand Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Bangkok Political subdivisions: 71 centrally controlled provinces Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; legal education at Thammasat University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: National Day, 5 December Branches: King is head of state with nominal powers; semiparliamentary system reestablished 22 April 1979; judi- ciary relatively independent except in important political subversive cases Government leaders: King BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ, Prime Minister Gen. PREM TINSULANONDA Elections: last held April 1979; next scheduled for April 1983 230 THAILAND (Continued) Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai Nation Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citizen Party, Democrat Party, Freedom and Justice Party, Nation and People Party, New Force Party, National Democracy Party; other small parties represented in parliament along with numerous independents Communists: strength of illegal Communist Party is about 1,200; Thai Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total an estimated 9,000 Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, SEAMES, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO; negotiations under- way for membership in GATT ECONOMY GNP: $32 billion (1980), $680 per capita; 6% real growth in 1980 (8.2% real growth, 1975-79) Agriculture: main crops — rice, sugar, corn, rubber, tapioca Fishing: catch 2.1 million metric tons (1979); major fishery export, shrimp, 18,628 metric tons, about $116 million (1979); total marine export, estimated $249 million (1978) , Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, wood and wood products, cement, tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second largest tungsten producer and third largest tin producer Shortages: fuel sources, including coal, petroleum; scrap iron, and fertilizer Electric power: 3,830,820 kW capacity (1980); 14.543 million kWh produced (1980), 330 kWh per capita Exports: $6.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); rice, sugar, corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, kenaf Imports: $9.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery and trans- port equipment, fuels and lubricants, base metals, chemicals, and fertilizer Major trade partners: exports — Japan, US, Singapore, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malaysia; imports — Japan, US, West Germany, UK, Singapore, Saudi Arabia; about 1% or less trade with Communist countries Budget: (FY82) estimate of expenditures, $7.3 billion; Defense Ministry budget, $1.4 billion Monetary conversion rate: 20.48 baht=US$l Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,830 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 97 km double track Highways: 27,498 km total; 21,742 km paved, 5,756 km crushed stone and soil aggregate Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow- draft native craft Ports: 2 major, 16 minor Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft Airfields: 162 total, 120 usable; 56 with permanent- surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: service to general public adequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multi- channel cable and radio-relay network; satellite ground station; domestic satellite system being developed; 451,409 telephones (1.0 per 100 popl.); approx. 150 AM, 15 FM, and 10 TV transmitters in government-controlled networks DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,323,000; 7,570,000 fit for military service; about 589,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1982, $1,427 million; 19.5.% of central government budget 231 TOGO Gulf of Guinea (See reference map VII) LAND 56,980 kmz; nearly one-half is arable, under 15% cultivated Land boundaries: 1,646 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 inn (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: 56 km PEOPLE Population: 2,783,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun — Togolese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Togolese Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe in south and Cabrais in north; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese Religion: about 20% Christian, 5% Muslim, 75% animist Language: French, both official and language of com- merce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabie in the north Literacy: 54.9% of school age (7-14) currently in school Labor force: over 90% of population engaged in subsis- tence agriculture; about 30,000 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors Organized labor: 1 national union, the CNTT organized in 1972 GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Togo Type: republic; under military rule since January 1967 Capital: Lome Political subdivisions: 21 circumscriptions Legal system: based on French civil law and customary practice; no constitution; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April Branches: military government, with civilian-dominated Cabinet, took over on 14 April 1967, replacing provisional government created after January coup; no legislature; separate judiciary including State Security Court established 1970 Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, Presi- dent, Minister of National Defense, and Armed Forces Chief of Staff Suffrage: universal adult Elections: presidential referendum of January 1972 elect- ed Gen. Eyadema for indefinite period Political party: single party formed by President Eya- dema in September 1969, Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), structure and staffing of party closely controlled by government Communists: no Communist Party; possibly some sympathizers Member of: AFDB, CEAO (observer), EAMA, EGA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE!, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $1,200 million (1980), about $462 per capita; -2.0% real growth in 1980 Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, cocoa, cotton; ma- jor food crops — yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish; must import some foodstuffs Fishing: catch 2,000 metric tons (1979) Major industries: phosphate mining, agricultural process- ing, handicrafts, textiles, beverages Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1980); 188 million kWh produced (1980), 71 kWh per capita Exports: $384.3 million (c.i.f., 1980); phosphates, cocoa, coffee, and palm kernels Imports: $536.2 million (c.i.f., 1980); consumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco, foodstuffs Major trade partners: mostly with France and other EC countries Budget: (1980), revenues, $294.41 million; current expen- ditures, $277.77 million, development expenditures $16.63 TONGA TOGO (Continued) Monetary conversion rate: Communaute Financiere Africaine 286 francs=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 442 km meter gauge (1.00 m), single track Highways: 7,000 km total; 1,320 km paved, 1,280 km improved earth, remainder unimproved earth Inland waterways: section of Mono River and about 50 km of coastal lagoons and tidal creeks Ports: 1 major (Lome), 1 minor Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m Telecommunications: fair system based on skeletal net- work of open-wire lines supplemented by a radio-relay route and radiocommunication stations; only center is Lome; 7,500 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1 SYM- PHONIE station DEFENSE FORCES Military inanpowe'r: males 15-49, 600,000; 313,000 fit for military service; no conscription Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $20.8 million; 8.5% of central government budget SOLOMON ISLANDS ij A kit i ATI t VANUATU NEV\N' CALEDONIA Fjl .WESTERN SAMOA TONGA Pacific Ocean NEW ZEAL AND' (See reference map X) LAND 997 km2 (169 islands, only 36 inhabited); 77% arable, 3% pasture, 13% forest, 3% inland water, 4% other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): rectangular/poly- gonal claim (12 nm for Minerva Reef) Coastline: 419 km (est.) PEOPLE Population: 102,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1% Nationality: noun — Tongan(s); adjective — Tongan Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, about 300 Europeans Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents Language: Tongan, English Literacy: 90%-95%; compulsory education for children between ages of 6-14 Labor force: agriculture 10,303; mining 599 Organized labor: unorganized GOVERNMENT Official name: Kingdom of Tonga Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: Nuku'alofa (located on Tongatapu Island) Political subdivisions: three main island groups (Tonga- tapu, Ha'api, Vava'u) Legal system: based on English law Branches: executive (King and Privy Council); legislative (Legislative Assembly composed of seven nobles elected by their peers, seven elected representatives of the people, eight Ministers of the Crown; the King appoints one of the seven nobles to be the speaker); Judiciary (Supreme Court, magis- trate courts, Land Court) Government leaders: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV; Pre- mier, Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE (younger brother of the King) 233 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TONGA (Continued) Suffrage: granted to all literate adults over 21 years of age who pay taxes Elections: held every three years, last in April 1978 Communists: none known Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation, South Pacific Bureau Forum ECONOMY GNP: $34.2 million (1976), $370 per capita Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut and banana production with subsistence crops of taro, yams, sweet potatoes, and bread fruit Electric power: 4,100 kW capacity (1980); 8 million kWh produced (1980), 87 kWh per capita Exports: $5.6 million (1978); 65% copra, 7% coconut products, 8% bananas Imports: $12.4 million (1978); food, machinery, and petroleum Major trade partners: (FY74) exports — 25% Netherlands, 22% Australia, 20% New Zealand, 11% Norway; imports — 63% New Zealand and Australia Aid: economic aid commitments — Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $57 million Budget: (FY77) $10 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Tonga dollar=US$l.ll (1979) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 249 km total (1974); 177 km rolled stone; 72 km coral base Ports: 2 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 1,285 telephones (1.4 per 100 popl.); 11,000 radio sets; no TV sets; 1 AM station; 1 ground satellite station Cent/inn Sei At /antic Ocean Pott- ol-' Sjum • TRINIDAD 'T^ AND TOBAGO VHNEZUEIA fSee reference map III) LAND 5,128 km2; 41.9% in farms (25.7% cropped or fallow, 1.5% pasture, 10.6% forests, and 4.1% unused or built on), 58.1% outside of farms, including grassland, forest, built-up area, and wasteland WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 362 km PEOPLE Population: 1,203,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.5%" Nationality: noun — Trinidadian(s), Tobagan(s); adjec- tive— Trinidadian, Tobagan Ethnic divisions: 43% Negro, 40% East Indian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 2% other Religion: 26.8% Protestant, 31.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0% Hindu, 6.0% Muslim, 13.0% unknown Language: English Literacy: 95% Labor force: 393,800 (July 1975), 13.5% agriculture, 20.0% mining, quarrying, and manufacturing, 17.4% com- merce; 15.7% construction and utilities; 7.5% transportation and communications; 23.0% services, 2.9% other Organized labor: 30% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Type: independent state since August 1962; in August 1976 country officially became a republic severing legal ties to British crown Capital: Port-of-Spain Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards, Tobago is 30th) 234 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO (Continued) Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into effect 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 31 August Branches: legislative branch consists of 36-member elect- ed House of Representatives and 31-member appointed Senate; executive is Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice and includes a Court of Appeal, High Court, and lower courts Government leaders: Prime Minister George CHAM- BERS, President Ellis CLARKE Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: elections to be held at intervals of not more than five years; last election held 9 November 1981 Political parties and leaders: People's National Move- ment (PNM), George Chambers; United Labor Front (ULF), Basdeo Panday; Organization for National Reconstruction (ONR), Karl Hudson-Phillips; Democratic Action Congress (DAC), Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson; Tapia House Movement, Lloyd Best Voting strength (198i election): 55% of registered voters cast ballots; PNM captured 26 seats^ in House of Representa- tives, ULF 8, and DAC the 2 Tobago seats Communists: not significant Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), radical antigovernment Black-identity organization; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council; Trini- dad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress, moderate labor feder- ation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor federation Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, International Coffee Agreement, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $6,708 million (1980 prov.), $5,719 per capita; 42% private consumption, 17% government consumption, 28% investment, 13% foreign; growth rate (1980), 10% Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, rice, citrus, bananas; largely dependent upon imports of food Fishing: catch 4,823 metric tons (1978); exports $1.1 million (1975), imports $4.5 million (1975) Major industries: petroleum, tourism, food processing, cement Electric power: 555,000 kW capacity (1981); 2.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,697 kWh per capita Exports: $4.0 billion (f.o.b., 1980 prelim.); petroleum and petroleum products, ammonia, fertilizer Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); crude petroleum (31%), machinery, fabricated metals, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals Major trade partners: imports — US 27%, UK 10%, Japan 7%, crude oil for refineries supplied almost exclusively from Saudi Arabia and Indonesia; exports— US 58%, CARICOM 8% Aid: economic — bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-80), US, $295.2 million; (1970-79) other Western countries, ODA and OOF, $100 million Budget: (1978) central government revenues $1.3 billion, expenditures $1.2 billion (current $618 million, capital $560 million) Monetary conversion rate: tied to US dollar in 1976; 2.40 Trinidad and Tobago dollars=US$l Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 7,900 km total; 3,600 km paved, 1,100 km improved earth, 3,200 km unimproved earth Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil and refined products; 832 km natural gas Ports: 3 major (Port of Spain, Chaguaramas Bay, Point Tembladora), 6 minor Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft Airfields: 8 total, 6 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 75,000 telephones (7.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 331,000; 235,000 fit for military service Supply: mostly from UK Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $105.0 million; 4.8% of central government budget 235 TUNISIA CSee reference map VII) LAND 164,206 km8; 28% arable land and tree crops, 23% range and esparto grass, 6% forest, 43% desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 1,408 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 12 nm exclusive fisheries zone follows the 50-meter isobath for part of the coast, maximum 65 nm) Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore islands) PEOPLE Population: 6,842,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun — Tunisian(s); adjective — Tunisian Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1% Jewish Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, 1% Jewish Language: Arabic (official), Arabic and French (commerce) Literacy: about 50% Labor force: 4 million, 40% agriculture; 15%-25% unem- ployed; shortage of skilled labor Organized labor: 25% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Destourian Socialist Party GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Tunisia Type: republic Capital: Tunis Political subdivisions: 17 governorates (provinces) Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; constitution patterned on Turkish and US constitutions adopted 1959; some judicial review of legisla- tive acts in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal educa- tion at Institute of Higher Studies and Superior School of Law of the University of Tunis National holiday: Independence Day, 1 June Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislative largely advisory; judicial, patterned on French and Koranic systems Government leaders: President Habib BOURGUIBA; Prime Minister Mohamed MZALI Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: national elections held every five years; last elections 1 November 1981 Political party and leader: Destourian Socialist Party, led by Habib Bourguiba, is official ruling party Voting strength (1981 election): over 95% Destourian Socialist Party; 3.23% Social Democrats, under 1% Popular United Movement, under 1% Communist Party Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students; Tunisian Communist Party legalized in July 1981 Member of: AFDB, Arab League, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISCON, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $8.5 billion (1980 prelim.), $980 per capita; 60% private consumption, 15.3% government consumption, 27.6%- investment; average annual growth (1975-80), 7.1% Agriculture: main crops — cereals (barley and wheat), ol- ives, grapes, citrus fruits, and vegetables Major sectors: agriculture; industry — mining (phosphate), energy (petroleum, natural gas), manufacturing (food pro- cessing and textiles), services (transport, telecommunications, tourism, government) Electric power: 814,900 kW capacity (1980); 2.428 billion kWh produced (1980), 371 kWh per capita Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 51% crude petroleum, 14% phosphates, 8% textiles Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980) 236 TURKEY TUNISIA (Continued) Major trade partners: exports — France, Italy, West Ger- many, Greece Tourism and foreign worker remittances: $622 million (1980) Budget: (1980 prelim.) total revenue and grants $2.4 billion; current expenditures $1.7 billion; development ex- penditures, including capital transfers and net lending, $881 million Monetary conversion rate: 0.51 Tunisian dinar (TD)= US$1 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,089 km total; 503 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,586 km meter gauge (1.000 m) Highways: 17,140 km total; 7,940 km bituminous, 660 km gravel; 2,000 km improved earth; 6,540 km unimproved earth Pipelines: 797 km crude7 oil; 10 km refined products; 372 km natural gas . Ports: 4 major, 8 minor Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in Airfields: 29 total, 26 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, or radio relay; key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 145,000 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 3 FM, and 1 1 TV stations; 3 submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,590,000; 887,000 fit for military service; about 77,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $261 million; 9% of central government budget (See reference map VI) LAND 766,640 km2; 35% cropland, 25% meadows and pastures, 23% forested, 17% other Land boundaries: 2,574 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm except in Black Sea where it is 12 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 7,200 km PEOPLE Population: 48,105,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2% Nationality: noun — Turk(s); adjective — Turkish Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other Religion: 99% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 1% other (mostly Christian and Jewish) Language: Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic Literacy: 62% Labor force: 17.14 million; 58% agriculture, 13% indus- try, 29% service; surplus of unskilled labor (1980) Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Turkey Type: republic Capital: Ankara Political subdivisions: 67 provinces Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; constitution adopted 1961, but is now being revised by an assembly selected by the military government that took over on 12 September 1980; legal education at Universi- ties of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdic- tion, with reservations National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October 237 TURKEY (Continued) Branches: the 12 September military takeover resulted in the dissolution of Parliament and Prime Minister Demirel's government; the generals substituted a five-man National Security Council to serve as the executive branch and appointed a civilian Cabinet headed by retired Adm. Bulend Ulusu to run the country until a new constitution is promul- gated and civilian rule restored; the Constituent Assembly established in October 1981 now serves as the legislative branch of government; highest court for ordinary criminal and civil cases is Court of Cassation, which hears appeals directly from criminal, commercial, basic, and peace courts Government leaders: Head of State, Gen. Kenan EVREN (Chairman, National Security Council); Prime Minister Adm. Bulend ULUSU Suffrage: universal over age 21 Elections: Republican People's Party won a plurality in June 1977; the Justice Party formed a minority government in October 1979; inability to elect a permanent president in 1980 contributed in part to the military decision to take over the government Political parties and leaders: the military government disbanded all political parties after it took over on 12 September 1980 and has detained some political leaders; the commanders might allow political activity after the pro- posed constitution is submitted to a referendum and ap- proved by the citizens; Justice Party (JP), Suleyman Demirel; Republican People's Party (RPP), Bulent Ecevit; National Salvation Party (NSP), Necmettin Erbakan; Democratic Par- ty (DP), Faruk Sukan; Republican Reliance Party (RRP), Turhan Feyzioglu; Nationalist Action Party (NAP), Alpaslan Turkes; Communist Party illegal Communists: strength and support negligible Other political or pressure groups: military forced resig- nation of Demirel government in March 1971 and directly intervened in the political process in September 1980; an active radical left and right contributed to violence that took more than 3,000 lives in 1978-80; left-right violence brought the country to virtual civil war and prompted the military to intervene in September 1980 Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISCON, ITC, ITU, NATO, OECD, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $58.7 billion (1980), $1,300 per capita; -1.1% real growth 1980, 6% average annual real growth 1970-79 Agriculture: main products — cotton, tobacco, cereals, su- gar beets, fruits, nuts, and livestock products; self-sufficient in food in average years Major industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum Crude steel: 1.7 million tons produced (1980), 27 kg per capita Electric power: 6,389,200 kW capacity (1980); 23.330 billion kWh produced (1980), 506 kWh per capita Exports: $2,910 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock products, textiles and clothing Imports: $7,667 million (c.i.f., 1980); crude oil, machin- ery, transport equipment, metals, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals Major trade partners: (1980) exports— 20.8% West Ger- many, 7.5% Italy, 6.1% USSR, 5.6% France, 4.6% Iraq; imports— 15.0% Iraq, 10.9% West Germany, 5.8% US, 4.8% France, 4.5% Switzerland Budget: (FY80) revenues $12.4 billion, expenditures $14.2 billion, deficit $1.8 billion Monetary conversion rate: 76.04 Turkish liras=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: 1 March-28 February COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 8,138 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 204 km double track; 104 km electrified Highways: 59,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 23,000 km gravel or crushed stone; 2,200 km improved earth; 7,500 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: approx. 1,600 km Pipelines: 1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km refined products Ports: 10 major, 35 minor Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in and 1 leased out Airfields: 121 total, 99 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 26 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 11,717,000; 6,932,000 fit for military service; about 494,000 reach military age (20) annually TUVALU (formerly Ellice Islands) Pacific Ocean KIRIBATI ,?- V ISSSS? '.TUVALU vJttW fiyiNEA ^ISLANDS ^••^ "*V ^VANUATU .WESTERH SAMOA AUSTRAtlA V (See reference map X) NOTE: On 1 October 1975, by Constitutional Order, the Ellice Islands were formally, separated from the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands, thus forming the colony of Tuvalu. The remaining islands in th"e former Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony are now named Kiribati. Tuvalu includes the islands of Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao, Vaitupu, and the four islands of the Tuvalu group formerly claimed by the United States: Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nuku- lailai (Nukulaelae), and Nurakita (Niulakita). LAND 26km2 WATER Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm) Coastline: about 24 km PEOPLE Population: 9,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4% Nationality: noun — Tuvaluans(s); adjective — Tuvaluan Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian Religion: Protestant Literacy: less than 50% GOVERNMENT Official name: Tuvalu Type: constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth Capital: Funafuti House of Assembly: eight members Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Tomasi PUAPUA ECONOMY GNP: $1.2 million (1975), $180 per capita Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity (1979); 3.0 million kWh produced (1979), 433 kWh per capita Exports: $67,000 (1977); copra Imports: $1.44 million (1977); food and mineral fuels Major trade partners: Australia, UK Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA (1970-79), $22 million Budget: (1978) $1.6 million Monetary conversion rate: Australian (A)$1=US$1.12 (1979); A$1=US$1. 14 (1978) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 8 km gravel Inland waterways: none Ports: 1 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about 300 radio telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 4,000 radio sets 239 UGANDA (See reference map VII) LAND 235,690 km8; 21% inland water and swamp, including territorial waters of Lake Victoria; about 21% cultivated, 13% national parks, forest, and game reserves; 45% forest, woodland, and grassland Land boundaries: 2,680 km PEOPLE Population: 13,651,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun — Ugandan(s); adjective — Ugandan Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European, Asian, Arab Religion: about 60% nominally Christian, 5%-10% Mus- lim, rest animist Language: English official; Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages Literacy: about 20%-40% Labor force: estimated 4.5 million, of which about 250,000 in paid labor, remaining in subsistence activities Organized labor: 125,000 union members GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Uganda Type: republic, independent since October 1962 Capital: Kampala Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34 districts Legal system: provisional government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary law to reinstitute a normal judicial system; legal education at Makerere University, Kampala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October Branches: government that assumed power in December 1980 consists of three branches — an executive headed by a President, a National Assembly, and a judiciary; in practice President has most power Government leader: President Milton OBOTE Suffrage: universal adult Elections: general election (held December 1980) elected present National Assembly; winning party then named President Political parties: Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM) Voting strength: (December 1980 election) 126 total elected seats— UPC 74 seats, DP 51 seats, UPM 1 seat Communists: possibly a few sympathizers Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD; ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $765 million in 1981 Agriculture: main cash crop — coffee (156,000 metric tons exported in 1981); other cash crops — tobacco, tea, sugar, fish, livestock Major industries: agricultural processing (textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood-, beer), cement, copper smelting, corrugated iron sheet, shoes, fertilizer Electric power: 228,500 kW capacity (1980); 800 million kWh produced (1980), 61 kWh per capita Exports: $435 million (f.o.b., 1981); coffee, cotton, tea Imports: $265 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); petroleum pro- ducts, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transport equipment, food Major trade partners: UK, US, Kenya Monetary conversion rate: 78 Uganda shillings=US$l (1981) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,216 km, meter gauge (1.00 m), single track Highways: 6,763 km total; 1,934 km paved; 4,829 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks (est.) Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, and Lake Edward; Kagera River and Victoria Nile Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft Airfields: 40 total, 36 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair system being rebuilt after war; radio-relay, wire radio communications stations in use; 46,400 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, about 2,949,000; about 1,586,000 fit for military service 240 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (See reference map VI) LAND 82,880 km2; almost all desert, waste or urban Land boundaries: 1,094 km '(does not include boundaries between adjacent UAE states) WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm for all states except Sharjah (12 nm); fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm Coastline: 1,448 km PEOPLE Population: 1,240,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 11.3% Nationality: Noun — Emirian(s), adjective — Emirian Ethnic divisions: Emirians 19%, other Arabs 23%, South Asians 50% (fluctuating), other expatriates (includes West- erners and East Asians) 8% Religion: Muslim 96%, Christian, Hindu, and other 4% Language: Arabic; English widely spoken in major cities Literacy: 25% est. (1975) Labor force: 541,000 (1980 est.); 56% services; 80% of labor force is foreign GOVERNMENT Official name: United Arab Emirates (composed of for- mer Trucial States) Member states: Abu Dhabi; Ajman; Dubai; al Fujayrah; Ras al-Khaymah; Sharjah; Umm al-Qaywayn Type: federation; constitution signed December 1971, which delegated specified powers to the United Arab Emir- ates central government and reserved other powers to member shaykhdoms Capital: Abu Dhabi Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains very influential National holiday: 2 December Branches: Supreme Council of Rulers (seven members), from which a President and Vice President are elected; Prime Minister and Council of Ministers; Federal National Assembly; federal Supreme Court Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NU- HAYYAN of Abu Dhabi, President; Shaykh Rashid ibn Sa'id Al MAKTUM of Dubai, Vice President and Prime Minister Suffrage: none Elections: none Political or pressure groups: none; a few small clandes- tine groups are active Member of: Arab League, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $30 billion est. (1980), $32,000 per capita Agriculture: food imported, but some dates, alfalfa, vege- tables, fruit, tobacco raised Electric power: 3,814,000 kW capacity (1980); 8.353 billion kWh produced (1980), 8,943 kWh per capita Exports: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980; $19.6 billion in oil, $2.6 billion nonoil); crude petroleum, pearls, fish Imports: $7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); food, consumer, and capital goods Major trade partners: UK, US, Japan, India, EC Budget: (1980) current expenditures $8.0 billion, capital $2.0 billion, public revenue $12.7 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 UAE Dirham=US$3.671 (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 780 km bituminous, undetermined mileage of earth tracks Pipelines: 540 km crude oil; 190 km natural gas Ports: 3 major, 1 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 58 total, 37 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai; 96,000 telephones (16.0 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 2 FM, and 9 TV stations; 3 INTELSAT stations with 1 Atlantic and 2 Indian Ocean antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 445,000; 309,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $670 million; 36% of central government budget 241 UNITED KINGDOM (See reference map V) LAND 243,978 km8; 30% arable, 50% meadow and pasture, 12% waste or urban, 7% forested, \% inland water Land boundaries: 360 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 12,429 km PEOPLE Population: 56,095,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1% Nationality: noun — Briton(s), British (collective pi.); adjec- tive— British Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster, 0.8% other; West Indian, Indian, Pakistani over 2% Religion: 27.0 million Church of England, 5.3 million Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterian, 760,000 Method- ist, 450,000 Jews (registered) Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) Literacy: 98% to 99% Labor force: (1978) 26 million, 12.4% unemployed (Octo- ber 1980) Organized labor: 40% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Type: constitutional monarchy Capital: London Political subdivisions: 635 parliamentary constituencies Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: celebration of birthday of the Queen, 16 June Branches: legislative authority resides in Parliament; ex- ecutive authority lies with collectively responsible Cabinet led by Prime Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial authority and highest court of appeal Government leader: Chief of State, Queen ELIZABETH II; Head of Government, Prime Minister Margaret THATCHER Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister, but must be held before expiration of a five-year electoral mandate; last election 3 May 1979 Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Margaret Thatcher; Labor, Michael Foot; Liberal, David Steel; Social Democratic, joint leadership at present; Communist, Gordan McLennan; Scottish National, Gordon Wilson; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Wigley Voting strength: (1979 election) Conservative 339 seats (43.9%), Labor 268 seats (36.9%), Liberal 11 seats (13.8%), Scottish'National 2 seats (1.6%), Plaid Cymru 2 seats (0.4%), other 13 seats (2.8%); (1981 byelections) Conservative 336 seats, Labor 250 seats, Liberal 12 seats, Social Democratic 28 seats, Scottish National 2 seats, Plaid Cymru 2 seats, others 13 seats Communists: 29,000 Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Con- gress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers' Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EEC, ELDO, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $518.7 billion (1980), $9,280 per capita; 60.3% consumption, 17.4% investment, 21.6% government; —1.5% stockbuilding, 2.2% net foreign balance, real growth —1.4% (1980) 242 UNITED KINGDOM (Continued) Agriculture: mixed farming predominates; main prod- ucts— wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock, dairy products; 53.7% self-sufficient; dependent on imports for more than half of consumption of refined sugar, butter, oils and fats, and bacon and ham; caloric intake, 2,260 calories per day per capita, 1978 Fishing: catch 710,500 metric tons (1980 est); 1980 exports $359 million, imports $812 million Major industries: machinery and transport equipment, metals, food processing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing Crude steel: 11.3 million metric tons produced (1980), 390 kg per capita; 30.9 million metric tons capacity (1977) Electric power: 82,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 284.862 billion kWh produced (1980), 5,090 kWh per capita Exports: $110.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, metals, nonmetallic mineral manu- factures, foodstuffs, petroleum . Imports: $116.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, petroleum, machinery, crude materials, chemicals, nonferrous metals Major trade partners: 42.5% EC, 11.4% Commonwealth, 11.0% West Germany, 9.8% US, 7.8% France Aid: donor — bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $8,956 million (1970-78) Budget (national and local government): FY82 (proj.) revenues, 105.5 billion pounds; expenditures, 115.5 billion pounds; deficit including nationalized industries, 9.5 billion pounds Monetary conversion rate: 1 pound sterling= US$2. 3263 (average January-December 1980) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: Great Britain— 17,754 km total; British Rail- ways (BR) operates 17,735 km standard gauge (1.435 m) (3,718 km electrified, 12,708 km double or multiple track), and 19 km 0.597-meter gauge; several additional small standard gauge and narrow gauge lines are privately owned; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 357 km 1.600- meter gauge, 190 km double track Highways: United Kingdom, 361,491 km total; Great Britain, 337,992 km paved (including 2,485 km limited- access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel) Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly owned; 605 km major commercial routes Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insignificant; 2,907 km refined products; 1,770 km natural gas Ports: 23 major, 350 minor Civil air: 570 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in and 16 leased out Airfields: 630 total, 390 usable; 253 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 38 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 145 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: modern, efficient domestic and international system; 26.8 million telephones (48.0 per 100 popl.); excellent countrywide broadcast; 97 AM, 330 FM, and 1,680 TV stations; 31 coaxial submarine cables; 2 earth satellite stations with a total of 5 antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,767,000; 11,680,000 fit for military service; no conscription; 476,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $24.1 billion; about 15% of central government budget 243 UNITED STATES This "Factsheet" on the US is provided solely as a service to those wishing to make rough comparisons of foreign country data with a US "yardstick." Information is from US open sources and publications and in no sense represents estimates by the US Intelligence Community. LAND 9,371,829 km* (contiguous US plus Alaska and Hawaii); 19% cultivated, 27% grazing and pasture, 32% forested, 22% waste, urban, and other WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 19,924 km PEOPLE Population: 232,195,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0% Ethnic divisions: 79.7% white, 11.7% black, 6.5% Spanish origin, 1.5% Asian and Pacific Islander, 0.6% American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut (1980) Religion: total membership in religious bodies, 133,749,000; Protestant 73,704,000, Roman Catholic 49,602,000, Jewish 5,781,000, other religions 4,662,000 (1978) Language: English, predominantly Literacy: 99.0% of total population 14 years or older (1977) Labor force: 102.9 million (civilian), unemployment 7.6% (1981) Organized labor: 20.2% of civilian labor force (1978) GOVERNMENT Official name: United States of America Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition Capital: Washington, D.C. Political subdivisions: 50 states, the District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Wake and Midway Islands; under UN trusteeship Caroline, Marshall, and Northern Mariana Islands Legal system: based on English common law; dual system of courts, state and federal; constitution adopted 1789; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislative (House of Representatives and Senate), and judicial (Su- preme Court); branches, in principle, independent and maintain balance of power Government leaders: Ronald Wilson REAGAN, Presi- dent; George Herbert Walker BUSH, Vice President Suffrage: all citizens over age 18, not compulsory Elections: presidential, every four years (last November 1980); all members of the House of Representatives, every two years; one-third of members of the Senate, every two years Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Richard Richards, chairman; Democratic Party, Charles T. Manatt, chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance Voting strength: national average of voting age popula- tion voting, 53.9% (1980 presidential election) — Republican Party (Ronald Reagan), 50% of the popular vote (489 electoral votes); Democratic Party (Jimmy Carter), 42% (42 electoral votes); John Anderson (third-line candidate), 6% (no electoral votes); other, 2% (no electoral votes) Communists: Communist Party membership, claimed 15,000-20,000 (1981); general secretary, Gus Hall; in the 1980 presidential election the Communist Party candidate received 43,896 votes; Socialist Workers Party membership, claimed 1,800; national secretary, Jack Barnes; in the 1980 presidential election, the Socialist Workers Party candidate received 48,650 votes Member of: ADB, ANZUS, BIS, CCC, CENTO, Colombo Plan, DAC, FAO, GATT, Group of Ten, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, INTELSAT, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC— Interna- tional Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, SPC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $2,368.8 billion (1979); 63.7% personal consumption, 16.4% private investment, 20.1% government, —0.2% net exports; $10,745 per capita Fishing: catch 6.482 billion metric tons (1980); imports $3,648 million (1980); exports $1,006 million, (1980); est. value, $2,237 million (1980) Crude steel: 113.7 million metric tons produced (1977), 618 kg per capita consumption Electric power: 616,486,200 kW capacity (1980); 2,286.439 billion (net) kWh produced (1980), 10,245 kWh per capita Exports: $181.8 billion (f.o.b., 1979); machinery, chemi- cals, grains, and road motor vehicles Imports: $218.9 billion (c.i.f., 1979); crude and partly refined petroleum, machinery, and transport equipment (mainly new automobiles) Major trade partners: exports— 23.4% EEC (5.9% UK, 4.7% FRG), 18.2% Canada, 12.8% LAFTA, 9.7% Japan, 5.4% Mexico; imports— 18.5% Canada, 16.1% EEC (5.3% FRG, 3.9% UK), 12.7% Japan, 10.6% LAFTA, 4.3% Mexico, 4.0% Nigeria, 3.9% Saudi Arabia (1979) 244 UPPER VOLTA UNITED STATES (Continued) Aid: obligations and loan authorizations (FY78), economic $6.51 billion, military $2.35 billion Budget: (FY81 est.) receipts $605.64 billion, outlays $661.237 billion Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 286,885 km (1978) Highways: 6,251,769.5 km (1978) Inland waterways: 40,416 km of navigable inland chan- nels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (1970) Freight carried: rail — 1,645.0 million metric tons, 1,360.0 billion metric ton/km (1980); highways— 936.84 billion met- ric ton/km (1980); inland water freight (excluding Great Lakes traffic)— 569.79 million metric tons, 319.01 billion metric tons/km (1979) Pipelines: petroleum, 271,921 km (1979); natural gas, 408,203 km (1978) Ports: 53 handling 9.07% million metric tons or more per year Civil air: 3,208 multiengine transport aircraft— some 2,500 jet planes, remainder turboprop (December 1980) Airfields: 14,746 in operation (1979) Telecommunications: 162 million telephones (74 tele- phones per 100 popl.); 4,550 AM, 4,100 FM, and 990 TV broadcast stations; 436 million radio and 133 million TV receivers (1979) DEFENSE FORCES Personnel: army 1,108,000, air force 790,000, navy and marines 1,013,000 (1979) Military budget: $146.2 billion (1981 est. in current dollars) (See reference map VII) LAND 274,540 km2; 50% pastureland, 21% fallow, 10% culti- vated, 9% forest and scrub, 10% waste and other uses Land boundaries: 3,307 km PEOPLE Population: 6,208,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4% Nationality: noun — Upper Voltan(s); adjective — Upper •Voltan Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other important groups are Gur- unsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani Religion: majority of population animist, about 20% Muslim, 5% Christian (mainly Catholic) Language: French official; tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 50% of the population Literacy: 5%-10% Labor force: about 95% of the economically active popu- lation engaged in animal husbandry, subsistence farming, and related agricultural pursuits; about 30,000 are wage earners; about 20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment Organized labor: 4 principal trade union groups, repre- sent less than 1% of population GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Upper Volta Type: military; on 25 November 1980 a bloodless military coup ended three years of civilian rule and suspended political activity Capital: Ouagadougou Political subdivisions: 10 departments, composed of 44 cercles, headed by civilian administrators Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law 245 UPPER VOLTA (Continued) National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 11 December Branches: President is an army officer; 17-man military and civilian Cabinet was appointed 7 December 1980; Supreme Court Government leaders: Col. Say6 ZERBO, President, Mili- tary Committee of Reform for National Progress (CMRPN); Lt. Col. Felix TIENTARABOUM, Foreign Minister Suffrage: universal for adults Elections: political process suspended pending gradual return to civilian rule Political parties and leaders: all political parties banned following November 1980 coup Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: labor organizations are badly splintered, students and teachers occasionally strike; recent strike helped precipitate military coup Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $1,100 million (1980), $177 per capita; real growth, 2.5% (1980) Agriculture: cash crops — peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, cot- ton; food crops — sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; large- ly self-sufficient Fishing: catch 7,000 metric tons (1979 est.) Major industries: agricultural processing plants, brewery, bottling, and brick plants; a few other light industries Electric power: 30,000 kW capacity (1980); 90 million kWh produced (1980), 13 kWh per capita Exports: $118.6 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); livestock (on the hoof), peanuts, shea nut products, cotton, sesame Imports: $236.0 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); textiles, food, and other consumer goods, transport equipment, machinery, fuels Major trade partners: Ivory Coast and Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France and other EC countries; preferen- tial tariff to EC and franc zone countries Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $693.0 million; US autho- rized including Ex-Im (FY70-80) $122.4 million Budget: (1980) revenue $190.4 million, current expendi- tures $166.6 million, development expenditures $27.9 million Monetary conversion rate: about 211.3 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$l (1980) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,173 km Ouagadougou to Abidjan (Ivory Coast line); 516 km meter gauge (1.00 m), single track in Upper Volta Highways: 8,316 km total; 967 km paved, 5,639 km improved, 1,710 km unimproved Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 55 total, 54 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: all services only fair; radio relay, wire, radiocommunication stations in use; 8,600 telephones (under 0.14 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,373,000; 691,000 fit for military service; no conscription Supply: mainly dependent on France, FRG, and UK 246 URUGUAY (See reference map IV) LAND 186,998 km2; 84% agricultural land (73% pasture, 11% cropland), 16% forest, urban, waste, and .other Land boundaries: 1,352 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (fishing 200 nm) Coastline: 660 km PEOPLE Population: 2,961,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.6% Nationality: noun— Uruguayan(s); adjective — Uruguayan Ethnic divisions: 85-95% white, 5% Negro, 5-10% mestizo Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church regularly) Language: Spanish Literacy: 90.5% for those 15 years of age or older Labor force: 1.07 million (1975); 19.8% agriculture, 29.0% industry, 51.2% service Organized labor: government authorized non-Communist union activities in 1981 for the first time since 1973 military takeover GOVERNMENT Official name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay Type: republic, government under military control Capital: Montevideo Political subdivisions: 19 departments with limited autonomy Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; most recent constitution implemented 1967 but large portions are currently in suspension and the whole is under study for revision; legal education at University of the Republic at Montevideo; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August Branches: executive, headed by President; since 1973 the military has had dominant influence in policymaking; bi- cameral legislature (closed indefinitely by presidential de- cree in June 1973), Council of State set up to act as legislature; national judiciary headed by court of justice Government leader: President Gregorio ALVAREZ Manfredini Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: projected for 1984 Political parties and leaders: political activities were permitted in mid- 1981 for the first time since the military takeover in 1973; parties are scheduled to hold internal elections to choose leaders in November 1982 Voting strength (1971 elections): 40.8% Colorado, 40.1% Blanco, 18.6% Frente Amplio, 0.5% Radical Christian Union Communists: 5,000-10,000 including former youth group and sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: Christian Democratic Party (PDC); Communist Party (PCU), proscribed in 1973; Socialist Party of Uruguay (PSU), proscribed in 1973; Na- tional Liberation Movement (MLN) — Tupamaros, leftist rev- olutionary terrorist group, proscribed and now virtually annihilated Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GDP: $9.9 billion (1980), $3,400 per capita; 88% consump- tion, 17% gross investment, —5.0% foreign; real growth rate 1978, 2.5% Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing (20 million sheep, 9.5 million cattle), 1979; main crops — wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs; caloric intake (1977), 3,036 calories per day per capita, with high protein content Major industries: meat processing, wool and hides, tex- tiles, footwear, cement, petroleum refining Steel: rolled products 43,398 metric tons produced (1978) Electric power: 715,000 kW capacity (1981); 3.5 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,160 kWh per capita Exports: $1,059 million (f.o.b., 1980); wool, hides, meat, textiles Imports: $1,625 million (f.o.b., 1980); crude petroleum (26%), metals, machinery, transportation equipment, indus- trial chemicals Major trade partners: exports— 33% EC, 11% US, 40% LAFTA; imports— 44% LAFTA (15% Brazil, 17% Argenti- na), 9% US, 19% EC (1979) Aid: economic commitments — US including Ex-Im (FY70-80) $61 million; from other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79) $62 million; military— US (FY70-80) $39 million 247 URUGUAY (Continued) Budget: (1979 est.) revenue, $1,063 million; expenditure, $1,014 million Monetary conversion rate: 9.16 pesos=US$l (1980 annu- al average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,795 km, all standard gauge (1.435 m) and government owned Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft Freight carried: highways 80% of total cargo traffic, rail 15%, waterways 5% Ports: 4 major (Montevideo, Colonia, Fray Bentos, Pay- sandu), 6 minor Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 129 total, 85 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: most modern facilities concen- trated in Montevideo; 279,000 telephones (9.9 per 100 popl.); 85 AM, 4 FM, and 20 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 686,000; 557,000 fit for military service; no conscription Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $211.7 million; 18.6% of central government budget VANUATU (formerly New Hebrides) Pacific Ocean , SOLOMON o ^ |SIANDS Coral Sea \> VANUATU CAUDONIA AUSTRAIIA CSee reference map X) LAND About 14,763 km* WATER Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: about 2,528 km • PEOPLE Population: 123,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7% Nationality: noun — Vanuatuan(s); adjective — Vanuatuan Ethnic divisions: 90% indigenous Melanesian, 8% French, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders Religion: most at least nominally Christian Literacy: probably 10%-20% GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Vanuatu Type: republic, formerly Anglo-French condominium of New Hebrides, independent 30 July 1980 Capital: Port- Vila Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and British systems Branches: Parliament of 39 members, elected November 1979 Government leader: Prime Minister Father Walter LINI Political parties and leaders: National Party (Vanuaaku Pati), chairman Walter Lini Member of: South Pacific Forum, UN ECONOMY Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa, coffee, some livestock and fish production; subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams 248 VATICAN CITY VANUATU (Continued) Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1981); 17 million kWh produced (1981), 162 kWh per capita Exports: $32.2 million (1977); 24% copra, 59% frozen fish, meat Imports: $40.1 million (1977); 18% food Aid: Australia (1980-83), $14.4 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 pound=US$5.12 (official currency, 1979), Australian $0.89=US$1, 75 Colonial Franc Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (1978/79) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads Inland waterways: none Ports: 2 minor Civil air: no major transport aircraft- Airfields: 31 total, 29 usable; 2 with -permanent-surf ace runways, 2 runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 2 AM broadcast stations; 2,400 telephones (2.4 per 100 popl.); 1 ground satellite station under construction DEFENSE FORCES Personnel: no military forces maintained; however, the French and British maintain constabularies of about 100 men each (See reference map V) LAND 0.438 km2 Land boundaries: 3 km PEOPLE Population: 1,000 (July 1980), average annual growth rate 0.0% Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many other nationalities Religion: Roman Catholic Language: Italian, Latin, and various modern languages Literacy: virtually complete Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City employees divid- ed into three categories — executives, officeworkers, and salaried employees Organized labor: none GOVERNMENT Official name: State of the Vatican City Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state Capital: Vatican City Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum, and neighboring buildings covering more than 13 acres; 13 buildings in Rome, although outside the boundaries, enjoy extraterritorial rights Legal system: Canon law; constitutional laws of 1929 serve some of the functions of a constitution National holiday: 30 June Branches: the Pope possesses full executive, legislative, and judicial powers; he delegates these powers to the governor of Vatican City, w,ho is subject to pontifical appointment and recall; high Vatican offices include the Secretariat of State, the College of Cardinals (chief papal advisers), the Roman Curia (which carries on the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church), the Presi- dence of the Prefecture for the Economy, and the synod of bishops (created in 1965) 249 VENEZUELA VATICAN CITY (Continued) Government leader: Supreme Pontiff, JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYLA, elected Pope 16 October 1978) Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 in age Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by College of Cardinals Communists: none known Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence exercised by other church officers in universal Roman Catholic Church) Member: IAEA, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Coun- cil, UPU, WTO; permanent observer status at FAO, OAS, UN, and UNESCO ECONOMY The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is supported financially by contributions (known as Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world; some income de- rived from sale of Vatican postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to Vatican museums, and sale of publications; industrial activity consists solely of printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; the banking and financial activities of the Vatican are worldwide; the Institute for Religious Agencies carries out fiscal operations and invests and transfers funds of Roman Catholic religious communities throughout the world; the Cardinal's Commission controls the administra- tion of ordinary assets of the Holy See and a Special Administration manages the Holy See's capital assets Electric power: 2100 kW (standby) capacity (1981); all power is imported from Italy COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: none (city streets) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: none Telecommunications: 2 AM stations and 2 FM stations; 2,000-line automatic telephone exchange DEFENSE FORCES Defense is responsibility of Italy (See reference map IV) LAND 911,680 km2; 4% cropland, 18% pasture, 21% forest, 57% urban, waste, and other Land boundaries: 4,181 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm plus 3 nm contiguous zone for customs and sanitation (economic, in- cluding fishing, 200 nm) Coastline: 2,800 km PEOPLE Population: 18,427,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Venezuelan(s); adjective — Vene- zuelan Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10% Negro, 2% Indian Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant Language: Spanish (official); "Indian" dialects spoken by about 200,000 aborigines in the interior Literacy: 74% (claimed, 1970 est.) Labor force: 4.4 million (1980); 24% agriculture, 6% construction, 17% manufacturing, 6% transportation, 18% commerce, 25% services, 4% petroleum, utilities, and other Organized labor: 27% of labor force GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Venezuela Type: republic Capital: Caracas Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal district, 2 federal territories, and 72 island dependencies in the Caribbean Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; constitution promulgated 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation Court only; dual court system, state and federal; 250 VENEZUELA (Continued) legal education at Central University of Venezuela; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislature, judiciary Government leader: President Luis HERRERA CAMPINS Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18, though rarely enforced Elections: every five years by secret ballot; last held December 1978; next national election for President and bicameral legislature to be held 4 December 1983 Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (COPEI), Rafael Caldera; Action Democratica (AD), Carlos Andres Perez, Gonzalo Barrios; Movement to Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Petkoff, Pompeyo Marquez Voting strength (1978 election): 46% COPEI, 43% AD, 5% MAS, 6% others Communists: 3,000-5,000 members (est.)' Other political or pressure groups: Fedecamaras (a con- servative business group); Pro- Venezuela (PRO-VEN; a left- ist, nationalist economic group) Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDE, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Coun- cil, LAFTA, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line— Naviera Multinational del Caribe), OAS, OPEC, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $60 billion (1980, in 1980 dollars), $4,000 per capita; 52% private consumption, 14% public consumption, 34% gross investment (1979); real growth rate —0.1% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — sugarcane, corn, coffee, rice; imports wheat (US), corn (South Africa), sorghum (Argentina, US); caloric intake 2,435 calories per day per capita (1977) Fishing: catch 178,000 metric tons (1980); exports $1.6 million (1979), imports $19.7 million (1980) Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construc- tion, food processing, textiles Crude steel: 848,000 metric tons produced (1978), 60 kg per capita Electric power: 10,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 43.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,500 kWh per capita Exports: $19.3 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum (95%), iron ore, coffee Imports: $11.3 billion (f.o.b., 1980); industrial machinery and equipment, chemicals, manufactures, wheat Major trade partners: imports — 45% US, 8% Japan, 6% West Germany; exports— 30% US, 11% Canada (1980) Budget: 1980 — revenues $14.6 billion; expenditures, $12.0 billion, capital $2.2 billion Monetary conversion rate: 4.2925 bolivares=US$l (Janu- ary 1982) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 403 km standard gauge (1.435 m) all single track; 173 km government owned, 230 km privately owned Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Orinoco River and Lake Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels Pipelines: 6,110 km crude oil; 400 km refined products; 2,495 km natural gas Ports: 6 major, 17 minor Civil air: 68 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in and 1 leased out Airfields: 268 total, 267 usable; 115 with permanent- surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 82 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: modern expanding telecom system; satellite ground station; 1,165,000 telephones (8.5 per 100 popl.); 215 AM, 50 FM, and 48 TV stations; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station with 2 antennas DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,373,000; 3,322,000 fit for military service; 185,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $861.2 million; about 6.5% of central government budget 251 VIETNAM CHINA ?*s * LAOS < ( g|f _r-N • \ \ ^~X Soutk VIETNAM (See reference map IX) LAND 329,707 km2; 14% cultivated, 50% forested, 36% urban inland water, and other Land boundaries: 4,562 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm plus 12 nm contiguous customs and security zone (fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm) Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands) PEOPLE Population: 56,430,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5% Nationality: noun — Vietnamese (sing, and pi.); adjec- tive— Vietnamese Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham, and mountain tribesmen Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Catholic, Animist, Islamic, and Protestant Language: Vietnamese, French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Labor force: approximately 15 million, not including military; about 70% agriculture and 8% industry GOVERNMENT Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam Type: Communist state Capital: Hanoi Political subdivisions: 39 provinces Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system National holiday: 2 September Branches: constitution provides for a National Assembly and highly centralized executive nominally subordinate to it Party and government leaders: LE DUAN, Party Secre- tary General; NGUYEN HUU THO, Chairman, National Assembly; TRUONG CHINH, Chairman, Council of State; PHAM VAN DONG, Chairman, Council of Ministers; Gen. VAN TIEN DUNG, Minister of National Defense; NGUYEN CO THACH, Minister for Foreign Affairs; PHAM HUNG, Minister of Interior Suffrage: over age 18 Elections: pro forma elections held for national and local assemblies; latest election for National Assembly held on 25 April 1976 Political parties: Vietnam Communist Party, formerly known as the Vietnam Workers Party Communists: probably more than 1 million Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $4.9 billion (calculated by UNO method), less than $91 per capita (1980); no growth in recent years Agriculture: main crops — rice, rubber, fruits and vegeta- bles; sonfe corn, manioc, and sugarcane; major food im- ports— wheat, corn, dairy products Fishing: catch 515,000 metric tons (1980) Major industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital goods and ma- chinery, fertilizer Electric power: 1,610,300 kW capacity (1980); 3.781 billion kWh produced (1980), 69 kWh per capita Exports: $300 million (1978); agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores Imports: $900 million (1978); petroleum, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton, fertil- izer, grain Major trade partners: exports — USSR, East European countries, Japan, other Asian markets; imports — USSR, East Europe, Japan Aid: accurate data on aid since April 1975 unification unavailable; estimated annual economic aid on annual basis is — USSR, $500 million or more; East European countries, $150 million; non-Communist countries, $230 million; inter- national institutions, $75 million; value of military aid deliveries since 1975 are not available Monetary conversion rate (official): 9.0 dong=US$l (late 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,587 km total; 2,227 meter gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual gauge WALLIS AND FUTUNA VIETNAM (Continued) Highways: 41,190 km total; 5,471 km bituminous, 27,030 km gravel or improved earth, 8,690 km unimproved earth ' Inland waterways: about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft Ports: 9 major, 23 minor Civil air: military controlled Airfields: 242 total, 128 usable; 55 with permanent- surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,266,000; 8,085,000 fit for military service; 661,000 reach military age (17) annually Supply: dependent on the USSR and Eastern European Communist countries for virtually all new .equipment; pro- duces negligible quantities of infantry weapons, ammunition and explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge inventory of US-manufactured weapons and equipment captured from the RVN) Military budget: no expenditure estimates are available; military aid from the USSR has been so extensive that actual allocation of Vietnam's domestic resources to defense has not been indicative of total military effort WALLIS AMD FUTUNA NEW ZEALAND (See reference map X) LAND About 207 km2 WATER Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm) Coastline: about 129 km PEOPLE Population: 11,000 (July 1982) average annual growth rate 3.0% Nationality: noun — Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective — Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian Religion: largely Roman Catholic GOVERNMENT Official name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands Type: overseas territory of France Capital: Matu Utu Political subdivisions: 3 districts Branches: territorial assembly of 20 members; popular election of one deputy to National Assembly in Paris and one senator Government leaders: Superior Administrator Pierre IS- SAC; President of Territorial Assembly Robert THIL Suffrage: universal adult Elections: every five years 253 WALLIS AND FUTUNA (Continued) ECONOMY Agriculture: dominated by coconut production with sub- sistence crops of yams, taro, bananas Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1981); 1 million kWh produced (1981), 133 kWh per capita Exports: negligible Imports: $3.4 million (1977); largely foodstuffs and some equipment associated with development programs Aid: (1978) France, European Development Fund, $2.6 million Monetary conversion rate: 75 Colonial Franc Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 COMMUNICATIONS Highways: 100 km of improved road on Uvea Island (1977) Ports: 2 minor Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 148 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.) DEFENSE FORCES No formal defense structure; no regular armed forces WESTERN SAHARA (formerly Spanish Sahara) Atlantic Ocean I /"MOROCCO CANARY ISLANDS ALGERIA (See reference map VII) LAND 266,770 km2, nearly all desert Land boundaries: 2,086 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 1,110km PEOPLE Population: 86,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun — Saharan(s), Moroccan(s); adjective — Saharan, Moroccan Ethnic divisions: Arab, Berber, and Negro nomads Religion: Muslim Languages: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Literacy: among Moroccans, probably nearly 20%; among Saharans, perhaps 5% Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsist- ence farming, 50% other Organized labor: none GOVERNMENT Official name: Western Sahara Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved — territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds including the rich phosphate reserves at Bu Craa. Mauritania, under pressure from the Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control there; OAU- sponsored referendum proposed to resolve situation while guerrilla activities continue into 1982 254 WESTERN SAMOA WESTERN SAHARA (Continued) ECONOMY Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces Major industries: phosphate and iron mining, fishing, and handicrafts Shortages: water Electric power: 56,000 kW capacity (1980); 78 million kWh produced (1980), 772 kWh per capita Exports: in 1975, up to $75 million in phosphates, all other exports valued at under $1 million Imports: $1,443,000 (1968); fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs Major trade partners: monetary trade largely with Spain and Spanish possessions, more recently with Morocco Aid: small amounts from Spain in prior years; currently Morocco is major source of support Monetary conversion rate: see Moroccan and Maurita- nian currencies COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 6,100 km total; 500 km bituminous treated, 5,600 km unimproved earth roads and tracks Ports: 2 major (El Aaiun, Dakhla) Civil air: no major transport aircraft Airfields: 15 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659; 1 with runways 2,440- 3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: sparse and fragmentary system with facilities concentrated in northwest area; some radio relay, wire, and radiocommunications stations in use; 1,000 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and no FM stations; 1 TV station CAPUA WESTERN *• SAMOA •Sfl Pacific Ocean M1 Jf NEW Sgr ZEALAND *****rS (See reference map X) LAND 2,849 km2; comprised of 2 large islands of Savai'i and Upolu and several smaller islands, including Manono and Apolima; 65% forested, 24% cultivated, 11% industry, waste, or urban WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 403 km PEOPLE Population: 158,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7% Nationality: noun — Western Samoan(s); adjective — West- ern Samoa Ethnic divisions: Polynesians, about 12,000 Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood), 700 Europeans Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population associ- ated with the London Missionary Society) Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English Literacy: 85%-90% (education compulsory for all children from 7-15 years) Labor force: 38,200 (1976), 90% in agriculture Organized labor: unorganized GOVERNMENT Official name: Independent State of Western Samoa Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief; special treaty relationship with New Zealand Capital: Apia Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; constitution came into effect upon independence in 1962; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compul- sory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 1 January 255 YEMEN (ADEN) WESTERN SAMOA (Continued) Branches: Head of State and Executive Council; Legisla- tive Assembly; Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court, village courts Government leaders: Head of State, MALIETOA Tanu- mafili II; Prime Minister Taisi Tupuola EFI Suffrage: 45 Samoan members of Legislative Assembly are elected by holders of matai (heads of family) titles (about 12,000 persons); two members who do not have traditional family ties are elected by universal adult suffrage Elections: held triennially, last in February 1982 Political parties and leaders: no clearly defined political party structure Communists: unknown Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, South Pacific Forum, South Pacific Commission, UN, UPU, WHO ECONOMY GNP: $70 million (1978), $450 per capita Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple foods include coconut, bananas, taro, and yams Major industries: timber, tourism Electric power: 16,900 kW capacity (1981); 41 million kWh produced (1981), 263 kWh per capita Exports: $11.1 million (f.o.b., 1978); copra 43.3%, cocoa 32.3%, timber 2.0%, mineral fuel, bananas Imports: $52.5 million (c.i.f., 1978); food 30%, manufac- tured goods 25%, machinery Major trade partners: exports — 37% New Zealand, 7% Netherlands, 36% West Germany, 8% US; imports— 28% New Zealand, 20% Australia, 15% Japan, 13% US Aid: economic commitments — US (FY70-80), $8 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $72 million Budget: (1977) $53.3 million Monetary conversion rate: WS Tala=US$1.22 (1979) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 784 km total; 375 km bituminous, remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earth Inland waterways: none Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: 3,800 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 20,000 radio receivers; 1 AM station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 35,000; 18,000 fit for military service IRAN Arabian Indian Ocean (See reference map VI) LAND 287,490 km2; (border with Saudi Arabia undefined); only about 1% arable (of which less than 25% cultivated) Land boundaries: 1,802 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone"); fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm Coastline: 1,383 km PEOPLE Population: 2,022,000, excluding the islands of Perim and Kamaran for which no data are available (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Yemeni(s); adjective — Yemeni Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans Religion: Muslim Language: Arabic Literacy: probably no higher than 10%; Aden 35% (est.) GOVERNMENT Official name: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen Type: republic; power centered in ruling Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP) Capital: Aden; Madinat ash Sha'b, administrative capital Political subdivisions: 6 provinces Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal matters) and English common law (for commercial matters); highest judicial organ, Federal High Court, interprets constitution and determines disputes between states National holiday: 14 October Branches: Supreme People's Council; Cabinet Government leaders: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council, YSP Secretary General, and Prime Minister — 'Ali Nasir Muhammad al-HASANI 256 YEMEN (ADEN) (Continued) Suffrage: granted by constitution to all citizens 18 and over Elections: elections for legislative body, Supreme People's Council, called for in constitution; none have been held Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), the only legal party, is coalition of National Front, Ba'th, and Communist Parties Communists: unknown number Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $792 million (1978 est.), $430 per capita Agriculture (all outside Aden): cotton is main cash crop; cereals, dates, kat (qat), coffee, and livestock are raised and there is a growing fishing industry; large amount of food must be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish are exported Major industries: petroleum refinery at Little Aden operates on imported crude; 1981 output about one-half of rated capacity of 170,000 b/d; oil exploration activity Electric power: 142,100 kW capacity (1980); 349 million kWh produced (1980), 181 kWh per capita Exports: $44.3 million (1979), excluding petroleum prod- ucts but including re-exports Imports: $391.0 million (f.o.b., 1979) Major trade partners: Yemen, East Africa, but some cement and sugar imported from Communist countries; crude oil imported from Persian Gulf, exports mainly to UK and Japan Budget: (1979) total receipts $423 million, current expend- itures $209 million, development expenditures $214 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 S. Yemeni dinar=US$2.90 Official foreign reserves: $800 million (December 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 5,311 km total; 322 km bituminous treated, 290 km crushed stone and gravel, 4,699 km motorable track Pipelines: refined products, 32 km Ports: 1 major (Aden) Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, 1 leased in Airfields: 98 total, 52 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: small system of open-wire, tropo- scatter multiconductor cable, and radiocommunications sta- tions; only center Aden; estimated 10,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, and 5 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 428,000; 238,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, $56 million; about 22.4% of central government budget 257 YEMEN (SANAA) (See reference map VI) LAND 194,250 km2 (parts of border with Saudi Arabia and Southern Yemen undefined); 20% agricultural, 1% forested, 79% desert, waste, or urban Land boundaries: 1,528 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone") Coastline: 523 km PEOPLE Population: 5,490,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3% Nationality: noun — Yemeni(s); adjective — Yemeni Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed) Religion: 100% Muslim Language: Arabic Literacy: 15% (est.) Labor force: almost entirely agriculture and herding GOVERNMENT Official name: Yemen Arab Republic Type: republic; military regime assumed power in June 1974 Capital: Sanaa Political subdivisions: 8 provinces Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and local customary law; first constitution promulgated Decem- ber 1970, suspended June 1974; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 26 September Branches: President, Prime Minister, Cabinet; Constitu- ent Assembly Government leaders: Col. 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH, Presi- dent; 'Abd Al-KARIM IRYANI, Prime Minister Communists: small number Political parties or pressure groups: conservative tribal groups, some Muslim Brotherhood followers, leftist senti- ment represented by pro-Iraqi Ba'thists, Nasirists, small clandestine groups supported by Yemen (Aden) Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN," UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO ECONOMY GNP: $3.8 billion (FY79), $740 per capita Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and vegetables; largely self-sufficient in food Major industries: cotton textiles and leather goods pro- duced on a small scale; handicraft and some fishing; small aluminum products factory Electric power: 100,500 kW capacity (1980); 220 million kWh produced (1980), 41 kWh per capita Exports: $12.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); qat, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables Imports: $1,685.0 million (f.o.b., 1980); textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar, grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement Major trade partners: China, Yemen (Aden), USSR, Ja- pan, UK, Australia, Saudi Arabia Budget: (1978-79) total receipts $909 million, current expenditure $409 million, development expenditure $590 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Yemeni rial=US$0.22 (1980) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 3,477 km total; 467 km bituminous; 435 km crushed stone and gravel; 2,575 km earth, sand, and light gravel Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 2 minor Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft Airfields: 26 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system inadequate; consists of mea- ger open-wire lines and low-power radiocommunication stations; 5,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, no FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,008,000; 560,000 fit for military service; about 59,000 reach military age (18) annually Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979, $156 million; 22% of central government budget 258 YUGOSLAVIA (See reference map V) LAND 255,892 km2; 32% arable, 25% meadows and pastures, 34% forested, 9% other Land boundaries: 3,001 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414 km (offshore islands) PEOPLE Population: 22,689,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8% Nationality: noun — Yugoslav(s); adjective — Yugoslav Ethnic divisions: 39.7% Serb, 22.1% Croat, 8.4% Muslims, 8.2% Slovene, 6.4% Albanian, 5.8% Macedonian, 2.5% Mon- tenegrin, 2.3% Hungarian, 4.6% other (1971 census) Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Roman Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other, 12% none (1953 census) Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Alba- nian, Hungarian, and Italian Literacy: 80.3% (1961) Labor force: 9.3 million (1980); 29% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing, 20% noneconomic activities; estimated unemployment averaged at least 10% of domestic labor force in 1981 GOVERNMENT Official name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Type: Communist state, federal republic in form Capital: Belgrade Political subdivisions: six republics with two autonomous provinces (within the Republic of Serbia) Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1974; legal education at several law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November Branches: parliament (Federal Assembly) constitutionally supreme; executive includes cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the federal administration; judiciary; the State Presidency is a collective policymaking body composed of a representative from each republic and province, Sergej KRAIGHER presides as President of the Republic Government leader: Veselin Djuranovic, President of the Federal Executive Council Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Federal Assembly elected every four years by a complicated, indirect system of voting Political parties and leaders: League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; leaders are party President Dusan Dragosavac, influential Presidium members Milos Minic, Vladimir Bakaric, and Stane Dolanc Communists: 2.1 million party members (December 1981) Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization for the LCY; Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), Union of Youth of Yugoslavia (UYY), Federation of Yugoslav War Veterans (SUBNOR) Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), EC (five-year nonpreferential trade agreement signed in May 1973 currently being renegoti- ated), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $66.3 billion (1980 est, at 1980 prices), $2,900 per capita; real growth rate 3% (1980) Agriculture: diversified agriculture with many small pri- vate holdings and large agricultural combines; main crops — corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers; occasion- ally a net exporter of foodstuffs and live animals; imports tropical products, cotton, wool, and vegetable meal feeds; caloric intake, 3,539 calories per day per capita (1975) Fishing: catch 56,000 metric tons (1979) Major industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing Shortages: electricity, fuels, steel Crude steel: 3.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 160 kg per capita Electric power: 15,113,000 kW capacity (1981); 63.3 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,797 kWh per capita Exports: $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 51% raw materials and semimanufactures, 15% equipment, 34% consumer goods 259 ZAIRE YUGOSLAVIA (Continued) Imports: $15.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); 71% raw materials and semimanufactures, 19% equipment, 10% consumer goods Major trade partners: 62% non-Communist countries; 38% Communist countries, of which 25% USSR (1981) Monetary conversion rate: 38.7 dinars=US$l (November 1981) Fiscal year: same as calendar year (all data refer to calendar year or to middle or end of calendar year as indicated) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 9,465 km total; 9,465 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 891 km double track; 3,167 km electrified (1980). Highways: 155,842 km total; 56,655 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 38,642 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 20,545 km earth (1980) Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1978) Freight carried: rail — 84.9 million metric tons, 25.0 bil- lion metric ton/km (1980); highway — 201.7 million metric tons, 19.0 billion metric ton/km (1980); waterway— 26.0 million metric tons, 5.0 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,760 km natural gas; 150 km refined products Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, and Ploce), 24 minor; principal inland water port is Belgrade (1979) Airfields: 124 total, 109 usable; 41 with permanent- surface runways, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,968,000; 4,814,000 fit for military service; 188,000 reach military age (19) annually Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 102 billion dinars; about 5.8% of national income (See reference map VII) LAND 2,343,950 km2; 22% agricultural land (1% cultivated), 45% forested, 33% other Land boundaries: 9,902 km WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 37 km PEOPLE Population: 30,289,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8% Nationality: noun — Zairian(s); adjective — Zairian Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes — Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population Religion: 60% Christian, 35% animist, 5% other Language: French, English, Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, and Chiluba are all classified as official languages Literacy: 5% fluent in French, about 35% have an acquaintance with French Labor force: about 8 million, but only about 13% in wage structure GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Zaire (until October 1971 known as Democratic Republic of the Congo) Type: republic; constitution establishes strong presidential system Capital: Kinshasa Political subdivisions: eight regions and federal district of Kinshasa Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; new constitution promulgated February 1978; legal education at National University of Zaire; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction 260 ZAIRE (Continued) National holiday: Independence Day, 30 June; Anniver- sary of the Regime, 24 November Branches: President elected 1970 for seven-year term; General Mobutu reelected December 1977; limits on reelec- tion removed by new constitution; national Legislative Council of 210 members elected for five-year term; the official party is the supreme political institution Government leader: Lt. Gen. MOBUTU Sese Seko, President Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18 Elections: elections for rural collectivities urban zone councils, and the Legislative Council of the Popular Move- ment of the Revolution to be held May-September 1982; presidential referendum/election held December 1977 Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR), only legal 'party, organized from the president on down Voting strength: MPR slate polled 97.5% of vote in 1977 Political Bureau elections; in February 1980 President Mo- butu announced there would be no further elections to the Political Bureau Communists: no Communist party Member of: AFDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GDP: $6.3 billion (1980 est), $225 per capita; 1.8% current annual growth rate Agriculture: main cash crops — coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; main food crops — manioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some provinces self-sufficient Fishing: catch 115,182 metric tons (1979) Major industries: mining, mineral processing, light industries Electric power: 1,694,000 kW capacity (1980); 4.2 billion kWh produced (1980), 143 kWh per capita Exports: $2,089 million (f.o.b., 1980); copper, cobalt, diamonds, petroleum, coffee Imports: $1,469 million (c.i.f., 1980); consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equip- ment, fuels Major trade partners: Belgium, US, and West Germany Budget: 1980 revenue, $1,250.2 million; current expendi- tures, $1.242.3 million, capital expenditures $206.5 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 zaire= US$0. 182 (as of June 1981) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km 1.067-meter gauge (851 km electrified), 125 km 1,000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge, 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge Highways: 168,979 km total; 2,654 km bituminous, 58,129 km improved earth; 108,196 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: comprising the Zaire, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the waterway system affords over 15,000 km of navigable routes Pipelines: refined products, 390 km Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft Airfields: 324 total, 287 usable; 26 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 68 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio- relay service, 30,300 telephones (0. 1 per 100 popl.); 12 AM, 1 FM, and 17 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 13 domestic satellite stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,702,000; 3,386,000 fit for military service 261 ZAMBIA Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 745,920 km2; 5% under cultivation, 5% arable, 10% graz- ing, 13% dense forest, 6% marsh, 61% scattered trees and grassland Land boundaries: 6,003 km PEOPLE Population: 6,222,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2% Nationality: noun — Zambian(s); adjective — Zambian Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% European, 0.2% other Religion: 82% animist, about 17% Christian, and under 1% Hindu and Muslim Language: English official; wide variety of indigenous languages Literacy: 28% Labor force: 402,000 wage earners; 375,000 Africans, 27,000 non-Africans; 15% mining, 9% agriculture, 9% do- mestic service, 19% construction, 9% commerce, 10% manu- facturing, 23% government and miscellaneous services, 6% transport Organized labor: approximately 238,000 wage earners are unionized GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Zambia Type: one-party state Capital: Lusaka Political subdivisions: nine provinces Legal system: based on English common law and custom- ary law; new constitution adopted September 1973; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; legal education at University of Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 24 October Branches: modified presidential system; legislature; judiciary Government leaders: President Kenneth David KAUNDA; Prime Minister Nalumino MUNDIA Suffrage: universal adult Elections: general election held 12 December 1978; next general election scheduled for 1983 Political parties and leaders: United National Independ- ence Party (UNIP), Kenneth Kaunda; former opposition party banned in December 1972 when one-party state proclaimed Voting strength (1978 election): 70% of eligible voters went to polls; Kaunda was only candidate for President; National Assembly seats were contested by members of UNIP Communists: no Communist party, but socialist sympa- thizers in upper levels of government and UNIP Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $2.8 billion (1980), $483 per capita; real annual average growth rate, 0.65% (1971-81) Agriculture: main crops — corn, tobacco, cotton; net im- porter of most major agricultural products Major industries: copper and cobalt production Electric power: 1,453,000 kW capacity (1980); 7.3 billion kWh produced (1980), 969 kWh per capita Exports: $1,378 million (f.o.b., 1980); copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco Imports: $1,383 million (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures Major trade partners: EEC, Japan, China, South Africa Budget: (1980) revenue $950 million (est), current expenditures $1,279 million (est.), development expenditures $241 million (est.) Monetary conversion rate: 1 Zambia kwacha=US$1.2446 (official) Fiscal year: calendar year 262 ZIMBABWE ZAMBIA (Continued) COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,014 km, all narrow gauge (1.067 m); 13 km double track Highways: 36,809 km total; 5,565 km paved, 8,374 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 2,250 km including Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake Kariba, Lake Bangweulu, Lake Tan- ganyika; Mpulungu is small port on Lake Tanganyika Pipelines: 724 km crude oil Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft Airfields: 136 total, 129 usable; 12 with permanent- surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-SaharanAfrica; high-capacity radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; 60,500 telephones; (1.1 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 1 FM, and 5 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,327,000; 691,000 fit for military service Indian Ocean (See reference map VII) LAND 391,090 km2; 40% arable (of which 6% cultivated); 60% available for extensive cattle grazing; 39% owned by Europe- ans (farmed by modern methods); 48% worked communally by Africans; 7% national land, 6% not alienated Land boundaries: 3,017 km PEOPLE Population: 8,090,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.5% Nationality: noun — Zimbabwean(s); adjective — Zim- babwean Ethnic divisions: about 97% African (over 70% of which are members of Shona-speaking subtribes, 20 to 25% speak Ndebele); about 3% European, less than 0.5% coloreds (people of mixed heritage) and Asians Religion: 51% syncretic (part Christian, part animist), 24% Christian, 24% animist, a few Muslim Language: English official; Shona and Ndebele also wide- ly used Literacy: 25-30% of blacks; nearly 100% of whites Labor force: (1981) 1,048,000 total; 35% agriculture, 25% mining, manufacturing, construction, 40% transport and services Organized labor: about one-third of European wage earners are unionized, but only a small minority of Africans GOVERNMENT Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe Type: independent since 18 April 1980; a British-style parliamentary democracy Capital: Salisbury Political subdivisions: eight provinces Legal system: British common law tradition Branches: legislative authority resides in a Parliament consisting of a 100-member House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved for whites) and a 40-member Senate (10 263 ZIMBABWE (Continued) elected by white members of the House, 14 elected by the other members of the House; 10 chiefs, 5 from Mashonaland and 5 from Matabeleland, elected by members of the Council of Chiefs; 6 appointed by the President, on the advice of the Prime Minister); executive authority lies with a Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; the High Court is the superior judicial authority Government leaders: President Canaan BANANA; Prime Minister Robert MUGABE Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister but must be held before expiration of five-year electoral mandate Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Robert Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Republican Front (RF), Ian. Smith; United African National Council (UANC), Bishop Abel Muzorewa; others failed to win any seats in Parliament Voting strength (February 1980 elections): ZANU (also known as ZANU-PF), 57 seats; ZAPU (also known as the Patriotic Front), 20 seats; RF, 20 seats; UANC, 3 seats Communists: negligible Member of: IAEA, IBRD, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, UN, UPU, WHO ECONOMY GDP: $4.75 billion (1980), $630 per capita; real growth 8% Agriculture: main crops — tobacco, corn, sugar, cotton; livestock; self-sufficient in foodstuffs Major industries: mining, steel, textiles, chemicals, and vehicles Electric power: 1,453,000 kW capacity (1980); 7.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,110 kWh per capita Exports: $1,445 million (f.o.b., 1980), including net gold sales and reexports; tobacco, asbestos, copper, tin, chrome, gold, nickel, meat, clothing, sugar Imports: $1,287 billion (1980); machinery, petroleum products, wheat, transport equipment Net merchandise trade earnings: $160 million (1980) Major trade partner: South Africa Aid: economic commitments — Western (non-US) coun- tries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $77 million Budget: FY80 — revenues $1,422 million, expenditures $2,200 million, deficit $778 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Rhodesian dollar=US$1.59 (1980) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,743 km narrow gauge (1.067 m); 42 km double track Highways: 85,237 km total; 12,243 km paved, 28,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 21,807 km unimproved earth Pipelines: 8 km refined products (nonoperating) Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in Airfields: 447 total, 431 usable; 19 with permanent- surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: system is one of the best in Africa; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocom- munication stations; principal center Salisbury, secondary center Bulawayo; 214,400 telephones (2.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, r5 FM, and 6 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,708,000; 1,048,000 fit for military service Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $464.8 million; 17.2% of central government budget 264 TAIWAN CHINA _ East k/ JAPAN China J J«P« , ^TAIWAH South China Sea (See reference map VIII) LAND 32,260 km2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); 24% cultivated, 6% pasture, 55% forested, 15% other (urban, industrial, de- nuded, water area) WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm) Coastline: 990 km Taiwan, 459 km offshore islands PEOPLE Population: 18,456,000, excluding the population of Que- moy and Matsu Islands and foreigners (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8% Nationality: noun — Chinese (sing., pi.); adjective — Chinese Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% mainland Chinese, 2% aborigines Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Tao- ist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other Language: Chinese Mandarin (official language); Taiwan- ese and Hakka dialect also used Literacy: about 90% Labor force: 6.51 million (1979); 21.5% primary industry (agriculture), 41.8% secondary industry (including manufac- turing, mining, construction), 36.7% tertiary industry (in- cluding commerce and services), 1979; 1.3% unemployment (1979) Organized labor: about 15% of 1978 labor force (govern- ment controlled) GOVERNMENT Official name: Taiwan Type: one-party presidential regime Capital: Taipei Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 3 cities, 2 special municipalities (Taipei and Kaosiung) Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1947, amended 1960 to permit Chiang Kai-shek to be reelected, and amended 1972 to permit President to restructure certain government organs; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations National holiday: 10 October Branches: five independent branches (executive, legisla- tive, judicial, plus traditional Chinese functions of examina- tion and control), dominated by executive branch; President and Vice President elected by National Assembly Government leaders: President CHIANG Ching-kuo; Premier SUN Yiin-hsiian Suffrage: universal over age 20 Elections: national level — legislative yuan every three years but no general election held since 1948 election on mainland (partial elections for Taiwan province representa- tives in December 1969, 1972, 1975, and 1980); local level- provincial assembly, county and municipal executives every four years; county and municipal assemblies every four years Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or National Party, led by Chairman Chiang Ching-kuo, had no real opposition; lately a loosely organized anti-Kuomintang oppo- sition has emerged; two insignificant parties are Democratic Socialist Party and Young China Party Voting strength (1981 provincial assembly elections): 59 seats Kuomintang, 18 seats independents; 1981 local elec- tions, with 72% turnout of eligible voters Kuomintang received 59% of the popular vote, non-Kuomintang 41% Other political or pressure groups: none Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; ex- pelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; mem- ber of ADB and seeking to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting to retain membership in ICAC, ISO, INTELSAT, IWC-International Wheat Council, PCA; suspended from IAEA in 1972 but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development ECONOMY GNP: $32.2 billion (1979, in 1979 prices), $1,830 per capita; real growth, 8% (1979) Agriculture: most arable land intensely farmed — 60% cultivated land under irrigation; main crops — rice, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits; food shortages — wheat, corn, soybeans Fishing: catch 854,784 metric tons (1977) Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemicals, plywood, electronics, sugar milling, food processing, cement, shipbuilding Electric power: 9,147,000 kW capacity (1980); 41.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 2,280 kWh per capita 265 TAIWAN (Continued) Exports: $16.1 billion (f.o.b., 1979); 28.0% textiles, 17.0% electrical machinery, 6.3% plywood and wood products, 8.0% basic metals and metal products, 28% machinery, manufactures, and transportation Imports: $14.8 billion (c.i.f., 1979); 23.0% machinery and transportation equipment, 11.0% electrical machinery, 11.0% basic metals, 15.0% crude oil, 12.3% chemical products Major trade partners: exports — 35% US, 14% Japan; imports— 31% Japan, 23% US (1979) Aid: economic commitments— US (FY46-80), $2.2 billion, including Ex-Im; other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $265 million; military— US (FY46-79), $4.4 billion committed Central government budget: $6.7 billion (FY79) Monetary conversion rate: NT (New Taiwan) $36=US$1 Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: about 1,050 km common-carrier and 3,500 km industrial lines, all on Taiwan; common-carrier lines consist of West System— 825 km meter gauge (1.067 m) with 325 km double track (complete line under construction for electrification) — and East Line — 225 km meter gauge (1.067 m); common-carrier lines owned by government and operat- ed by Railway Administration (TRA) under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises Highways: network totals 17,224 km (construction of North-South Freeway approximately 98% complete), plus 483 km on Penghu and offshore islands; 11,455 km paved, 4,424 km gravel and crushed stone, 1,345 km earth Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas Ports: 5 major, 5 minor Airfields: 43 total, 41 usable; 31 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: very good international and do- mestic service; 2.6 million telephones; about 100 radio broadcast stations with 240 AM and 6 FM transmitters; 12 TV stations and 3 repeaters; 8 million radio receivers and 3.6 million TV receivers; 2 INTELSAT ground stations; tropo- spheric scatter links to Hong Kong and the Philippines available but inactive; submarine cables to Okinawa (Japan), the Philippines, and Guam DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,875,000; 3,835,000 fit for military service; about 205,000 currently reach military age (19) annually