THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1982
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The World Factbook—1982
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UNAVAILABLE TEXT
(Supersedes GS WF 81-001)
April 1982
CONTENTS
Page
Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
United Nations (UN): Structure and Associated Agencies
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
viii
Abbreviations for Other Important International Organizations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
Conversion Factors
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
—A—
Abu Dhabi (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
AFGHANISTAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
Ajman (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
ALBANIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
ALGERIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
ANDORRA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
ANGOLA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
ARGENTINA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
AUSTRALIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
AUSTRIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
Azores (see PORTUGAL)
—B—
BAHAMAS, THE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
BAHRAIN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
Balearic Islands (see SPAIN)
BANGLADESH
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
BARBADOS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
BELGIUM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
BELIZE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
BENIN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
BERMUDA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
BHUTAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
BOLIVIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
Bophuthatswana (see SOUTH AFRICA)
BOTSWANA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
BRAZIL
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
British Honduras (see BELIZE)
British Solomon Islands (see SOLOMON ISLANDS)
BRUNEI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
BULGARIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
BURMA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
BURUNDI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
—C—
Cabinda (see ANGOLA)
Cambodia (see KAMPUCHEA)
CAMEROON
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
CANADA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36
Canary Islands (see SPAIN)
CAPE VERDE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
38
Ceylon (see SRI LANKA)
CHAD
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
CHILE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
CHINA (Taiwan listed at end of table)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
COLOMBIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
COMOROS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46
CONGO (Brazzaville)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47
Congo (Kinshasa) (see ZAIRE)
COOK ISLANDS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
48
COSTA RICA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
CUBA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51
CYPRUS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
52
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
—D—
Dahomey (see BENIN)
DENMARK
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
DJIBOUTI (formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
57
DOMINICA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
Dubai (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
—E—
ECUADOR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
EGYPT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
Ellice Islands (see TUVALU)
EL SALVADOR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
64
EQUATORIAL GUINEA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
ETHIOPIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
—F—
FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
FAROE ISLANDS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
Fernando Po (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
FIJI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
FINLAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
FRANCE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
73
FRENCH GUIANA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
FRENCH POLYNESIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
77
French Territory of the Afars and Issas (see DJIBOUTI)
Fujairah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
—G—
GABON
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
78
GAMBIA, THE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
81
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
GHANA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
84
GIBRALTAR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
85
Gilbert Islands (see KIRIBATI)
GREECE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
GREENLAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
88
GRENADA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
89
GUADELOUPE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90
GUATEMALA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
92
GUINEA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
93
GUINEA-BISSAU
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
95
Guinea, Portuguese (see GUINEA-BISSAU)
GUYANA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
96
—H—
HAITI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
97
HONDURAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
99
HONG KONG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100
HUNGARY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
102
—I—
ICELAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103
INDIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
INDONESIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
106
IRAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
108
IRAQ
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
109
IRELAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
ISRAEL
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
112
ITALY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
114
IVORY COAST
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
116
—J—
JAMAICA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118
JAPAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
119
JORDAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121
—K—
KAMPUCHEA (formerly Cambodia)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
122
KENYA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
124
KIRIBATI (formerly Gilbert Islands)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
125
KOREA, NORTH
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
KOREA, SOUTH
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
127
KUWAIT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129
—L—
LAOS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
130
LEBANON
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
132
LESOTHO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133
LIBERIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
135
LIBYA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
136
LIECHTENSTEIN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
LUXEMBOURG
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
139
—M—
MACAU
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
141
MADAGASCAR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
Madeira Islands (see PORTUGAL)
Malagasy Republic (see MADAGASCAR)
MALAWI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
144
MALAYSIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
145
MALDIVES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
148
MALI
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
MALTA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
151
MARTINIQUE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
152
MAURITANIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
154
MAURITIUS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155
MEXICO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
157
MONACO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
158
MONGOLIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
159
MOROCCO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
160
MOZAMBIQUE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
162
—N—
NAMIBIA (South-West Africa)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
163
NAURU
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
164
NEPAL
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165
NETHERLANDS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
167
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
169
NEW CALEDONIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
170
New Hebrides (see VANUATU)
NEW ZEALAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
171
NICARAGUA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173
NIGER
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
175
NIGERIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
176
Northern Rhodesia (see ZAMBIA)
NORWAY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
178
—O—
OMAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
—P—
PAKISTAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
PANAMA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
182
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
184
PARAGUAY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
Pemba (see TANZANIA)
PERU
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
187
PHILIPPINES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
188
POLAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
190
PORTUGAL
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
191
Portuguese Guinea (see GUINEA-BISSAU)
Portuguese Timor (see INDONESIA)
—Q—
QATAR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
193
—R—
Ras al Khaimah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
REUNION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
194
Rhodesia (see ZIMBABWE)
Rio Muni (see EQUATORIAL GUINEA)
ROMANIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
196
RWANDA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
197
—S—
ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
199
ST. LUCIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
200
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
201
SAN MARINO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
202
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
203
SAUDI ARABIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
204
SENEGAL
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
206
SEYCHELLES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
207
Sharjah (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
SIERRA LEONE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
209
SINGAPORE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
210
SOLOMON ISLANDS (formerly British Solomon Islands)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
212
SOMALIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
213
SOUTH AFRICA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
214
Southern Rhodesia (see ZIMBABWE)
South-West Africa (see NAMIBIA)
SOVIET UNION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
215
SPAIN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
Spanish Sahara (see WESTERN SAHARA)
SRI LANKA (formerly Ceylon)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
219
SUDAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
220
SURINAME
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
222
SWAZILAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
223
SWEDEN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
224
SWITZERLAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
226
SYRIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
227
—T—
Tanganyika (see TANZANIA)
TANZANIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
229
Tasmania (see AUSTRALIA)
THAILAND
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
230
TOGO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
232
TONGA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
233
Transkei (see SOUTH AFRICA)
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
234
TUNISIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
236
TURKEY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
237
TUVALU (formerly Ellice Islands)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
239
—U—
UGANDA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
240
Umm al Qaiwain (see UNITED ARAB EMIRATES)
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: Abu Dhabi, ‛Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al Khaimah, Sharjah, Umm al
Qaiwain
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
241
United Arab Republic (see EGYPT)
UNITED KINGDOM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
242
UNITED STATES
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
244
UPPER VOLTA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
245
URUGUAY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
247
—V—
VANUATU (formerly New Hebrides)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
248
VATICAN CITY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
249
VENEZUELA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
250
VIETNAM
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
252
—W—
WALLIS AND FUTUNA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
253
Walvis Bay (see SOUTH AFRICA)
WESTERN SAHARA (formerly Spanish Sahara)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
254
WESTERN SAMOA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
255
—Y—
YEMEN (Aden)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
256
YEMEN (Sanaa)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
258
YUGOSLAVIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
259
—Z—
ZAIRE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
260
ZAMBIA
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
262
Zanzibar (see TANZANIA)
ZIMBABWE
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
263
TAIWAN
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
265
Maps
(following text)
The World (Guide to Reference Maps II — XI)
North America
Central America and the Caribbean
South America
Europe
Middle East
Africa
Soviet Union, East and South Asia
Southeast Asia
Oceania
Arctic Region
Antarctic Region
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it is a work of the United States federal government (see 17 U.S.C. 105).
Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse
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ABBREVIATIONS FOR OTHER IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
------------------------------------------------------------
←
United Nations (UN): Structure and Associated Agencies
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyAbbreviations for Other Important International Organizations
Conversion Factors
→
1965229The World Factbook (1982) — Abbreviations for Other Important International Organizationsthe Central Intelligence Agency
ABBREVIATIONS FOR OTHER IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
AAPSO
Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization
ADB
Asian Development Bank
AFDB
African Development Bank
AIOEC
Association of Iron Ore Exporting Countries
ANZUS
ANZUS Council; treaty signed by Australia, New Zealand, and the United States
APC
African Peanut (Groundnut) Council
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASPAC
Asian and Pacific Council
ASSIMER
International Mercury Producers Association
BENELUX
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg Economic Union
BLEU
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union
CACM
Central American Common Market
CARICOM
Caribbean Common Market
CARIFTA
Caribbean Free Trade Association
CCC
Customs Cooperation Council
CEAO
West African Economic Community
CEMA
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
CENTO
Central Treaty Organization
CIPEC
Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries
. . .
Columbo Plan
. . .
Council of Europe
DAC
Development Assistance Committee (OECD)
EAMA
African States associated with the EEC
EC
European Communities (EEC, ECSC, EURATOM)
ECOWAS
Economic Community of West African States
ECSC
European Cool and Steel Community
EEC
European Economic Community (Common Market)
EFTA
European Free Trade Association
EIB
European Investment Bank
ELDO
European Space Vehicle Launcher Development Organization
EMA
European Monetary Agreement
ENTENTE
Political-Economic Association of Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Niger, Upper Volta, and Togo
ESRO
European Space Research Organization
EURATOM
European Atomic Energy Community
G-77
Group of 77
GCC
Gulf Cooperation Council
IADB
Inter-American Defense Board
IATP
International Association of Tungsten Producers
IBA
International Bauxite Association
IBEC
International Bank for Economic Cooperation
ICAC
International Cotton Advisory Committee
ICCAT
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
ICCO
International Cocoa Organization
ICEM
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration
ICES
International Cooperation in Ocean Exploration
ICO
International Coffee Organization
IDB
Inter -American Development Bank
IEA
International Energy Agency {associated with OECD)
IHO
International Hydrographic Organization
. . .
International Lead and Zinc Study Group
IIB
International Investment Bank
INRO
International Natural Rubber Organization
INTELSAT
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
IOOC
International Olive Oil Council
IPU
Inter - Parliamentary Union
IRC
International Red Cross
ISCON
Islamic Conference
ISO
International Sugar Organization
ITC
International Tin Council
IWC
International Whaling Commission
IWC
International Wheat Council
LAFTA
Latin American Free Trade Association
LICROSS
League of Red Cross Societies
NAM
Nan-Aligned Movement
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OAPEC
Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OAS
Organization of American States
OAU
Organization of African Unity
OCAM
Afro-Malagasy and Mauritian Common Organization
ODECA
Organization of Central American States
OECD
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
SELA
Latin American Economic System
SPC
South Pacific Commission
UDEAC
Economic and Customs Union of Central Africa
UEAC
Union of Central African States
UPEB
Union of Banana Exporting Countries
WEU
Western European Union
WFTU
World Federation of Trade Unions
WPC
World Peace Council
WSG
International Wool Study Group
WTO
World Tourism Organization
------------------------------------------------------------
AFGHANISTAN
------------------------------------------------------------
←
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyAfghanistan
Albania
→
related portals: Afghanistan
1741577The World Factbook (1982) — Afghanistanthe Central Intelligence Agency
AFGHANISTAN
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
647,500 km²; 22% arable (12% cultivated, 10% pasture), 75% desert, waste, or urban, 3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,510 km
PEOPLE
Population: 15,328,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4%; this estimate includes an adjustment for net emigration to Pakistan during recent years, but it does not take into account other demographic consequences of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan
Nationality: noun—Afghan(s); adjective—Afghan
Ethnic divisions: 50% Pashtuns, 25% Tajiks, 9% Uzbeks, 9% Hazaras; minor ethnic groups include Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baluchi, and others
Religion: 87% Sunni Muslim, 12% Shia Muslim, 1% other
Language: 50% Pashtu, 35% Afghan Persian (Dari), 11% Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen), 10% thirty minor languages (primarily Baluchi and Pashai); much bilingualism
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 4.98 million (1980 est.); 67.8% agriculture and animal husbandry, 10.2% industry, 6.3% construction, 5.0% commerce, 7.7% services and other
Organized labor: government-controlled unions are being established
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
Type: Communist regime backed by multidivisional Soviet force
Capital: Kābul
Political subdivisions: 29 provinces with centrally appointed governors
Legal system: not established; legal education at University of Kābul; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: Revolutionary Council acts as legislature and final court of appeal; President of Council acts as chief of
state; Cabinet and judiciary responsible to Council; Presidium chosen by Council has full authority when Council not in session; Loya Jirga (Grand Assembly) supposed to convene eventually and approve permanent constitution
Government leaders: President of the Revolutionary Council and head of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan Babrak KARMAL; Prime Minister Soltan Ali KESHTMAND
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Political parties and leaders: The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) is the sole legal political party
Communists: the PDPA reportedly claims 50,000 members; the Parcham faction of the PDPA was installed on 27 December 1979; members of the deposed Khalqi faction continue to hold some important posts; the Sholaye-Jaweid is a much smaller pro-Beijing group
Other political or pressure groups: the military and other branches of internal security are being rebuilt by the Soviets; insurgency continues throughout the country; widespread opposition on religious grounds and anti-Soviet sentiment
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG; suspended from ISCON in January 1980
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.8 billion (FY79), $225 per capita; real growth rate 2.5% (1975-79)
Agriculture: subsistence farming and animal husbandry; main crops—wheat, cotton, fruits
Major industries: carpets and textiles
Electric power: 360,000 kW capacity (1980); 756 million kWh produced (1980), 50 kWh per capita
Exports: $670.2 million (f.o.b., 1980); mostly fruits and nuts, natural gas, and carpets
Imports: $438.4 million (commercial, c.i.f., 1980); mostly food supplies and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports—mostly USSR and other Eastern bloc countries; imports—mostly USSR and other
Eastern bloc countries
Budget: current expenditure Afl6.7 billion, capital expenditure Afl1.7 billion for FY79 (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 44.85 Afghanis=US$1 (official, end 1980)
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 9.6 km (single track) 1.524-meter gauge, government-owned spur of Soviet line
Highways: 21,000 km total (1981); 3,000 km paved, 2,100 km gravel, 8,900 km improved earth, and 7,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: total navigability 1,070 km; steamers up to about 500 metric tons use sections of Amu Darya
Ports: 3 minor river ports; largest Sher Khan
Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 37 total, 36 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited telephone, telegraph, and radiobroadcast services; television introduced in 1980;
telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations, 1 TV station, 1 earth satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 3,602,000; 1,998,000 fit for military service; about 146,000 reach military age (22) annually
Supply: dependent on foreign sources, almost exclusively the USSR
Military budget: estimated expenditures for fiscal year ending 31 March 1979, about $63.8 million; approximately 12% of central government budget
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ALBANIA
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Afghanistan
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Algeria
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1741578The World Factbook (1982) — Albaniathe Central Intelligence Agency
ALBANIA
(See reference map V)
LAND
28,749 km²; 19% arable, 24% other agricultural, 43% forested, 14% other
Land boundaries: 716 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 15 nm
Coastline: 418 km (including Sazan Island)
PEOPLE
Population: 2,792,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun—Albanian(s); adjective—Albanian
Ethnic divisions: 96% Albanian, remaining 4% are Greeks, Vlachs, Gypsies, and Bulgarians
Religion: 70% Muslim, 20% Albanian Orthodox, 10% Roman Catholic; observances prohibited; Albania claims to be the world's first atheist state
Language: Albanian, Greek
Literacy: about 70%; no reliable current statistics available, but probably greatly improved
Labor force: 911,000 (1969); 60.5% agriculture, 17.9% industry, 21.6% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Socialist Republic of Albania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Tiranë
Political subdivisions: 27 rethet (districts), including capital
Legal system: based on constitution adopted in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts only in the Presidium of the
People's Assembly, which is not a true court; legal education at State University of Tiranë; has not accepted compulsory
1CJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 29 November
Branches: People's Assembly, Council of Ministers, judiciary
Government leaders: Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier), Adil CARCANI; Chairman, Presidium of the People's Assembly, Haxhi LLESHI (chief of state)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: national elections theoretically held every four years; last elections 6 November 1978; 99.99% of electorate
voted
Political parties and leaders: Albanian Workers Party only; First Secretary, Enver Hoxha
Communists: 101,500 party members (November 1976)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO; has not participated in CEMA since rift with USSR in 1961; officially withdrew from Warsaw Pact 13 September 1968
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.2 billion in 1972 (at 1970 prices), $520 per capita
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops—corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, cotton; food shortages—wheat; caloric
intake, 2,503 calories per day per capita (1972/74)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles and clothing, lumber, and extractive industries
Shortages: spare parts, machinery and eauipment, wheat
Electric power: 1,390,000 kW capacity (1981); 4.350 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,575 kWh per capita
Exports: $150.5 million (1978 est.); 1964 trade—55% minerals, metals, fuels; 23% foodstuffs (including cigarettes);
17% agricultural materials (except foods); 5% consumer goods
Imports: $173.4 million (1978); 1964 trade—50% machinery, equipment, and spare parts; 16% minerals, metals, fuels,
construction materials; 16% foodstuffs; 7% consumer goods; 7% fertilizers, other chemicals, rubber; 4% agricultural materials (except foodstuffs)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.14 leks=US$l (1980)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 277 km standard gauge (1.435 m), single track, government owned (1975)
Highways: 4,989 km total; 1,287 km paved, 1,609 km crushed stone and/or gravel, 2,093 km improved or unimproved earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 43 km plus Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1979)
Freight carried: rail—2.8 million metric tons, 180 million metric ton/km (1971); highways—39 million metric tons,
900 million metric ton/km (1971)
'Ports: 1 major (Durres), 3 minor (1979)
Pipelines: crude oil, 117 km; refined products, 65 km; natural gas, 64 km
Civil air: no civil airline
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 721,000; 597,000 fit for military service; 31,000 reach military age (19) annually
Ships: 4 submarine, 2 mine warfare ships, 54 coastal patrol-river/roadstead craft, 6 mine warfare craft, 2 under-way replenishment ships, 1 other auxiliary
Military budget announced: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 940 million leks; 11.5% of total budget
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ALGERIA
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Albania
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Andorra
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1741579The World Factbook (1982) — Algeriathe Central Intelligence Agency
ALGERIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
2,460,500 km2; 3% cultivated, 16% pasture and meadows, 1% forested, 80% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 6,260 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,183 km
PEOPLE
Population: 20,030,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun—Algerian(s); adjective—Algerian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Arab-Berbers, less than 1% Europeans
Religion: 99% Muslim; 1% Christian and Hebrew
Language: Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Literacy: 25% (5% Arabic, 9% French, 11% both)
Labor force: 4.0 million; 19% agriculture, 17% industry, 64% other (military, police, civil service, transportation
workers, teachers, merchants, construction workers); at least 19% of urban labor unemployed
Organized labor: 25% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation Front
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria
Type: republic
Capital: Algiers
Political subdivisions: 31 Wilayas (departments or provinces)
Legal system: based on French and Islamic law, with socialist principles; new constitution adopted by referendum November 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials,
including several Supreme Court justices; Supreme Court divided into four chambers; legal education at Universities of Algiers, Oran, and Constantine; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 1 November
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislature; judiciary
Government leader: President, Col. Chadli BENDJEDID, elected 7 February 1979 as successor to deceased President
Boumediene
Suffrage: universal over age 19
Elections (latest): presidential 7 February 1979; departmental assemblies 2 June 1974; local assemblies 30 March
1975; legislative elections held 25 February 1977
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Front (FLN), Secretary General Chadli Bendjedid
Communists: 400 (est.); Communist Party illegal (banned 1962)
Member of: AFDB, AlOEC, Arab League, ASSIMER, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $41.0 billion (1981 est.), $1,720 per capita; 6.2% real growth in 1981
Agriculture: main crops—wheat, barley, grapes, citrus fruits
Major industries: petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, petrochemical, electrical, and automotive plants
under construction
Electric power: 1,780,000 kW capacity (1980); 6,400 million kWh produced (1980), 336 kWh per capita
Exports: $14.0 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); major items—petroleum and gas 98.0%; US 52.0%, France 23.0%
Imports: $11.0 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); major items—capital goods 32.0%, semifinished goods 25.0%, foodstuffs 19.0%; France 23.0%, US 7.4%
Major trade partners: US, West Germany, France, Italy
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Algerian dinar (DA)=US$0.23
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,950 km total; 2,690 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,140 km 1.055-meter gauge, 120 km meter gauge (1.000
m); 302 km electrified; 193 km double track
Highways: 78,410 km total; 45,070 km concrete or bituminous, 33,340 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved earth
Ports: 9 major, 8 minor Pipelines: crude oil, 6,612 km; refined products, 298 km; natural gas, 2,398 km
Civil air: 35 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in
Airfields: 185 total, 172 usable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 27 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 85 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,159,000; 2,568,000 fit for military service; 218,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1,779 million; 11% of central government budget
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ANDORRA
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Algeria
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Angola
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1741580The World Factbook (1982) — Andorrathe Central Intelligence Agency
ANDORRA
(See reference map V)
LAND
466 km2
Land boundaries: 105 km
PEOPLE
Population: 36,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1%
Nationality: noun—Andorran(s); adjective—Andorran
Ethnic divisions: Catalan stock; 61% Spanish, 30% Andorrans, 6% French, 3% other
Religion: virtually all Roman Catholic
Language: Catalan; many also speak some French and Castilian
Labor force: unorganized; largely shepherds and farmers
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Principality of Andorra
Type: unique coprincipality under formal sovereignty of President of France and Spanish Bishop of Seo de Urgel, who are represented locally by officials called verguers
Capital: Andorra
Political subdivisions: 7 districts
Legal system: based on French and Spanish civil codes; Plan of Reform adopted 1866 serves as constitution; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: legislature (General Council) consisting of 28 members with one-half elected every two years for four-year
term; executive—syndic (manager) and a deputy subsyndic chosen by General Council for three-year terms; judiciary chosen by coprinces who appoint two civil judges, a judge of appeals, and two Batles (court prosecutors); final appeal to the Supreme Court of Andorra at Perpignan, France, or to the Ecclesiastical Court of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain Suffrage: males of 21 or over who are third generation Andorrans vote for General Council members; same right granted to women in April 1970
Elections: half of General Council chosen every two years, last election December 1979 Political parties and leaders: political parties not yet legally recognized; traditionally no political parties but only partisans for particular independent candidates for the General Council, on the basis of competence, personality, and orientation toward Spain or France; various small pressure groups developed in 1972; first formal political party—Andorran Democratic Association—formed in November 1976; as of March 1980, newly formed Partit Democrata Andorra, which had applied for legal status, must await final approval of a new law covering associations
Communists: negligible
Member of: UNESCO
ECONOMY
Agriculture: sheep raising; small quantities of tobacco, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and some vegetables (less than 4% of
land is arable)
Major industries: tourism, sheep, timber, tobacco, and smuggling
Electric power: 25,000 kW capacity (1981); 100 million kWh produced (1981), 3,450 kWh per capita; power is
mainly exported to Spain and France
Major trade partners: Spain, France
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 96 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: international landline circuits to Spain and France; 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV
station; about 11,720 telephones (39.0 per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE FORCES
Andorra has no defense forces; Spain and France are responsible for protection as needed
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ANGOLA
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Andorra
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Antigua and Barbuda
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1741582The World Factbook (1982) — Angolathe Central Intelligence Agency
ANGOLA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,245,790 km2 ; 1% cultivated, 44% forested, 22% meadows and pastures, 33% other (including fallow)
Land boundaries: 5,070 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 20 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,600 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,000,000, including Cabinda (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%; Cabinda, 117,000 (July
1982), average annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun—Angolan(s); adjective—Angolan
Ethnic divisions: 93% African, 5% European, 1% mestizo
Religion: about 84% animist, 12% Roman Catholic, 4% Protestant
Language: Portuguese (official); many native dialects
Literacy: 10-15%
Labor force: 2.6 million economically active (1964); 531,000 wage workers (1967)
Organized labor: approx. 65,000 (1967)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Republic of Angola
Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in November 1975; constitution promulgated 1975; government formed after civil war which ended in early 1976
Capital: Luanda
Political subdivisions: 17 provinces including the coastal exclave of Cabinda
Legal system: formerly based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; being modified along "socialist" model
National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November
Branches: the official party is the supreme political institution
Government leader: José Eduardo DOS SANTOS, President
Suffrage: to be determined
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party (MPLA-Labor Party), led by dos Santos, only legal party; National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), defeated in civil war, carrying out insurgencies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, ILO, IMCO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.9 billion (1980 est.), $591 per capita, 0.0% real growth (1980)
Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, and tobacco; food crops—cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas, and other local foodstuffs; largely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 106,073 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: mining (oil, diamonds), fish processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar processing, textiles, cement, food
processing plants, building construction
Electric power: 600,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.4 billion kWh produced (1980), 206 kWh per capita
Exports: est. $1,900 million (f.o.b., 1980); oil, coffee, diamonds, sisal, fish and fish products, iron ore, timber, corn, and cotton; exports down sharply 1975-77
Imports: est. $1,350 million (f.o.b., 1980); capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), wines, bulk iron
and ironwork, steel and metals, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; military deliveries partially
offset drop in imports in 1975-77
Major trade partners: Cuba, USSR, Portugal, and US
Budget: (1975) balanced at about $740 million by former Portuguese administration; budget not yet published by new
government
Monetary conversion rate: 27.6 kwanza=US$1 as of September 1981
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 28,723 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved
earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,165 km navigable
Ports: 3 major (Luanda, Lobito, Mocamedes), 5 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 389 total, 367 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,660 m, 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 100 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of wire and radio relay; troposcatter/radio-relay system under construction; HF used
extensively for military/Cuban links; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 29,100 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl); 15 AM and 5 FM stations; 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,536,000; 773,000 fit for military service; 62,000 reach military age (20) annually
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ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
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Angola
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Argentina
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1741584The World Factbook (1982) — Antigua and Barbudathe Central Intelligence Agency
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
(See reference map III)
LAND
280km2;54% arable, 5% pasture, 14% forested, 9% unused but potentially productive, 18% wasteland and built on; the
islands of Redonda (less than 2.6 km 2 and uninhabited) and Barbuda (161 km2) are dependencies
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 153 km
PEOPLE
Population: 77,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun—Antiguan(s); adjective—Antiguan
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely African Negro
Religion: Church of England (predominant), other Protestant sects, and some Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 88%
Organized labor: 18,000, 18% unemployment (est.)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Antigua and Barbuda
Type: independent state since 1 November 1981; recognizes Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: St. Johns
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes, 2 dependencies (Barbuda, Redonda)
Legal system: based on English law; British Caribbean Court of Appeal has exclusive original jurisdiction and an appellate jurisdiction, consists of Chief Justice and five justices
Branches: legislative, 21-member popularly elected House of Representatives; executive, Prime Minister and Cabinet
Government leaders: Prime Minister Vere C. BIRD, Sr.; Deputy Prime Minister Lester BIRD; Governor Sir Wilfred
Ebenezer JACOBS
Suffrage: universal suffrage age 18 and over
Elections: every five years; last general election 24 April 1980
Political parties and leaders: Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. Bird, Sr., Lester Bird; Progressive Labor Movement
(PLM), George Herbert Walter; Antigua People's Party (APP), J. Rowan Henry
Voting strength: (1980 election) House of Representatives; ALP, 13 seats; PLM, 3 seats; independent, 1 seat
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Antigua Caribbean Liberation Movement (ACLM), a small leftist nationalist
group led by Timothy Hector
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
ECONOMY
GDP: $73 million (1978 est.), $1,000 per capita; 3% real growth in 1980
Agriculture: main crop, cotton
Major industry: tourism
Electric power: 28,000 kW capacity (1981); 55 million kWh produced (1981), 714 kWh per capita
Exports: $21 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); clothing, rum, lobsters
Imports: $76 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); fuel, food, machinery
Major trade partners: 30% UK, 25% US, 18% Commonwealth Caribbean countries (1975)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (1970-79) from Western (non-US) countries, $20 million; no military aid
Budget: (current) revenues, $24 million (1980 prelim.); current expenditures, $33 million (1980 prelim.)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean (EC) dollar=US$l (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 April-30 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 78 km narrow gauge (0.760 m), employed almost exclusively for handling cane
Highways: 380 km total; 240 km main, 140 km secondary
Ports: 1 major (St. Johns), 1 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 4,000 telephones (5.4 per 100 popl); tropospheric scatter links with
Tortola and St. Lucia; 3 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
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ARGENTINA
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Antigua and Barbuda
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1741586The World Factbook (1982) — Argentinathe Central Intelligence Agency
ARGENTINA
(See reference map IV)
LAND
2,771,300 km2; 57% agricultural (11% crops, improved pasture and fallow, 46% natural grazing land), 25% forested,
18% mountain, urban, or waste
Land boundaries: 9,414 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 4,989 km
PEOPLE
Population: 28,593,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun—Argentine(s); adjective—Argentine
Ethnic divisions: approximately 85% white, 15% mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups
Religion: 90% nominally Roman Catholic (less than 20% practicing), 2% Protestant, 2% Jewish, 6% other
'Language: Spanish
Literacy: 85% (90% in Buenos Aires)
Labor force: 10.8 million; 19% agriculture, 25% manufacturing, 20% services, 11% commerce, 6% transport and communications, 19% other; 2.2% estimated unemployment (1978 est.)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (est.)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Argentine Republic
Type: republic; under military rule since 1976
Capital: Buenos Aires
Political subdivisions: 22 provinces, 1 district (Federal Capital), and 1 territory
Legal system: based on Spanish and French civil codes; constitution adopted 1853 partially superseded in 1966 by the Statute of the Revolution, which takes precedence over the constitution when the two are in conflict; further changes may be made by new government; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at University of Buenos Aires and other public and private universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May
Branches: presidency; national judiciary
Government leader: President, Lt. Gen. Leopoldo Fortunato GALTIERI, chosen in December 1981 by the military junta that took power on 24 March 1976
Government structure: the President and the junta, composed of the chiefs of the three armed services, retain supreme authority; active duty or retired officers fill three Cabinet posts and administer all provincial and many local governments; in addition, the military now oversees the nation's principal labor confederation and unions, as well as other civilian pressure groups; Congress has been disbanded and all political activity suspended; a five-man Legislative Council, composed of senior officers, advises the junta on lawmaking
Political parties: several civilian political groupings remain potentially influential, despite the suspension of all
partisan activity; these include Justicialist Party (Peronist coalition that formerly governed) and the Radical Civic Union, center-left party providing the chief civilian opposition to the Peronists; the Moscow-oriented Communist Party remains legal, but extreme leftist splinter groups have been outlawed
Communists: some 70,000 members in various party organizations, including a small nucleus of activists
Other political or pressure groups: Peronist-dominated labor movement, General Economic Confederation (Peronist-leaning association of small businessmen), Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association), business organizations, students, and the Catholic Church
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, IFAD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, LAFTA, NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $143 billion (1980), $5,257 per capita; 69% consumption, 26% investment, 6% net foreign demand (1979); real GDP growth rate 1980, -0.3%
Agriculture: main products—cereals, oilseed, livestock products; Argentina is a major world exporter of temperate zone foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 537,323 metric tons (1978); exports $42 million (1976 est.)
Major industries: food processing (especially meatpacking), motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals,
printing, and metallurgy
Crude steel: 3.2 million metric tons produced (1979), 120 kg per capita
Electric power: 10,500,000 kW capacity (1981); 40.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,454 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.0 billion (f.o.b., 1980); meat, corn, wheat, wool, hides, oilseed
Imports: $9.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); machinery, fuel and lubricating oils, iron and steel, intermediate industrial products
Major trade partners (1980): exports—9% Brazil, 9% Netherlands, 8% Italy, 9% US, 6% FRG, 5% USSR, Japan, and Spain; imports—26% US, 10% Brazil, 11% FRG, 4% Italy, 11% Japan, 3% Chile
Budget: (1980) approximately $20 billion at exchange rate of first quarter 1980
Monetary conversion rate: 1,930 pesos=US$1 (mid-September 1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 39,738 km total; 3,086 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 22,788 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 13,461 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 403 km 0.750-meter gauge; of total in country, 260 km are electrified
Highways: 208,100 km total, of which 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 11,000 km navigable
Ports: 7 major, 21 minor
Pipelines: 4,090 km crude oil; 2,200 km refined products; 8,172 km natural gas
Civil air: 67 major transport aircraft including 2 leased in
Airfields: 2,446 total, 2,147 usable; 108 with permanent-surface runways; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 311 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: extensive modern system; telephone network has 2.76 million sets (10.3 per 100 popl.), radio relay widely used; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas; 160 AM, 12 FM, and 74 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 7,040,000; 5,715,000 fit for military service; 236,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $3,426,600; about 16.6% of total central
government budget
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AUSTRALIA
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Argentina
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1741587The World Factbook (1982) — Australiathe Central Intelligence Agency
AUSTRALIA
(See reference map X)
LAND
7,692,300 km2; 6% arable, 58% pasture, 2% forested, 34% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm; prawn and crayfish on continental shelf)
Coastline: about 25,760 km
PEOPLE
Population: 15,011,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun—Australian(s); adjective—Australian
Ethnic divisions: 99% Caucasian, 1% Asian and aborigine
Religion: 98% Christian
Language: English
Literacy: 98.5%
Labor force: 6.5 million; 14% agriculture, 32% industry, 37% services, 15% commerce, 2% other; 6.2% unemployment
Organized labor: 44% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Commonwealth of Australia
Type: federal parliamentary state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign or head of state
Capital: Canberra
Political subdivisions: 6 states and 2 territories—Australian Capital Territory (Canberra) and Northern Territory
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1900; High Court has jurisdiction over cases involving interpretation of the constitution; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 26 January
Branches: Parliament (House of Representatives and Senate); Prime Minister and Cabinet responsible to House; independent judiciary
Government leaders: Governor General Sir Zelman COWEN; Prime Minister J. Malcolm FRASER
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held at three-year intervals or sooner if Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister; last election October 1980
Political parties and leaders: government—Liberal Party (Malcolm Fraser) and National Country Party (Douglas Anthony); opposition—Labor Party (William J. Hayden)
Voting strength (1980 parliamentary election): lower house—Liberal-Country coalition, 74 seats; Labor Party, 51 seats; Senate—Liberal-Country coalition, 31 seats; Labor, 27 seats; Australian Democrats, 5 seats; Independents, 1 seat
Communists: 5,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Democratic Labor Party (anti-Communist Labor Party splinter group)
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANZUS, CIPEC (associate), Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, DAC, ELDO, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $120.4 billion (1979), $8,360 per capita; 60% private consumption, 16% government current expenditure, 24% investment (1975); 2.8% real average annual growth (1979)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to livestock grazing; 60% of area used for crops is planted in wheat; major products—wool, livestock, wheat, fruits, sugarcane; self-sufficient in food; caloric intake, 3,300 calories per day per capita
Fishing: catch 122,947 metric tons (1978); exports $94.5 million (FY75), imports $86.2 million (FY75)
Major industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals
Crude steel: 7.8 million metric tons produced (FY76), 560 kg per capita
Electric power: 26,358,140 kW capacity (1980); 98.843 billion kWh produced (1980), 6,728 kWh per capita
Exports: $18.7 billion (f.o.b., 1979); principal products (1979)—44% agricultural products, 14% metalliferous ores, 10% wool, 10% coal
Imports: $18.3 billion (c.i.f., 1979); principal products (1977)—41% manufactured raw materials, 28% capital equipment, 25% consumer goods
Major trade partners: (1979) exports—28% Japan, 12% US, 5% New Zealand, 4% UK; imports— 23% US, 11% UK, 18% Japan
Aid: economic—Australian aid abroad in Australian dollars, $662 million (FY81-82); for Papua New Guinea in US dollars, $290 million per year 1981-86
Budget: expenditures, A$40.86 billion; receipts A$40.72 billion (FY81-82)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.0 Australian dollar=US$1.08 (February 1982)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 42,855 km total (1980); 9,689 km 1.60-meter gauge, 15,783 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 17,383 km 1.067-meter gauge; 800 km electrified (June 1962); government owned (except for few hundred kilometers of privately owned track)
Highways: 837,872 km total (1980); 207,650 km paved, 205,454 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface,
424,768 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft
Ports: 12 major, numerous minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 740 km; refined products, 340 km; natural gas, 6,947 km
Civil air: around 150 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,584 total, 1,526 usable; 207 with permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways over 3,660 m; 16 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 570 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good international and domestic service; 7.4 million telephones (52 per 100 popl.); 223 AM, 5 FM, and 111 TV stations; 3 earth satellite stations; submarine cables to New Zealand, New Guinea, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and Guam
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,907,000; 3,334,000 fit for military service; 131,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $4.7 billion; about 10.1% of total central government budget
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AUSTRIA
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Australia
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The Bahamas
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related portals: Austria
1862583The World Factbook (1982) — Austriathe Central Intelligence Agency
AUSTRIA
(See reference map V)
LAND
83,916 km2; 20% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures, 15% waste or urban, 38% forested, 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 2,582 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,510,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0%
Nationality: noun—Austrian(s); adjective—Austrian
Ethnic divisions: 98.1% German, 0.7% Croatian, 0.3% Slovene, 0.9% other
Religion: 85% Roman Catholic, 7% Protestant, 8% none or other
Language: German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2,875,000 (September 1980); 18% agriculture and forestry, 49% industry and crafts, 18% trade and communications, 7% professions, 6% public service, 2% other; 1.2% unemployed; an estimated 200,000 Austrians are
employed in other European countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 184,100 (September 1980)
Organized labor: 60% of wage and salary workers (1979)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Austria
Type: federal republic
Capital: Vienna
Political subdivisions: 9 states (Laender) including the capital
Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; constitution adopted 1920, repromulgated in 1945; judicial review of legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; legal education at Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 26 October
Branches: bicameral parliament, directly elected President whose functions are largely representational, independent federal judiciary
Government leaders: President Rudolf KIRCHSCHLÄGER; Chancellor Bruno KREISKY leads a one-party Socialist government
Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for presidential elections
Elections: presidential, every six years (next 1986); parliamentary, every four years (next 1983)
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria (FPOe), Bruno Kreisky, Chairman; Austrian People's Party
(OeVP), Alois Mock, Chairman; Liberal Party (FPOe), Norbert Steger, Chairman; Communist Party, Franz Muhri, Chairman
Voting strength (1979 election): 51.0% SPOe, 41.9% OeVP, 6.1% FPOe, 1.0% Communist
Communists: membership 25,000 est.; activists 7,000–8,000
Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party (OeVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; the OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC–International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $62.16 billion (1980), $8,280 per capita; 56% private consumption, 18% public consumption, 26% investment; 1980 real GNP growth rate, 0.3%
Agriculture: livestock, forest products, cereals, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient; caloric intake 3,230 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Major industries: foods, iron and steel, machinery, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and pulp
Crude steel: 4.9 million metric tons produced (1979), 650 kg per capita (1979)
Electric power: 13,200,000 kW capacity (1980); 40.815 billion kWh produced (1980), 6,728 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); iron and steel products, machinery and equipment, lumber, textiles, paper
products, chemicals
Imports: $23.4 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: (1980) 37.1% West Germany, 9.5% Italy, 6.2% Switzerland, 3.5% UK, 2.8% US; 59.8% EC; 10.1% Eastern Europe
Aid: (1970-79) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $670 million
Budget: expenditures, $23.18 billion; revenues, $19.45 billion; deficit, $3.73 billion (1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 15.89 shillings=US$1, 1981 average
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 6,517 km total; 5.877 km government owned; 5,397 km standard gauge (1.435 m) of which 2,730 km electrified and 1,333 km double tracked; 480 km narrow gauge (0.760 m) of which 91 km electrified; 640 km privately owned (1.435-and 1.000-meter gauge)
Highways: approximately 33,600 km total national classified network, including 10,400 km federal and 23,200 km provincial roads; about 20,800 km paved (bituminous, concrete, stone block) and 12,800 km unpaved (gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil); additional 60,800 km communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) and 1,012 km autobahn
Inland waterways: 427 km
Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)
Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km natural gas; 171 km refined products
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 55 total, 53 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems with 160 AM, 450 FM, and 780 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 2.81 million telephones (37.5 per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,878,000; 1,590,000 fit for military service; 65,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $782 million; about 3.6% of the proposed federal budget
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BAHRAIN
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The Bahamas
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyBahrain
Bangladesh
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related portals: Bahrain
1862587The World Factbook (1982) — Bahrainthe Central Intelligence Agency
BAHRAIN
(See reference map VI)
LAND
596 km2 plus group of 32 smaller islands; 5% cultivated, negligible forested area, remainder desert, waste, or urban
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
PEOPLE
Population: 380,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.7%
Nationality: noun—Bahraini(s); adjective—Bahraini
Ethnic divisions: 63% Bahraini, 10% other Arab, 13% Asian, 8% Iranian, 6% other
Religion: Muslim, slightly more Shias than Sunnis
Language: Arabic, English also widely spoken
Literacy: about 40%
Labor force: 130,000 (1980 est.); 43% of labor force is Bahraini
GOVERNMENT
Official name: State of Bahrain
Type: traditional monarchy; independence declared in 1971
Capital: Manama
Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common law; constitution went into effect December 1973
National holiday: 16 December
Branches: Amir rules with help of a Cabinet led by Prime Minister; Amir dissolved the National Assembly in August 1975 and suspended the constitutional provision for election of the Assembly; independent judiciary
Government leader: Amir 'Isa bin Salman Al KHALIFA
Political parties and pressure groups: political parties prohibited; several small, clandestine leftist and Shia Fundamentalist groups are active
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1.8 billion (1980 est.), $4,600 per capita; annual real growth rate (1973-77) 11%, dominated by oil industry; 1980 average daily crude oil production, 48,000 b/d (oil expected to last 15 years if no new discoveries are made); 1980 natural gas production, 177 billion ft3 ; government oil revenues for 1978 are estimated at $845 million Agriculture: produces dates, alfalfa, vegetables; dairy and poultry farming; fishing; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum refining, aluminum smelting, ship repairing, shrimp fishing, pearls and sailmaking on a small scale; major development projects include flourmill, and ISA town; OAPEC dry dock opened in 1977
Electric power: 900,000 kW capacity (1980); 4.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 10,204 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980); nonoil exports (including reexports), $550.8 million (1980); oil exports, $3.3 billion (1980)
Imports: $3.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); nonoil imports $1.6 billion (1980); oil imports $2.0 billion (1980)
Major trade partners: Saudi Arabia, UK, US, Japan, EC
Budget: (1980) $488 million current expenditure, $302 million capital
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahrain dinar=US$2.65 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 93 km bituminous surfaced; undetermined mileage of natural surface tracks
Ports: 1 major (Bahrain)
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined products, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runways over 3,660 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international telecommunications; limited domestic services; 38,300 telephones (14.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; tropospheric scatter and microwave to Qatar and United Arab Emirates
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 106,000; 61,000 fit for military service
Supply: from several West European countries, especially France and UK
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $87.8 million; 11% of central government budget
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BANGLADESH
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Bahrain
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Barbados
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related portals: Bangladesh
1862589The World Factbook (1982) — Bangladeshthe Central Intelligence Agency
BANGLADESH
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
142,500 km2 ; 66% arable (including cultivated and fallow), 18% not available for cultivation, 16% forested
Land boundaries: 2,535 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 580 km
PEOPLE
Population: 93,040,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun—Bangladeshi(s); adjective—Bangladesh
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Bengali; fewer than one million "Biharis" and fewer than one million tribals
Religion: 85% Muslim, about 12% Hindu, less than 1% Buddhist, Christian, or other
Language: Bengali
Literacy: 24.3% (1979-80)
Labor force: 30.7 million; extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, Oman, and Kuwait; 80% of labor force is in agriculture, 15% services, 11% industry (FY79)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Republic of Bangladesh
Type: independent republic since December 1971; Government of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman overthrown in August 1975; two other coups followed; after four years of martial law rule, presidential elections were held in June 1978 and a new parliament was elected in February 1979; President Ziaur Rahman assassinated in failed military coup on 30 May 1981; former Vice President Justice Abdus Sattar became President in election on 15 November 1981; martial law imposed 24 March 1982; government dissolved
Capital: Dacca
Political subdivisions: 19 districts, 413 thanas (counties), 4,365 unions (village groupings)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted December 1972; amended January 1975 to more authoritarian presidential system, changed by proclamation in April 1977 to reflect Islamic character of nation; further change, by proclamation in December 1978, to provide for the appointments of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister, as well as other ministers of Cabinet rank, and to further define the powers of the President
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 March
Branches: constitution provides for unicameral legislature, strong President; independent judiciary; President has
substantial control over the judiciary
Government leader: President Abdus Sattar replaced by martial law administrator Lt. Gen. H. M. ERSHAD in March 1982 coup
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Second Parliament (House of the Nation) elected in February 1979; elections every five years; most recent presidential election November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Bangladesh Nationalist Party (formed September 1978), Abdus Sattar; Awami League, Sheikh Hasina Wajed; United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed; Democratic League, Khondakar Mushtaque Ahmed; Muslim League, Khan A. Sabur; Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist Party), M. A. Jalil; Bangladesh Communist Party (pro-Soviet), Manindra Moni Singh; numerous small parties; political activity banned following March 1982 coup
Communists: 2,500 members (est.)
Member of: ADB, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMCO, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $9.1 billion est. (FY79, current prices), $100 per capita; real growth, 4.4% (FY79)
Agriculture: large subsistence farming, heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall; main crops are jute and rice; shortages—grain, cotton, and oilseed
Fishing: catch 835,000 metric tons (FY78)
Major industries: jute manufactures, food processing and cotton textiles
Electric power: 1,302,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.750 billion kWh produced (1980), 20 kWh per capita
Exports: $759 million (f.o.b. 1980); raw and manufactured jute, leather, tea
Imports: $2,348 million (f.o.b. 1980); foodgrains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, manufactured products
Major trade partners: exports—US 14%, USSR 8%; imports—US 19%, Japan 12% (FY79)
Budget: (FY81) domestic revenue, $2,379 million; expenditures, $2,203 million
Monetary conversion rate: 16 taka=US$1 (June 1981)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,085 km total (1980); 2,198 km meter gauge (1.000 m),l,852 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 35 km narrow gauge (0.762 m), 300 km double track; government owned
Highways: 45,633 km total; 4,076 km paved, 2,693 km gravel, 38,864 km earth
Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers navigate main waterways
Ports: 1 major (Chittagong), 2 minor
Pipelines: 854 km natural gas
Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 23 total, 15 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate international radio-communications and landline service; fair domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.) telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6 FM, 7 TV stations, and 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 21,456,000; 11,190,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $1.7 billion; about 10.8% of central government budget
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BARBADOS
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Bangladesh
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyBarbados
Belgium
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related portals: Barbados
1862590The World Factbook (1982) — Barbadosthe Central Intelligence Agency
BARBADOS
(See reference map III)
LAND
430 km2; 60% cropped, 10% permanent meadows, 30% unused, built on, or wasteland
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 97 km
PEOPLE
Population: 252,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun—Barbadian(s); adjective—Barbadian
Ethnic divisions: 80% African, 17% mixed, 4% European
Religion: Anglican (70%), Roman Catholic, Methodist, and Moravian
Language: English
Literacy: over 90%
Labor force: 106,000 (1979 est.) wage and salary earners; unemployment 11% (1979)
Organized labor: 32%
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Barbados
Type: independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth since November 1966, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Bridgetown
Political subdivisions: 11 parishes and city of Bridgetown
Legal system: English common law; constitution came into effect upon independence in 1966; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: legislature consisting of a 21-member appointed Senate and a 27-member elected House of Assembly; Cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: Prime Minister J. M. G. "Tom" ADAMS; Governor General Sir Deighton H. L. WARD
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: House of Assembly members have terms no longer than five years; last general election held 18 June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Barbados Labor Party (BLP), J. M. G. "Tom" Adams; Democratic Labor Party (DLP), Errol Barrow
Voting strength (1981 election): Barbados Labor Party (BLP), 52.4%; Democratic Labor Party, 46.8%; Independent,
negligible; House of Assembly seats—BLP 17, DLP 10
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Movement for National Liberation (MONALI), a small leftist group led by Bobby Clarke
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, 1CAO, IDB, 1FAD, 1FC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $811 million (1980), $3,257 per capita; real growth rate 1980, 5%
Agriculture: main products—sugarcane, subsistence foods
Major industries: tourism, sugar milling, light manufacturing
Electric power: 110,000 kW capacity (1981); 325 million kWh produced (1980), 1,265 kWh per capita
Exports: $207 million (f.o.b., 1980); sugar and sugarcane byproducts, electrical parts, clothing
Imports: $424 million (c.i.f., 1979); foodstuffs, consumer durables, machinery, fuels
Major trade partners: exports—36% US, 27% CARICOM, UK; imports— 34% US, 18% CAR1COM, UK, Canada (1980)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-80) from US, $9.3 million; (1970-79) ODA and OOF commitments from other Western countries, $52.1 million; no military aid
Budget: (1980) revenues, $223 million; expenditures, $270 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.01 Barbados dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,546 km total; 1,450 km paved, and 96 km gravel, and earth
Ports: 1 major (Bridgetown), 2 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft (including 1 leased in)
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: islandwide automatic telephone system with 47,000 telephones (17.2 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; UHF/VHF links to St. Vincent and St. Lucia; 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 64,000; 45,000 fit for military service; no conscription
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BELGIUM
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Barbados
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyBelgium
Belize
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related portals: Belgium
1862592The World Factbook (1982) — Belgiumthe Central Intelligence Agency
BELGIUM
(See reference map V)
LAND
30,562 km2 ; 28% cultivated, 24% meadow and pasture, 28% waste, urban, or other; 20% forested
Land boundaries: 1,377 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 64 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,881,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun—Belgian(s); adjective—Belgian
Ethnic divisions: 55% Flemings, 33% Walloons, 12% mixed or other
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 3% none or other
Language: French, Flemish (Dutch), German, in small area of eastern Belgium; divided along ethnic lines
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 4.09 million (July 1978); in June 1976, 46.7% in services, 28.0% in mining and manufacturing, 7,4% in construction, 6.6% in transportation, 3.2% in agriculture, 1.0% commuting foreign workers, 0.4% in public works; 10.2% unemployed (January 1982)
Organized labor: 70% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Belgium
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Brussels
Political subdivisions: nine provinces; as of 1 October 1980, Wallonia and Flanders have regional "subgovernments" with elected regional councils and executive officials; those regional authorities will have limited powers over revenues and certain areas of economic, urban, environmental, and housing policy; the authority of the regional sub-governments will increase over a five-year period; Wallonia also has a separate Walloon Cultural Council
Legal system: civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; constitution adopted 1831, since amended; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at four law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 21 July
Branches: executive branch consists of King and Cabinet; Cabinet responsible to bicameral parliament; independent judiciary; coalition governments are usual
Government leaders: Head of State, King BAUDOUIN I; Prime Minister Wilfried MARTENS
Suffrage: universal over age 18 (as of 1981)
Elections: held 8 November 1981 (held at least once every 4 years)
Political parties and leaders: Flemish Social Christian, Frank Swaelen, president; Francophone Social Christian,
Gerard Desprez, president; Flemish Socialist, Karel Van Miert, president; Francophone Socialist, Guy Spitaels, president; Flemish Liberal, Guy Verhofstadt, president; Francophone Liberals, Louis Michel, president; Francophone Democratic Front, Antoinette Spaak, president; Volksunie (Flemish Nationalist), Vic Anciaux, president; Communist, Louis Van Geyt, president; Walloon Rally, Henri Mordant
Voting strength (1981 election): 61 seats Social Christian, 61 seats Socialist, 52 seats Liberal, 20 seats Volksunie, 8 seats Francophone Democratic Front and Walloon Rally, 4 seats Ecologist, 3 seats Anti-Tax Party (UDRT), 2 seats Communist, 1 seat Flemist Extremist Communists: 10,000 members (est., October 1981)
Other political or pressure groups: Christian and Socialist Trade Unions; the Federation of Belgium Industries; numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia, various peace groups such as Flemish Action Committee Against Nuclear Weapons
Member of: ADB, Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, ECOSOC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAQ ICAO, ICO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $118.5 billion (1980), $12,017 per capita; 64.3% consumption, 21.1% investment, 18.7% government consumption, 0.08% stock building,-0.91% net foreign balance (1978); 2% real growth rate in 1980
Fishing: catch 33,178 metric tons (1978); exports $60 million (1978), imports $327 million (1978)
Major industries: engineering and metal products, processed food and beverages, chemicals, basic metals, textiles,
and petroleum
Crude steel: 18.0 million metric tons capacity (December 1981); 13.4 million metric tons produced, 1,360 kg per capita (1978)
Electric power: 12,500,000 kW capacity (1980); 53,643 million kWh produced (1980), 5,440 kWh per capita
Exports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) $88.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); iron and steel products, finished or semifinished precious stones, textile products
Imports: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union) $93.5 billion (c.i.f., 1980); nonelectrical machinery, motor vehicles,
textiles, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: (Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, 1979) 70% EC (22% West Germany, 17% France, 169$ Netherlands, 8% UK, 5% Italy), 5% US
Aid: (1970-79) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $3,018 million
Budget: (1982 proj.) revenues, Belgian francs (BF) 1,153.5 billion; expenditures, BF 1,507.7 billion; deficit, BF $354.2
billion
Monetary conversion rate: (1980 average) 29.243 Belgian Francs=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,171 km total; 3,971 km standard gauge (1.435 m) and government-owned, 2,536 km double track, 1,413 km electrified; 200 km government-owned, electrified meter gauge (1.000 m)
Highways: 104,663 km total; 1,102 km paved, limited access, divided autoroute; 51,780 km other paved; 51,781 km unpaved
Inland waterways: 2,043 km, of which 1,528 km are in regular use by commercial transport
Ports: 5 major, 1 minor
Pipelines: refined products, 1,115 km; crude, 161 km; natural gas, 3,218 km
Civil air: 49 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in and 5 leased out
Airfields: 47 total, 46 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities; 3.45 million telephones (35.0 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 31 FM, and 31 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,478,000; 2,096,000 fit for military service; 79,000 reach military age (19) annually
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BELIZE
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Belgium
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Benin
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1862594The World Factbook (1982) — Belizethe Central Intelligence Agency
BELIZE
(formerly British Honduras)
(See reference map III)
LAND
22,973 km2; 38% agricultural (5% cultivated), 46% exploitable forest, 16% urban, waste, water, offshore islands or
other
Land boundaries: 515 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 386 km
PEOPLE
Population: 150,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun—Belizean(s); adjective—Belizean
Ethnic divisions: 51% Negro, 22% mestizo, 19% Amerindian, 8% other
Religion: 50% Roman Catholic; Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist, Methodist, Baptist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mennonite
Language: English, Spanish, Maya, and Carib
Literacy: 70%-80%
Labor force: 40,000; 39% agriculture, 14% manufacturing, 8% commerce, 12% construction and transport, 20% services, 7% other; shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel; over 15% are unemployed
Organized labor: 8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Belize
Type: became an independent state on 21 September 1981; a member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Belmopan
Legal system: English law
Branches: 18-member elected National Assembly and eight-member Senate (either house may choose its speaker or president, respectively, from outside its elected membership); Cabinet; judiciary
Government leaders: Prime Minister George C. PRICE; Governor General Minita GORDON
Suffrage: universal adult (probably 21)
Elections: Parliamentary elections held November 1979
Political parties and leaders: People's United Party (PUP), George Price; United Democratic Party (UDP), Theodore Aranda
Voting strength (National Assembly): PUP 13 seats, UDP 5 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: United Workers Union, which is connected with PUP
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
ECONOMY
GDP: $140 million (1979), $960 per capita (1979 est.); real growth rate 1980, 4% (est.)
Agriculture: main products—sugarcane, citrus fruits, corn, molasses, rice, beans, bananas, livestock products; net importer of food; caloric intake, 2,500 calories per day per capita
Major industries: sugar refining, garments, timber and forest products, furniture, rum, soap
Electric power: 16,000 kW capacity (1980); 42 million kWh produced (1980), 288 kWh per capita
Exports: $130 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); sugar, garments, fish, molasses, citrus fruits
Imports: $141 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); machinery and transportation equipment, food, manufactured goods, fuels
Major trade partners: exports—US 43%, UK 37%, Trinidad and Tobago 6%, Mexico 2%; imports— US 52%, UK 17%, Netherlands Antilles 5% (1979 est.)
Aid: economic—authorized from US, including Ex-lm (FY70-80), 5.3 million; bilateral ODA and OOF commitments from Western (non-US) countries (1970-79), $93.4 million
Budget: revenues, $88 million; expenditures, $88 million (projected budget for April 1981 through March 1982)
Monetary conversion rate: 2 Belize dollars=US$l
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,575 km total; 340 km paved, 1,190 km gravel, 735 km improved earth and 310 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km river network used by shallow-draft craft
Ports: 1 major (Belize), 4 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in
Airfields: 37 total, 28 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 5,800 telephones in automatic and manual network (2.7 per 100 popl.); radio-relay system; 6 AM stations and 1 FM station; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 35,000; 21,000 fit for military service; 1,600 reach military age (18) annually
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BENIN
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Belize
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Bermuda
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1862595The World Factbook (1982) — Beninthe Central Intelligence Agency
BENIN
(formerly Dahomey)
(See reference map VII)
LAND
115,773 km2; southern third of country is most fertile; arable land 80% (actually cultivated 11%), forests and game
preserves 19%, nonarable 1% Land boundaries: 1,963 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (100 nm mineral exploitation limit)
Coastline: 121 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,636,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun—Beninese (sing., pl.); adjective—Beninese
Ethnic divisions: 99% Africans (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, Bariba), 5,500 Europeans
Religion: 12% Muslim, 8% Christian, 80% animist
Language: French official; Fon and Yoruba most common vernaculars in south; at least six major tribal languages
in north
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: 70% of labor force employed in agriculture; less than 2% of the labor force work in the industrial sector and the remainder are employed in transport, commerce, and public services
Organized labor: approximately 75% of wage earners, divided among two major and several minor unions
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Republic of Benin
Type: party state, under military rule since 26 October 1972; the military plans to relinquish power to a 336-member National Assembly
Capital: Porto-Novo (official), Cotonou (de facto)
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces, 46 districts
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary law; legal education generally obtained in France; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 November
Branches: National Revolutionary Assembly, National Executive Council, Central Committee of party
Government leader: Col. Mathieu KEREKOU, President, Chief of State, and Minister of Defense
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: National Assembly elections were held in November 1979; Assembly then formally elected Kerekou President in February 1980
Political parties: People's Revolutionary Party of Benin (PRPB) established in 1975
Communists: sole party espouses Marxism-Leninism
Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,139.5 million (1980), $286 per capita; 5.7% real growth during 1980
Agriculture: major cash crop is oil palms; peanuts, cotton, coffee, sheanuts, and tobacco also produced commercially;
main food crops—corn, cassava, yams, rice, sorghum and millet; livestock, fish
Fishing: catch 25,452 metric tons (1979 est.); exports 600 metric tons, imports 7,365 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: palm oil and palm kernel oil processing, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 19,500 kW capacity (1980); 8 million kWh produced (1980), 80 million kWh imported from Ghana, 2 kWh per capita
Exports: $170 million (f.o.b., 1980); palm products (34%); other agricultural products
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1980); clothing and other consumer goods, cement, lumber, fuels, foodstuffs, machinery, and transport equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC, franc zone; preferential tariffs to EC and franc zone countries
Budget: (1980) revenues $156.2 million, current expenditures
$127.1 million, development expenditures $139.0
million
Monetary conversion rate: 281.23 Communaute Financier Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 (1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 579 km, all meter gauge (1.00 m)
Highways: 3,303 km total; 705 km paved, 2,598 km improved earth
Inland waterways: small sections, only important locally
Ports: 1 major (Cotonou), 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 9 total, 9 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire and radio relay; 16,200 telephones (0.5 per 100 pop].); 2 AM stations, 1
FM station, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 1,579,000; of the 778,000 males 15-49, 393,000 are fit for military service; about 37,000 males and 38,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service
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BERMUDA
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Benin
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Bhutan
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1862616The World Factbook (1982) — Bermudathe Central Intelligence Agency
BERMUDA
(See reference map II)
LAND
54.4 km2; 8% arable, 60% forested, 21% built on, wasteland, and other, 11% leased for air and naval bases
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 103 km
PEOPLE
Population: 72,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun—Bermudian(s); adjective—Bermudian
Ethnic divisions: approximately 61% black, 39% white
Religion: 37% Church of England, 19% other Protestant, 14% Catholic, 30% other
Language: English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 29,669 employed (1980)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Bermuda
Type: British colony
Capital: Hamilton
Political subdivisions: 9 parishes
Legal system: English law
Branches: Executive Council (cabinet) appointed by governor, led by government leader; bicameral legislature with
an appointed Legislative Council and a 40-member directly elected House of Assembly; Supreme Court
Government leaders: Governor Sir Richard POSNETT; Premier John William David SWAN
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: at least once every five years; last general election, December 1980
Political parties and leaders: United Bermuda Party (UBP), J. David Gibbons; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), Lois Browne-Evans
Voting strength (1980 elections): UBP 54%, PLP 46%; the UBP holds 22 House of Assembly seats, the PLP holds 18 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: Bermuda Industrial Union (BIU) headed by Ottiwell Simmons
ECONOMY
GDP: $598 million (FY79/80), $10,894 per capita; real growth rate FY79/80, est. 3%
Agriculture: main products—bananas, vegetables, Easter lilies, dairy products, citrus fruits
Major industries: tourism, finance
Electric power: 110,000 kW capacity (1981); 355 million kWh produced (1981), 5,460 kWh per capita
Exports: $31 million (f.o.b., 1979); mostly reexports of drugs and bunker fuel
Imports: $234 million (f.o.b., 1979); fuel, foodstuffs, machinery
Major trade partners: imports, 50% US; tourists, 90% US
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im (1970-80), from US $34 million; from Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (FY70-79), $109 million; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $132 million; expenditures $132 million; (FY81/82)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bermuda dollar=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 190 km, all paved
Ports: 3 major (Hamilton, St. George Freeport, Ireland Island)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern telecom system, includes fully automatic telephone system with 39,500 sets (63.7 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
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BHUTAN
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Bermuda
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Bolivia
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1862617The World Factbook (1982) — Bhutanthe Central Intelligence Agency
BUTHAN
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
46,600 km2; 15% agricultural, 15% desert, waste, urban, 70% forested
Land boundaries: about 870 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,364,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun—Bhutanese (sing., pl.); adjective—Bhutanese
Ethnic divisions: 60% Bhotias, 25% ethnic Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes
Religion: 75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist-influenced Hinduism
Language: Bhotias speak various Tibetan dialects—most widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha, the official language; Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
Literacy: insignificant
Labor force: 300,000; 99% agriculture, 1% industry; massive lack of skilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Bhutan
Type: monarchy; special treaty relationship with India
Capital: Thimphu
Political subdivisions: 4 regions (east, central, west, south), further divided into 15-18 subdivisions
Legal system: based on Indian law and English common law; in 1964 the monarch assumed full power—no constitution existed beforehand; a Supreme Court hears appeals from district administrators; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 17 December
Branches: appointed Ministers and indirectly elected Assembly consisting of village elders, monastic representatives, and all district and senior government administrators
Government leader: King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK
Suffrage: each family has one vote
Elections: popular elections on village level held every three years
Political parties: all parties illegal
Communists: no overt Communist presence
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy
Member of: Colombo Plan, G-77, IBRD, IFAD, IMF, NAM, UPU, UN
ECONOMY
GNP: $116 million (FY81), $97 per capita; 3.6% growth in FY81
Agriculture: rice, barley, wheat, potatoes, fruit
Major industries: handicrafts (particularly textiles)
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1981); 8 million kWh produced (1981), 6 kWh per capita
Exports: $12 million (FY81); fruit and vegetables, timber, coal, and cardamom
Imports: about $19 million (FY81); textiles, cereals, vehicles
Major trade partner: India
Aid: economic—India (FY61-72), $180 million
Budget: domestic revenue $12.9 million, expenditures $39.3 million (FY81 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: both ngultrums and Indian rupees are legal tender; 9.16 ngultrums=9.16 Indian rupees=US$1 as of October 1981
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth
Freight carried: not available, very light traffic
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities inadequate; 1,300 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 6,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 1
AM station and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 332,000; 178,000 fit for military service; about 16,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Supply: dependent on India
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BOLIVIA
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Bhutan
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Botswana
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1862619The World Factbook (1982) — Boliviathe Central Intelligence Agency
BOLIVIA
(See reference map IV)
LAND
1,098,160 km2; 2% cultivated and fallow, 11% pasture and meadow, 45% urban, desert, waste, or other, 40% forest, 2%
inland water
Land boundaries: 6,083 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,633,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun—Bolivian(s); adjective—Bolivian
Ethnic divisions: 50%-75% Indian, 20%-35% mestizo, 5%-15% white
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; active Protestant minority, especially Methodist
Language: Spanish, Aymara, Quechua
Literacy: 35%-40%
Labor force: 2.8 million (1977); 70% agriculture, 3% mining, 10% services and utilities, 7% manufacturing, 10% other
Organized labor: 150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction, and transportation
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Bolivia
Type: republic; military dictatorship since 17 July 1980
Capital: La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)
Political subdivisions: nine departments with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967; constitution in force except where contrary to dispositions dictated by governments since 1969; legal education at University of San Andres and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 August
Branches: executive; congress of two chambers—Senate and Chamber of Deputies—has not met since the 17 July
1980 coup; judiciary
Government leaders: Maj. Gen. Celso TORRELIO Villa (since 4 September 1981)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18 if married, 21 if single
Elections: presidential and congressional elections held on 1 July 1979; since no presidential candidate won required simple majority, the contest was decided in the Congress where a compromise candidate, Senate President Walter Guevara Arce, was elected interim president; Guevara was overthrown on 1 November 1979 by a military coup led by Col. Alberto Natusch Busch; popular repudiation of Natusch forced his resignation after 16 days in power and Congress chose Chamber of Deputies President Lidia Gueiler de Moller as interim president; Gueiler presided over new elections on 29 June 1980, which were won by the UDP
coalition candidate, Hernan Siles Zuazo; however, before the planned August inauguration, the government was overthrown when a military coup led by Gen. Luis Garcia Meza occurred on 17 July 1980; Garcia Meza was replaced in August 1981 by a ruling junta of service commanders, which in turn was replaced on 4 September 1981 by Maj. Gen. Celso Torrelio Villa
Political parties and leaders: ban on political parties was lifted in December 1977; however, all political party activity banned since the 17 July 1980 coup; the two traditional political parties in Bolivia are the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR) and the Bolivian Socialist Phalange (FSB), both are seriously factionalized; Bolivian Socialist Falange (Mario Gutierrez); Nationalist Revolutionary Movement of the People (Jaime Arellano); Nationalist Revolutionary
Movement of Left (MNRI; Hernan Siles Zuazo); Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR; Jaime Paz Zamora); Authentic Revolutionary Party (Walter Guevara Arce); Christian Democratic Party (Benjamin Miguel); Nationalist Revolutionary Party of Left (Juan Lechin Oquendo); Paz Estenssorista MNR (Leonidas Sanchez); Nationalist Democratic Action Party (ADN; Hugo Banzer)
Voting strength (1980 elections): UDP—Democratic Popular Unity Front, a coalition of the MNRI, MIR and several smaller groups 38.5%; MNR 20.5%; ADN 16.8%
Communists: three parties; PCB/Soviet led by Jorge Kolle Cueto, about 300 members; PCB/Chinese led by Oscar Zamora, 150 (including 100 in exile); POR (Trotskyist), about 50 members divided between three factions led by Hugo Gonzalez Moscoso, Guillermo Lora Escobar, and Amadeo Arze
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPO, WHO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $6 billion (1980), $1,050 per capita; 75% private consumption, 15% public consumption, 12% gross domestic investment, —2.0% net foreign balance (1980); 1980 growth, 1%
Agriculture: main crops—potatoes, corn, rice, sugarcane, yucca, bananas; imports significant quantities of wheat; caloric intake, 83% of requirements (1978)
Major industries: mining, smelting, petroleum refining, food processing, textiles, and clothing
Electric power: 460,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.6 billion kWh produced (1981), 273 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); tin, petroleum, lead, zinc, silver, tungsten, antimony, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton, natural gas
Imports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); foodstuffs, chemicals, capital goods, pharmaceuticals, transportation
Major trade partners: exports—Western Europe, 19% (of which UK is largest market); Latin America, 38%; US, 30%; Japan, 3.9%; imports— US, 24%; Western Europe, 15.4% (of which West Germany is largest supplier); Japan, 15.7%; Latin America, 33.6% (1975)
Budget: $470 million revenues, $780 million expenditures (1980 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 24.75 pesos=US$1 (October 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,651 km total; 3,514 km meter gauge (1.000 m) and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track; 105 km meter gauge (1.000 m) privately owned
Highways: 39,650 km total; 1,400 km paved, 7,880 km gravel, 6,800 km improved earth, 23,650 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: officially estimated to be 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,670 km; refined products, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km
Ports: none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani, Peru)
Civil air: 57 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 583 total, 535 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 127 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: radio-relay system from La Paz to Santa Cruz; improved international services; 125,300 telephones (2.0 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 19 FM, and 32 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,241,000; 812,000 fit for military service; 56,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $177.7 million; 15.9% of central government budget
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BOTSWANA
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Bolivia
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Brazil
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1862620The World Factbook (1982) — Botswanathe Central Intelligence Agency
BOTSWANA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
569,800 km2; about 6% arable, less than 1% under cultivation, mostly desert
Land boundaries: 3,774 km
PEOPLE
Population: 975,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.6%
Nationality: noun—Motswana (sing.), Batswana (pl.); adjective—Botswana
Ethnic divisions: 94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% European
Religion: 85% animist, 15% Christian
Language: Tswana vernacular
Literacy: about 22% in English; about 32% in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school graduates
Labor force: 78,000 formal sector employees; most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture; 40,000 or over one-half of formal sector employees spend at least six to nine months per year as wage earners in South Africa (1978)
Organized labor: eight trade unions organized with a total membership of approximately 9,000 (1972 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Botswana
Type: parliamentary republic; independent member of Commonwealth since 1966
Capital: Gaborone
Political subdivisions: 12 administrative districts
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at University of Botswana and Swaziland (two and one-half years) and University of Edinburgh (two years); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 30 September
Branches: executive—President appoints and presides over the Cabinet, which is responsible to Legislative Assembly; legislative—Legislative Assembly with 32 popularly elected members and four members elected by the 32 representatives, House of Chiefs with deliberative powers only; judicial—local courts administer customary law, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction
Government leaders: President Dr. Qiiett K. J. MASIRE; Vice President Lenyeletse M. SERETSE
Suffrage: universal, age 21 and over
Elections: general elections held 20 October 1979
Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP); Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho
Voting strength: (October 1979 election) BDP (29 seats); BPP (1 seat); BNF (2 seats); BIP (no seats)
Communists: no known Communist organization; Koma of BNF has long history of Communist contacts
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $856.3 million; growth in constant prices, 11.0% in FY79/80, 5% in 1977
Agriculture: principal crops are corn and sorghum; livestock raised and exported
Major industries: livestock processing, mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, and coal
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1977); 85 million k Wh produced (1977), 120 k Wh per capita
Exports: $478.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); diamonds, cattle, animal products, copper, nickel
Imports: $643.9 million (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products
Major trade partners: South Africa and UK
Budget: (1981) revenues $252.4 million, current expenditures $247.4 million, development expenditures $150.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 pula=about US$1.23 (1981)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 726 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 10,784 km total; 1,105 km paved; 1,465 km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: native craft only; of local importance
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 78 total, 67 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and a few radiocommunication stations; 11,700 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; INTELSAT satellite ground
station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 177,000; 94,000 fit for military service; 9,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $28.7 million; 4.6% of central government budget
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BRAZIL
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Botswana
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Brunei
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1862621The World Factbook (1982) — Brazilthe Central Intelligence Agency
BRAZIL
(See reference map IV)
LAND
8,521,100 km2; 4% cultivated, 13% pasture, 23% built-on area, waste, and other, 60% forested
Land boundaries: 13,076 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 7,491 km
PEOPLE
Population: 127,734,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun—Brazilian(s); adjective—Brazilian
Ethnic divisions: 60% white, 30% mixed, 8% Negro, and 2% Indian (1960 est.)
Religion: 93% Roman Catholic (nominal)
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 83% of the population 15 years or older (1978)
Labor force: about 40 million in 1976—36.3% agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing; 23.2% industry; 18.9% services, transportation, and communication; 9.2% commerce; 6.1% social activities; 3.5% public administration; 2.8% other
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force; only about 1.5 million pay dues
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Federative Republic of Brazil
Type: federal republic; military-backed presidential regime since April 1964
Capital: Brasilia
Political subdivisions: 23 states, 3 territories, federal district (Brasilia)
Legal system: based on Latin codes; dual system of courts, state and federal; constitution adopted 1967 and extensively
amended in 1969; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 September
Branches: strong executive with very broad powers; bicameral legislature (powers of the two bodies have been sharply reduced); 11-man Supreme Court Government leader; President Gen. (Ret.) Joao Baptista de Oliveira FIGUEIREDO
Suffrage: compulsory over age 18, except illiterates; approximately 50 million eligible to register in mid-1982
Elections: Figueiredo, who took office on 15 March 1979, was elected by an electoral college, composed of the members of Congress and delegates selected from the state
legislatures on 15 October 1978; next presidential election
1984
Voting strength: (November 1974 congressional elections) 33.6% ARENA, 31.9% MDB, 35.5% blank and void Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PDS), progovernment, Jose Sarney, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Ulysses Guimaraes, president; plus several smaller parties
Communists: 6,000, less than 1,000 militants
Other political or pressure groups: the Catholic Church, over the years, has been a consistent critic of the regime; labor unions, at least as far as wage demands, have become highly active
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $250 billion (1981 est.), $2,000 per capita; 20% gross investment, 84% consumption,—4% net foreign balance (1981 est.); real growth rate 1% (1981 est.)
Agriculture: main products—coffee, rice, beans, corn, sugarcane, soybeans, cotton, manioc, oranges; nearly self-sufficient; caloric intake, 2,400 calories per day per capita (1975)
Fishing: catch 857,971 metric tons (1978); exports, $140 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); imports, $90 million (f.o.b., 1981
est.)
Major industries: textiles and other consumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber, steel, motor vehicles, other metalworking industries, capital goods
Crude steel: 12.5 million metric tons capacity (1978); 12.5 million metric tons produced (1981 est.)
Electric power: 32,271,000 kW capacity (1981); 126.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,033 kWh per capita
Exports: $23 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est); coffee, manufactures, iron ore, cotton, soybeans, sugar, wood, cocoa, beef,
shoes
Imports: $22 billion (f.o,b.> 1981 est.); machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petroleum, wheat, copper, aluminum
Major trade partners: exports—17% US, 5% West Germany, 6% Netherlands, 5% Japan, 4% Italy, 4% Argentina, 4% France (1981 est); imports—40% oil exporters, 17% US, 5% West Germany, 5% Japan, 3% Argentina (1981 est.)
Budget: (1981 est.) revenues $21.0 billion, expenditures $20.4 billion (Treasury budget only)
Monetary conversion rate: 125 cruzeiros=US$l (December 1981, changes frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 24,600 km total; 22,450 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 1,750 km 1.60-meter gauge, 200 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 200 km 0.76-meter gauge; 1,050 km electrified
Highways: 1,385,600 km total; 83,700 km paved, 1,301,900 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 50,000 km navigable
Ports: 8 major, 23 significant minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,000 km; refined products, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km
Civil air: 169 major transport aircraft, including 9 leased in
Airfields:' 4,464 total, 3,633 usable; 220 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 17 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m, 412 with runways 1,220–2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telecom system; good radio relay facilities; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station with 2 antennas; 10 domestic satellite stations; 6.49 million telephones (5.1 per 100 popl); 1,100 AM, 150 FM, and 170 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 31,263,000; 21,155,000 fit for military service; 1,393,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1,757.5 million; 7.8% of central government budget
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BRUNEI
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Brazil
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyBrunei
Bulgaria
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related portals: Brunei
1862622The World Factbook (1982) — Bruneithe Central Intelligence Agency
BRUNEI
(See reference map IX)
LAND
5,776 km2; 3% cultivated; 22% industry, waste, urban or other; 75% forested
Land boundaries: 381 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km
PEOPLE
Population: 252,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 5.6%
Nationality: noun—Bruneian(s); adjective—Bruneian
Ethnic divisions: 65% Malays, 24% Chinese, 11% other
Religion: 60% Muslim (Islam official religion); 8% Christian; 32% other (Buddhist and animist)
Language: Malay and English official, Chinese
Literacy: 45%
Labor force: 32,155; 30.5% agriculture; 32.8% industry, manufacturing, and construction; 33.8% trade, transport, services; 2.9% other
Organized labor: 8.4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: State of Brunei
Type: British protectorate; constitutional sultanate
Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
Political subdivisions: four administrative districts
Legal system: based on Islamic law; constitution promulgated by the Sultan in 1959
Branches: Chief of State is Sultan (advised by appointed Privy Council) who appoints Executive Council and Legislative Council
Government leader: Sultan Hassanal BOLKIAH
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over; three-tiered system of indirect elections; popular vote cast for lowest level
(district councilors)
Elections: last elections—March 1965; further elections postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: antigovernment, exiled Brunei People's Party, Chairman A. M. N. Azahari
Communists: information not available
ECONOMY
GNP: $460 million (1975 est.), $2,970 per capita
Agriculture: main crops—rubber, rice, pepper, must import most food
Major industry: crude petroleum, liquefied natural gas
Electric power: 147,000 kW capacity (1981); 404 million kWh produced (1981), 1,740 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,900 million (f.o.b., 1978); 95% crude petroleum and liquefied natural gas
Imports: $261 million (c.i.f., 1978); 25% machinery and transport equipment, 46% manufactured goods, 16% food
Major trade partners: exports of crude petroleum and liquefied natural gas to Japan; imports from Japan 30%, US
24%, UK 15%, Singapore 9%
Budget: (1979) revenues $1 billion, expenditures $507 million, surplus $493 million; 70% defense
Monetary conversion rate: 2.2 Brunei dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 13 km narrow gauge (0.610 m) private line
Highways: 1,090 km total; 370 km paved (bituminous treated), with another 52 km under construction, 720 km gravel or unimproved
Inland waterways: 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 meters
Ports: 1 major (Muara), 4 minor
Pipelines: crude oil, 135 km; refined products, 56 km; natural gas, 56 km; crude oil and natural gas, 241 km under
construction
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service throughout country is adequate for present needs; international service good to adjacent Sabah and Sarawak; radiobroadcast coverage good; 15,672 telephones (8.8 per 100 popl.); Radio Brunei broadcasts from 6 AM/FM stations and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 62,000; 36,000 fit for military service; about 2,600 reach military age (18) annually
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BULGARIA
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Brunei
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyBulgaria
Burma
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related portals: Bulgaria
1862623The World Factbook (1982) — Bulgariathe Central Intelligence Agency
BULGARIA
(See reference map V)
LAND
111,852 km2; 41% arable, 11% other agricultural, 33% forested, 15% other
Land boundaries: 1,883 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 354 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,940,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun—Bulgarian(s); adjective—Bulgarian
Ethnic divisions: 85.3% Bulgarians, 8.5% Turks, 2.6% Gypsies, 2.5% Macedonians, 0.3% Armenians, 0.2% Russians, 0.6% other
Religion: regime promotes atheism; religious background of population is 85% Bulgarian Orthodox, 13% Muslim, 0.8%
Jewish, 0.7% Roman Catholic, 0.5% Protestant, Gregorian-Armenian and other
Language: Bulgarian; secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Literacy: 95% (est.)
Labor force: 4.0 million (1981); 23% agriculture, 35% industry, 42% other
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Republic of Bulgaria
Type: Communist state
Capital: Sofia
Political subdivisions: 28 okrugs (districts), including capital city of Sofia
Legal system: based on civil law system, with Soviet law influence; new constitution adopted in 1971; judicial review
of legislative acts in the State Council; legal education at University of Sofia; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 September
Branches: legislative, National Assembly; judiciary, Supreme Court
Government leaders: Todor ZHIVKOV, Chairman, State Council (President and Chief of State); Georgi Stanchev FILIPOV, Chairman, Council of Ministers (Premier)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: theoretically held every five years for National Assembly; last elections held on 7 June 1981; 99.96% of the
electorate voted
Political parties and leaders: Bulgarian Communist Party, Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary; Bulgarian National Agrarian Union, a puppet party, Petur Tanchev, secretary of Permanent Board
Communists: 820,000 party members (April 1981)
Mass organizations and front groups: Fatherland Front, Dimitrov Communist Youth League, Central Council of Trade Unions, National Committee for Defense of Peace, Union of Fighters Against Fascism and Capitalism, Committee of Bulgarian Women, All-National Committee for Bulgarian-Soviet Friendship
Member of: CEMA, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; Warsaw Pact, International Organization of Journalists, International Medical Association, International Radio and Television Organization
ECONOMY
GNP: $39.8 billion, 1980 (1980 dollars), $4,489 per capita; 1980 real growth rate, -0.2%
Agriculture: mainly self-sufficient; main crops—grain, vegetables; caloric intake, 3,461 calories per day per capita
(1972/74)
Fishing: catch 89,000 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: agricultural processing, machinery, textiles and clothing, mining, ore processing, timber
Shortages: some raw materials, metal products, meat and dairy products, fodder
Crude steel: 2.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 293 kg per capita
Electric power: 9,333,000 kW capacity (1981); 32,700 million kWh produced (1981), 3,665 kWh per capita
Exports: $10.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 45% machinery, equipment, and transportation equipment; 21% fuels, minerals, raw materials, metals, and other industrial material; 2% agricultural raw materials; 23% foodstuffs, raw materials for food industry, and animals; 9% industrial consumer goods (1980)
Imports: $9.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 35% machinery, equipment, and transportation equipment; 50% fuels, minerals, raw materials, metals, other materials; 5% agricultural raw materials; 5% foodstuffs, raw materials for food industry, and animals; 5% industrial consumer goods (1979)
Major trade partners: $20,217 million in 1980; 25% with non-Communist countries, 53% with USSR, 22% with other Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 0.95 leva=US$1 (August 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year 1 July-30 June
NOTE: Foreign trade figures were converted at the 1980 rate of 0.85 leva=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,341 km total; about 4,096 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 245 km narrow gauge; 437 km double track; 1,449 km electrified; government owned (1979)
Highways: 32,236 km total; 2,360 km trunk roads, 4,291 km class I concrete, asphalt, stone block; 6,062 km class II
asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 19,523 km class 111 earth (1979)
Inland waterways: 471 km (1979)
Freight carried: rail—77.6 million metric tons, 17.6 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway—836 million metric tons, 15.6 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway—4.9 million metric tons, 2.6 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic; 1979)
Ports: 3 major (Varna, Varna West, Burgas), 6 minor (1981); principal river ports are Ruse and Lorn (1981)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,173,000; 1,818,000 fit for military service; 63,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, est. 900 million leva; 5.9% of total budget
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BURMA
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Bulgaria
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Burundi
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related portals: Myanmar
1862624The World Factbook (1982) — Burmathe Central Intelligence Agency
BURMA
(See reference maps VIII and IX)
LAND
678,600 km 2 ; 28% arable, of which 12% is cultivated, 62% forest, 10% urban and other (1969)
Land boundaries: 5,850 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 3,060 km
PEOPLE
Population: 36,166,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun—Burman(s); adjective—Burmese
Ethnic divisions: 72% Burman, 7% Karen, 6% Shan, 3% Indian, 2% Kachin, 2% Chin, 2% Chinese, 6% other
Religion: 85% Buddhist, 15% animist, and other
Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Literacy: 70% (official claim)
Labor force: 12.2 million (1976); 67% agriculture, 9% industry, 20% services, commerce, and transportation
Organized labor: no figure available; old labor organizations have been disbanded, and government is forming one central labor organization
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
Type: republic under 1974 constitution
Capital: Rangoon
Political subdivisions: seven divisions and seven constituent states; subdivided into townships, villages, and wards
Legal system: People's Justice system and People's Courts instituted under 1974 constitution; legal education at
Universities of Rangoon and Mandalay; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January
Branches: State Council rules through a Council of Ministers; People's Assembly has legislative power
Government leader: Chairman of State Council and President Gen. U SAN YU
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: People's Assembly and local People's Councils elected in 1978
Political parties and leaders: government-sponsored Burma Socialist Program Party only legal party; U Ne Win, party chairman
Communists: estimated between 12,000 and 14,000
Other political or pressure groups: Kachin Independence Army; Karen Nationalist Union, several Shan factions
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $5.0 billion (1979/80, in current prices), $170 per capita; real growth rate 5.9% (1979/80)
Agriculture: accounts for nearly 70% of total employment and about 27% of GDP; main crops—paddy, sugarcane, corn, peanuts; almost 100% self-sufficient; most rice grown in deltaic land
Fishing: catch 518,700 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; petroleum refining
Electric power: 719,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.438 billion kWh produced (1980), 42 kWh per capita
Exports: $480 million (1980/81); rice, teak
Imports: $650 million (c.i.f., 1979); machinery and transportation equipment, textiles, other manufactured goods
Major trade partners: exports—Singapore, Western Europe, China, UK, Japan; imports—Japan, Western Europe, Singapore, UK
Budget: (1979/80) $3.4 billion est. revenues, $4.0 billion expenditures, $600 million deficit
Monetary conversion rate: 7.0 kyat=US$l (1981)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,243 km total; 3,130 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 113 km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 328 km double track;
government owned
Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved earth, gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels
Ports: 4 major, 6 minor
Civil air: about 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 81 total, 80 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 40 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: provide minimum requirements for local and intercity service; international service is good; radiobroadcast coverage is limited to the most populous areas; 33,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl); 1 AM station, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 16,523,000; of the 8,203,000 males 15-49, 4,535,000 are fit for military service;
about 374,000 males and 365,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes are liable for military service
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BURUNDI
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Burma
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Cameroon
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related portals: Burundi
1862627The World Factbook (1982) — Burundithe Central Intelligence Agency
BURUNDI
(See reference map VII)
LAND
28,490 km2 ; about 37% arable (about 66% cultivated), 23% pasture, 10% scrub and forest, 30% other
Land boundaries: 974 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,438,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun—Burundian(s); adjective—Burundi
Ethnic divisions: Africans—85% Hutu (Bantu), 14% Tutsi (Hamitic), 1% Twa (Pigmy); other Africans include around 70,000 refugees, mostly Rwandans and Zairians; non-Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and 2,000 South Asians
Religion: about 60% Christian (53% Catholic, 7% Protestant); rest mostly animist plus perhaps 2% Muslim
Language: Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
Literacy: about 15% in Kirundi, 3% in French, no serviceable estimate for Kiswahili
Labor force: about 2 million (1976 est.); most engaged in subsistence agriculture
Organized labor: sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB); by charter, membership is extended to all Burundi workers (informally); figures denoting "active membership" have been unobtainable
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Burundi
Type: republic; presidential system; military leaders hold key positions; previous military government overthrown in
military coup in 1976
Capital: Bujumbura
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces, subdivided into 18 arrondissements and 78 communes
Legal system: based on German and French civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President and Cabinet offices); judicial; National Assembly to be convened in 1982
Government leader: Col. Jean-Baptiste BAGAZA, President and Head of State
Suffrage: universal
Elections: new constitution approved by national referendum in November 1981; elections to National Assembly planned for 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), a Tutsi-led party, declared sole legitimate party in 1966; Col. Jean-Baptiste Bagaza
Communists: no Communist party; resumed diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in October 1971 following a six-year suspension; USSR, North Korea, and Romania also have diplomatic missions in Burundi
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: about $614.0 million (1978), $140 per capita; 2.0% real growth (1970-74); real GDP growth in 1976, 7.8%
Agriculture: major cash crops—coffee, cotton, tea; main food crops—manioc, yams, corn, sorghum, bananas, haricot beans; marginally self-sufficient
Industries: light consumer goods such as beverages, blankets, shoes, soap, assembly of imports
Electric power: 17,000 kW capacity (diesel generator 1980); 2 million kWh produced (1980), 35 million kWh imported from Zaire, .05 kWh per capita
Exports: $90 million (f.o.b., 1979); coffee (90%), tea, cotton, hides, skins
Imports: $102 million (c.i.f., 1979); textiles, foodstuffs, transport equipment, petroleum products
Major trade partners: US, EEC countries
Budget: (1979) revenue $113.3 million, current expenditure $38.0 million, development expenditure $38.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 90 Burundi francs=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 7,800 km total; 300 km bituminous, 2,500 km crushed stone, gravel, or laterite, and 3,000 km improved earth,and 2,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika navigable for lake steamers and barges; 1 lake port
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of wire and low-capacity radio-relay links; about 6,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 pop].); 2 AM and 2 FM stations; no TV stations; INTELSAT satellite ground station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,003,000; 521,000 fit for military service; 50,000 reach military age (16) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $35.5 million; about 21.8% of central government budget
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CAMEROON
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Burundi
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyCameroon
Canada
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1862628The World Factbook (1982) — Cameroonthe Central Intelligence Agency
CAMEROON
(See reference map VII)
LAND
475,400 km2; 4% cultivated, 18% grazing, 13% fallow, 50% forest, 15% other
Land boundaries: 4,554 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 402 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,049,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9%; this estimate does not take into account migration
between Cameroon and Chad during recent years
Nationality: noun—Cameroonian(s); adjective—Cameroonian
Ethnic divisions: about 200 tribes of widely differing background; 31% Cameroon Highlanders, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi, 10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less than 1% non-African
Religion: about one-half animist, one-third Christian, one-sixth Muslim
Language: English and French official, 24 major African language groups
Literacy: South 40%, North 10%
Labor force: most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and herding; 200,000 wage earners (maximum) including 22,000 government employees, 63,000 paid agricultural workers, 49,000 in manufacturing
Organized labor: under 45% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: United Republic of Cameroon
Type: unitary republic; one-party presidential regime
Capital: Yaoundé
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces divided into 40 departments, 153 arrondissements, 31 districts
Legal system: based on French civil law system, with common law influence; new unitary constitution adopted 1972; judicial review in Supreme Court, when a question of constitutionality is referred to it by the President of the Republic; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 20 May
Branches: executive (President), legislative (National Assembly), and judicial (Supreme Court)
Government leader: President Ahmadou AHIDJO
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: parliamentary elections held 28 May 1978; presidential elections held April 1980
Political parties and leaders: single party, Cameroon National Union (UNC), instituted in 1966, President Ahmadou Ahidjo
Communists: no Communist Party or significant number of sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Cameroon People's Union (UPC), an illegal terrorist group now reduced to scattered acts of banditry with its factional leaders in exile
Member of: AFBD, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ISO, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $5.6 billion (1980), about $675 per capita; real annual growth rate, 4.1% (1971-81)
Agriculture: commercial and food crops—cocoa, coffee, timber, cotton, rubber, bananas, peanuts, palm oil and palm kernels; root starches, livestock, millet, sorghum, and rice
Fishing: imports 7,024 metric tons, $2.2 million; exports 909 metric tons (largely shrimp), $3.5 million (1975)
Major industries: small aluminum plant, food processing and light consumer goods industries, sawmills
Electric power: 381,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.388 billion kWh produced (1980), 160 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,620 million (f.o.b., 1980); cocoa and coffee about 60%; other exports include timber, aluminum, cotton, natural rubber, bananas, peanuts, tobacco, and tea
Imports: $1,550 million (f.o.b., 1980); consumer goods, machinery, transport equipment, alumina for refining, petroleum products, food and beverages
Major trade partners: most trade with France, other EC countries, and the US
Budget: (1980) revenues $877.3 million, current expenditures $608.6 million, development expenditures $268.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 225.8 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 JuIy-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,173 km total; 858 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 145 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: approximately 32,226 km total; including 2,682 km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and earth, 11,004 km improved earth, 14,870 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance
Ports: 1 major (Douala), 3 minor
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 60 total, 54 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system of open wire and radio relay; 26,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 1
FM, and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,990,000; 1,001,000 fit for military service; about 85,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $78.9 million; 7.4% of central government budget
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CANADA
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Cameroon
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyCanada
Cape Verde
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1862629The World Factbook (1982) — Canadathe Central Intelligence Agency
CANADA
(See reference map II)
LAND
9,971,500 km2; 4% cultivated, 2% meadows and pastures, 44% forested, 42% waste or urban, 8% inland water
Land boundaries: 9,010 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 90,908 km
PEOPLE
Population: 24,469,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun—Canadian(s); adjective—Canadian
Ethnic divisions: 44% British Isles origin, 30% French origin, 26% other
Religion: 48% Protestant, 47% Catholic, 5% other
Language: English and French official
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: 11.9 million (December 1981); 41% service, 19% manufacturing, 17% trade, 8% transportation and utilities, 6% construction, 4% agriculture, 5% other; 7.6% unemployment (1981 average); 8.6% unemployment (December 1981)
Organized labor: 30% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Canada
Type: federal state recognizing Elizabeth II as sovereign
Capital: Ottawa
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories
Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; constitution is British North America Act of 1867 and various amendments; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (official name: Dominion Day)
Branches: federal executive power vested in Cabinet collectively responsible to House of Commons, and headed by Prime Minister; federal legislative authority resides in Parliament (282 seats) consisting of Queen represented by Governor General, Senate, and Commons; judges appointed by Governor General on the advice of the government; Supreme Court is highest tribunal
Government leaders: Prime Minister Pierre E. TRUDEAU; Governor General Edward R. SCHREYER
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legal limit of five years but in practice usually held within four years, last election February 1980; voter
turnout, 72%
Political parties and leaders: Liberal, Pierre Trudeau; Progressive-Conservative, Joe Clark; New Democratic, Edward Broadbent
Voting strength (1980 election): Liberal, 44%; Progressive Conservative, 33%; New Democratic Party, 20%; Parliamentary seats as of March 1982 — Liberal (146 seats), Progressive Conservative (101 seats), New Democratic Party (32 seats), Independent (1 seat), vacant (2 seats)
Communists: approx. 2,000
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commomwealth, DAC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, ICO, ICRC, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $252.2 billion (1980 in 1980 prices), $10,832 per capita (1980); 63% consumption, 20% government, 20% investment, —3% net foreign trade; real growth rate 5.3% (1970-74), 2.8% (1975-80)
Agriculture: main products—livestock, grains (principally wheat), dairy products; food shortages—fresh fruits and
vegetables; caloric intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita (1966-67)
Fishing: catch 892 million metric tons; exports 784.7 million metric tons (1978)
Major industries: mining, metals, food products, wood and paper products, transportation equipment, chemicals
Shortages: rubber, rolled steel, fruits, precision instruments
Crude steel: 15.9 million metric tons produced (1980)
Electric power: 78,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 366.677 billion kWh produced (1980), 15,260 kWh per capita
Exports: $66,289 million (f.o.b., 1980; principal items—transportation equipment, wood and wood products including paper, ferrous and nonferrous ores, crude petroleum, wheat; Canada is a major food exporter
Imports: $59,473 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—transportation equipment, machinery, crude petroleum, communication equipment, textiles, steel, fabricated metals, office machines, fruits and vegetables
Major trade partners: 67% US, 11% EC, 4.4% Japan (1980)
Aid: economic—(received US, $412.8 million Ex-Im Bank, FY70-79); Canada commitments to LDCs (1970-79), bilateral ODA and OOF, $12.0 billion
Budget: total revenues $42,250 million; current expenditures $51,213 million; gross capital expenditure $1,014 million; budget deficit $9,167 million (1980; National Accounts Basis)
Monetary conversion rate: there is no designated par value for the Canadian dollar, which was allowed to float freely on the exchanges beginning 1 June 1970; since then the Canadian dollar has moved between US$0.81-1.04 in value, C$1.00=US$0.8572 (official rate, 1980 average)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 68,978 km total; 67,616 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 43 km electrified; 1,183 km 1.067-meter gauge (in Newfoundland); 179 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 829,325 km total; 640,850 km surfaced (189,800 km paved), 188,475 km earth
Inland waterways: 3,000 km
Pipelines: oil, 23,564 km total crude and refined; natural gas, 74,980 km
Ports: 19 major, 300 minor
Civil air: 599 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1,863 total, 1,510 usable; 358 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 30 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 316 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent service provided by modern telecom media; 15.9 million telephones (66.6 per 100 popl.); countrywide AM, FM, and TV coverage including 630 AM, 80 FM, and 500 TV stations; 8 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 5 antennas and 70 domestic satellite stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,694,000; 5,744,000 fit for military service; 202,000 reach military age (17) annually
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CAPE VERDE
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CAPE VERDE
(See reference map VII)
LAND
4,040 km2, divided among 10 islands and several islets
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm)
Coastline: 965 km
PEOPLE
Population: 293,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun—Cape Verdean(s); adjective—Cape Verdean
Ethnic divisions: about 71% mulatto; 28% African; 1% European
Religion: Catholicism, fused with local superstitions
Language: Portuguese and Crioulo, a blend of Portuguese and West African words
Literacy: 37%
Labor force: bulk of population engaged in subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Cape Verde
National holiday: 12 September
Type: republic; achieved independence from Portugal in July 1975
Capital: Praia
Political subdivisions: 10 islands
Legal system: to be determined
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: National Assembly, 56 members; the official party is the supreme political institution
Government leaders: President Aristides PEREIRA; Prime Minister Pedro P1RES; Minister of Foreign Affairs Silvino da LUZ
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: national elections held December 1980, the first since independence
Political parties and leaders: only legal party, African Party for Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), led by Aristides Pereira, Secretary General; PAICV established in January 1981 to replace the former ruling party in both Cape Verde and Guinea Bissau, the African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PA1GC), in protest of the November 1980 coup in Guinea-Bissau
Communists: a few Communists, some sympathizers
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $40.7 million (1978 est.); $136 per capita income; 0.0% growth rate
Agriculture: main crops—corn, beans, manioc, sweet potatoes; barely self-sufficient in food
Fishing: catch 8,331 metric tons (1979 est.); largely undeveloped but provides major source of export earnings
Major industries: salt mining
Electric power: 6,000 kW capacity (1980); 9 million kWh produced (1980); 27 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.1 million (f.o.b., 1979); fish, bananas, salt, flour
Imports: $71.1 million (c.i.f., 1979); petroleum products, corn, rice, machinery, textiles
Major trade partners: Portugal, UK, Japan, African neighbors
Budget: $17.1 million public revenue, $22.1 million current expenditures (1980 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 47 escudos=US$1 (1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Ports: 1 major (Mindelo), 3 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland radio-relay system, HF radio to mainland Portugal and Guinea-Bissau, about 1,700 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 1 FM station and 1 AM station; 2 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 79,000; 45,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year including 31 December 1980, $15 million; about 5% of central government budget
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
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CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
(See reference map VII)
LAND
626,780 km2; 10%-15% cultivated, 5% dense forests, 80%-85% grazing, fallow, vacant arable land, urban, waste
Land boundaries: 4,981 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,471,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun—Central African(s); adjective—Central African
Ethnic divisions: approximately 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and linguistic characteristics; Banda (32%) and Baya-Mandjia (29%) are largest single groups; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 6,000 are French and majority of the rest Portuguese
Religion: 40% Protestant, 28% Catholic, 24% animist, 8% Muslim; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian majority
Language: French official; Sangho, lingua franca and national language
Literacy: estimated at 20%
Labor force: about half the population economically active, 80% of whom are in agriculture; approximately 64,000 salaried workers
Organized labor: 1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Central African Republic
Type: republic, under military rule since September 1981
Capital: Bangui
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures, 47 subprefectures Legal system: based on French law; Constitution, which was approved in February 1981 referendum, was suspended after September 1981 military takeover; judiciary, Supreme Court, court of appeals, criminal court, and numerous lower courts
National holiday: 4 December
Branches: Gen. André-Dieudonné Kolingba is Chief of State and President of the Military Committee for National Recovery, which replaced the Council of Ministers; no legislature; separate judiciary
Government leader: Gen. André-Dieudonné KOLINGBA, Chief of State, President of the Military Committee for National Recovery, Minister of National Defense, and Armed Forces Chief of Staff
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: no scheduled presidential, legislative, or municipal elections
Political parties and leaders: political parties were banned in September 1981
Communists: no Communist party; small number of Communist sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, ECA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $535,5 million (1980 est.), $200 per capita, 1% real growth
Agriculture: commercial—cotton, coffee, peanuts, sesame, wood; main food crops—manioc, corn, peanuts, rice, potatoes, beef; requires wheat, flour, rice, beef, and sugar imports
Major industries: sawmills, cotton textile mills, brewery, diamond mining and splitting
Electric power: 44,000 kW capacity (1980); 66 million kWh produced (1980), 28 kWh per capita
Exports: $129.7 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); cotton, coffee, diamonds, timber
Imports: $101.6 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); textiles, petroleum products, machinery and electrical equipment, motor vehicles and equipment, chemicals and pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: France, Yugoslavia, Japan, US
Budget: (1980) revenues $95.1 million (est.), current expenditures $131.1 million (est.), development expenditures
$4.4 million (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 225.8 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 21,950 km total; 454 km bituminous, 10,196 km improved earth, 11,300 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,080 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts on the extensive system of
rivers and streams
Ports: Bangui (river port)
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are meager; network is composed of low-capacity, low-powered radio-communication stations and radio-relay links; 6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 541,000; 281,000 fit for military service
Supply: mainly dependent on France, but has received equipment from Israel, Italy, USSR, FRG, South Korea, and PRC
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980; $13.5 million; about 10.8% of central government budget
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CHAD
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CHAD
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,284,640 km2; 17% arable, 35% pastureland, 2% forest and scrub, 46% other uses and waste
Land boundaries: 5,987 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,852,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%; this estimate does not take into account migration between Cameroon and from Chad during recent years
Nationality: noun—Chadian(s); adjective—Chadian
Ethnic divisions: some 200 distinct ethnic groups, including Muslims (Arabs, Toubou, Fulani, Kotoko, Hausa, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, and Maba) in the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Mayo-Kebbi, and Chari) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, 3,000 of them French
Religion: about half Muslim, 5% Christian, remainder animist
Language: French official; Chadian Arabic is lingua franca in north, Sara and Sangho in south
Literacy: estimated 5%-10%
Labor force: only 55% of population in economically active group, of which 90% are engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing; 50,000 wage earners in industry and civil service
Organized labor: about 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Chad
Type: republic; transitional Government of National Unity
Capital: N'Djamena
Political subdivisions: 14 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; constitution adopted 1962; constitution suspended and National Assembly dissolved April 1975; judicial review of legislative acts in theory a power of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 13 April
Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers
Government leaders: President GOUKOUNI Weddeye; Vice President Lt. Col KAMOUGUE Wadal Abdel Kader; Minister of Defense Adoum TOGOI; Foreign Minister ACYL Ahmat
Suffrage: universal
Elections: none planned pending OAU efforts to encourage reconciliation among Chad's feuding factions
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned
Communists: no front organizations or underground party; probably a few Communists and some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: the development of a stable government will be hampered by prolonged tribal and regional antagonisms of the numerous factions now ruling Chad and by insurgent forces of rebel leader Hissein Habre
Member of: AFDB, CEAO, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, ECA, EEC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $500 million (1980), $109 per capita; estimated real annual growth rate 0.6% (1971-81)
Agriculture: commercial—cotton, gum arabic, livestock, fish; food crops—peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, dates; imports food
Fishing: catch 70,000 metric tons (1978 est.)
Major industries: agricultural and livestock processing plants (cotton textile mill, slaughterhouses, brewery), natron
Electric power: 38,000 kW capacity (1980); 63 million kWh produced (1980), 13 kWh per capita
Exports: $90.5 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); cotton 80%, livestock and animal products
Imports: $179.6 million (f.o.b., 1978 est); cement, petroleum, foodstuffs, machinery, textiles, and motor vehicles
Major trade partners: France (about 40% in 1973) and UDEAC countries; preferential tariffs to EC and franc zone countries
Budget: (1978 est.) public revenue $67.4 million, current revenue $89.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 212.72 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 (1979)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 27,505 km total; 242 km bituminous, 4,385 km gravel and laterite, and remainder unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 2,000 km navigable
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 65 total, 61 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; satellite ground station; 5,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 1 AM and no FM stations; most facilities inoperative
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,093,000; 565,000 fit for military service; about 46,000 reach military age (20) annually
Supply: primarily dependent on France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, $22.2 million; about 33% of total budget
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CHILE
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CHILE
(See reference map IV)
LAND
756,626 km2 ; 2% cultivated, 7% other arable, 15% permanent pasture, grazing, 29% forest, 47% barren mountains, deserts, and cities
Land boundaries: 6,325 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 6,435 km
PEOPLE
Population: 11,323,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun—Chilean(s); adjective—Chilean
Ethnic divisions: 95% European stock and mixed European with some Indian admixture, 3% Indian, 2% other
Religion: 89% Roman Catholic, 11% Protestant
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90% (1977)
Labor force: 3.0 million total employment (1979); 20% agricultural, 22% industry and construction, 22% services, 15% commerce, 3% mining, 6% transportation, 12% other (1979)
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1973)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic
Capital: Santiago
Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one metropolitan district, 41 provincial subdivisions
Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; current constitution came into effect in March 1981; the constitution provides for continued direct rule until 1989, with a phased return to full civilian rule by 1997; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Chile, Catholic University, and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 September
Branches: four-man Military-Police Junta, which exercises constituent and legislative powers and has delegated executive powers to President of Junta; the President has announced a plan for transition from military to civilian rule by 1989; Congress dissolved; civilian judiciary remains
Government leaders: President Gen. Augusto PINOCHET Ugarte; Junta members, Adm. José Toribio MERINO Castro, Air Force Maj. Gen. Fernando MATTHEI Aubel, Carabinero Gen. César MENDOZA Durán, Army Lt. Gen. Cesar BENAVIDES Escobar
Suffrage: none
Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral registers were destroyed in 1974
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Andres Zaldivar; National Party (PN), Sergio Onofre Jarpa; PDC and PN are officially recessed; Popular Unity coalition parties (outlawed)—Communist Party (PCCh), Luis Corvaldn (in exile); Socialist Party (PS), Clodomiro Almeyda and Carlos Altamirano (both in exile); Radical Party (PR); Christian Left (IC); United Popular Action Movement (MAPU); Independent Popular Action (API)
Voting strength (1970 presidential election): 36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% conservative independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973 congressional election) 44% Popular Unity coalition, 56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN)
Communists: 248,000 when PCCh was legal in 1973; active militants now estimated at about 20,000
Other political or pressure groups: organized labor; business organizations; landowners' associations (SNA—Sociedad Nacional de Agricultura); Catholic church; extreme leftist Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR) outlawed; rightist Patria y Libertad (PyL) outlawed
Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $20.0 billion (1980), $1,800 per capita; 72% private consumption, 11% government consumption; 18% gross investment, —4% change in inventory, —5% net foreign balance; real growth rate (1980), 6.5%
Agriculture: main crops—wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beets, onions, beans, fruits; net agricultural importer; 2,279 calories per day per capita (1978 est.)
Fishing: catch 2.8 million metric tons (1980); exports $339 million (1979)
Major industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, pulp, paper, and forestry products
Crude steel: 765,000 million metric tons capacity (1980); 715,600 metric tons produced (1980)
Electric power: 3,100,000 kW capacity (1981); 12.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,050 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); copper, molybdenum, iron ore, paper products, fishmeal, fruits, wood products
Imports: $5.8 billion (c.i.f., 1980); petroleum, sugar, wheat, capita] goods, vehicles
Major trade partners: exports—12% US, 12% FRG, 10% Japan; 9% Brazil, 6% UK (1980); imports—27% US, 10% Japan, 8% Brazil, 5% FRG, 5% Venezuela (1980)
Budget: $7.3 billion revenues, $6.9 billion expenditures (1980)
Monetary conversion rate: 39 pesos=US$1, fixed since 30 June 1979
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,293 km total; 3,979 km 1.676-meter gauge, 135 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 3,903 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 95 km 0.600-meter gauge, 68 km 0.762-meter gauge, 113 km combined 1.435- and 1.00-meter gauge
Highways: 79,870 km total; 9,840 km paved, 37,930 km gravel, 32,100 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 725 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined products, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km
Ports: 10 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 397 total, 343 usable; 44 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 48 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on extensive radio-relay facilities; 553,800 telephones -(4.9 per 100 popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 2 domestic satellite stations; 180 AM, 30 FM, and 88 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,947,000; 2,219,000 fit for military service; about 118,000 reach military age (19) annually
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CHINA
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CHINA
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
9.6 million km2; 11% cultivated, sown area extended by multicropping, 78% desert, waste, or urban (32% of this area consists largely of denuded wasteland, plains, rolling hills, and basins from which about 3% could be reclaimed), 8% forested; 2%-3% inland water
Land boundaries: 24,000 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 14,500 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,055,304,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.3%
Nationality: noun—Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective—Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 94% Han Chinese; 6% Chuang, Uighur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Pu-I, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities
Religion: most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclectic, not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2%-3% Muslim, 1% Christian
Language: Chinese (Mandarin mainly; also Cantonese, Wu, Fukienese, Amoy, Hsiang, Kan, Hakka dialects), and minority languages (see ethnic divisions above)
Literacy: at least 25%
Labor force: est. 400 million (mid-1979); 75% agriculture, 25% other; shortage of skilled labor (managerial, technical,
mechanics, etc.); surplus of unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Republic of China
Type: Communist state; real authority lies with Communist Party's Political Bureau; the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, usually ratifies the party's programs; the State Council actually directs the government
Capital: Beijing (Peking)
Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions
Legal system: before 1966, a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of
uniform code of administrative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court, which reviews lower court decisions; laws and legal procedure subordinate to priorities of party policy; whole system largely suspended during Cultural Revolution but has been revived as part of the current regime's efforts to rationalize the state and to reintroduce socialist legality; regime has attempted to write civil and Communist codes; new legal codes in effect 1 January 1980
National holiday: National Day, 1 October
Branches: before 1966 control was exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervised more than 60 ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress; this system broke down under Cultural Revolution pressures but has been largely restored
Government leader: Premier of State Council ZHAO Ziyang; head of state, Chairman of NPC Standing Committee, YE Jianying; government subordinate to Central Committee of CCP
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections held for People's Congress representatives at county level
Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Hu Yaobang; Hu is Chairman of Central Committee and was elected at the party's 6th plenum in June 1981; Central Committee was formed at the 11th Party Congress, held in August 1977
Communists: about 39 million party members in 1981
Other political or pressure groups: the People's Liberation Army (PLA) remains a major force, although many military officers who acquired a wide range of civil political-administrative duties during the Cultural Revolution have been either returned to primarily military positions or removed; many veteran civilian officials, in eclipse since the Cultural Revolution, have been reinstated; mass organizations, such as the trade unions and the youth league, have been rebuilt
Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Red Cross, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, other international bodies
ECONOMY
GNP: $552 billion (1980), $538 per capita
Agriculture: main crops—rice, corn, wheat, miscellaneous grains, oilseed, cotton; agriculture mainly subsistence; grain
imports 13.7 million metric tons in 1980
Major industries: iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum
Shortages: complex machinery and equipment, highly skilled scientists and technicians, electricity
Crude steel: 34.48 million metric tons produced, 30 kg per capita (1979)
Electric power: 66,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 301.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 290 kWh per capita
Exports: $13.8 billion (f.o.b., 1979); agricultural products, oil, minerals and metals, manufactured goods
Imports: $14.5 billion (c.i.f., 1979); grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery and
equipment
Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong, US, West Germany, Romania, Australia, Canada, UK, France, USSR (1979)
Monetary conversion rate: as of 9 September 1980, about 1.46 yuan=US$1 (arbitrarily established)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: networks total about 52,500 route km common-carrier lines; about 600 km meter gauge (1.00 m); rest standard gauge (1.435 m); all single track except 9,345 km double track on standard gauge lines; approximately 1,520 km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.435 m)
Highways: about 890,000 km all types roads; almost half (about 350,000 km) unimproved natural earth roads and tracks; about 280,000 km improved earth roads about 2- to 5-meters wide and in poor to fair condition; remainder (about 260,000 km) includes majority of principal roads
Inland waterways: 169,000 km; 40,200 km navigable by modern motorized craft
Ports: 21 major, approximately 180 minor
Airfields: 372 total; 270 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 3,500 m and over; 66 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 230 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 62 with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 4 airfields under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 274,548,000; 153,482,000 fit for military service; 11,372,000 reach military age (18) annually
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COLOMBIA
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COLOMBIA
(See reference map IV)
LAND
1,139,600 km2; settled area 28% consisting of cropland and fallow 5%, pastures 14%, woodland, swamps, and water 6%,urban and other 3%; unsettled area 72%—mostly forest and savannah
Land boundaries: 6,035 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,414 km
PEOPLE
Population: 26,631,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun—Colombian(s); adjective—Colombian
Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% Caucasian, 14% mulatto, 4% Negro, 3% mixed Negro-Indian, 1% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 72-75% of population over 15 years old
Labor force: 5.9 million (1973); 30% agriculture, 15% industry, 19% services, 13% commerce/hotels, 18% other (1973); 18.5% unemployment (1979)
Organized labor: 13% of labor force (1968)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Colombia
Type: republic; executive branch dominates government structure
Capital: Bogotá
Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 3 Intendants, 5 Commissariats, Bogota Special District
Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious courts regulate marriage and divorce; constitution decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July
Branches: President, bicameral legislature, judiciary
Government leader: President Julio César TURBAY Ayala
Suffrage: age 18 and over
Elections: every fourth year; next presidential election scheduled for May 1982; last congressional election March 1982; municipal and departmental elections every two years, last held February 1980
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, President Julio César Turbay and former President Alfonso López Michelsen; Conservative Party, Alvaro Gómez Hurtado, Misael Pastrana Borrero, and Belisario Betancur head two principal factions
Voting strength: 1978 presidential election—Julio César Turbay 49%, Belisario Betancur 46%, Gen. Alvaro Valencia 1.3%; 1978 municipal election, 55% Liberal Party, 36% Conservative Party, 9% combined far left parties; 70% abstention of eligible voters
Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est.
Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White; PCC/ML, Chinese Line Communist Party
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $30.58 million (1980 est.; in current dollars), $1,112 per capita (1980; in current dollars); 73% private consumption, 8% public consumption, 20% gross investment
Agriculture: main crops—coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, plantains, bananas, cotton, tobacco; caloric intake, 2,140 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 63,965 metric tons 1977; exports $10.6 million (1973), imports $10.3 million (1973)
Major industries: textiles, food processing, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, and metal products
Crude steel: 356,000 metric tons produced (1976), 14 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 22.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 808 kWh per capita
Exports: $4,113 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle and hides, bananas
Imports: $3,851 million (f.o.b., 1980); transportation equipment, machinery, industrial metals and raw materials, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and paper products, foodstuffs and beverages
Major trade partners: exports—4% Japan, 29% US, Germany, 9% Venezuela, 5% Netherlands; imports—35% US, 8% Germany, 10% Japan, 3% Ecuador, 4% UK, 5% Venezuela, 4% France (1977)
Budget: (1980) revenues $2.9 billion; expenditures $2.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 56.39 pesos=US$1 (September 1981, changes frequently)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,436 km, all 0.914-meter gauge, single track
Highways: 65,125 km total; 8,655 km paved, 48,510 km gravel, 7,960 earth
Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined products, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km
Ports: 5 major, 5 minor
Civil air: 118 major transport aircraft, including 6 leased in
Airfields: 634 total, 633 usable; 50 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,660 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 3 domestic satellite stations; 1.52 million telephones (5.3 per 100 popl.); 325 AM, 130 FM, and 86 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,442,000; 4,570,000 fit for military service; about 326,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $312.7 million; about 7.6% of central government budget
------------------------------------------------------------
COMOROS
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←
Colombia
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Congo
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related portals: Comoros
1862659The World Factbook (1982) — Comorosthe Central Intelligence Agency
COMOROS
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,170 km2; 4 main islands; forests 16%, pasture 7%, cultivable area 48%, noncultivable area 29%
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 340 km
PEOPLE
Population: 442,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun—Comoran(s); adjective—Comoran
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Malay, Negroid
Religion: predominantly Islamic
Language: French, Arabic, Swahili
Literacy: low; probably around 20%
Labor force: mainly agricultural
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
Type: three of the four islands comprise an independent republic, following local government's unilateral declaration of independence from France in July 1975; other island, Mayotte, disallowed declaration and is now a French territorial community
Capital: Moroni
Political subdivisions: the three islands are organized into seven regions
Legal system: French and Muslim law
Branches: Mohamed Abdallah elected President of the Comoros, 21 October 1978, having regained power May 1978 following a coup, led by French-born mercenary Bob Denard, which toppled Ali Soilih; Soilih had come to power in 1977 through a coup that ousted Abdallah; Soilih was killed in the second coup
Government leader: President Ahmed ABDALLAH
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: next presidential election scheduled to take place in 1984
Communists: information not available
Member of: ADB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $78.8 million (1980), about $210 per capita
Agriculture: food crops—rice, manioc, maize, fruits, vegetables; export crops—essential oils for perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, copra, cloves
Electric power: 2,400 kW capacity (1980); 4 million kWh produced (1980); 11 kWh per capita
Exports: $11 million (f.o.b., 1980); perfume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves
Imports: $33 million (f.o.b., 1980); foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals, textiles
Major trade partners: France, Madagascar, Kenya, Italy, FRG, Tanzania, and US
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $110 million; OPEC, ODA (1974-80), $33 million
Budget: (1980) revenues $24.5 million, current expenditures, $38 million
Monetary conversion rate: 212.7 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 in 1979, floating
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,000 km total; approximately 295 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel
Ports: 1 minor (Moroni on Grande Comore); Majunga, Madagascar, is used for major trade
Civil air: 4 major transports, 1 leased
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse system of HF radiocommunication stations for interisland, island, and external communications to Malagasy and Reunion; 1,200 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations and 1 FM station; no TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 94,000; 57,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2.9 million; about 16% of the central government budget
------------------------------------------------------------
CONGO
------------------------------------------------------------
←
Comoros
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyCongo
Cook Islands
→
related portals: Republic of the Congo
1862662The World Factbook (1982) — Congothe Central Intelligence Agency
CONGO
(See reference map VII)
LAND
349,650 km2; 63% dense forest or woodland, 33% cultivable or grazing (2% cultivated est.), 4% urban or waste
Land boundaries: 4,514 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 169 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,641,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Congolese (sing., pl.); adjective—Congolese or Congo
Ethnic divisions: about 15 ethnic groups divided into some 75 tribes, almost all Bantu; most important ethnic groups are Kongo (48%) in south, Teke (17%) in center, Sangha (20%) and M'Bochi (12%) in north; about 8,500 Europeans, mostly French
Religion: about half animist, half nominally Christian, less than 1% Muslim
Language: French official, many African languages with Lingala and Kikongo most widely used
Literacy: about 20%
Labor force: about 40% of population economically active, most engaged in subsistence agriculture; 79,100 wage earners; 40,000-60,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 16% of total labor force (1965 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Republic of the Congo
Type: republic; military regime established September 1968
Capital: Brazzaville
Political subdivisions: nine regions divided into districts
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1973
National holiday: National Day, 15 August
Branches: President, Military Committee, Council of State; judiciary; all policy made by Congolese Labor Party Central Committee and Politburo
Government leaders: President Col. Denis SASSOU-NGUESSO replaced Joachim Yhombi-Opango as President in March 1979, following an intraparty squabble; Prime Minister Col. Louis-Sylvain GOMA is Head of Government
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for local and regional organs and the National Assembly were held in July 1979—the first elections since June 1973
Political parties and leaders: Congolese Workers Party (PCT) is only legal party
Communists: unknown number of Communists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Union of Congolese Socialist Youth (UJSC), Congolese Trade Union Congress (CSC), Revolutionary Union of Congolese Union (URFC), General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students (UGEEC)
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UDEAC, UEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: about $1.0 billion (1980 est.), $667 per capita; real growth rate 3.5% per year (1971-81)
Agriculture: cash crops—sugarcane, wood, coffee, cocoa, palm kernels, peanuts, tobacco; food crops—root crops, rice, corn, bananas, manioc, fish
Fishing: catch 19,447 metric tons (1978 est.)
Major industries: crude oil, sawmills, brewery, cigarettes, sugar mill, soap
Electric power: 116,000 kW capacity (1980); 130 million kWh produced (1980), 83 kWh per capita
Exports: $910.6 million (f.o.b., 1980); oil, lumber, tobacco, veneer, and plywood
Imports: $545 million (f.o.b., 1980); machinery, transport equipment, manufactured consumer goods, iron and steel, foodstuffs, petroleum products, sugar
Major trade partners: France and other EC countries
Budget: (1980) revenues $345.6 million, current expenditures $345.6 million, development expenditures $81.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 202 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 800 km, 1.067-meter gauge, single track
Highways: 8,246 km total; 555 km bituminous surface treated; 848 km gravel, laterite, 1,623 km improved earth, and 5,220 km unimproved roads
Inland waterways: 6,485 km navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 25 km
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-Noire)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 63 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: services adequate for government use; primary network is comprised of radio-relay routes and coaxial cables; key centers are Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo; 13,900 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 4 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 360,000; 180,000 fit for military service; about 16,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $59.8 million; about 10.8% of central government budget
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CONVERSION FACTORS
------------------------------------------------------------
←
Abbreviations for Other Important International Organizations
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyConversion Factors
The World Factbook
→
1965230The World Factbook (1982) — Conversion Factorsthe Central Intelligence Agency
Conversion Factors
To Convert From
To
Multiply By
Acres
Hectares
0.4046856
Acres
Kilometers, square
0.004046856
Acres
Meters, square
4046.856
Centimeters
Meters
0.01
Centimeters, square
Meters, square
0.0001
Degrees, Fahrenheit
Degrees, Celsius
subtract 32 and multiply by 5/9
Feet
Centimeters
30.48
Feet
Meters
0.3048
Feet
Kilometers
0.0003048
Feet, cubic
Liters
28.316847
Feet, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.028316847
Feet, square
Centimeters, square
929.0304
Feet, square
Meters, square
0.09290304
Gallons, US liquid
Liters
3.785412
Gallons, US liquid
Meters, cubic
0.003785412
Grams
Ounces, troy
0.032151
Grams
Pounds, troy
0.002679
Hectares
Kilometers, square
0.01
Hectares
Meters, square
0.0001
Inches
Centimeters
2.54
Inches
Meters
0.0254
Inches, cubic
Milliliters
16.387064
Inches, cubic
Liters
0.016387064
Inches, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.000016387064
Inches, square
Centimeters, square
6.4516
Inches, square
Meters, square
0.00064516
Kilograms
Ounces, troy
32.15075
Kilograms
Pounds, troy
2.679229
Kilograms
Tons, metric
0.001
Kilometers, square
Hectares
100
Liters
Milliliters
1000
Liters
Meters, cubic
0.001
Meters
Millimeters
1000
Meters
Centimeters
100
Meters
Kilometers
0.001
Meters, cubic
Liters
1000
Meters, cubic
Tons, register
0.353147
Miles, nautical
Kilometers
1.852
Miles, statute
Centimeters
160934.4
Miles, statute
Meters
1609.344
Miles, statute
Kilometers
1.609344
Miles, square
Hectares
258.9998
Miles, square
Kilometers, square
2.589998
Ounces, avoirdupois
Grams
28.349523
Ounces, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.028349523
Ounces, troy
Pounds, troy
0.083333
Ounces, troy
Grams
31.10348
Pints, liquid
Milliliters
473.176473
Pints, liquid
Liters
0.473176473
Pounds, avoirdupois
Grams
453.59237
Pounds, avoirdupois
Kilograms
0.45359237
Pounds, avoirdupois
Quintals
0.00453592
Pounds, avoirdupois
Tons, metric
0.000453592
Pounds, troy
Ounces, troy
12
Pounds, troy
Grams
373.241722
Quarts, dry
Liters
1.101221
Quarts, dry
Dekaliters
0.1101221
Quarts, liquid
Milliliters
946.352946
Quarts, liquid
Liters
0.946352946
Quintals
Tons, metric
0.1
Tons, long
Kilograms
0.047
Tons, long
Tons, metric
0.016047
Tons, metric
Quintals
10
Ton-miles, long
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.635169
Ton-miles, short
Ton-kilometers, metric
1.459972
Tons, register
Meters, cubic
2.831685
Tons, short
Kilograms
907.185
Tons, short
Tons, metric
0.907185
Yards
Centimeters
91.44
Yards
Meters
0.9144
Yards, cubic
Liters
764.5549
Yards, cubic
Meters, cubic
0.7645549
Yards, square
Meters, square
0.836127
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COOK ISLANDS
------------------------------------------------------------
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Congo
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Costa Rica
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1962889The World Factbook (1982) — Cook Islandsthe Central Intelligence Agency
COOK ISLANDS
(See reference map X)
LAND
About 240 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm
Coastline: about 120 km
PEOPLE
Population: 17,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0%
Nationality: noun—Cook Islanders); adjective—Cook Islander
Ethnic divisions: 81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9% other
Religion: Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Cook Islands
Type: self-governing in "free association" with New Zealand; Cook Islands Government fully responsible for internal affairs and has right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral action; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with Cook Islands Government
Capital: Rarotonga
Branches: New Zealand Governor General appoints Representative to Cook Islands, who represents the Queen and the New Zealand Government; Representative appoints the Prime Minister; Parliament of 22 members, popularly elected; House of Arikis (chiefs), 15 members, appointed by Representative, an advisory body only
Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Thomas (Tom) DAVIS
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years, latest in March 1978
Political parties and leaders: Cook Islands Party, Geoffrey Henry; Democratic Party, Dr. Thomas Davis
Voting strength (1978): Democratic Party, 16 seats, Cook Islands Party, 6 seats
ECONOMY
GDP: $15.4 million (1977), $860 per capita (1978)
Agriculture: export crops include copra, citrus fruits, pineapples, tomatoes, and bananas, with subsistence crops of yams and taro
Industry: fruit processing
Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1981); 13 million kWh produced (1981), 733 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.0 million (1977); copra, fresh and canned fruit
Imports: $16.8 million (1977); foodstuffs, textiles, fuels
Major trade partners: (1970) exports—98% New Zealand, imports—76% New Zealand, 7% Japan
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $2.0 million; Australia and New Zealand (1977), $6.5 million
Government budget: $121 million (1977)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 New Zealand$=US$1.01 (1978/79)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 187 km total (1980); 35 km paved, 35 km gravel, 84 km improved earth, 33 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 5 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 6 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 7,000 radio receivers, and 1,186 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.)
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COSTA RICA
------------------------------------------------------------
←
Cook Islands
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyCosta Rica
Cuba
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related portals: Costa Rica
1963343The World Factbook (1982) — Costa Ricathe Central Intelligence Agency
COSTA RICA
(See reference map III)
LAND
51,000 km²; 30% agricultural land (8% cultivated, 22% meadows and pasture), 60% forested, 10% waste, urban, and other
Land boundaries: 670 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; specialized competence over living resources to 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,290 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,396,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun—Costa Rican(s); adjective—Costa Rican
Ethnic divisions: 98% white (including mestizo), 2% Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 770,000 (1980 est.); 26.9% agriculture; 16.2% manufacturing; 18.1% commerce; 7.9% construction; 6.4%
transportation, utilities; 22.9% service (government, education, social); 0.2% other; 15% unemployment (1981 est.)
Organized labor: about 13.8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Costa Rica
Type: unitary republic
Capital: San José
Political subdivisions: seven provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Costa Rica; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
Branches: President, unicameral legislature, Supreme Court elected by legislature
Government leader: President Rodrigo CARAZO Odio until the inauguration of Luis Alberto MONGE on 8 May 1982
Suffrage: universal and compulsory age 18 and over
Elections: every four years; last, February 1982
Political parties and leaders: National Liberation Party (PLN), Luis Alberto Monge, Daniel Oduber, Jose "Pepe"
Figueres; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Mario Echandi; Unity Coalition (UNIDAD) comprised of: Democratic Renovation Party (PRD), Rodrigo Carazo; Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Rafael Grillo Rivera; Republican Calderonista Party (PRC), Rafael Angel Calderón Fournier; Popular Union Party (PUP), Jos6 Joaquin Trejos Fernandez; United People's Coalition (PU) comprised of three Marxist parties: Popular Vanguard Party (PVP), Manuel Mora Valverde; Popular Revolutionary Movement (MRP), Sergio Erick Ardon; Socialist Party (PS), Alvaro Montero Mejia
Voting strength (1982 election): PLN 57.3%, 33 seats; UNIDAD 32.7%, 18 seats; PU 3.2%, 4 seats; MSN 3.7%, 1 seat; other, 1 seat
Communists: 10,000 members and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Costa Rican Confederation of Democratic Workers (CCTD; Liberation Party affiliate), General Confederation of Workers (CGT; Communist Party affiliate), Chamber of Coffee Growers, National Association for Economic Development (ANFE); Free Costa Rica Movement (MCRL; rightwing militants)
Member of: CACM, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line—Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $4.8 billion (1980, in current prices), $2,109 per capita; 67.5% private consumption, 19.0% public consumption, 24.2% gross domestic investment, —10.7% net foreign balance (1980); 1.2% real growth rate (1980)
Agriculture: main products—bananas, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, cocoa, livestock products; caloric intake, 2,550 calories per day per capita (1977); protein intake 58 grams per day per capita (1974)
Fishing: catch 14,491 metric tons (1978); exports, $5.1 million (1976), imports, $0.3 million (1976)
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer
Electric power: 510,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.95 billion kWh produced (1980), 860 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,017 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, bananas, beef, sugar, cacao
Imports: $1,529 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactured products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—35% US, 27% CACM, 10% West Germany; imports—36% US, 17% CACM, 4% West Germany, 12% Japan (1980)
Aid: economic bilateral commitments—US authorized (FY70-80) including Ex-Im $142 million, other Western countries ODA and OOF (1970-79) $127 million, Communist (1971-74) $17 million; military commitments negligible
Budget: (1981) $825 million total revenues, $1,209 million total expenditures including debt amortization
Monetary conversion rate: 2.0 colones=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 790 km total; 740 km 1.067-meter gauge, 50 km 0.914-meter gauge, all single track, 160 km electrified
Highways: 28,235 km total; 2,425 km paved, 9,360 km gravel, 16,450 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 730 km perennially navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 318 km
Ports: 3 major (Lim6n, Golfito, Puntarenas), 4 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 217 total, 216 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good domestic telephone service; 145,000 telephones (6.7 per 100 pop!.); connection into Central American microwave net; 55 AM, 10 FM, and 15 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 619,000; 422,000 fit for military service; about 28,000 reach military age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on imports from US
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $13.9 million for Ministry of Public Security, including the Civil Guard; about 2.6% of total central government budget
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CUBA
------------------------------------------------------------
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Costa Rica
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyCuba
Cyprus
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1963971The World Factbook (1982) — Cubathe Central Intelligence Agency
CUBA
(See reference map III)
LAND
114,478 km²; 35% cultivated, 30% meadow and pasture, 20% waste, urban, or other, 15% forested
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 3,735 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,771,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun—Cuban(s); adjective—Cuban
Ethnic divisions: 51% mulatto, 37% white, 11% Negro, 1% Chinese
Religion: at least 85% nominally Roman Catholic before Castro assumed power
Language: Spanish
Literacy: about 96%
Labor force: 2.9 million in 1978; 33% agriculture, 17% industry, 9% construction, 7% transportation, 32% services, 2% unemployed
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Cuba
Type: Communist state
Capital: Havana
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces and 169 municipalities
Legal system: based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; Fundamental Law of 1959 replaced constitution of 1940; a new constitution was approved at the Cuban Communist Party's First Party Congress in December 1975 and by a popular referendum which took place on 15 February 1976; portions of the new constitution were put into effecton 24 February 1976, by means of a Constitutional Transition Law, and the entire constitution became effective on 2 December1976; legal education at Universities of Havana, Oriente, and Las Villas; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 January
Branches: executive; legislature (National People's Assembly); controlled judiciary
Government leader: President Fidel CASTRO Ruz
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 16
Elections: National People's Assembly (indirect election) every five years; election held November 1981
Political parties and leaders: Cuban Communist Party (PCC), First Secretary Fidel Castro Ruz, Second Secretary
Raúl Castro Ruz
Communists: approx. 400,000 party members
Member of: CEMA, ECLA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB (nonparticipant), IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, IHO, ILO, IMCO, International Rice Commission, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line—Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS (nonparticipant), PAHO, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Postal Union of the Americas and Spain, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $13.3 billion (1978 est., in 1978 prices), $1,360 per capita; real growth rate 1978, 4.0%
Agriculture: main crops—sugar, tobacco, rice, potatoes, tubers, citrus fruits, coffee
Fishing: catch 186,000 metric tons (1980); exports $127million (1980)
Major industries: sugar milling, petroleum refining, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, paper and wood
products, metals
Shortages: spare parts for transportation and industrial machinery, consumer goods
Crude steel: 313,500 metric tons produced (1979); 30 kg per capita
Electric power: 2,870,000 kW capacity (1981); 10.1 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,029 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.6 billion (f.o.b., 1980); sugar, nickel, shellfish, tobacco
Imports: $6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1980); capital goods, industrial raw materials, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—57% USSR, 13% other Communist countries; imports—62% USSR, 16% other Communist countries (1980 prelim.)
Aid: from US (FY46-61), $41.5 million (loans $37.5 million, grants $4.0 million); economic aid (1960-78) from USSR, $5.7 billion in economic credit and $11.0 billion in subsidies; military assistance from the USSR (1959-78), $1.6 billion
Budget: $13.4 billion (1980)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1.41 (nominal; 1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 14,725 km total, government owned; 5,070 km common-carrier lines of which 4,990 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 80 km 0.914-meter gauge; about 9,655 km plantation/industrial lines, 6,455 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 3,200 km narrow gauge
Highways: 21,000 km total; 9,000 km paved, 12,000 km gravel and earth surfaced
Inland waterways: 240 km
Pipelines: natural gas, 80 km
Ports: 8 major (including US Naval Base at Guantanamo), 44 minor
Civil air: 48 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 202 total, 195 usable; 58 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 5,079,000; of the 2,575,000 males 15-49, 1,621,000 are fit for military service; 120,000 males and 114,000 females reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1,112 billion; about 7,5% of total budget
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CYPRUS
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CYPRUS
(See reference map VI)
LAND
9,251 km2; 47% arable and land under permanent crops, 18% forested, 10% meadows and pasture, 25% waste, urban areas, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: approximately 648 km
PEOPLE
Population: 642,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun—Cypriot(s); adjective—Cypriot
Ethnic divisions: 78% Greek; 18% Turkish; 4% British, Armenian, and other
Religion: 78% Greek Orthodox, 18% Muslim, 4% Maronite, Armenian, Apostolic, and other
Language: Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy: about 89% of population 15 years or older, 99% of population aged 15-39
Greek Sector labor force: 180,700 (1980), 42% services; 33% industry; 25% agriculture; 2.1% unemployed
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Cyprus
Type: republic since August 1960; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control over the northern 37 percent of the republic; in 1975 the Turkish Cypriots declared a separate Turkish Federated State of Cyprus, although Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government; negotiations, which aim at finding a mutually agreeable solution to intercommunal differences, have focused on the creation of a federal system of government
Capital: Nicosia
Political subdivisions: 6 administrative districts
Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October
Branches: currently the Government of Cyprus has effective authority over only the Greek Cypriot community, consisting of Greek Cypriot parts of bodies provided for by constitution; headed by President of the Republic and comprised of Council of Ministers, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots have their own "constitution" and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus"
Government leaders: President Spyros KYPRIANOU; elected Interim President in September 1977 to serve out the remainder of the term of Archbishop Makarios, who died on 3 August 1977, and elected President in his own right by acclamation in February 1978; Turkish Sector: "President" Rauf DENKTASH; "Prime Minister" Mustafa CAGATAY
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: officially every five years (next presidential elections to be held in 1983); parliamentary elections held in
May 1981; Turkish Cypriot "presidential" and "parliamentary" elections held in June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Greek Sector: Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL; Communist Party), Ezekias Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DS), Glafkos Clerides; Democratic Party (DK), Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos Lyssarides; New Democratic Movement (NDP), Alecos Michaelides; New Union of the Center, Tassos Papadopoulos; Pancyprian Renewal Party (PAME), Khrysostomos Sofianos; Turkish Sector: National Unity Party (UBP), Mustafa Cagatay; Communal Liberation Party (TKP), Alpay Durduran; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker Ozgur; Democratic People's Party (DHP), Nejat Konuk; Turkish Unity Party (TBP), Ismail Tezer
Voting strength (1981 elections): in the parliamentary elections pro-Western Democratic Rally and Communist AKEL each received 12 of the 35 seats; Kyprianou 's center-right Democratic Party received eight seats; and socialist EDEK won three seats; in "presidential" and "parliamentary" elections in the Turkish Cypriot sector, Rauf Denktash won with 52 percent of the vote; his party (UBP) received 18 of 40 seats in the "Assembly" while the center-left TKP won 13 seats; the remainder were divided among the other parties
Communists: 12,000; sympathizers estimated to number 60,000
Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA; Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; pro- West); Pan Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK; pro- West); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2,165 million (1980, est.), $4,223 per capita; 1980 est. real growth rate 4.2%
Turkish Sector GNP: $200.7 million (1978), $1,580 per capita
Agriculture: main crops—potatoes, grapes, citrus fruit, grains
Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gypsum, asbestos), manufactures principally for local consumption—beverages, footwear, clothing, cement
Electric power: 500,000 kW capacity (1981); 1,042 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,654 kWh per capita
Exports: $532.8 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—food and beverages including citrus, raisins, potatoes and
wine, also cement and clothing
Turkish Sector exports: $40.2 million (f.o.b., 1979); principal items—citrus fruits, potatoes, metal pipes and pyrites
Imports: $1,214 million (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment,
fuels, food
Turkish Sector imports: $107.5 million (c.i.f., 1979); principal items are foodstuffs, raw materials, fuels, machinery
Major trade partners: imports (1980)—15.4% UK, 0.8% Italy, 10.1% Iraq, 7.6% West Germany, 7.0% Greece; exports (1980)—20.7% UK, 7.7% Saudi Arabia, 6.8% Syria, 9.9% Lebanon, 8.2% Libya
Turkish Sector major trade partners: imports (1979)—43% Turkey, 21.2% UK, 7% Italy, 6.6% West Germany, 2.7% France; exports (1979)—66.4% UK, 21% Turkey, 3.7% West Germany
Budget: (1980 est.) revenues $489.7 million, expenditures $582.7 million, deficit $93.0 million
Turkish Sector budget: (1980 prelim.) revenues $33.1 million, expenditures $62.0 million, deficit $28.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cyprus pound=US$2.834 (1980 average)
Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate: 76.04 Turkish lira=US$1 (1980 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 9,710 km total; 4,580 km bituminous surface treated; 5,130 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol), 6 minor; Famagusta under Turkish Cypriot control
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,656 m
Telecommunications: moderately good telecommunication system in both Greek and Turkish sectors; 92,580 telephones (15.0 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, 4 FM, and 25 TV stations; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and Turkey; 2 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 174,000; 123,000 fit for military service; about 5,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $57.7 million; about 14.8% of central government budget
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
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CZECHOSLOVAKIA
(See reference map V)
LAND
127,946 km2; 42% arable, 14% other agricultural, 35% forested, 9% other
Land boundaries: 3,540 km
PEOPLE
Population: 15,369,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun—Czechoslovak(s); adjective—Czechoslovak
Ethnic divisions: 64.3% Czechs, 30.0% Slovaks, 4.0% Magyars, 0.6% Germans, 0.5% Poles, 0.4% Ukrainians, 0.2% others
(Jews, Gypsies)
Religion: 77% Roman Catholic, 20% Protestant, 2% Orthodox, 1% other
Language: Czech, Slovak, Hungarian
Literacy: almost complete
Labor force: 7.6 million; 14% agriculture, 38.6% industry, 11% services, 36.4% construction, communications and others
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR)
Type: Communist state
Capital: Prague
Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate and nominally autonomous republics (Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic); seven regions (kraj) in Czech lands, three regions in Slovakia; national capitals of Prague and Bratislava have regional status
Legal system: civil law system based on Austrian-Hungarian codes, modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1960, amended in 1968 and 1970; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Charles University School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May
Branches: executive—President (elected by Federal Assembly), Cabinet (appointed by President); legislative—Federal Assembly (elected directly), Czech and Slovak National Councils (also elected directly) legislate on limited area of regional matters; judiciary—Supreme Court (elected by Federal Assembly); entire governmental structure dominated by Communist Party
Government leaders: President Gustáv HUSÁK (elected May 1975), Premier Lubomir ŠTROUGAL
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: governmental bodies and president every five years (last election, June 1981)
Dominant political party and leader: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gustáv Husák, General Secretary; Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status of "provincial KSC organization"
Voting strength (1976 election): 99.7% for Communist-sponsored single slate
Communists: 1.45 million party members and candidate members (January 1978)
Other political groups: puppet parties—Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slovak Revival Party
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $117.6 billion in 1980 (in 1980 dollars), $7,645 per capita; 1980 real growth rate 1.9%
Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops—wheat, rye, potatoes, sugar beets; net food importer—meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and vegetables; caloric intake, 3,100 calories per day per capita (1967)
Major industries: machinery, food processing, metallurgy, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: ores, crude oil
Crude steel: 14.8 million metric tons produced (1979), 1,000 kg per capita
Electric power: 18,292,000 kW capacity (1981); 78.9 billion kWh produced (1981), 5,196 kWh per capita
Exports: $13,890 million (f.o.b., 1979); 53% machinery, equipment; 26% fuels, raw materials; 4% foods, food products, and live animals; 17% consumer goods, excluding foods (1978)
Imports: $14,371 million (f.o.b., 1979); 40% machinery, equipment; 45% fuels, raw materials; 8% foods, food products, and live animals; 6% consumer goods, excluding foods (1978)
Major trade partners: USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, UK; $28,261 million (1979); 71% with Communist countries, 29% with non-Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: noncommercial 9.54 crowns=US$1, commercial 5.35 crowns=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
NOTE: foreign trade figures were converted at the rate of 5.35 crowns= US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 13,131 km total; 12,872 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 102 km broad gauge (1.524 m), 157 km narrow gauge (0.750 m and 0.760 m); 2,891 km double track; 3,034 km electrified; government owned (1980)
Highways: 73,793 km total; 60,300 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 13,493 km gravel, crushed stone (1979) Inland waterways: 475 km (1980)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products, 861 km; natural gas, 6,000 km
Freight carried: rail—286.2 million metric tons, 72.6 billion metric ton/km (1980); highway—1,235.3 million metric tons, 21.3 billion metric ton/km (1980); waterway—10.5 million metric tons, 3.6 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1980)
Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdańsk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Rostock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague, Děčín, Komárno, Bratislava (1979)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,737,000; 2,888,000 fit for military service; 112,000 reach military age annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, 23 billion crowns, 7.8% of total budget
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DEFINITIONS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND EXPLANATORY NOTES
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1965225The World Factbook (1982) — Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notesthe Central Intelligence Agency
Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes:
Dates of Information:
Population figures are projected estimates for 1 July 1982; the average annual growth rates listed are projected estimates for the period mid-1981 to mid-1982,
Military manpower estimates are as of 1 January 1982, except the numbers of males reaching military age, which are projected averages for the five-year period 1982-86.
In addition, although research for this edition was generally completed in January 1982, major political developments through 25 April 1982 have been included.
Fiscal Year: The abbreviation FY stands for fiscal year; all years are calendar years unless otherwise indicated.
GDP and GNP: GDP is the total market value of all goods and services produced within the domestic borders of a country over a particular time period, normally a year. GNP equals GDP plus the income accruing to domestic residents arising from investment abroad less income earned in the domestic market accruing to foreigners abroad.
Imports, Exports, and Aid: Standard abbreviations used in individual entries throughout this factbook are c.i.f (cost, insurance, and freight), f.o.b. (free on board), ODA (official development assistance), and OOF (other official flows).
Land Utilization: Most of the land utilization percentages are rough estimates. Figures for "arable" land in some cases reflect the area under cultivation rather than the total cultivable area.
Maritime Zones: Fishing and economic zones claimed by coastal states are included only when they differ from territorial sea limits. Maritime claims do not necessarily represent the position of the United States Government.
Money: All money figures are in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated.
Oil Terms: Barrel (bbl) and barrels per day (b/d) are used to express volume of crude oil and refined products; a barrel equals 42.00 gallons, 158.99 liters, 5.61 cubic feet, or 0.16 cubic meters.
Some of the countries and governments included in this publication are not fully independent, and others are not officially recognized by the United States Government.
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DENMARK
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DENMARK
(See reference map V)
LAND
42,994 km2 (exclusive of Greenland and Faroe Islands); 64% arable, 8% meadows and pastures, 11% forested, 17% other
Land boundaries: 68 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,379 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,125,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun—Dane(s); adjective—Danish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other
Language: Danish; small German-speaking minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2,529,000 (1979 average); 8.2% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 21.0% manufacturing, 7.9% construction, 13.3% commerce, 6.8% transportation, 7.0% banking and business services, 34.1% social services; 6.9% average unemployment rate
Organized labor: 65% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen
Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 communes, 88 towns
Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Copenhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: birthday of the Queen, 16 April
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Folketing); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts
Government leaders: Queen MARGRETHE II; Prime Minister Anker J0RGENSEN
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: on call of prime minister but at least every four years (last election 8 December 1981)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Anker Jorgensen; Liberal, Henning Christophersen; Conservative, Poul Schltiter; Radical Liberal, Niels Helveg Petersen; Socialist Peopled, Gert Petersen; Communist, Joergen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben Wilhjelm; Center Democratic, Erhard Jakobsen; Christian Peopled, Christian Christensen; Justice, Poul Gerhard Kristiansen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger; Progress Party, Mogens Glistrup
Voting strength (1981 election): 32.9% Labor, 11.3% Liberal, 14.4% Conservative, 8.9% Progress, 11.3% Socialist Peopled, 5.1% Radical Liberal, 2.6% Left Socialist, 8.3% Center Democrats, 2.3% Christian, 1.4% Justice
Communists: 7,500-8,000; a number of sympathizers, as indicated by 34,625 Communist votes cast in 1981 elections
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EEC, ELDO (observer), EMA, ESRD, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $64.6 billion (1980), $12,623 per capita; 51.6% private consumption, 18.8% investment, 27.5% government, 3.5% net foreign sector and stock building; 1980 growth rate —0.2%, constant prices
Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in dairying and animal husbandry; main crops—cereals, root crops; food imports—oilseed, grain, feedstuffs; caloric intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita (1968-69)
Fishing: catch 1.7 million metric tons (1979), exports $707 million 1979 (est.)
Major industries: food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, transport equipment, metal products, bricks and mortar, furniture and other wood products
Crude steel: 863,000 metric tons produced (1978), 170 kg per capita
Electric power: 7,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 25.438 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,960 kWh per capita
Exports: $16.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—meat, dairy products, industrial machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, transport equipment, fish, furs, and furniture
Imports: $19.2 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—industrial machinery, transport equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals, grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper
Major trade partners: 49.5% EC-nine (18.8% West Germany, 13.2% UK); 13.0% Sweden; 5.0% US (1979)
Aid: donor—economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF) $1.7 billion (1970-79)
Budget: (1981) expenditures $24.2 billion, revenues $21.36 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 5.6359 Kroner=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 January
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,770 km standard gauge (1.435 m); Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,120 km (1,999 km rail line and 121 km rail ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 650 km of standard gauge lines are privately owned and operated
Highways: approximately 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth
Inland waterways: 417 km
Pipelines: refined products, 418 km
Ports: 16 major, 44 minor
Civil air: 55 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased out
Airfields: 178 total, 121 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 3.11 million telephones (60.8 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 37 FM, and 30 TV stations; 16 submarine coaxial cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,294,000; 1,094,000 fit for military service; 41,000 reach military age (20) annually
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DJIBOUTI
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DJIBOUTI
(formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas)
(See reference map VII)
LAND
23,310 km²; 89% desert wasteland, 10% permanent pasture, and less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 517 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 306,000 (July 1982) average annual growth rate 4.1%
Nationality: noun—Afar(s), Issa(s); adjective—Afar, Issa
Ethnic divisions: Somalis (Issas) and Afars
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian
Language: French (official), Somali, Afar, Arabic, all widely used
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: a small number of semiskilled laborers at port
Organized labor: some 3,000 railway workers organized
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Djibouti
Type: republic
Capital: Djibouti
Political subdivisions: 5 Cercles (districts)
Legal system: based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law
Branches: 65-member Parliament, Cabinet, President, Prime Minister
Government leader: President HASSAN Gouled Aptidon
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Parliament elected May 1977
Political parties and leaders: Peoples Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: Arab League, FAO, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN
ECONOMY
GNP: $264.7 million (1978)
Agriculture: livestock; desert conditions limit commercial crops to about 6 hectares, including fruits and vegetables
Industry: ship repairs and services of port and railroad drastically reduced with war of 1977-78 in Ethiopia's Ogaden that cut the railroad line; it has since been reopened
Electric power: 55,000 kW capacity (1980); 220 million kWh produced (1980), 770 kWh per capita
Imports: $92 million (1978); almost all domestically needed goods—foods, machinery, transport equipment
Exports: $86 million (1978); hides and skins, and transit of coffee; values plummeted after railroad line was cut
Monetary conversion rate: 178 Djibouti francs=US$1
Fiscal year: probably same as that for France (calendar year)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: the Franco-Ethiopian railroad extends for 97 km through Djibouti
Highways: 1,387 km total; 279 km bituminous surface, 112 km improved earth; 996 km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Djibouti)
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Telecommunications: fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radiocommunication stations at outlying places; 4,350 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station and no FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 INTELSAT satellite station at Ambouli, working with Indian Ocean satellite
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 64,000; about 38,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of France
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2.9 million; about 3.4% of central government budget
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DOMINICA
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DOMINICA
(See reference map II)
LAND
790 km2 ; 24% arable, 2% pasture, 67% forests, 7% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 148 km
PEOPLE
Population: 80,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun—Dominican(s); adjective—Dominican
Ethnic divisions: mostly of African Negro descent
Religion: Roman Catholic, Church of England, Methodist
Language: English; French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 23,000; about 50% in agriculture; 24% unemployment
Organized labor: 25% of the labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Commonwealth of Dominica
Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 3 November 1978, recognizes Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Roseau
Political subdivisions: 10 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; three local magistrate courts and the British Caribbean Court of Appeals
Branches: legislature, 11-member popularly elected House of Assembly; executive, Cabinet headed by Premier
Government leader: Prime Minister (Mary) Eugenia CHARLES
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage over age 18
Elections: every five years; most recent 21 July 1980
Political parties and leaders: Dominica Labor Party (DLP), Michael Douglas; Dominica Freedom Party (DFP),
Mary Eugenia Charles; Dominica Democratic Labor Party (DDLP), Oliver Seraphin; Dominica Liberation Movement Alliance (DLMA), William Riviere
Voting strength (1980 election): House of Assembly seats—DFP 17 seats, DLP 2 seats, independent 2 seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, GATT (de facto), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMCO, IMF, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $35 million (1980 est. in 1977 prices), $430 per capita; 1980 real growth rate, —1.4% (est.)
Agricultural products: bananas, citrus, coconuts, cocoa, dasheen
Major industries: agricultural processing, tourism
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1981); 15 million kWh produced (1981), 189 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.9 million (f.o.b., 1980 proj.); bananas, lime juice and oil, cocoa, reexports
Imports: $49 million (c.i.f., 1980 proj.); machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured articles, cement
Major trade partners: exports—56% UK, 14% East Common Market, 17% rest of CARICOM, 6% other Caribbean, 4% US (1979); imports—25% UK, 12% ECC, 16% rest of Caribbean, 14% US
Aid: economic—bilateral ODA and OOF (1970-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $22.6 million; no military aid
Budget: revenues, $28 million (including grants); expenditures, $30 million (excluding grants) (1980/81)
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 630 km total; 360 km paved, 270 km gravel and earth
Ports: 2 minor (Roseau, Portsmouth)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 4,000 telephones in fully automatic network (5.1 per 100 popl.); VHF and UHF link to St. Lucia;
2 AM stations and 1 TV station
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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
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1967528The World Factbook (1982) — Dominican Republicthe Central Intelligence Agency
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
(See reference map III)
LAND
48,692 km2; 14% cultivated, 4% fallow, 17% meadows and pastures, 45% forested, 20% built on or waste
Land boundaries: 361 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,288 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,013,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun—Dominican(s); adjective—Dominican
Ethnic divisions: 73% mulatto, 16% white, 11% Negro
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 68%
Labor force: 1.3 million; 73% agriculture, 8% industry, 19% services, and other
Organized labor: 12% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Dominican Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Santo Domingo
Political subdivisions: 26 provinces and the National District
Legal system: based on French civil codes; 1966 constitution
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 February Branches: President popularly elected for a four-year term; bicameral legislature consisting of Senate (27 seats) and Chamber of Deputies (91 seats) elected for four-year terms; Supreme Court Government leader: President Antonio (Silvestre) GUZMAN Fernández
Suffrage: universal and compulsory, over age 18 or married, except members of the armed forces and police, who cannot vote
Elections: last national election May 1978; next election May 1982
Political parties and leaders: Dominican Revolutionary Party (PRD), Ivelisse Prats de Pérez Reformist Party (PR), Joaquin Balaguer; Dominican Liberation Party (PLD), Juan Bosch; Democratic Quisqueyan Party (PQD), Elias Wessin y Wessin; Social Christian Revolutionary Party (PRSC), Rogelio Delgado Bogaert; Movement for National Conciliation (MNC), Jaime Manuel Fernández Gonzalez; Antireelection Movement of Democratic Integration (MIDA), Francisco Augusto Lora; National Civic Union (UCN), Guillermo Delmonte Urraca; National Salvation Movement (MSN), Luis Julián Pérez; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Homero
Lajara Burgos; Fourteenth of June Revolutionary Movement (MR-1J4), Héctor Aristy Pereyra; Dominican Communist Party (PCD), Narciso Isa Conde, central committee, legalized in 1978; Dominican Popular Movement (MPD), illegal; 12th of January National Liberation Movement (ML-12E), Plinio Matos Moquete, illegal; Communist Party of the Dominican Republic (PACOREDO), Luis Montas González, illegal; Popular Socialist Party (PSP), illegal; Anti-Imperialist Patriotic Union (UPA), Franklin Franco Pichardo; Democratic Union (UD), Ramón Antonio Flores; Revolutionary League of Workers (LRT), Claudio Tavárez; several additional small leftist parties
Voting strength (1978 election): 51.7% PRD, 40.9% PR, 7.4% thirteen minor parties
Communists: an estimated 7,000 to 9,000 members in several legal and illegal factions; effectiveness limited by ideological differences and organizational inadequacies
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISO, ITU, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $6.8 billion (1980 prelim.), $1,256 per capita; real growth rate 1980, 5.4%
Agriculture: main crops—sugarcane, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rice, corn
Major industries: tourism, sugar processing, nickel mining, bauxite mining, gold mining, textiles, cement
Electric power: 890,000 kW capacity (1981); 3.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 519 kWh per capita
Exports: $962 million (f.o.b., 1980); sugar, nickel, coffee, tobacco, cocoa, bauxite
Imports: $1,515 million (f.o.b., 1980); foodstuffs, petroleum, industrial raw materials, capital equipment
Major trade partners: exports—46% US including Puerto Rico (1980); imports—45% US including Puerto Rico (1980)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), from US, $414 million; (1970-79) ODA and OOF from other Western countries, $103 million; military-authorized from US (1970-80), $18 million
Budget: revenues, $891 million; expenditures, $1,094.1 million (1980 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 peso=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,600 km total; 104 km government owned common-carrier 1.065-meter gauge; 1,496 km privately owned plantation lines of four different gauges ranging from 0.60 m to 1.43 m, 0.760-meter gauge predominating
Highways: 11,400 km total; 5,800 km paved, 5,600 km gravel and improved earth
Pipelines: refined products, 69 km
Ports: 4 major (Santo Domingo, Barahona, Haina, San Pedro de Macon's), 17 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 47 total, 37 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: relatively efficient domestic system based on islandwide radio-relay network; 139,000 telephones
(2.5 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 31 FM, and 22 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,423,000; 939,000 fit for military service; 75,000 reach military age (18) annually
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ECUADOR
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Dominican Republic
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1968095The World Factbook (1982) — Ecuadorthe Central Intelligence Agency
ECUADOR
(See reference map IV)
LAND
274,540 km2 (including Galapagos Islands); 11% cultivated, 8% meadows and pastures, 55% forested, 26% waste, urban, or other (excludes the Oriente and the Galapagos Islands, for which information is not available)
Land boundaries: 1,931 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 2,237 km (includes Galapagos Islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 8,537,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun—Ecuadorean(s); adjective—Ecuadorean
Ethnic divisions: 40% mestizo, 40% Indian, 10% white, 5% Negro, 5% Oriental, and other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (majority nonpracticing)
Language: Spanish, Quechua
Literacy: 57%
Labor force: 2 million, of which 56% agriculture, 13% manufacturing, 4% construction, 7% commerce, 4% public administration, 16% other services and activities
Organized labor: less than 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Ecuador
National holiday: Independence Day, 10 August
Type: republic
Capital: Quito
Political subdivisions: 20 provinces including Galapagos Islands
Legal system: based on civil law system; progressive new constitution passed in January, 1978 referendum came into effect following the installation of a new civilian government in August 1979; legal education at four state and two private
universities; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: executive; Chamber of Representatives; independent judiciary
Government leader: President Osvaldo HURTADO Larrea assumed office in May 1981 following the death of President Jaime Roldós in an airplane crash
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: presidential and parliamentary elections held April 1979; a presidential election is scheduled for 1984
Political parties and leaders: Popular Democracy Party, Julio Trujillo (the party of Pres. Hurtado); Concentration of Popular Forces, party leader position vacant, populist; Radical Liberal Party, Ignacio Hidalgo, center right; Conservative Party, José Terán, center right; People, Change, and Democracy, Aguiles Rigail, center left; Democratic Left, Rodrigo Borja, center left; Democratic Party, Francisco Huerta, progressive liberal
Voting strength: results of April 1979 presidential election—Jaime Roldós, Concentration of Popular Forces 62%; Sixto Durán-Ballen, center-right coalition 28%
Communists: Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE, pro-Moscow, René Mauge—secretary-general), 500 members plus an estimated 3,000 sympathizers; Communist Party of Ecuador (PCE/ML, pro-Peking), 100 members; Revolutionary Socialist Party of Ecuador (PSRE), 200 members
Member of: ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (formed in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, OPEC, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $11.0 billion (1980), $1,320 per capita; 63% private consumption, 14% public consumption, 25% gross investment,—2% foreign; average annual real growth rate 1975-80, 6.3%
Agriculture: main crops—bananas, coffee, cocoa, sugar-cane, fruits, corn, potatoes, rice; caloric intake, 2,104 calories
per day per capita (1977)
Fishing: catch 475,000 metric tons (1977); exports $165.6 million (1980), imports negligible
Major industries: food processing, textiles, chemicals, fishing, petroleum
Electric power: 1,200,000 kW capacity (1981); 3.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 340 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum, bananas, coffee, cocoa, fish products
Imports: $2.2 billion (c.i.f., 1980); agricultural and industrial machinery, industrial raw materials, building supplies, chemical products, transportation and communication equipment
Major trade partners: exports (1980)—31% US, 19% LAIA, 8% EC, 13% Japan; imports (1980)—38% US, 18% EC, 14% Japan, 13% LAIA
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments of ODA and OOF (FY70-80), US, $177.3 million; other Western countries (1970-79), $243.0 million; Communist countries (1970-75), $9.4 million; military—(FY70-79) US, $40.0 million
Budget: (1980) revenues, $1,504 million; expenditures, $1,680 million
Monetary conversion rate: 35 sucres=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,121 km total; 966 km 1.067-meter gauge, 155 km 0.750-meter gauge; all single track
Highways: 69,280 km total; 11,925 km paved, 24,400 km gravel, 32,955 km earth roads
Inland waterways: 1,500 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 623 km; refined products, 1,358 km
Ports: 3 major (Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar), 11 minor
Civil air: 46 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 174 total, 174 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 26 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities adequate only in largest cities; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 260,000 telephones
(2.9 per 100 popl.); 250 AM, 38 FM, and 17 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,908,000; 1,295,000 fit for military service; 87,000 reach military age (20) annually
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EGYPT
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1940571The World Factbook (1982) — Egyptthe Central Intelligence Agency
EGYPT
(See reference maps VI and VII)
LAND
1,000,258 km2 (including 19,237 km2 in Sinai); 2.8% cultivated (of which about 70% multiple cropped); 96.5% desert, waste, or urban; 0.7% inland water
Land boundaries: approximately 2,580 km (including border of Sinai area)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,450 km (1967); includes approximately 500 km within Sinai area
PEOPLE
Population: 44,740,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun—Egyptian(s); adjective—Egyptian or Arab Republic of Egypt
Ethnic divisions: 90% Eastern Hamitic stock; 10% Greek, Italian, Syro-Lebanese
Religion: (official estimate) 94% Muslim, 6% Copt and other
Language: Arabic official, English and French widely understood by educated classes
Literacy: around 44%
Labor force: 13.4 million; 45-50% agriculture, 13% industry, 11% trade and finance, 26% services and other; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 1 to 3 million
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Arab Republic of Egypt
Type: republic; under presidential rule since June 1956
Capital: Cairo
Political subdivisions: 26 governorates
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; permanent constitution written in 1971; judicial review of limited nature in Supreme Court, also in Council of State, which oversees validity of administrative decisions; legal education at Cairo University; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: National Day, 23 July
Branches: executive power vested in President, who appoints Cabinet; People's Assembly dominated by the government's National Democratic Party; independent judiciary administered by Minister of Justice
Government leader: President Hosni MUBARAK
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: regular elections to People's Assembly every five years (most recent June 1979); presidential elections every six years (President Mubarak was elected in October 1981)
Political parties and leaders: formation of political parties must be approved by government; National Democratic Party, formed in mid-1978 by President Anwar El-Sadat, is the major party; various small opposition parties Communists: approximately 500, party members
Member of: AAPSO, AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOQ IPU, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WPC, WSG, WTO; Egypt suspended from Arab League and OAPEC in April 1979 and from ISCON in May 1979
ECONOMY
GNP: $23.4 billion (1980), $550 per capita; real growth of 8% in 1980
Agriculture: main cash crop—cotton; other crops—rice, onions, beans, citrus fruit, wheat, corn, barley; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: textiles, food processing, chemicals, petroleum, construction, cement
Electric power: 5,480,600 kW capacity (1980); 18.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 434 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); crude petroleum, raw cotton, cotton yarn and fabric, rice, onions, potatoes, chemicals, cement
Imports: $7.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, woods
Major trade partners: US, EC countries
Monetary conversion rate: official rate—1 Egyptian pound=US$1.43 (selling rate), 0.70 Egyptian pound=US$1 (selling rate)
Fiscal year: July through June, beginning in 1980
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,857 km total; 951 km double track; 25 km electrified; 4,510 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 347 km 0.750-meter gauge
Highways: 47,025 km total; 12,300 km paved, 2,500 km gravel and crushed stone, 14,200 km improved earth, 18,025 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,360 km; Suez Canal, 160 km long, used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 11.5 meters of water; Alexandria-Cairo waterway navigable by barges of metric ton capacity; Nile and large canals by barges of 420-metric ton capacity; Ismailia Canal by barges of 200- to 300-metric ton capacity; secondary canals by sailing craft of 10- to 70-metric ton capacity
Freight carried: Suez Canal (1966)—242 million metric tons of which 175.6 million metric tons were POL
Pipelines: crude oil, 675 km; refined products, 240 km; natural gas, 365 km
Ports: 3 major (Alexandria, Port Said, Suez), 8 minor
Civil air: 37 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in and 2 leased out
Airfields: 109 total, 77 usable; 68 with permanent-surface runways; 45 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is large but still inadequate for needs; principal centers Alexandria and Cairo, secondary
centers Al Mansurah, Ismailia, and Tanta; intercity connections by coaxial cable and microwave; extensive upgrading in progress; est. 600,000 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 23 AM, 3 FM, and 35 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; Symphonie satellite station; 2 submarine coaxial cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 10,912,000; 7,120,000 fit for military service; about 458,000 reach military age (20)
annually
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EL SALVADOR
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Egypt
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Equatorial Guinea
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1968399The World Factbook (1982) — El Salvadorthe Central Intelligence Agency
EL SALVADOR
(See reference map III)
LAND
21,400km2; 32% cropland (9% corn, 5% cotton, 7% coffee, 11% other), 26% meadows and pastures, 31% nonagricultural, 11% forested
Land boundaries: 515 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 307 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,617,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -2.4%
Nationality: noun—Salvadoran(s); adjective—Salvadoran
Ethnic divisions: 92% mestizo; Indian and white minorities, 4% each at most
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic, probably 97%-98%
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 50% literacy in urban areas, 30% in rural areas
Labor force: 1.7 million (est. 1982); 50% agriculture, 14% manufacturing and construction, 7% commerce, 29% public and private services; shortage of skilled labor and large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation
Organized labor: 8% total labor force; 10% agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force (1982)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of El Salvador
Type: republic
Capital: San Salvador
Political subdivisions: 14 departments
Legal system: based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; constitution adopted 1962; military coup on 15 October 1979; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of El Salvador; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
Branches: Constituent Assembly elected on 28 March 1982 (60 seats)
Government leaders: military/civilian junta composed of José Napoleón DUARTE (President), Army Col. Jaime Abdul GUTIERREZ (Vice President), José Antonio MORALES Ehrlich, Dr. Ramón AVALOS Navarrete
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: 28 March 1982 Constituent Assembly election; Constituent Assembly to write new constitution and appoint new provisional government until scheduled presidential elections in 1983
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Julio Samayoa; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Raul Molina; Democratic Action (AD), Rene Fortin Magaña; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco Quiftonez; Popular Orientation Party (POP), Gen. José Alberto Medrano; National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Maj. Roberto D'Aubuisson; Renovative Action Party (PAR), Ernesto Oyarbide
Voting strength: PDC 24 seats, ARENA 19 seats, PNC 14 seats, AD 2 seats, POP seats, and PPS 1 seat; ACAN-EFE Coalition (composed of ARENA, PCN, AD, POP, and PPS) controls 36 of 60 seats
Leftist revolutionary movement (Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front—FMLN): armed insurgents—Unified Revolutionary Directorate (DRU; alliance of guerrilla groups), Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of the National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Communist Party of El Salvador/Liberation Armed Forces (PCES/FAL), and Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC); militant front organizations—Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), 28 February Popular Leagues (LP-28), National Democratic Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation Movement (MLP); revolutionary coalition—Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU; FD consists of moderate leftist groups—Independent Movement of Professionals and Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC)
Extreme rightist vigilante organizations: National Democratic Organization (ORDEN), White Warriors Union (UGB), Death Squadron (EM), Mano Blanca (MANO), Organization for Liberation from Communism (OLC)
Labor organizations: Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; General Confederation of Trade Unions (CGS); United Confederation of Workers (CUT), leftist; Popular Democratic Unity (UPD), moderate political pressure group headed by FESINCONSTRANS, UCS, and other democratic labor organizations
Business organizations: National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), moderate; National Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), moderate
Member of: Central American Common Market (CACM), FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.5 billion (1980), $667 per capita; 83% private consumption, 17% government consumption, 24% gross domestic investment; -24% net foreign balance; real growth rate, -10.0% (1980) Agriculture: main crops—coffee, cotton, corn, sugar, rice, beans; caloric intake, 2,051 calories per day per capita (1977); protein intake 51 grams per day per capita (1974)
Fishing: catch 5,487 metric tons (1978)
Major industries: food processing, textiles, clothing, petroleum products
Electric power: 480,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.3 billion kWh produced (1981), 266 kWh per capita
Exports: $969 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, cotton, sugar
Imports: $907 million (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, automotive vehicles, petroleum, foodstuffs, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—32% US, 22% CACM, 33% EC, 13% other (1977); imports—28% US, 24% CACM, 14% EC, 8% Japan, 26% other (1979)
Aid: economic—authorized from US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $149 million; ODA and OOF committed by other Western countries (1970-79), $71 million; military—from US (FY70-80), $16 million
Budget: (1980) $412 million current revenues, $569 million expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 2.5 colones=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 602 km 0.914-meter gauge, single tracked
Highways: 10,000 km total; 1,500 km paved, 4,100 km gravel, 4,400 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Lempa River partially navigable
Pipelines: crude oil 1,051 km; refined products 431 km; natural gas 365 km
Ports: 2 major (Acajutla, La Unión), 1 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 158 total, 146 usable; 5 with permanent-surfaced runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: nationwide trunk radio-relay system; connection into Central American microwave net; 70,000 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 60 AM, 9 FM, and 5 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean Satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,057,000; 673,000 fit for military service; 55,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $133.9 million; central government budget unknown
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EQUATORIAL GUINEA
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EQUATORIAL GUINEA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
28,051 km2; Rio Muni, about 25,900 km2, largely forested; Fernando Po, about 2,072 km2
Land boundaries: 539 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 296 km
PEOPLE
Population: 260,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun—Equatorial Guinean(s); adjective—Equatorial Guinean
Ethnic divisions: indigenous population of Province Bioko, primarily Bubi, some Fernandinos; of Rio Muni primarily Fang; less than 1,000 Europeans, primarily Spanish
Religion: natives all nominally Christian and predominantly Roman Catholic; some pagan practices retained
Language: Spanish official language of government and business; also pidgin English, Fang
Literacy: school enrollment reportedly 90% for school age children, but overall literacy rate is only 38%
Labor force: most Equatorial Guineans involved in subsistence agriculture; labor shortages on plantations
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Type: republic
Capital: Malabo
Political subdivisions: 3 military regions; 7 provinces with appointed military governors
Legal system: in transition; law by decree issued by Supreme Military Council; in part based on Spanish civil law and custom
National holiday: 12 October
Branches: executive and legislative powers held by 11 member Supreme Military Council assisted by ministries headed by appointed military commissars; judicial process not clearly defined since coup
Government leader: Lt Col. Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO, President, Supreme Military Council (SMC), succeeded former President Masie Nguema after 3 August 1979 coup
Suffrage: popular suffrage has been deferred
Elections: last parliamentary elections held December 1973
Political parties and leaders: political activities suspended; before coup of 3 August 1979, National Unity Party of Workers (PUNT) was the sole legal party
Communists: no significant number of Communists, but some sympathizers
Member of: Conference of East and Central African States. ECA, G–77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UPU
ECONOMY
GNP: $100 million (1980); $417 per capita (Note: economy destroyed by former President Masie Nguema)
Agriculture: major cash crops—Rio Muni, timber, coffee: Fernando Po, cocoa; main food products—rice, yams, cassava, bananas, oil palm nuts, manioc, and livestock
Major industries: fishing, sawmilling
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1980); 25 million kWh produced (1980), 99 kWh per capita
Exports: $13,3 million (1980 est.); cocoa, coffee, and wood
Imports: $37.1 million (1980 est.); foodstuffs, chemicals and chemical products, textiles
Major trade partner: Spain
Budget: (1976) receipts $2.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 172.1 Ekuele=US$1 (March 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: Rio Muni—2,460 km, including approx. 185 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth; Fernando Po—300 km, including 146 km bituminous, remainder gravel and earth
Inland waterways: Rio Muni has approximately 167 km of year-round navigable waterway, used mostly by pirogues
Ports: 1 major (Malabo), 3 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system with adequate government services; international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; 2,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and no FM stations; no TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 58,000; 30,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $6.2 million; 21% of central government budget
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ETHIOPIA
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Equatorial Guinea
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Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
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1969308The World Factbook (1982) — Ethiopiathe Central Intelligence Agency
ETHIOPIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,178,450 km2; 10% cropland and orchards, 55% meadows and natural pastures, 6% forests and woodlands, 29% wasteland, built-on areas, and other
Land boundaries: 5,198 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm; for sedentary fisheries, territorial sea extends to limit of fisheries
Coastline: 1,094 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 30,569,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun—Ethiopian(s); adjective—Ethiopian
Ethnic divisions: Galla 40%, Amhara and Tigrai 32%, Sidamo 9%, Shankella 6%, Somali 6%, Afar 4%, Gurage 2%, other 1%
Religion: 35%-40% Ethiopian Orthodox, 40%-45% Muslim, 15%-20% animist, 5% other
Language: Amharic official; many local languages and dialects; English major foreign language taught in schools
Literacy: about 5%
Labor force: 90% agriculture and animal husbandry; 10% government, military, and Quasi-government
Organized labor: All Ethiopian Trade Union formed January 1977 to represent 273,000 registered trade union members
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Ethiopia
Type: under military rule since mid-1974; monarchy abolished in March 1975, but republic not yet declared
Capital: Addis Ababa
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces (also referred to as regional administrations)
Legal system: complex structure with civil, Islamic, common and customary law influences; constitution suspended September 1974; military leaders have promised a new constitution but established no time frame for its adoption; legal education at Addis Ababa University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Popular Revolution Commemoration Day, 12 September
Branches: executive power exercised by the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), dominated by its chairman and small circle of associates; predominantly civilian Cabinet is ineffectual and holds office at sufferance of military; legislature dissolved September 1974; judiciary at higher levels based on Western pattern, at lower levels on traditional pattern, without jury system in either
Government leader: MENGISTU Haile-Mariam, Chairman of the Provisional Military Administrative Council
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: urban dwellers' association officials elected June 1981
Political parties and leaders: no political party exists, although efforts to create one have been underway for the
past few years
Communists: probably a few Communist sympathizers in the government; government officially committed to organize a Communist party, but progress is slow
Other political or pressure groups: important dissident groups include Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), and Eritrean Liberation Front/Popular Liberation Forces in Eritrea; Tigrean Peoples Liberation Front (TPLF) in Tigre Province; Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) in the Ogaden Region
Member of: AFDB, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICO, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $4.4 billion (1981), $138 per capita; growth rate 2.0-3.0% (1981)
Agriculture: main crop—coffee
Major industries: cement, sugar refining, cotton textiles, food processing, oil refinery
Electric power: 330,000 kW capacity (1980); 720 million kWh produced (1980), 25 kWh per capita
Exports: $408 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 70% coffee, 5% hides and skins
Imports: $779 million (c.i.f., 1981 est.) 18% petroleum
Major trade partners: imports—Saudi Arabia, Japan, Italy, West Germany, Iran, UK, France, and US; exports—US, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Japan, Italy, West Germany
External debt: $740 million, 1981; external debt ratio 6.6%
Monetary conversion rate: 2.07 Ethiopian Birr=US$1
Fiscal year: 8 July-7 July
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,089 km total; 782 km meter gauge (1.00 m), of which 97 km are in Djibouti; 307 km 0.95-meter gauge
Highways: 44,300 km total; 3,650 km bituminous, 9,650 km gravel, 3,000 km improved earth, 28,000 km unimproved earth
Ports: 2 major (Assab, Massawa)
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 187 total, 167 usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,871,000; 3,690,000 fit for military service; 346,000 reach military age (18) annually
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FALKLAND ISLANDS (MALVINAS)
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Ethiopia
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Faroe Islands
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1969842The World Factbook (1982) — Falkland Islands (Malvinas)the Central Intelligence Agency
FALKLAND ISLANDS
(Islas Malvinas)[1]
(See reference map IV)
LAND
Colony—12,168 km2; area consists of some 200 small islands and two principal islands, East Falkland (6,680 km2) and West Falkland (5,276 km2); dependencies—South Sandwich Islands, South Georgia, and the Shag and Clerke Rocks
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 1,288 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -0.7%
Nationality: noun—Falkland Islander(s); adjective—Falkland Island
Ethnic divisions: almost totally British
Religion: predominantly Church of England
Language: English
Literacy: compulsory education up to age 14
Labor force: 1,100 (est.); est. over 95% in agriculture, mostly sheepherding
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Colony of the Falkland Islands
Type: British crown colony
Capital: Stanley
Political subdivisions: local government is confined to capital
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor, Executive Council, Legislative Council
Government leader: Governor and Commander in Chief J. R. W. PARKER (also High Commissioner for British Antarctic Colony)
Suffrage: universal
ECONOMY
Government budget: Colony—revenues, $5.1 million (FY68); expenditures, $5.3 million (1980-81)
Agriculture: Colony—predominantly sheep farming
Major industries: Colony—wool processing
Electric power: 1,250 kW capacity (1980); 2.5 million kWh produced (1980), 1,150 kWh per capita
Exports: Colony—$5.8 million (1978); wool, hides and skins, and other; dependencies—no exports in 1968 or 1969
Imports: Colony—$3.4 million (1978); food, clothing, fuels, and machinery; dependencies—$8,368 (1969); mineral fuels and lubricants, food, and machinery
Major trade partners: nearly all exports to the UK, also some to the Netherlands and to Japan; imports from Curacao, Japan, and the UK
Aid: economic—(1970-79) Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF, $24 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Falkland Island pound=US$2.3263
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 510 km total; 30 km paved, 80 km gravel, and 400 km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Stanley), 4 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable, 1 with permanent surface runways; 1 with runways 1,200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: government-operated radiotelephone networks providing effective service to almost all points on both islands; approximately 530 telephones (est. 29.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station
↑ The possession of the Falkland Islands has been disputed by the UK and Argentina (which refers to them as the Islas Malvinas) since 1833. On 1 April 1982 Argentine military forces invaded the islands. The British responded by sending warships to the South Atlantic.
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FAROE ISLANDS
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Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
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Fiji
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1970485The World Factbook (1982) — Faroe Islandsthe Central Intelligence Agency
FAROE ISLANDS
(See reference map V)
LAND
1,340 km2; less than 5% arable, of which only a fraction cultivated; archipelago consisting of 18 inhabited islands and a few uninhabited islets
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm; fishing 200 nm
Coastline: 764 km
PEOPLE
Population: 45,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.2% (current)
Nationality: noun—Faroese (sing., pl.); adjective—Faroese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Languages: Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 15,000; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Faroe Islands
Type: self-governing province within the Kingdom of Denmark; 2 representatives in Danish parliament
Capital: Torshavn on the island of Streymoy
Political subdivisions: 7 districts, 49 communes, 1 town
Legal system: based on Danish law; Home Rule Act enacted 1948
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown, acting through appointed High Commissioner,' and 32-members provincial parliament (Lagting) in matters of strictly Faroese concern; executive power vested in Crown, acting through High Commissioner, but exercised by provincial cabinet responsible to provincial parliament
Government leaders: Queen MARGRETHE II; Lagmand (Chairman) Pauli ELLEFSEN; Danish Governor Leif GROTH
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every four years; most recent, 8 November 1980
Political parties and leaders: Coalition, Pauli Effefsen; Peoples, Jogvan Sundstein; Republican, Erlendur Patursson; Home Rule, Tobjern Poulsen; Progressive and Fishermen's, Adolf Hansen; Social Democratic, Atli Dam
Voting strength (1980 election): Coalition, 23.8%; Social Democratic, 21.7%; Republican, 17.0%; Peoples, 17.9%; Home Rule, 8.4%; Progressive and Fishermen's, 8.2%
Communists: insignificant number
Member of: Nordic Council
ECONOMY
GDP: $420.8 million (1979), about $8,280 per capita
Agriculture: sheep and cattle grazing
Fishing: catch 261,800 metric tons (1979); exports, $131.6 million (1979 est.)
Major industry: fishing
Electric power: 48,000 kW capacity (1980); 90 million kWh produced (1980), 2,140 kWh per capita
Exports: $150.7 million (f.o.b., 1979); mostly fish and fish products
Imports: $205 8 million (c.i.f., 1979); machinery and transport equipment, petroleum and petroleum products,
food products
Major trade partners: 48.1% Denmark, 8.9% US, 8.6% Norway, 8.1% UK (1978)
Budget: (FY78) expenditures $73.3 million, revenues $73.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5.261 Danish Kroner=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year beginning 1 January 1979
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 200 km
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439m
Telecommunications: good international communications; fair domestic facilities; 15,000 telephones (35 per 100 popl.); 1 AM and 3 FM stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49 included with Denmark
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FIJI
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Faroe Islands
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyFiji
Finland
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1970924The World Factbook (1982) — Fijithe Central Intelligence Agency
FIJI
(See reference map X)
LAND
18,272 km2; consists of more than 300 islands and many more coral atolls and cays; the larger islands, Viti Levu, Taveuni, and Kadavu are all mountainous and volcanic in origin, with peaks rising over 1,210 meters; landownership—83.6% Fijians, 1.7% Indians, 6.4% government, 7.2% European, 1.1% other; about 30% of land area is suitable for farming
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): (economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,129 km
PEOPLE
Population: 654,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun—Fijian(s); adjective—Fijian
Ethnic divisions: 50% Indian, 44% Fijian, 6% European, Chinese, and others
Religion: Fijians mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu with a Muslim minority
Language: English and Fijian (official), Hindustani spoken among Indians
Literacy: over 80%
Labor force: 176,000 (1979); 43.8% agriculture, 15.6% industry
Organized labor: about 50% of labor force organized into 22 unions; unions organized along lines of work, breakdown by ethnic origin causes further fragmentation
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Fiji
Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth; Elizabeth II recognized as chief of state
Capital: Suva located on the south coast of the island of Viti Levu
Political subdivisions: 14 provinces
Legal system: based on British
National holiday: 10 October
Branches: executive—Prime Minister; legislative—52-member House of Representatives (Alliance Party 36 seats, National Federation Party 15 seats, 1 independent); 22-member appointed Senate; judicial—Supreme Court
Government leader: Prime Minister Ratu Sir Kamisese MARA
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years unless House dissolves earlier, last held September 1977
Political parties: Alliance, primarily Fijian, headed by Ratu Mara; National Federation, primarily Indian, headed by Jai Ram Reddy
Communists: few, no figures available
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, EEC (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, UN, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $811 million (1979), $1,300 per capita; 6% real growth rate (1979)
Agriculture: main crops—sugar, coconut products, bananas, ginger, rice; major deficiency, grains
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism
Electric power: 117,000 kW capacity (1981); 351 million kWh produced (1981), 550 kWh per capita
Exports: $258.0 million (f.o.b., 1979, including reexports totaling $56.9 million); 57.8% sugar, 5.4% coconut oil
Imports: $471.4 million (c.i.f., 1979); 23.0% machinery, fuels, chemicals, 19.0% manufactured goods, 18.4% petroleum, 17.0% food
Major trade partners: UK, New Zealand, US, Canada, Australia, Japan
Aid: disbursed 1978—UK, Australia, and New Zealand, $42.3 million
Budget: (FY80) outlays $280 million (current prices)
Monetary conversion rate: Fijian dollar=US$1.2 (1979)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 644 km narrow gauge (0.610 m); owned by Fiji Sugar Corp., Ltd.
Highways: 2,960 km total (1981); 390 km paved, 2,150 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 420 unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 203 km; 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric ton barges
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 1 DC-3 and 1 light aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 15 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern local, interisland, and international (wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone, telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio center; important COMPAC cable link between US/Canada and New Zealand/Australia, et al.; 37,515 telephones (6.0 per 100 popl.); 7 AM and 2 FM stations; no TV stations; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 169,000; 95,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: the defense of the Fiji Islands was the responsibility of the UK until 10 October 1970; military budget for 1979, $11.1 million; 4% of central government budget
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FINLAND
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Fiji
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyFinland
France
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1934498The World Factbook (1982) — Finlandthe Central Intelligence Agency
FINLAND
(See reference map V)
LAND
336,700 km2; 8% arable, 58% forested, 34% other
Land boundaries: 2,534 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm; fishing 12 nm; Aland Islands, 3 nm
Coastline: 1,126 km (approx.) excludes islands and coastal indentations
PEOPLE
Population: 4,816,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun—Finn(s); adjective—Finnish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small Lappish minority
Religion: 93% Evangelical Lutheran, 1% Greek Orthodox, 1% other, 5% no affiliation
Language: Finnish 92%, Swedish 7%; small Lapp-and Russian-speaking minorities
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 2.1 million; 11.7% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 26.1% mining and manufacturing, 7.0% construction, 14.3% commerce, 7.8% transportation and communications, 5.6% banking and finance, 25.5% services; 4.6% unemployed (1979 average)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Finland
Type: republic
Capital: Helsinki
Political subdivisions: 12 provinces; 443 communes, 78 towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Swedish law; constitution adopted 1919; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; legal education at Universities of Helsinki and Turku; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament (Eduskunta); executive power vested in President and exercised through coalition Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, four superior courts, 193 lower courts
Government leaders: President Mauno KOIVISTO; Prime Minister Kalevi SORSA
Suffrage: universal, 18 years and over; not compulsory
Elections: parliamentary, every four years (last in 1979); presidential, every six years (President Koivisto elected to
six-year term in January 1982)
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Kalevi Sorsa; Center, Paavo Vayrynen; Peoples Democratic League (Communist front), Kalevi Kivisto; Conservative, lllka Suominen; Liberal, Jaakko Itala; Swedish Peoples Party, Par Stenback; Rural, Pekka Vennamo; Finnish People's Unity Party, Anssi Keski-Vahala; Finnish Communist Party, Aarne Saarinen; Finnish Christian League, Raino Westerholm; Constitutional Right, Georg Ehrnrooth
Voting strength (1979 parliamentary election): 23.9% Social Democratic, 21.6% Conservative, 17.8% Peoples Democratic League, 17.4% Center, 4.8% Christian League, 4.6% Finnish Rural Party, 4.6% Swedish Peoples, 3.7% Liberal Peoples, 1.2% Constitutional Peoples, 0.3% Finnish Peoples Unity Party, 0.1% Socialist Workers Party
Communists: 43,000; an additional 65,000 persons belong to Peoples Democratic League; a further number of sympathizers, as indicated by 517,198 votes cast for Peoples Democratic League in 1979 elections
Member of: ADB, CEMA (special cooperation agreement), DAC, EC (free trade agreement), EFTA (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFAD,IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $40.3 billion (1980), $8,476 per capita; 57% consumption, 24% investment, 19% government; 3% net exports of goods and services; 1978 growth rate 7.2% (constant prices)
Agriculture: animal husbandry, especially dairying, predominates; forestry important secondary occupation for rural population; main crops — cereals, sugar beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient; shortages—food and fodder grains; caloric intake 2,940 calories per day per capita (1970-71)
Major industries: include metal manufacturing and ship-building, forestry and wood processing (pulp, paper), copper refining
Shortages: fossil fuels; industrial raw materials, except wood, and iron ore
Crude steel: 2.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 480 kg per capita
Electric power: 11,100,000 kW capacity (1980); 38.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 8,050 kWh per capita
Exports: $14.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery, iron and steel, clothing and footwear
Imports: $15.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics
Major trade partners: (1979) 38% EC-nine (12% West Germany, 11% UK); 17% USSR, 15% Sweden; 5% US
Aid: donor—bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA), $290 million (1970-79)
Budget: (1979) expenditures $10.88 billion, revenues $9.61 billion
Monetary conversion rate: Finnmark (Fim) 3.7301=US$1 (1980 average, IMF)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 6,038 km total; Finnish State Railways (VR) operate a total 6,010 km 1.524-meter gauge, 477 km multiple track, and 608 km electrified; 22 km 0.750-meter gauge and 6 km 1.524-meter gauge are privately owned
Highways: about 73,552 km total in national classified network, including 31,000 km paved (bituminous, concrete, bituminous-treated surface) and 42,552 km unpaved (stabilized gravel, gravel, earth); additional 29,440 km of private
(state subsidized) roads
Inland waterways: 6,597 km total (including Saimaa Canal); 3,700 km suitable for steamers
Pipelines: natural gas, 161 km
Ports: 11 major, 14 minor
Civil air: 40 major transport
Airfields: 173 total, 173 usable; 43 with permanent-surface runways; 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good telecom service from cable and radio-relay network; 2.24 million telephones (47.0 per 100 popl.); 15 AM, 87 FM, and 143 TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,289,000; 1,092,000 fit for military service; 36,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $750 million; about 5.3% of proposed central government budget
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FRANCE
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Finland
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyFrance
French Guiana
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1971472The World Factbook (1982) — Francethe Central Intelligence Agency
FRANCE
(See reference map V)
LAND
551,670 km2; 35% cultivated, 26% meadows and pastures, 14% waste, urban, or other, 25% forested
Land boundaries: 2,888 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,427 km (includes Corsica, 644 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 54,174,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.4%
Nationality: noun—Frenchman (men); adjective—French
Ethnic divisions: 45% Celtic; remainder Latin, Germanic, Slav, Basque
Religion: 83% Catholic, 2% Protestant, 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim (North African workers), 13% unaffiliated
Language: French (100% of population); rapidly declining regional patois—Provençal, Breton, Germanic, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 20.5 million (September 1979); 47% services, 35% industry, 9% agriculture, 9% unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 17% of labor force, 23% of salaried labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: French Republic
Type: republic, with President having wide powers
Capital: Paris
Political subdivisions: 96 metropolitan departments, 21 regional economic districts
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; new constitution adopted 1958, amended concerning election of President in 1962; judicial review of administrative but not legislative acts; legal education at over 25 schools of law
National holiday: National Day, 14 July
Branches: presidential appointed Prime Minister heads Council of Ministers, which is formally responsible to National Assembly; bicameral legislature—National Assembly (491 members), Senate (304 members) restricted to a delaying action; judiciary independent in principle
Government leader: President François MITTERRAND
Suffrage: universal over age 18; not compulsory
Elections: National Assembly — every five years, last election June 1981, direct universal suffrage, two ballots; Senate —indirect collegiate system for nine years, renewable by one-third every three years, last election September 1980; President, direct, universal suffrage every seven years, two ballots, last election May 1981
Political parties and leaders: majority coalition—Socialist Party (PS), Lionel Jospin; Communist Party (PCF), Georges Marchais; Left Radical Movement (MRG), Roger-Gérard Schwartzenberg; right opposition—Rally for the Republic (RPR, formerly UDR), Jacques Chirac; Republicans (PR), Jacques Blanc; Center for Social Democrats (CDS), Jean Lecanuet; Radical (RAD), Didier Bariani; Union for French Democracy (federation of PR, CDS, and RAD), Jean Lecanuet
Voting strength (first ballot, 1981 election): diverse left, 2.05%; Communist, 16.17%; Socialist, 36.12%; left Radical
1.39%; RPR, 20.8%; UDF, 19.2%; diverse right, 2.8%; other 1.47%
Communists: 600,000 claimed; Communist voters, 4 million in 1981 elections
Other political or pressure groups: Communist-controlled labor union (Confédération Générale du Travail) nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); Socialist-leaning labor union (Confédération Française Democratique du Travail—CFDT) about 800,000 members est.; Independent labor union (Force Ouvrière) about 1,000,000 members est.; Independent white collar union (Confédération Générale des Cadres) 340,000 members (claimed); National Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Français—CNPF or Patronat)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, NATO (signatory), OAS (observer), OECD, South Pacific Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $535 billion (1979), $10,010 per capita; 63.5% private consumption, 21.2% investment (including government), 13.0% government consumption; 1979 real growth rate, 3.2%; average annual growth rate (1970-79), 3.7%
Agriculture: Western Europe's foremost producer; main products—beef, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; self-sufficient for most temperate zone foodstuffs; food shortages—fats and oils, tropical produce; caloric intake, 3,270 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 713,620 metric tons (1979); exports (includes shellfish, etc.) $243 million, imports $968 million (1979)
Major industries: steel, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, food processing, metallurgy, aircraft, motor vehicles
Shortages: crude oil, textile fibers, most nonferrous ores, coking coal, fats and oils
Crude steel: 23.4 million metric tons produced (1979), 440 kg per capita
Electric power: 74,913,000 kW capacity (1981); 300.150 billion kWh produced (1981), 5,589 kWh per capita
Exports: $98 billion (f.o.b., 1979); principal items—machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles and clothing, chemicals
Imports: $107 billion (c.i.f., 1979); principal items—crude petroleum, machinery and equipment, chemicals, iron and
steel products, foodstuffs, agricultural products
Major trade partners: 18% West Germany; 11% Italy; 9% Belgium-Luxembourg; 6% US; 7% Franc Zone; 7% UK; 6% Netherlands; 2% Eastern Europe; 2% USSR (1979)
Aid: donor—(1970-79) bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF), $24.5 billion
Budget: (1979) expenditures 478 billion francs, revenues 443 billion francs, deficit 35 billion francs
Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2352 (1979 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 36,775 km total; French National Railways (SNCF) operates 34,520 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 10,079 km electrified, 15,630 km double or multiple track; 2,255 km of various gauges (1.000 m to 1.440 m), privately owned and operated
Highways: 1,542,400 km total; 27,500 km national highway; 340,000 km departmental highway; 420,000 km community roads; 750,000 km rural roads; 4,900 km of controlled-access divided "autoroutes"; approx. 861,000 km have bituminous-treated surface or better
Inland waterways: 14,912 km; 6,969 km heavily traveled Pipelines: crude oil, 2,253 km; refined products, 4,344 km; natural gas, 22,532 km
Ports: 24 major, 20 secondary, 24 minor
Civil air: 313 major transport aircraft, including 18 leased in and 4 leased out
Airfields: 465 total, 448 usable; 237 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 34 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 123 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed system provides satisfactory telephone, telegraph, and radio and TV broadcast services; 22.2 million telephones (41.5 per 100 popl.); 55 AM, 423 FM, and 5,676 TV stations; 25 submarine coaxial cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with total of 6 antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,620,000; fit for military service 11,549,000; 428,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $22.4 billion; about 18.3% of proposed central government budget
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FRENCH GUIANA
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France
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1972164The World Factbook (1982) — French Guianathe Central Intelligence Agency
FRENCH GUIANA
(See reference map IV)
LAND
90,909 km2; 90% forested, 10% wasteland, built on, inland water and other, of which .05% is cultivated and pasture
Land boundaries: 1,183 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 378 km
PEOPLE
Population: 69,000 (July 1982), annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun—French Guianese (sing., pl.); adjective—French Guiana
Ethnic divisions: 95% Negro or mulatto, 5% Caucasian, 10,000 East Indian, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: French
Literacy: 73%
Labor force: 17,012 (1967 census); services 49%, construction 21%, agriculture 18%, industry 8%, transportation 4%; information on unemployment unavailable
Organized labor: 7% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Department of French Guiana
Type: overseas department and region of France; represented by one deputy in French National Assembly and one senator in French Senate; Deputy Elie Castor, Senator Raymond Tarcy
Capital: Cayenne
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements, 19 communes each with a locally elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is Court of Appeals based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana
Branches: executive; prefect appointed by Paris; legislative: popularly elected 16-member General Council and a Regional Council composed of members of the local General Council and of the locally elected deputy and senator to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: Commissioner of the Republic Maxime GONZALVO
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections normally are held every five years; last election March 1978
Political parties and leaders: Guyanese Socialist Party (PSG), Raymond Tarcy (senator), Léopold Helder; Union of the Guyanese People (UPG), weak leftist party allied with, but also reported to have been absorbed by, the PSG; Rally for the Republic (RPR), Hector Rivierez
Communists: Communist party membership negligible
ECONOMY
GNP: $100 million (at market prices, 1975), $800 per capita
Agriculture: main crops—rice, corn, manioc, cocoa, bananas, sugarcane
Fishing: catch 1,142 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: timber, rum, gold mining, production of rosewood essence, and space center
Electric power: 31,000 kW capacity (1981); 136 million kWh produced (1981), 1,705 kWh per capita
Exports: $7.2 million (1977); shrimp, timber, rum, rosewood essence
Imports: $143.4 million (1977); food (grains, processed meat), other consumer goods, producer goods, and petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—78% US, 11% France, 5% Martinique; imports—49% France, 10% US, 3% Trinidad and Tobago (1969)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF (FY70-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $700 million, no military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 4.21 French francs=US$1 1980
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 32 km private plantation line, 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 820 km total; 570 km paved, 250 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 460 km, navigable by small ocean-going vessels and river and coastal steamers; 3,300 km possibly navigable by native craft
Ports: 1 major (Cayenne), 7 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 10 total, 10 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: limited open-wire and radio-relay system with about 13,700 telephones (22.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,000; 9,000 fit for military service
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FRENCH POLYNESIA
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French Guiana
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Gabon
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related portals: French Polynesia
1972597The World Factbook (1982) — French Polynesiathe Central Intelligence Agency
FRENCH POLYNESIA
(See reference map X)
LAND
About 4,000 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: about 2,525 km
PEOPLE
Population: 155,000 (July 1982), annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun—French Polynesian(s); adjective—French Polynesian
Ethnic divisions: 78% Polynesian, 12% Chinese, 6% local French, 4% metropolitan French
Religion: mainly Christian; 55% Protestant, 32% Catholic
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Territory of French Polynesia
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Papeete
Political subdivisions: five districts
Legal system: based on French; lower and higher courts
Branches: 33-member Territorial Assembly, popularly elected; 5-member Council of Government, elected by Assembly; popular election of two deputies to National Assembly and one senator to Senate in Paris
Government leader: High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government Paul NOIROT-COSSON, appointed by French Government
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years, last in May 1977
Political parties and leaders: Le Front Uni, autonomist coalition, Francis Sanford; Tahoeraa Huiraatira, conservative Gaullist, Gaston Flosse
Voting strength (1977 election): Le Front Uni, 14 seats; Tahoerra Huiraatira, 10 seats; independents, 9 seats
ECONOMY
GDP: $636.8 million (1976), $4,550 per capita
Agriculture: coconut main crop
Major industries: maintenance of French nuclear test base, tourism
Electric power: 67,000 kW capacity (1981); 160 million kWh produced (1979), 1,074 kWh per capita
Exports: $21 million (1977); principal products—coconut products (79%), mother-of-pearl (14%), vanilla (1971)
Imports: $419 million (1977); principal items—fuels, foodstuffs, equipment
Major trade partners: imports—59% France, 14% US; exports—86% France
Aid: France $91 million (1978)
Budget: $180 million in 1979; ODA and OOF commitments from Western (non-US countries)
Monetary conversion rate: 100 CFP=1NZ$ (1971)
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 3,700 km, all types
Ports: 1 major, 6 minor
Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: about 3 major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 17,302 telephones (12.9 per 100 popl.); 72,000 radio and 14,000 TV sets; 5 AM, 2 FM, and 6 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of France
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GABON
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French Polynesia
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGabon
The Gambia
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1973045The World Factbook (1982) — Gabonthe Central Intelligence Agency
GABON
(See reference map VII)
LAND
264,180 km2; 75% forested, 15% savanna, 9% urban and wasteland, less than 1% cultivated
Land boundaries: 2,422 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 100 nm; fishing, 150 nm
Coastline: 885 km
PEOPLE
Population: 662,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.3%
'Nationality: noun—Gabonese (sing., pl.); adjective—Gabonese
Ethnic divisions: about 40 Bantu tribes, including 4 major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Mbede, Okande); about 100,000 expatriate Africans and Europeans, including 20,000 French
Religion: 55% to 75% Christian, less than 1% Muslim, remainder animist
Language: French official language and medium of instruction in schools; Fang is a major vernacular language
Literacy: government claims more than 80% of school age children in school, but literacy rate is substantially below this figure—20%
Labor force: about 280,000 of whom 98,000 are wage earners in the modern sector (late 1979)
Organized labor: there are 38,000 members of the national trade union, the Gabonese Trade Union Confederation (COSYGA)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Gabonese Republic
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime since 1964
Capital: Libreville
Political subdivisions: nine provinces subdivided into 36 prefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal education at Center of Higher and Legal Studies at Libreville; compulsory ICJ jurisdiction not accepted
National holiday: 12 March, 17 August
Branches: power centralized in President, elected by universal suffrage for seven-year term; unicameral 93-member National Assembly (including nine members chosen by Omar Bongo) has limited powers; constitution amended in 1979 so that Assembly deputies will serve five-year terms; independent judiciary
Government leader: President El Hadj Omar BONGO
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Presidential election last held December 1979, next presidential election scheduled for 1986; parliamentary election last held February 1980, next election scheduled for 1985; constitutional change separates dates for presidential and parliamentary elections
Political parties and leaders: Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG) led by President Bongo is only legal party
Communists: no organized party; probably some Communist sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Conference of East and Central African States, BDECA (Central African Development Bank), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAB (African Wood Organization), OAU, OPEC, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $3.8 billion (1980), $6,333 per capita; 7.1% annual growth rate (1971-81)
Agriculture: commercial—cocoa, coffee, wood, palm oil, rice; main food crops—bananas, manioc, peanuts, root crops; imports food
Fishing: catch 10,000 metric tons (excluding shellfish) (1978)
Major industries: petroleum production, sawmills, petroleum refinery; mining of increasing importance; major minerals—manganese, uranium, iron (not produced)
Electric power: 175,400 kW capacity (1980); 564 million kWh produced (1980), 869 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,770 million (f.o.b., 1979); crude petroleum, wood and wood products, minerals (manganese, uranium concentrates, gold), coffee
Imports: $615 million (f.o.b., 1979); excluding UDEAC trade; mining, roadbuilding machinery, electrical equipment, transport vehicles, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: France, US, West Germany, and Curacao
Budget: (1979) revenues $1.1 billion, current expenditures $605 million, development expenditures $344 million
Monetary conversion rate: 212.7 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 (1979)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 970 km standard gauge (1.437 m) under construction; 180 km are completed
Highways: 6,947 km total; 459 km paved, 5,517 km gravel and improved and 971 km unimproved
Inland waterways: approximately 1,600 km perennially navigable
Pipelines: crude oil, 270 km
Ports: 2 major (Owendo and Port-Gentil), 3 minor
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 121 total, 98 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of open-wire, radio-relay, tropospheric scatter links and radiocommunication stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 7 AM, 2 FM, and 8 TV stations; 11,600 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 158,000; 81,000 fit for military service; 5,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $49.5 million; 3.1% of central government budget
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GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
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The Gambia
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGerman Democratic Republic
Germany, Federal Republic of
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1975016The World Factbook (1982) — German Democratic Republicthe Central Intelligence Agency
GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
(See reference map V)
LAND
108,262 km2; 43% arable, 15% meadows and pasture, 27% forested, 15% other
Land boundaries: 2,309 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 901 km (including islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 16,738,000, including East Berlin (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0%
Nationality: noun—German(s); adjective—German
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% German, 0.3% Slavic and other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 8% Roman Catholic, 39% unaffiliated or other; less than 5% of Protestants and about 25% of Roman Catholics actively participate
Language: German, small Sorb (West Slavic) minority
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 8.7 million; 38.0% industry; 3.2% handicrafts; 7.1% construction; 8.6% agriculture; 7.4% transport and communications; 10.3% commerce; 20.1% services; 3.2% other Organized labor: 87.7% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: German Democratic Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: East Berlin (not officially recognized by US, UK, and France, which together with the USSR have special
rights and responsibilities in Berlin)
Political subdivisions: (excluding East Berlin) 14 districts (Bezirke), 218 counties (Kreise), 7,600 communities
(Gemeinden)
Legal system: civil law system modified by Communist legal theory; new constitution adopted 1974; court system parallels administrative divisions; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, and Jena; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; more stringent penal code adopted 1968, amended in 1974 and 1979
National holiday: Foundation of German Democratic Republic, 7 October
Branches: legislative—Volkskammer (elected directly); executive—Chairman of Council of State, Chairman of Council of Ministers, Cabinet (approved by Volkskammer); judiciary—Supreme Court; entire structure dominated by Socialist Unity (Communist) Party
Government leaders: Chairman, Council of State, Erich HONECKER (Head of State); Chairman, Council of Ministers, Willi STOPH (Premier)
Suffrage: all citizens age 18 and over
Elections: national every five years; prepared by an electoral commission of the National Front; ballot supposed to be secret and voters permitted to strike names off ballot; more candidates than offices available; parliamentary elections held 14 June 1981, and local elections held 20 May 1979
Political parties and leaders: Socialist Unity (Communist) Party (SED), headed by General Secretary Erich Honecker,
dominates the regime; four token parties (Christian Democratic Union, National Democratic Party, Liberal Democratic Party, and Democratic Peasant's Party) and an amalgam of special interest organizations participate with the SED in National Front
Voting strength: 1981 parliamentary elections and 1979 local elections; over 99% voted the regime slate
Communists: 2.1 million party members
Other special interest groups: Free German Youth, Free German Trade Union Federation, Democratic Women's Federation of Germany, German Cultural Federation (all Communist dominated)
Member of: CEMA, IAEA, ICES, ILO, IMCO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $135.4 billion (1980, 1980 dollars), $8,089 per capita; 1980 growth rate 2.6%
Agriculture: food deficit area; main crops—potatoes, rye, wheat, barley, oats, industrial crops; shortages in grain, vegetables, vegetable oil, beef; caloric intake, 3,000 calories per day per capita (1971)
Fish catch: 244,237 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: metal fabrication, chemicals, light industry, brown coal, and shipbuilding
Shortages: coking coal, coke, crude oil, rolled steel products, nonferrous metals
Crude steel: 7.308 million metric tons produced (1980), approx. 436 kg per capita
Electric power: 20,965,000 kW capacity (1981); 101.8 billion kWh produced (1981), 6,080 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.3 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1979)
Imports: $19.2 billion, est. (f.o.b., 1979)
Major trade partners: $36,500 million (1979); 68% Communist countries, 32% non-Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 3.11 DME=US$1 for trade data (1980 rate)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for the consumption year 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 14,164 km total; 13,874 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 290 km meter (1.00 m) or other narrow gauge, 3,360 km double track standard gauge (1.435 m); 1,621 km overhead electrified (1979)
Highways: 117,500 km total; 47,500 km concrete, asphalt, stone block, of which 1,744 km are autobahn and limited access roads; over 70,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone, and earth (1979)
Inland waterways: 2,302 km (1979)
Freight carried: rail—302.5 million metric tons, 54.4 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway—730.2 million metric tons, 21.6 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway—14.8 million metric tons, 1.9 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic) (1979)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,200 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas 650 km
Ports: 4 major (Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Sassnitz), 13 minor; principal inland waterway ports are E. Berlin, Riesa,
Magdeburg, and Eisenhuttenstadt (1979)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,319,000; 3,470,000 fit for military service; 138,000 reach military age (18) annually
Personnel: paramilitary field force was integrated into the Confederal Armed Forces with the Senegalese military troops
Military budget: (announced) for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 10.2 billion marks; 6.2% of total budget
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GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
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German Democratic Republic
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Ghana
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1975309The World Factbook (1982) — Germany, Federal Republic ofthe Central Intelligence Agency
GERMANY, FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF
(See reference map V)
LAND
248,640 km2 (including West Berlin); 33% cultivated, 23% meadows and pastures, 13% waste or urban, 29% forested,
2% inland water
Land boundaries: 4,232 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,488 km (approx.)
PEOPLE
Population: 61,697,000, including West Berlin (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0%
Nationality: noun—German(s); adjective—German
Ethnic divisions: 99% Germanic, 1% other
Religion: 48.9% Protestant, 44.7% Roman Catholic, 6.4% other (as of 1975)
Language: German
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 27.199 million (1979); 36.4% in manufacturing, 6.6% construction, 37.4% services, 9.7% government, 5.6% agriculture, 0.5% other; 3.8% unemployed July 1980
Organized labor: 33.7% of total labor force; 40.1% of wage and salary earners
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Federal Republic of Germany
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bonn
Political subdivisions: 10 Laender (states); Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately controlled by US, UK, and France which, together with the USSR, have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin
Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts
in the Supreme Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Branches: bicameral parliament—Bundesrat (upper house), Bundestag (lower house); President (titular head of state), Chancellor (executive head of government); independent judiciary
Government leaders: President Karl CARSTENS, elected 23 May 1979 for a five-year term, took office 1 July 1979; Chancellor Helmut SCHMIDT leads coalition of Social Democrats and Free Democrats
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: next national election scheduled for fall of 1984
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU), Helmut Kohl, Franz Josef Strauss, Gerhard Stoltenberg, Ernst Albrecht, Richard von Weizsäcker; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Willy Brandt, Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, Herbert Wehner, Helmut Schmidt; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Hans-Dietrich Genscher, Otto Graf Lambsdorff, Wolfgang Mischnick; National Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies
Voting strength (1980 election): 42.9% SPD, 44.5% CDU/CSU, 10.6% FDP, 2.0% splinter groups of left and right (no parliamentary representation)
Communists: about 40,000 members and supporters
Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veterans groups
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECSC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $821 billion (1980), $3,330 per capita (1980); 55% private consumption, 22% investment, 20% government consumption; net foreign balance 0%, inventory change 1% (distribution based on current price series)
Agriculture: main crops—grains, potatoes, sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient; food shortages—fats and oils, pulses, tropical products; caloric intake, 2,980 calories per day per capita (1975-76)
Fishing: catch 287,000 metric tons, $167 million (1980); exports $256 million, imports $802 million (1980)
Major industries: among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles, machine tools
Shortages: fats and oils, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur
Crude steel: 50 to 60 million metric tons capacity; 43.8 million metric tons produced (1980), 710 kg per capita
Electric power: 89,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 368.731 million kWh produced (1980), 6,010 kWh per capita
Exports: $193 billion (f.o.b., 1980); manufactures 90.0% (machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron
and steel products), agricultural products 5.3%, fuels 3.4%, raw materials 1.3%
Imports: $188 billion (c.i.f., 1980); manufactures 61.2%, fuels 21.9%, agricultural products 12.9%, raw materials 4.0%
Major trade partners: (1980) EC 47.1% (France 12.0%, Netherlands 10.5%, Belgium-Luxembourg 7.5%, Italy 8.2%, UK 6.6%); other Europe 18.4%; OPEC 8.7%; Communist 5.9%; US 6.8%
Aid: donor—(1970-79) bilateral economic aid commitments (ODA and OOF), $21 billion
Budget: (1980) expenditures $118.7 billion, revenues $103.5 billion, deficit $15.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: DM 1.82 (West German marks)=US$1 (1980 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 32,555 km total; 28,533 km government owned, standard gauge (1.435 m), 12,491 km double track; 11,140 km electrified; 4,022 km nongovernment owned; 3,598 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 214 km electrified; 424 km meter gauge (1.00 m); 186 km electrified
Highways: 479,600 km total; 171,600 km classified, includes 153,160 km cement-concrete, bituminous, or stone block (includes 7,400 km of autobahnen); 8,240 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; in addition, 308,000 km of unclassified roads of various surface types (community roads)
Inland waterways: 5,222 km of which almost 70% usable by craft of 990 metric ton capacity or larger
Pipelines: crude oil, 2,071 km; refined products, 3,240 km; natural gas, 95,414 km
Ports: 10 major, 11 minor
Civil air: 208 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in and 2 leased out
Airfields: 466 total, 432 usable; 221 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 32 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed, modern telecommunication service to all parts of the country; fully adequate in all respects; 26.6 million telephones (43.4 per 100 popl.); 90 AM, 370 FM, and 5,510 TV stations; 6 submarine coaxial cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 6 antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,350,000; 13,670,000 fit for military service; 528,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $19.12 billion; about 18% of the proposed central government budget
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GHANA
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Germany, Federal Republic of
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Gibraltar
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1975852The World Factbook (1982) — Ghanathe Central Intelligence Agency
GHANA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
238,280 km2; 19% agricultural, 60% forest and brush, 21% other
Land boundaries: 2,285 km
WATER
Coastline: 539 km
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
PEOPLE
Population: 12,943,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun—Ghanaian(s); adjective—Ghanaian
Ethnic divisions: 99.8% Negroid African (major tribes Ashanti, Fante, Ewe), 0.2% European and other
Religion: 45% animists, 43% Christian, 12% Muslim
Language: English official; African languages include Akan 44%, Mole-Dagbani 16%, Ewe 13%, and Ga-Adangbe 8%
Literacy: about 25% (in English)
Labor force: 3.4 million; 61% agriculture and fishing, 16.8% industry, 15.2% sales and clerical, 4.1% services, transportation, and communications, 2.9% professional; 400,000 unemployed
Organized labor: 350,000 or approximately 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Ghana
Type: republic; independent since March 1957; 31 December 1981 coup ended two-year-old civilian government and suspended constitution and political activity
Capital: Accra
Political subdivisions: eight administrative regions and separate Greater Accra Area; regions subdivided into 58
districts and 267 local administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; legal education at University of Ghana (Legon); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March
Branches: executive authority vested in seven-member Provisional National Defense Council (PNDC); on 21 January 1982 PNDC appointed secretaries to head most ministries
Government leader: former Flight Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS, Chairman of PNDC
Suffrage: universal over 21
Elections: elections held in June 1979 for parliament and president; presidential runoff election held in July
Political parties and leaders: political parties outlawed after 31 December 81 coup
Communists: a small number of Communists and sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $10.1 billion (1979 est.) at current prices, about $849 per capita; real growth rate less than 1% (1970-77)
Agriculture: main crop—cocoa; other crops include root crops, corn, sorghum and millet, peanuts; not self-sufficient, but can become so
Fishing: catch 229,904 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum
Electric power: 1,157,000 kW capacity (1980); 4.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 365 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); cocoa (about 70%), wood, gold, diamonds, manganese, bauxite, and aluminum
(aluminum regularly excluded from balance-of-payments data)
Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); textiles and other manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport equipment
Major trade partners: UK, EC, and US
Budget: (1980) revenue $1.4 billion est., current expenditure $1.4 billion est., capital expenditure $327 million est.
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cedi=US$0.3636 (1979 and 1980)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gauge; 32 km double track; diesel locomotives gradually replacing steam engines
Highways: 32,200 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel or laterite
Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers provide 235 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; additional routes navigable seasonally by small craft; Lake Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial and
feeder waterways
Pipelines: refined products, 3 km
Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi), 1 naval base (Sekondi)
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 14 total, 12 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,752,000; 1,532,000 fit for military service; 134,000 reach military age (18) annually
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GIBRALTAR
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Ghana
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Greece
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1976332The World Factbook (1982) — Gibraltarthe Central Intelligence Agency
GIBRALTAR
(See reference map V)
LAND
6.5 km2
Land boundaries: 1.6 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 12 km
PEOPLE
Population: 30,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun—Gibraltarian; adjective—Gibraltar
Ethnic divisions: mostly Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, and Spanish descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English and Spanish are primary languages; Italian, Portuguese, and Russian also spoken; English used in the schools and for all official purposes
Literacy: illiteracy is negligible
Labor force: approx. 14,800, including non-Gibraltar laborers
Organized labor: over 6,000
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Gibraltar
Type: British colony
Capital: none
Legal system: English law; constitutional talks in July 1968; new system effected in 1969 after electoral inquiry
Branches: parliamentary system comprised of the Gibraltar House of the Assembly (15 elected members and 3 ex officio members), the Council of Ministers headed by the Chief Minister, and the Gibraltar Council; the Governor is appointed by the Crown
Government leaders: Governor and Commander in Chief Gen. Sir William JACKSON; Chief Minister Sir Joshua HASSAN
Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other UK subjects resident six months or more
Elections: every five years; last held in February 1980
Political parties and leaders: Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (AACRX Sir Joshua Hassan; Democratic Party of British Gibraltar (DPBG), Peter Isola; Socialist Labor Party, Joe Boscano
Voting strength: (February 1980) AACR, 8 seats; DPBG, 6 seats; Socialist Labor, 3 seats
Communists: negligible
Other political or pressure groups: the Housewives Association; the Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization
ECONOMY
Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on commerce and large British naval and air bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed port is transit trade and port serves also as important supply depot for fuel, water, and ships' wares; recently built dockyards and machine shops provide maintenance and repair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at Gibraltar each year; UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly half the insured labor force and a recently announced decision to close the Royal Navy dockyard will significantly add to unemployment; local industry is confined to manufacture of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish; some factories for manufacture of clothing are being developed; a small segment of local population makes its livelihood by fishing; in recent years tourism has increased in importance
Electric power: 40,000 kW capacity (1981); 80 million kWh produced (1981), 2,760 kWh per capita
Exports: $41.3 million (1979); principally reexports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine
Imports: $11.7 million (1979); principally manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs; 69% from UK
Major trade partners: UK ,Morocco, Portugal Netherlands
Budget: (1978-79) revenue $56 million, expenditure $64.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Gibraltar pound=1 pound sterling=US$2.326 (1980)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 56 km, mostly paved
Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate international radiocommunication facilities; automatic telephone system serving 9,000 telephones (30.3 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 8,000; about 4,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom
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GREECE
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Gibraltar
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGreece
Greenland
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related portals: Greece
1976713The World Factbook (1982) — Greecethe Central Intelligence Agency
GREECE
(See reference map V)
LAND
132,608 km²; 29% arable and land under permanent crops, 40% meadows and pastures, 20% forested, 11% wasteland, urban, other
Land boundaries: 1,191 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 13,676 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,743,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun—Greek(s); adjective—Greek
Ethnic divisions: 98.8% Greek, 0.2% Turkish, 1.0% other
Religion: 99% Greek Orthodox, 0.3% Muslim, 0.7% other
Language: Greek; English and French widely understood
Literacy: males about 94%; females about 79%; total about 86%
Labor force: 3.3 million (1979 est.); approximately 31% agriculture, 30% industry, 39% services; urban unemployment is under 3%, but substantial unreported unemployment exists in agriculture
Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Hellenic Republic
Type: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974
Capital: Athens
Political subdivisions: 52 departments (nomoi) constitute basic administrative units for country; each nomos headed by officials appointed by central government and policy and programs tend to be formulated by central ministries; degree of flexibility each nomos may have in altering or avoiding programs imposed by Athens depends upon tradition and influence which prominent local leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis key figures in central government; the departments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise some degree of autonomy from Athens since they are governed through the Ministry of Northern Greece
Legal system: new constitution enacted in June 1975
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March
Branches: executive consisting of a President, elected by the Vouli (parliament), a Prime Minister, and a Cabinet;
legislative consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and an independent judiciary
Government leaders: President Constantine KARAMANLIS; Prime Minister Andreas PAPANDREOU
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: every four years; Papandreou's Panhellenic Socialist Movement defeated the incumbent New Democracy government of George Rallis in elections held on 18 October 1981
Political parties and leaders: Panhellenic Socialist Movement, Andreas Papandreou; New Democracy, Evangelos Averoff-Tossizza; Communist Party-Exterior, Kharilaos Florakis; Progressive Party, Spyros Markezinis; Communist Party-Interior, Kharalambos Drakopoulos; United Democratic Left, Ilias Iliou; Nationalist Camp, Stefanos Stefanopoulos; Party of Democratic Socialism, Ioannis Pesmatzoglou
Voting strength: Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 170 seats; New Democracy, 112 seats; Communists (Exterior), 13 seats; independents, 5 seats
Communists: an estimated 25,000-30,000 members and sympathizers
Member of: EC, EIB (associate), EMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY:
GNP: $41.8 billion (1980), $4,370 per capita; 62% consumption, 24% investment, 16% government; 4% change in stocks; net foreign balance 6%; real growth rate 1.6% (1980) Agriculture: main crops — wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton; nearly self-sufficient; food shortages—livestock products
Major industries: food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products
Crude steel: 936,000 million metric tons produced (1978), 100 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,700,000 kW capacity (1981); 29.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,900 kWh per capita
Exports: 4,078 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—tobacco, minerals, fruits, textiles
Imports: $10,769 million (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—machinery and automotive equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, manufactured consumer goods, chemicals, meat and live animals
Major trade partners: (1980 est.) imports—15.2% West Germany, 9.3% Italy, 6.1% France, 8.8% Saudi Arabia, 5.9% Egypt; exports—7.9% West Germany, 9.7% Italy, 5.7% Netherlands, 7.4% France, 5.6% US, 5.5% Saudi Arabia, 4.1% UK
Aid: economic commitments—US, $436 million (FY70-80); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $869 million (1970-79); military—US, $1,357 million (FY70-80)
Budget: (1980 est.) central government revenues $8.03 billion, expenditures $10.10 billion, $2.07 million deficit
Monetary conversion rate: US$1=42.6 Greek drachmas (1980 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,476 km total; 1,565 km standard gauge (1.435 m) of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 889
km meter gauge (1.000 m), 22 km narrow gauge (0.750 m); all government owned
Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: system consists of three coastal canals and three unconnected rivers which provide navigable
length of just less than 80 km
Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km, refined products, 547 km
Ports: 17 major, 37 minor
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 74 total, 70 unable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439
Telecommunications: adequate, modern networks reach all areas on mainland and islands; 2.66 million telephones (28.1 per 100 popl); 31 AM, 37 FM, and 149 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 1 Atlantic Ocean antenna and 1 Indian Ocean antenna
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,298,000; 1,851,000 fit for military service; about 75,000 reach military age (21) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1.7 billion; about 18% of central government budget
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GREENLAND
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Greece
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGreenland
Grenada
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1935277The World Factbook (1982) — Greenlandthe Central Intelligence Agency
GREENLAND
(See reference map II)
LAND
2,175,600 km2; less than 1% arable (of which only a fraction cultivated), 84% permanent ice and snow, 15% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: approx. 44,087 km, (includes minor islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 51,000 (July 1982) ?? annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun—Greenlander(s); adjective—Greenlandic
Ethnic divisions: 86% Greenlander (Eskimos and Greenland-born whites), 14% Danes
Religion: Evangelical Lutheran
Language: Danish, Eskimo dialects
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 12,000; largely engaged in fishing and sheep breeding
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Greenland
Type: province of Kingdom of Denmark; two representatives in Danish parliament; separate Minister for Greenland in the Danish Cabinet
Capital: Godthab (administrative center)
Political subdivisions: 3 counties, 19 communes
Legal system: Danish law; transformed from colony to province in 1953; limited home rule began in spring 1979
Branches: legislative authorityjests jointly with the elected 21-seat Landsting and Danish parliament; executive power vested in Premier and four-person council; 19 lower courts
Government leaders: Queen MARGRETHE II, Premier Jonathan MOTZFELDT Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 21
Elections: held every four years
Political parties: Siumut—leading party in present government with 13 seats (moderate socialist, advocating more
distinct Greenland identity and greater autonomy from Denmark); the Atassut Party, which controls the remaining eight seats, is more conservative, favors continuing close relations with Denmark and the EC; Sulissartut Partiat, the political wing of the Greenland labor movement; and the Inuit Atagatigik, a Marxist-Leninist party favoring complete independence from Denmark rather than home rule
ECONOMY
GNP: included in that of Denmark
Agriculture: arable areas largely in hay; sheep grazing; garden produce
Fishing: catch 82,000 tons (1979); exports $53.7 million (1978)
Major industries: mining, slaughtering, fishing, sealing
Electric power: 77,000 kW capacity (1980); 125 million k Wh produced (1980), 2,500 k Wh per capita
Exports: $101.4 million (f.o.b., 1978); fish and fish products, metallic ores and concentrates
Imports: $177.8 million (c.i.f., 1978); petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and transport equipment, food
products
Major trade partners: (1978) Denmark 67.2%, US 7.9%, Finland 5.3%, West Germany 5.3%, UK 5.3%
Monetary conversion rate: 5.6359 Danish Kroner=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year beginning 1 January 1979
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 80 km
Ports: 7 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 12 total, 7 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and radio relay; 9,000 telephones (18.4 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 11 FM, and 2 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: included with Denmark
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GRENADA
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Greenland
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGrenada
Guadeloupe
→
related portals: Grenada
1977661The World Factbook (1982) — Grenadathe Central Intelligence Agency
GRENADA
(See reference map III)
LAND
344 km2 (Grenada and southern Grenadines); 44% cultivated, 4% pastures, 12% forests, 17% unused but potentially productive, 23% built on, wasteland, other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 121 km
PEOPLE
Population: 109,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun—Grenadian(s); adjective—Grenadian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African-Negro descent
Religion: Church of England; other Protestant sects; Roman Catholic
Language: English; some French patois
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: 36,000 (1978, est.); 40% agriculture
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Grenada
Type: independent state since February 1974, recognizes Elizabeth 11 as Chief of State
Capital: St. Georges
Political subdivisions: 6 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law
National holiday: Independence Day, 7 February
Branches: following the 13 March 1979 coup, led by New Jewel Movement leader Maurice Bishop, constitution suspended on 25 March 1979 and replaced by People's Laws; three-man electoral commission appointed; elections unscheduled
Government leaders: Prime Minister Maurice BISHOP; UK Governor General Paul SCOON
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: formerly every five years; most recent general election 7 December 1976
Political parties and leaders: New Jewel Movement (NJM), Maurice Bishop; United People's Party (UPP), Winston Whyte; Grenada National Party (GNP), Herbert A. Blaize; Grenada United Labor Party (GULP)
Voting strength (1976 election): GULP 51.7%, Opposition Coalition, 48.3%; Legislative Council seats, GULP 9, Opposition Coalition, 6 (NJM 3, UPP 1, GNP 1, unaffiliated 1)
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFS, ILO, IMF, NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: $88 million (1980 est.), $800 per capita; real growth rate 1980 est., -1%
Agriculture: main crops—spices, cocoa, bananas
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1981); 25 million kWh produced (1981), 231 kWh per capita
Exports: $16 million (f.o.b., 1980 prelim.); cocoa beans, nutmeg, bananas, mace
Imports: $55 million (c.i.f., 1980 prelim.); food, machinery, building materials
Major trade partners: exports—39% UK, 17% West Germany, 12% Netherlands (1979); imports—27% West Indies, 27% UK, 9% US (1976)
Budget: (prelim. 1980) revenues, $39 million; expenditures, $40 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,000 km total; 600 km paved, 300 km otherwise improved; 100 km unimproved
Ports: 1 major (St. Georges), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: automatic, islandwide telephone system with 5,200 telephones (4.9 per 100 popl.); VHF and UHF links to Trinidad and Carriacou; 3 AM stations
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GUADELOUPE
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Grenada
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGuadeloupe
Guatemala
→
related portals: Guadeloupe
1977662The World Factbook (1982) — Guadeloupethe Central Intelligence Agency
GUADELOUPE
(See reference map III)
LAND
1,779 km2; 24% cropland, 9% pasture, 4% potential cropland, 16% forest, 47% wasteland, built on; area consists of
two islands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 306 km
PEOPLE
Population: 305,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -0.7%
Nationality: noun—Guadeloupian(s); adjective—Guadeloupe
Ethnic divisions: 90% Negro or mulatto, 5% Caucasian, less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, Chinese
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 120,000; 25% agriculture, 25% unemployed
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Department of Guadeloupe
Type: overseas department and region of France; represented by three deputies in the French National Assembly and two senators in the Senate; last deputy election, 21 June 1981
Capital: Basse-Terre
Political subdivisions: 3 arrondissements; 34 communes, each with a locally elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court of appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Prefect appointed by Paris; legislative, popularly elected General Council of 36 members and
a Regional Council composed of members of the local General Council and the locally elected deputies and senators to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: Commissioner of the Republic Robert MIGUET
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections are normally held every five years; last General Council election took place in June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Rassemblement pour la Republique (RPR), Gabriel Lisette; Communist Party of Guadeloupe (PCG), Henri Bangou; Socialist Party (MSG), leader unknown; Progressive Party of Guadeloupe (PPG), Henri Rodes; Independent Republicans; Federation of the Left; Union for French Democracy (UDF); Union for a New Majority (UNM)
Voting strength: MSG, 1 seat in French National Assembly; PCG, 1 seat; UDF, 1 seat (1981 election)
Communists: 3,000 est.
Other political or pressure groups: Guadeloupe Liberation Army (GLA)
ECONOMY
GNP: $864 million (1977), $2,630 per capita; real growth rate (1977) 8%
Agriculture: main crops, sugarcane and bananas
Major industries: agricultural processing, sugar milling, rum distillation, and tourism
Electric power: 80,000 kW capacity (1981); 260 million kWh produced (1981), 817 kWh per capita
Exports: $119 million (f.o.b., 1978); sugar, fruits and vegetables, bananas
Imports: $455 million (c.i.f., 1978); foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, raw materials and supplies, and petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports—95% metropolitan France and rest of franc zone; imports—75% metropolitan France and rest of franc zone (1977)
Aid: economic—bilateral ODA and OOF commitments (1970-79) from Western (non-US) countries, $2.4 billion; no military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 4.21 French francs=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: privately owned, narrow-gauge plantation lines
Highways: 1,110 km total; 770 km paved, 340 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Pointe-a-Pitre), 3 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable, 8 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate; 39,100 telephones (12.4 per 100 popl.); interisland radio-relay links; 2 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 80,000; 50,000 fit for military service
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GUATEMALA
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Guadeloupe
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGuatemala
Guinea
→
related portals: Guatemala
1978111The World Factbook (1982) — Guatemalathe Central Intelligence Agency
GUATEMALA
(See reference map III)
LAND
108,880 km2; 14% cultivated, 10% pasture, 57% forest, 19% other
Land boundaries: 1,625 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 400 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,537,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun—Guatemalan(s); adjective—Guatemalan
Ethnic divisions: 58.6% Ladino (mestizo and westernized Indian), 41.4% Indian
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a primary tongue
Literacy: about 30%
Labor force (1974): 1.8 million; 52.5% agriculture, 10.1% manufacturing, 21.7% services, 7.9% commerce, 3.9% construction, 2.1% transport, 0.7% mining, 1.2% electrical, 0.8% other; unemployment estimates vary from 3% to 25%
Organized labor: 6.4% of labor force (1975)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Guatemala
Type: republic
Capital: Guatemala
Political subdivisions: 22 departments
Legal system: civil law system; constitution came into effect 1966; constitution suspended following March 1982 coup; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at University of San Carlos of Guatemala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
Branches: traditionally dominant executive; elected unicameral legislature; seven-member (minimum) Supreme Court
Government leader: military junta under the presidency of Gen. (Ret.) Efrain RIOS MONTT following coup of 23 March 1982, which removed President Maj. Gen. Fernando Romeo Lucas García; Gen. Angel Anibal Guevara had been elected president in the March 1982 election and was scheduled to take office on 1 July 1982
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory for literates, optional for illiterates
Elections: last elections (President and Congress) 7 March 1982
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz; Revolutionary Party (PR), Jorge García-Granados Quiñonez (secretary general); National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcón; Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo (secretary general); René de Léon Schlotter (honorary president and party strongman); Nationalist Authentic Central (CAN), Luis Alfonso López (secretary general), Gustavo Anzueto Vielman (secretary and 1982 presidential candidate), Gen. Carlos Arana Osorio (party strongman); National United Front (FUN), Col. Enrique Peralta Azurdia; Nationalist Renovator Party (PNR), Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre; United Revolutionary Party (FUR); suspended political activity of all parties following March 1982 coup
Voting strength: (1978) for President—PID/PR, 269,973 (42.3%); MLN, 211,393 (33.1%); DCG, 156,730 (24.6%); for congressional seats—PID/PR, 34 seats; MLN, 20 seats; DCG, 7 seats
Communists: Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups—Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT Dissidents
Other political or pressure groups: Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $7.8 billion (1980 est.), $1,080 per capita; 76% private consumption, 7% government consumption, 22% domestic investment (1978), -5% net foreign balance (1978); average annual real growth rate (1974-80), 4.3%
Agriculture: main products—coffee, cotton, corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock; caloric intake, 2,156 calories per day per capita (1977)
Major industries: food processing, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, nonmetallic minerals, metals
Electric power: 420,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.43 billion kWh produced (1980), 200 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,757 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, meat
Imports: $1,971 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactured products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels
Major trade partners: exports (1979)—31% US, 26% CACM, 10% West Germany, 9% Japan; imports (1979)—33% US, 15% CACM, 10% Venezuela, 10% Japan, 6% West Germany
Aid: economic commitments—US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $241 million; from other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF, $99 million; military—assistance from US (FY70-79), $22 million
Central government budget (1981 est.): expenditures, $1,280 million; revenues, $815 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 quetzal=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 909 km, 0.914-meter gauge, single tracked; 819 km government owned, 90 km privately owned
Highways: 26,429 km total; 2,851 km paved, 11,438 km gravel, and 12,140 unimproved
Inland waterways: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during high-water season
Pipelines: crude oil, 48 km
Ports: 2 major (San Jose, and Santo Tomas de Castilla), 3 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 532 total, 527 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern telecom facilities limited to Guatemala City; 70,600 telephones (1.4 per 100 popl.); 97 AM, 20 FM, and 25 TV stations; connection into Central American microwave net; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,750,000; 1,189,000 fit for military service; about 82,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $79.0 million; 5.4% of central government budget
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GUINEA
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Guatemala
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGuinea
Guinea-Bissau
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related portals: Guinea
1978503The World Factbook (1982) — Guineathe Central Intelligence Agency
GUINEA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
246,050 km²; 3% cropland, 10% forest
Land boundaries: 3,476 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 346 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,278,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun—Guinean(s); adjective—Guinean
Ethnic divisions: 99% African (3 major tribes—Fulani, Malinke, Susu; and 15 smaller tribes)
Religion: 75% Muslim, 25% animist, Christian, less than 1%
Language: French official; each tribe has own language
Literacy: 5% to 10%; French only significant written language
Labor force: 1.8 million, of whom less than 10% are wage earners; most of population engages in subsistence agriculture
Organized labor: virtually 100% of wage labor force loosely affiliated with the National Confederation of Guinean Workers, which is closely tied to the PDG
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea
Type: republic; under one-party presidential regime
Capital: Conakry
Political subdivisions: 35 administrative regions, 170 arrondissements, about 8,000 local entities at village level
Legal system: based on French civil law system, customary law, and presidential decree; constitution adopted 1958; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 2 October
Branches: executive branch dominant, with power concentrated in President's hands and a small group who are both ministers and members of the party's politburo; unicameral People's National Assembly (210 members) and judiciary have little independence
Government leader: President Ahmed Sekou TOURE, who has been designated “The Supreme Leader of the Revolution”
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: approximate schedule—five years parliamentary, latest in 1980; seven years presidential, latest in 1975
Political parties and leaders: only party is Democratic Party of Guinea (PDG), headed by Sekou Toure
Communists: no Communist party, although there are some sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.5 billion (1980), $270 per capita
Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, bananas, palm products, peanuts, and pineapples; staple food crops—cassava, rice, millet, corn, sweet potatoes; livestock raised in some areas
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina, light manufacturing and processing industries
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1980); 500 million kWh produced (1980), 90 kWh per capita
Exports: $410 million (f.o.b., 1980); bauxite, alumina, coffee, pineapples, bananas, palm kernels
Imports: $380 million (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum products, metals, machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: Communist countries, Western Europe (including France), US
Budget: (1979) public revenue $479.6 million, current expenditures $271.2 million, development expenditures $435.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 18.928 syli=US$1 floating (February 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 805 km; 662 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 143 km standard gauge (1.435 m)
Highways: 7,604 km total; 4,949 km paved, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 1 major (Conakry), 2 minor
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 18 total, 18 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,173,000; 590,000 fit for military service
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GUINEA-BISSAU
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Guinea
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyGuinea-Bissau
Guyana
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1979820The World Factbook (1982) — Guinea-Bissauthe Central Intelligence Agency
GUINEA-BISSAU
(formerly Portuguese Guinea)
(See reference map VII)
LAND
36,260 km2 (includes Bijagos archipelago)
Land boundaries: 740 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 274 km
PEOPLE
Population: 823,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun—Guinean(s); adjective—Guinean
Ethnic divisions: about 99% African (Balanta 30%, Fulani 20%, Mandyako 14%, Malinke 13%, and 23% other tribes); less than 1% European and mulatto
Religion: 66% animist, 30% Muslim, 4% Christian
Language: Portuguese and numerous African languages
Literacy: 3% to 5%
Labor force: 90% of economically active population engaged in subsistence agriculture
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Type: republic; achieved independence .from Portugal in September 1974; constitution abolished after 14 November 1980 coup; new constitution pending
Capital: Bissau
Political subdivisions: 9 municipalities, 3 circumscriptions (predominantly indigenous population)
Legal system: to be determined
National holiday: 12 September
Branches: Presidency and Cabinet overseen by Revolutionary Council
Government leaders: President and Revolutionary Council Chairman Brig. Gen. Joao Bernardo VIEIRA; Vice President of the Revolutionary Council and Foreign Affairs Minister Victor SAUDE MARIA
Suffrage: universal over age 15
Elections: none held to date
Political parties and leaders: African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde (PAIGC), led by Pres. Vieira, secretary general, only legal party; Guinea-Bissau recently decided to retain the binational party title despite its formal break with Cape Verde
Communists: a few Communists, some sympathizers
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $200 million (1980), $333 per capita, real growth rate 1.5% (1980)
Agriculture: main crops—palm products, root crops, rice, coconuts, peanuts
Fishing: catch 3,724 metric tons (1979 est.)
Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1980); 13 million kWh produced (1980), 16 kWh per capita
Exports: $9.6 million (1980); principally peanuts, palm-kernals, shrimp, fish, lumber
Imports: $48.3 million (1980); foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, transport equipment
Major trade partners: mostly Portugal, and other European countries
Budget: (1979 est.) revenue $27.4 million, current expenditures $45.4 million, investment expenditures $107.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: 37.6 Guinean pesos=US$1 (1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: approx. 3,218 km (418 km bituminous, remainder earth)
Inland waterways: scattered stretches
Ports: 1 major (Bissau)
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 59 total, 56 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: limited system of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 3,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 1 AM station and 1 FM station; no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES:
Military manpower: males 15-49, 190,000; 110,000 fit for military service
Ships: no combat ships
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GUYANA
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Guinea-Bissau
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1980111The World Factbook (1982) — Guyanathe Central Intelligence Agency
GUYANA
(See reference map IV)
LAND
214,970 km2; 1% cropland, 3% pasture, 8% savanna, 66% forested, 22% water, urban, and waste
Land boundaries: 2,575 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 459 km
PEOPLE
Population: 870,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun—Guyanese (sing., pl.); adjective—Guyanese
Ethnic divisions: 51% East Indians, 43% Negro and Negro mixed, 4% Amerindian, 2% white and Chinese
Religion: 57% Christian, 33% Hindu, 9% Muslim, 1% other
Language: English
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: 242,000 (1975); 29% agriculture, 31% manufacturing/mining, 40% services; 21% unemployed
Organized labor: 34% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Cooperative Republic of Guyana
Type: republic within Commonwealth
Capital: Georgetown
Political subdivisions: 10 government districts
Legal system: based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 February
Branches: Council of Ministers presided over by Prime Minister; 65-member unicameral legislative National Assembly (elected), including 12 seats elected by local councils; Supreme Court Government leader: Executive President L. F. S. BURNHAM
Suffrage: universal over age 18 as of constitutional amendment August 1973
Elections: last held in December 1980, following promulgation of new constitution (on 6 October) replacing British-drafted constitution
Political parties and leaders: People's National Congress (PNC), L. F. S. Burnham; People's Progressive Party (PPP), Cheddi Jagan; Working People's Alliance (WPA), Rupert Roopnarine, Olive Thomas, Walter Omawale, Eusi Kwayana; United Force (UF), Feilden Singh
Voting strength (1980 election, unofficial returns): 77.60% PNC, 19.46% PPP, 2.88% UF
Communists: est. 100 hardcore within PPP; top echelons of PPP and PYO (Progressive Youth Organization, militant wing of the PPP) include many Communists, but rank and file is conservative and non-Communist; small but unknown number of orthodox Marxist-Leninists within PNC, some of whom are PPP turncoats
Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress (TUC); Working People's Vanguard Party (WPVP); Guyana Council of Indian Organizations (GCIO); Civil Liberties Action Committee (CLAC); the latter two organizations are small and active but not well organized
Member of: CARICOM, CDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $555 million (1980), $700 per capita; real growth 1981, -6% proj.
Agriculture: main crops—sugarcane, rice, other food crops; food shortages—wheat flour, cooking oil, processed meat, dairy products
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina production, sugar and rice milling, timber
Electric power: 200,000 kW capacity (1981); 520 million kWh produced (1981), 530 kWh per capita
Exports: $389 million (f.o.b., 1980); bauxite, sugar, rice, alumina, shrimp, molasses, timber, rum
Imports: $425 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactures, machinery, food, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—28% UK, 21% US, 14% CARICOM, 6% Canada; imports—22% US, 23% UK, 35% CARICOM, 4% Canada (1980)
Budget: revenue $183 million, expenditure $373 million (1980)
Monetary conversion rate: managed according to basket of currencies; G$3=US$1 (June 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 110 km total, all single track; 80 km 0.914-meter gauge, 30 km 1.067-meter gage
Highways: 7,665 km total; 550 km paved, 5,000 km gravel, 1,525 km earth, and 590 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 5,900 km; Demerara River navigable to Mackenzie by ocean steamers, others by ferryboats, small craft only
Ports: 1 major (Georgetown), 3 minor Civil air: 6 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 88 total, 88 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system with radio-relay network and over 27,000 telephones (3.3 per 100 popl.); tropospheric scatter link to Trinidad; 6 AM, 2 FM and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 215,000; 172,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $22.7 million; 9.0% of central government budget
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HAITI
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Guyana
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1980856The World Factbook (1982) — Haitithe Central Intelligence Agency
HAITI
(See reference map III)
LAND
27,713 km2; 31% cultivated, 18% rough pastures, 7% forested, 44% unproductive
Land boundary: 361 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,771 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,054,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun—Haitian(s); adjective—Haitian
Ethnic divisions: over 90% Negro, nearly 10% mulatto, few whites
Religion: 10% Protestant, 75% to 80% Roman Catholic (of which an overwhelming majority also practice Voodoo)
Language: French (official) spoken by only 10% of population; all speak Creole
Literacy: 10% to 12%
Labor force: 2.3 million (est. 1975); 79% agriculture, 14% services, 7% industry, 5% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor; unskilled labor abundant
Organized labor: less than 1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Haiti
Type: republic under the 14-year dictatorship of Francois Duvalier who was succeeded upon his death on 21 April 1971 by his son, Jean-Claude
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Political subdivisions: five departments (despite constitutional provision for nine)
Legal system: based on Roman civil law system; constitution adopted 1964 and amended 1971; legal education at State University in Port-au-Prince and private law colleges in Cap-Haitien, Les Cayes, Gonaives, and Jeremie; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January
Branches: lifetime President, unicameral 58-member legislature of very limited powers, judiciary appointed by President
Government leader: President-for-Life Jean-Claude DUVALIER
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: constitution as amended in 1971 provides for lifetime president to be designated by his predecessor and ratified by electorate in plebiscite; legislative elections, which are held every six years, last held February 1979
Political parties and leaders: National Unity Party, inactive government party; Haitian Christian Democratic Party, Sylvio Claude; Haitian Christian Social Party, Grégoire Eugène
Voting strength (1979 legislative elections): 99% regime loyalists; 1 independent elected
Communists: United Haitian Communist Party (PUCH), illegal and in exile; domestic strength unknown; party leaders in exile
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.3 billion (1979), $258 per capita; real growth rate 1980, 7%
Agriculture: main crops—coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, sorghum, pulses; caloric intake, 1,850 calories per day per
capita
Major industries: sugar refining, textiles, flour milling, cement manufacturing, bauxite mining, tourism, light assembly industries
Electric power: 150,000 kW capacity (1981); 300 million kWh produced (1981), 51 kWh per capita
Exports: $138 million (f.o.b., 1979); coffee, light industrial products, bauxite, sugar, essential oils, sisal
Imports: $227 million (f.o.b., 1979); consumer durables, foodstuffs, industrial equipment, petroleum products, construction materials
Major trade partners: exports—77% US; imports—51% US (1977)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-80) from US, $200.0 million; (1970-79) ODA and OOF from other Western countries, $130.8 million; military—US (FY70-80), $1.9 million
Budget: (1979/80 est.) revenue, $142 million; expenditure, $274 million
Monetary conversion rate: 5 gourdes=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 80 km narrow gauge (0.760 m), single-track, privately owned industrial line; 8 km dual-gauge 0.760- to
1.065-meter gauge, government line, dismantled
Highways: 3,200 km total; 600 km paved, 950 km otherwise improved, 1,650 km unimproved
Inland waterways: negligible; about 100 km navigable
Ports: 2 major (Port-au-Prince, Cap Haitien), 12 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 15 total, 13 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all domestic facilities inadequate, international facilities slightly better; telephone expansion program underway; 18,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 40 AM and 5 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,334,000; 774,000 fit for military service; about 65,000 reach military age (18)
annually
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HONDURAS
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Haiti
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1982286The World Factbook (1982) — Hondurasthe Central Intelligence Agency
HONDURAS
(See reference map III)
LAND
12,150 km2; 27% forested, 30% pasture, 36% waste and built up, 7% cropland
Land boundaries: 1,530 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 820 km
PEOPLE
Population: 4,103,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1%
Nationality: noun—Honduran(s); adjective—Honduran
Ethnic divisions: 90% mestizo, 7% Indian, 2% Negro, and 1% white
Religion: about 97% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 47% of persons 10 years of age and over (est. 1970)
Labor force: approx. 1 million (1980); 59.3% agriculture, 12.7% services, 12.5% manufacturing, 8.3% commerce, 3.0%
transportation, 2.7% construction, 1.1% financial sector, 0.4% mining; 10.8% unemployed; 3% unspecified
Organized labor: 40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1981)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Honduras
Type: republic
Capital: Tegucigalpa
Political subdivisions: 18 departments
Legal system: based on Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; new constitution became effective in January 1982; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education at University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa; accepts compulsory 1CJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
Branches: constitution provides for elected President, unicameral legislature, and national judicial branch
Government leader: President Roberto SUAZO Córdova took office in January 1982
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 21
Elections: national election 29 November 1981 for president; members of unicameral legislature chosen by proportional representation and 281 municipal councils
Political parties and leaders: the armed forces have fulfilled their pledge to restore civilian government; they will monitor Suazo's administration closely, however, and could seize power once again; major political leaders—Liberal Party (PLH), Roberto Suazo Córdova (Rodista faction), Carlos Roberto Reina Idiaquez and Jorge Arturo Reina Idiaquez (ALIPO faction), Ramón Villeda Bermúdez and Conrado Napky Damas (FUL faction); National Party (PNH), Ricardo Zúniga Augustinus, Mario Rivera López; National Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), Miguel Andonie Fernández, Enrique Aguilar Paz; Honduran Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Hernán Corrales Padilla; Communist Party of Honduras (PCH), Rigoberto Padilla Rush (uninscribed)
Voting strength (1981 election with 98% vote tally): PLH 633,365; PNH 486,092, PINU 29,133, PDCH 18,785; legislative seats (with 98% vote tally)—PLH 44, PNH 34, PINU 2-3, PDCH 1
Communists: about 1,500
Other political or pressure groups: National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Council of Honduran Private Enterprise (COHEP), Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH), National Union of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers Confederation (CGT), United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH)
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.5 billion (1980), $660 per capita; 62% private consumption, 13% government consumption, 30% domestic investment; -5% net foreign balance (1978); real growth rate, average 1975-79, 6.9%; real growth rate 1980, 2.5%
Agriculture: main crops—bananas, coffee, corn, beans, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco; caloric intake, 2,015 calories per
day per capita (1977)
Fishing: catch 6,405 metric tons (1978); exports est. $0.8 million (1976); imports $0.8 million (1974)
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, clothing, wood products
Electric power: 178,000 kW capacity (1980); 970 million kWh produced (1980), 253 kWh per capita
Exports: $835 million (f.o.b., 1980); bananas, coffee, lumber, meat, petroleum products
Imports: $1,019 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactured products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—50% US, 9% CACM, 18% West Germany (1977); imports—43% US, 6% Venezuela, 12% CACM, 11% Japan, 4% West Germany (1977)
Aid: economic commitments—US, including Ex-Im, (FY70-80), $260 million loans; other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and ODF, (1970-79), $90.0 million; military-assistance from US (FY79-80), $23 million
Budget: (1980) expenditures $448 million, revenues $379 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2 lempiras=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 751 km total; 293 km 1.067-meter gauge, 458 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,200 km navigable by small craft
Ports: 5 major (Puerto Cortes, La Ceiba, Tela, San Lorenzo, Puerto Castilla), 3 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 217 total, 213 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central American microwave net; 20,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 104 AM, 12 FM, and 7 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 874,000; 521,000 fit for military service; about 44,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $45.2 million; about 6.7% of central government budget (includes the armed forces and other military)
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HONG KONG
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Honduras
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1982979The World Factbook (1982) — Hong Kongthe Central Intelligence Agency
HONG KONG
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
1,036 km2; 14% arable, 10% forested, 76% other (mainly grass, shrub, steep hill country)
Land boundaries: 24 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 733 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,272,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: adjective—Hong Kong
Ethnic divisions: 98% Chinese, 2% other
Religion: 10% Christian, 90% eclectic mixture of local religions
Language: Chinese, English
Literacy: 75%
Labor force (1976 Census): 1.87 million; 45.3% manufacturing, 18.6% services, 6.0% construction, mining, quarrying and utilities, 19.4% commerce, 2.6% agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and hunting, 7.3% communications, 0.8% other; est. unemployment 3.0%, underemployment is a serious problem
Organized labor: 21% of 1976 labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Hong Kong
Type: British colony
Capital: None
Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New Territories
Legal system: English common law
Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Executive Council; he legislates with advice and consent of Legislative Council; Urban Council which alone includes elected representatives, responsible for health, recreation, and resettlement; independent judiciary
Government leader: Governor and Commander in Chief Sir Edward YOUDE
Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 professional or skilled persons
Elections: every two years to select one-half of elected membership of Urban Council; other Urban Council members appointed by the Governor
Political parties: Civic Association; Reform Club; Socialist Democratic Party; Hong Kong Labor Party
Voting strength: (elected Urban Council members) Civic Association 4, Reform Club 3, and 1 independent Communists: an estimated 2,000 cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Trade Unions (Communist controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese dominated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (Communist controlled), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong
Member of: ADB
ECONOMY
GDP: $17.4 billion (1979, in 1979 prices), $3,600 per capita; average real growth 1979, 11.5%
Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position in the economy; main products—rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; food shortages—rice, wheat
Major industries: textiles and clothing, tourism, plastics, electronics, light metal products, food processing
Shortages: industrial raw materials, water, food
Electric power: 3,491,000 kW capacity (1980); 11.320 billion kWh produced (1980), 2,195 kWh per capita
Exports: $15.2 billion (f.o.b., 1979), including $4.0 billion reexports; principal products—clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs, footwear, light metal manufactures
Imports: $17.26 billion (c.i.f., 1979)
Major trade partners: (1979) exports—33.6% US, 11.4% West Germany, 10.7% UK; imports—22.5% Japan, 17.6% China, 12.0% US
Budget: (1979/80) $2.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 4.9 Hong Kong dollars=US$1 (December 1979)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 35 km standard gauge (1.435 m); government owned
Highways: 966 km total; 660 km paved, 306 km gravel and crushed stone, or earth
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total; 2 usable; 2 permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.5 million telephones; 5 AM and 2 FM radiobroadcast stations with 11 transmitters; 5 TV stations; 2.5 million radio and 1.1 million TV receivers; 10,100 Telex subscriber lines with direct connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT ground stations with access to Pacific and Indian Ocean satellites; coaxial cable to Guangzhou (Canton), China; 3 international submarine cables; troposcatter to Taiwan available but inactive
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,550,000; 1,220,000 fit for military service; about 52,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Defense is the responsibility of UK
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HUNGARY
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1983815The World Factbook (1982) — Hungarythe Central Intelligence Agency
HUNGARY
(See reference map V)
LAND
92,981 km2; 60% arable, 14% other agricultural, 16% forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 2,245 km
PEOPLE
Population: 10,714,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0%
Nationality: noun—Hungarian(s); adjective—Hungarian
Ethnic divisions: 92.4% Magyar, 3.3% Gypsy, 2.5% German, 0.7% Jews, 1.1% other
Religion: 67.5% Roman Catholic, 20.0% Calvinist, 5.0% Lutheran, 7.6% atheist and other
Language: 98.2% Magyar, 1.8% other
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: 5,230,000 (1979); 20% agriculture, 33% industry and building, 47% other nonagriculture
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Hungarian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest
Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties), 5 autonomous cities in county status, 97 jaras (districts)
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory, with both civil law system (civil code of 1960) and common law elements; constitution adopted 1949 amended 1972; Supreme Court renders decisions of principle that sometimes have the effect of declaring legislative acts unconstitutional; legal education at Lorand Eotvos Tudomanyegyetem School of Law in Budapest and two other schools of law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Liberation, 4 April
Branches: executive—Presidential Council (elected by parliament); legislative—parliament (elected by direct suffrage); judicial—Supreme Court (elected by parliament)
Government leaders: Pál LOSONCZI, President, Presidential Council; Gyorgy LÁZÁR, Chairman, Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: every five years (last election June 1980); national and local elections are held separately
Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers Party (MSZMP; sole party); Janos Kadar is First Secretary of Central Committee
Voting strength (1980 election): 7,809,000 (99.3%) for
Communist-approved candidates: 97% of electorate eligible to vote did so
Communists: about 754,000 party members (March 1975)
Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO; has applied for membership in IMF and the World Bank
ECONOMY
GNP: $52.8 billion in 1980 (at 1980 dollars), $4,931 per capita; 1980 growth rate, 0.3%
Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops—corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, wine grapes; caloric intake 3,185 calories per day per capita (1977)
Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals)
Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high grade coal, forest products, crude oil
Crude steel: 3.9 million metric tons produced (1979), 360 kg per capita
Electric power: 6,103,000 kW capacity (1981); 26.180 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,437 kWh per capita
Exports: $11,117 million (f.o.b., 1979); 28% machinery, 16% industrial consumer goods, 31% raw materials and semimanufactures, 21% food and raw materials for the food industry, energy sources 4% (distribution for 1979)
Imports: $11,919 million (c.i.f., 1979); 22% machinery, 8% industrial consumer goods, 47% raw materials and semi- manufactures, 8% food and raw materials for the food industry, energy sources 15% (distribution for 1979)
Major trade partners: $23,036 million (1979); 68% with Communist countries, 32% with non-Communist countries
Monetary conversion rate: 32.05 forints=US$1 (commercial); 22.57 forints=US$1 (noncommercial)—July 1980
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 7,864 km total; 7,615 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 214 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.760 m), 35 km broad gauge (1.524 m), 1,179 km double track, 1,613 km electrified; government owned (1978)
Highways: 29,759 km total; 25,000 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 4,101 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 658 km earth (1980)
Inland waterways: 1,688 km (1980)
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,500 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas, 2,896 km
Freight carried: rail—135.2 million metric tons, 24,6 billion metric ton/km (1980); highway—237.8 million metric tons, 6.2 billion metric ton/km (1980); waterway—est. 4.1 million metric tons, 6.8 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic)
River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are Rostock, GDR; Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szczecin in Poland; and Galati and Braila in Romania (1978)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,594,000; 2,085,000 fit for military service; about 67,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 18 billion forints; 3.7% of total budget
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ICELAND
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Hungary
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ICELAND
(See reference map V)
LAND
102,952 km2; arable negligible, 22% meadows and pastures, forested negligible, 78% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 4,988 km
PEOPLE
Population: 233,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun—Icelander(s); adjective—Icelandic
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% no affiliation
Language: Icelandic
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 102,000; 9.0% agriculture; 5.4% fishing; 8.0% fish processing; 16.8% other manufacturing; 12.2% construction; 18.6% commerce, finance, and services; 6.3% transportation and communications; 23.7% other; unemployment 1979 est., 0.4%
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Iceland
Type: republic
Capital: Reykjavik
Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215 parishes, 14 incorporated towns
Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; constitution adopted 1944; legal education at University of Iceland; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament (Althing); executive power vested in President but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts
Government leaders: President Vigdīs FINNBOGADÓTTIR, Prime Minister Gunnar THORODDSEN; government coalition
Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory
Elections: parliamentary every four years, last 2-3 December 1979; presidential every four years
Political parties and leaders: Independence (conservative), Geir Hallgrīmsson; Progressive, Steingrīmur Hermannsson; Social Democratic, Kjartan Jóhannsson; People's Alliance (Communist front), Svavar Gestsson
Voting strength (1979 election): 37.9% Independence, 24.9% Progressive, 19.7% People's Alliance, 17.4% Social Democratic, 1.2% other
Communists: est. 2,200, many of whom participate in the People's Alliance, which drew 24,390 votes in the 1979 parliamentary elections
Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free trade agreement pending resolution of fishing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $2,760 million (1980), $12,213 per capita; 63.2% consumption, 27.0% investment, 12.0% government, 0.6% change in stocks; —0.5% net foreign demand (1979); 1980 growth rate 2.8%, constant prices
Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, potatoes, turnips; food shortages—grains, sugar, vegetable and other fibers;
caloric intake, 2,900 calories per day per capita (1964-66)
Fishing: landed 1,640,951 metric tons; marine product exports $589.3 million (1979)
Major industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, diatomite production, hydroelectricity
Shortages: grain, fuel, wood, minerals, vegetable fibers
Electric power: 670,000 kW capacity (1980); 3.143 billion kWh produced (1980), 13,720 kWh per capita
Exports: $932.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite
Imports: $1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles
Major trade partners: (1979) exports—EC 39%, US 28%, USSR 4%; imports—EC 46%, USSR 11%, US 7%
Aid: economic authorizations including Ex-Im from US, $19.1 million (FY70-80)
Budget: (1979) expenditures $674 million, revenues $699 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.7977 kronur=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 12,343 km total; 166 km bitumen and concrete; 1,284 km bituminous treated and gravel; 10,893 km earth
Ports: 4 major (Akureyri, Hafnarfjördhur, Reykjavik, Seydhisfjördhur), and about 50 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased out
Airfields: 119 total, 100 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic service, wire and radio communication system; 103,800 telephones (45.9 per 100 popl.); 17 AM, 19 FM, and 96 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean antenna
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 60,000; 52,000 fit for military service (Iceland has no conscription or compulsory
military service)
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INDIA
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INDIA
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
3,136,500 km2 (includes Indian part of Jammu-Kashmir, Sikkim, Goa, Damao and Diu); 50% arable, 5% permanent meadows and pastures, 20% desert, waste, or urban, 22% forested, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 12,700 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; additional 100 nm is fisheries conservation zone, December 1968; archipelago concept baselines); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 723,762,000, including Sikkim and the Indian-held part of disputed Jammu-Kashmir (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun—Indian(s); adjective—Indian
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 1.8% Sikh, 2.6% Christian, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.7% other
Language: 24 languages spoken by a million or more persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; English enjoys "associate" status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India
Literacy: males 39%; females 18%; both sexes 29% (1971 census)
Labor force: about 197 million; 70% agriculture, more than 10% unemployed and underemployed; shortage of skilled labor is significant and unemployment is rising
Organized labor: about 2.5% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union territories
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January
Branches: parliamentary government, national and state; relatively independent judiciary
Government leader: Prime Minister Indira GANDHI
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national and state elections ordinarily held every five years; may be postponed in emergency and may be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; last general election in January 1980; state elections staggered
Political parties and leaders: Indian National Congress, controlled national government from independence to March 1977, and split in January 1978; larger Congress group is headed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi; the smaller Congress group is headed by Sharad Pawar; Janata Party led by Chandra Shekhar; Lok Dal Party by Charan Singh; Bharatiya Janata Party by A. B. Vajpayee; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao, general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Namboodiripad, general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan Singh, general secretary; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), a regional party in Tamil Nadu led by M. G. Ramachandran; Akali Dal representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab
Communists: 470,000 members claimed by CPI, 270,000 members claimed by CPI/M; Communist extremist groups, about 15,000 members
Other political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seeking reorganization of states; numerous "senas" or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv Sena in Bombay, the Anand Marg, and the Rashtriya Swayamserak Sangh
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $150.6 billion (FY8I est. at current prices), $217 per capita; real growth 7% in FY81
Agriculture: main crops—rice, other cereals, pulses, oil-seed, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, and coffee
Fishing: catch 2.5 million metric tons (FY78); exports $151 million (FY77), imports, none in 1976 and 1977
Major industries: textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment, cement, jute manufactures
Crude steel: 9.4 million metric tons of ingots (FY81)
Electric power: 34,831,000 kW capacity (1980); 128.874 million kWh produced (1980), 188 kWh per capita
Exports: $9 billion (f.o.b., FY81 est.); engineering goods, textiles and clothing, tea
Imports: $16 billion (f.o.b., FY81 est.); machinery and transport equipment, petroleum, edible oils, fertilizers
Major trade partners: US, UK, USSR, Japan
Budget: (FY81 revised est.) central government revenue and capital receipts, $26.4 billion; disbursements, $28.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 9.11 rupees=US$1 (November 1981)
Fiscal year: fiscal year ends 31 March of stated year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 60,693 km total (1981); 30,909 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 25,503 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 4,281 km narrow gauge (0.762 m and 0.610 m), government owned; 46 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 855 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 345 km narrow gauge (0.762 m and 0.610 m), privately owned; 12,617 km double track; 4,820 km electrified
Highways: 1,327,450 km total (1979); 514,250 km hard surfaced, 190,600 km gravel or crushed stone, 495,500 km improved earth, 416,700 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 16,000 km; 2,575 km navigable by river steamers
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,980 km; refined products, 1,056 km; natural gas, 854 km; slurry 992 km
Ports: 9 major, 79 minor
Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 355 total, 321 usable; 186 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 55 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 107 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair domestic telephone service where available, good internal microwave links; telegraph facilities widespread; AM broadcast adequate; international radio communications adequate; 2.6 million telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); about 174 AM stations at 80 locations, 17 TV stations, 13 earth satellite stations; submarine cables extend to Sri Lanka; 7 satellite stations under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 183,001,000; 111,614,000 fit for military service; about 8,343,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $5.7 billion; 17.0% of central government budget
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INDONESIA
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1985578The World Factbook (1982) — Indonesiathe Central Intelligence Agency
INDONESIA
(See reference map IX)
LAND
1,906,240 km2; 12% small holdings and estates, 64% forests, 24% inland water, waste, urban, and other
Land boundaries: 2,736 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): under an archipelago theory, claim is 12 nm, measured seaward from straight baselines connecting the outermost islands (fishing 200 nm, economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 54,716 km
PEOPLE
Population: 157,595,000, including East Timor and West Irian Jaya (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun—Indonesian(s); adjective—Indonesian
Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock comprising 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26% other
Religion: 90% Muslim, 5% Christian, 3% Hindu, 2% other
Language: Indonesian (modified form of Malay) official; English and Dutch leading foreign languages
Literacy: 60% (est.); 72% in 6-16 age group
Labor force: 60 million; 64% agriculture, 12% trade, 7% industry, 17% other (1980 est.)
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Indonesia
Type: republic
Capital: Jakarta
Political subdivisions: 27 first-level administrative subdivisions or provinces, which are further subdivided into 282
second-level areas
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of government; legal education at University of Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August
Branches: executive headed by President who is chief of state and head of Cabinet; Cabinet selected by President; unicameral legislature (DPR, or parliament), of 460 members (96 appointed, 364 elected); second and larger body (MPR, or congress) of 920 members includes the legislature and 460 other members (chosen by several processes, but not directly elected) elects President and Vice President, and theoretically determines national policy; judicial, Supreme Court is highest court
Government leader: President, Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (reelected by Congress, March 1978)
Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married persons regardless of age
Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-official "party" based on functional groups), Amir Moertono; Indonesia Democracy Party (federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Sunawar Sukowati; Unity Development Party (federation of former Islamic parties), John Naro
Voting strength (1977 election): Golkar 232 seats, Indonesia Democracy 29, Unity Development 99
Communists: Communist Party (PK1) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength est. at 1,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre-October 1965 hardcore membership has been estimated at 1.5 million
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, 1SCON, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $67 billion (1980), about $450 per capita; real average annual growth, (1973-78) 6.8%, (1980) 9.6%
Agriculture: subsistence food production, and smallholder and plantation production for export; main crops—rice, rubber, copra, other tropical products; food shortages—rice, wheat
Fishing: catch 1.6 million tons (1978); exports $181 million (1980), imports $8 million (1977)
Major industries: petroleum, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer production, timber
Electric power: 4,754,000 kW capacity (1980); 14.606 billion kWh produced (1980), 96 kWh per capita
Exports: $22.4 billion (f.o.b., FY80/81); petroleum and LNG ($16.7 billion; 1.2 million b/d), timber, rubber, coffee,
tin, palm oil, tea, copper
Imports: $15.6 billion (FY80/81); rice, wheat, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel products, machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables
Major trade partners: (1980) exports—49% Japan, 20% US, 11% Singapore; imports— 31% Japan, 13% US, 9% Saudi Arabia, 6% West Germany
Budget: (1980-81) expenditures, $16.8 billion; receipts, $14.4 billion domestic, $2.4 billion foreign
Monetary conversion rate: 642 rupiah=US$1 (December 1981)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 6,964 km total; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; government owned
Highways: 93,063 km total; 26,583 km paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone, 24,959 km improved or unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Jaya 4,587 km
Ports: 15 ocean ports
Civil air: approximately 120 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 403 total, 392 usable; 86 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 70 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service fair, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 392,563 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, and 14 TV stations; 1 international ground satellite station (1 Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pacific Ocean antenna), and a domestic satellite communications system
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 38,679,000; 22,868,000 fit for military service; about 1,798,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $2.76 billion; about 12.4% of central government budget
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IRAN
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1986363The World Factbook (1982) — Iranthe Central Intelligence Agency
IRAN
(See reference map VI)
LAND
1,647,240 km2; 14% agricultural, 11% forested, 16% cultivable with adequate irrigation, 51% desert, waste, or urban, 8% migratory grazing and other
Land boundaries: 5,318 km (including areas belonging to Iran and now occupied by Iraq during continuing border war)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 50 nm)
Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, with 676 km
PEOPLE
Population: 41,203,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun—Iranian(s); adjective—Iranian
Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persians, 3% Kurds, 13% other Iranian, 18% Turkic, 3% Arab and other Semitic, 1% other
Religion: 93% Shia Muslim; 5% Sunni Muslim; 2% Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians and Baha'is
Language: Persian, Turkish dialects, Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: about 37% of those seven years of age and older (1976 est.)
Labor force: 12.0 million, est. (1979); 33% agriculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of skilled labor substantial
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Islamic Republic of Iran
Type: republic
Capital: Tehrān
Political subdivisions: 23 provinces, subdivided into districts, subdistricts, counties, and villages
Legal system: the new constitution codifies Islamic principles of government
National holiday: Shia Islam religious holidays observed nationwide
Branches: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, provides general guidance for the government, which is divided into executive, legislative, and Judicial branches
Government leaders: Ayatollah ol-Ozma Ruhollah KHOMEINI, President Ali KHAMENEI (cleric), Prime Minister Mir Hosein MUSAVI-KHAMENEI, Speaker of Islamic Consultative Assembly Ali Akbar HASHEMI-RAFSANJANI (cleric)
Suffrage: universal, age 18 and over
Elections: elections to endorse new constitution were held in late 1979; those to select a president in January 1980 and July and November 1981, and those to select the parliament (two rounds) in March and May 1980; several parliamentary by elections were held in 1980 and 1981
Political parties and leaders: Islamic Republic Party (IRP), Ali Khamenei; Tudeh Party, Nur-ed-Din Kianuri
Voting strength: reliable figures not available; IRP and sympathizers dominate the parliament
Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hardcore; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: People's Strugglers (Mojahedin), People's Fedayeen, and Kurdish Democratic Party are armed political groups; other ethnic minorities, local leaders and Islamic Committees enforce their political views through armed militia
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OPEC, RCD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO; continued participation in some of these organizations doubtful under the new Islamic constitution
ECONOMY
GNP: $81.7 billion (1979), $2,170 per capita; 1979 real GNP growth, -24%
Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets, cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep, and goats
Major industries: crude oil production (1.4 million b/d in 1981) and refining, textiles, cement and other building materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating (steel and copper)
Electric power: 9,614,600 kW capacity (1980); 16.843 billion kWh produced (1980), 431 kWh per capita
Exports: $11 billion (est., 1981); 97% petroleum; also carpets, fruits, and nuts
Imports: $15 billion (est., 1981); foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, machinery, military supplies
Major trade partners: exports—Japan, West Germany, Netherlands, Italy, UK, Spain, France; imports—West Germany, Japan, UK, Italy
Budget: (FY81) proposed expenditures of $39 billion, actual expenditures likely to be below this level
Monetary conversion rate: 70.5 rials=US$1
Fiscal year: 21 March-20 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,601 km total; 4,509 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 92 km 1.676-meter gauge
Highways: 81,800 km total; 36,000 km gravel and crushed stone, 15,000 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 904 km, excluding the Caspian Sea, 104 km on the Shatt al Arab
Pipelines: crude oil, 5,900 km; refined products, 3,500 km; natural gas, 3,282 km
Ports: 7 major, 6 minor
Civil air: approx. 50 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 178 total, 143 usable; 78 with permanent-surface runways; 17 with runways over 3,659 m, 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 69 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,310,000; 5,722,000 fit for military service; about 409,000 reach military age (21)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 20 March 1981, $4.2 billion; 10% of central government budget
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IRAQ
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Iran
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1988175The World Factbook (1982) — Iraqthe Central Intelligence Agency
IRAQ
(See reference map VI)
LAND
445,480 km2 ; 18% cultivated, 68% desert, waste, or urban, 10% seasonal and other grazing land, 4% forest and woodland
Land boundaries: 3,668 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 58 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,034,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun—Iraqi(s); adjective—Iraqi
Ethnic divisions: 70.9% Arabs, 18.3% Kurds, 2.4% Turkomans, 0.7% Assyrians, 7.7% other
Religion: 90% Muslim (50% Shia Muslim, 40% Sunni Muslim), 8% Christian, 2% other
Language: Arabic, Kurdish minority speaks Kurdish
Literacy: 20% to 40%
Labor force: 3.1 million (1977); 30% agriculture, 27% industry, 21% government, 22% other; rural underemployment high, but not serious because low subsistence levels make it easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage of technically trained personnel
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Iraq
Type: republic; National Front government consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI) and proadministration Kurds; Communists play no role in government
Capital: Baghdad
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; provisional constitution
adopted in 1968; judicial review was suspended; legal education at University of Baghdad; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 17 July
Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in power since 1968 coup
Government leaders: President Saddam HUSAYN; Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 'Izzat IBRAHIM
Suffrage: universal
Elections: elections — first held since overthrow of monarchy in 1958—to National Assembly and to Legislative Council for autonomous region held in June and September 1980
Communists: est. 2,000 hardcore members
Political or pressure groups: political parties banned, possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected members of the regime, army officers, and religious and ethnic dissidents
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $35.2 billion (1979 est.), $2,730 per capita
Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, livestock
Major industry: crude petroleum 1.3 million b/d (1981); petroleum revenues for 1981, $13 billion
Electric power: 3,840,000 kW capacity (1980); 10.429 billion kWh produced (1980), 767 kWh per capita
Exports: $13.2 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); net receipts from oil, $13 billion; nonoil, $200 million est.
Imports: $17 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 15% from Communist countries (1981)
Major trade partners: exports—France, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, USSR, other Communist countries; imports—West Germany, Japan, France, US, UK, USSR and other Communist countries (1980)
Budget: public revenue $20 billion, current expenditures $8.9 billion, development expenditures $11.1 billion (1979 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Iraqi dinar=US$3.39 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,700 km total; 1,123 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 577 km meter gauge (1.00 m); 16 km meter gauge double track
Highways: 20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved, 4,645 km improved earth, 9,656 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab navigable by maritime traffic for about 104 km; Tigris and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers
Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al Faw)
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,821 km; 585 km refined products; 1,360 km natural gas
Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 87 total, 73 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways; 39 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good network consists of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 320,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM and 13 TV stations; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,146,000; 1,809,000 fit for military service; about 156,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $2.9 billion; 24% of central government budget
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IRELAND
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1939983The World Factbook (1982) — Irelandthe Central Intelligence Agency
IRELAND
(See reference map V)
LAND
68,894 km2 ; 17% arable, 51% meadows and pastures, 3% forested, 2% inland water, 27% waste and urban
Land boundaries: 360 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,448 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,533,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun—Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective—Irish
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Celts
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other
Language: English and Gaelic official; English is generally spoken
Literacy: 98%-99%
Labor force: about 1,133,000 (1978); 26% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 19% manufacturing; 15% commerce; 7% construction; 5% transportation; 4% government; 24% other; 7.8% unemployment (August 1979)
Organized labor: 36% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic)
Type: republic
Capital: Dublin
Political subdivisions: 26 counties
Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17 March
Branches: elected President; bicameral parliament reflecting proportional and vocational representation; judiciary appointed by President on advice of government
Government leaders: President Patrick HILLERY; Prime Minister Charles HAUGHEY; Deputy Prime Minister Raymond MACSHARRY
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every five years—last election February 1982; President elected for seven-year term—last election November 1976
Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Michael O'Leary; Fine Gael, Garret Fitzgerald; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan; Sinn Fein the Workers' Party (SFWP), Tomas MacGiolla
Voting strength: (1982 election) Fianna Fail (81 seats), Fine Gael (63 seats), Labor Party (15 seats), Sinn Fein the Workers' Party (3 seats), independents (4 seats)
Communists: approximately 600
Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EEC, ESRO (observer), EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $17.1 billion (1980), $5,000 per capita; 63.8% consumption, 30.1% investment, 22.2% government, —2.5% inventories and net factor income; —14.0% net foreign demand
Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used for permanent hay and pasture; main products—livestock and dairy products, turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages—grains, fruits, vegetables; caloric intake 3,510 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 108,434 metric tons (1978); exports of fish and fish products $66.5 million (1979), imports of fish and
fish products $26.0 million (1979)
Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles and clothing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, machinery and transportation equipment
Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp, steel and nonferrous metals, fertilizers, cereals and animal feed, textile fibers and textiles
Crude steel: 66,000 metric tons produced in 1978
Electric power: 3,117,000 kW capacity (1980); 10.889 million kWh produced (1980), 3,170 kWh per capita
Exports: $8,322.0 million (f.o.b., 1980); dairy products, live animals, textiles, chemicals, machinery, clothing
Imports: $11,153.0 million (c.i.f., 1980); petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, cereals
Major trade partners: 74.1% EC (42.7% UK); 8.0% US and Canada
Budget: (1980 actual) 3,702 million pounds expenditures, 3,155 million pounds revenues, 547 million pounds deficit, public sector borrowing requirement 1,316 million pounds; (1981 est.) 4,719 million pounds expenditures, 3,932 million pounds revenues, 787 million pounds deficit, public sector borrowing requirement 1,637 million pounds
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Irish pound=US$2.0580 (1980 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,190 km 1.600-meter gauge, government owned
Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km surfaced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: approximately 1,000 km
Ports: 6 major, 38 minor
Civil air: 36 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in and 4 out
Airfields: 38 total, 37 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small, modern system using cable and radio-relay circuits; 586,000 telephones (17.2 per 100 popl.); 15 AM, 14 FM, and 59 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables; planned satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 807,000; 662,000 fit for military service; about 33,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $222 million; about 4.0% of the central government budget
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ISRAEL
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ISRAEL
(See reference map VI)
NOTE: the Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the data below unless indicated; the occupied Gaza Strip (360 km2) was administered from 1948 to June 1967 by Egypt but not claimed as sovereign territory; Israel relinquished control of the Sinai to Egypt on 25 April 1982
LAND
20,720 km2 (excluding about 26,331 km2 of occupied territory in Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Gaza as of January 1982); 20% cultivated, 40% pastureland and meadows, 4% forested, 4% desert, waste, or urban, 3% inland water, 29% unsurveyed (mostly desert)
Land boundaries: 1,036 km (before 1967 war); including occupied areas, approximately 1,050 km (as of January 1982)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm
Coastline: 273 km (before 1967 war); including occupied areas, approximately 400 km (January 1982)
PEOPLE
Population: 3,916,000, excluding East Jerusalem (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun—Israeli(s); adjective—Israeli
Ethnic divisions: 85% Jews, 15% non-Jews (mostly Arabs)
Religion: 85% Judaism, 11% Islam, 4% Christian and other
Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language
Literacy: 88% Jews, 48% Arabs
Labor force: 1,318,000; 6.3% agriculture, forestry and fishing; 23.5% industry, mining, and manufacturing; 1.0% electricity and water; 6.3% construction and public works; 11.6% commerce; 6.9% transport, storage, and communications; 8.2% finance and business; 29.3% public services; 6.1% personal and other services (1980) Organized labor: 90% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: State of Israel
Type: republic
Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by US, which maintains Embassy in Tel Aviv
Political subdivisions: six administrative districts
Legal system: mixture of English common law and, in personal area, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; commercial matters regulated substantially by codes adopted since 1948; no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the Knesset (legislature) relating to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the president, the government and the Israel citizenship law; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Hebrew University in Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 14 May
Branches: President Yitzhak Navon has largely ceremonial functions, except for the authority to decide which political leader should try to form a ruling coalition following an election or the fall of a previous government; executive power vested in Cabinet; unicameral parliament (Knesset) of 120 members elected under a system of proportional representation; legislation provides fundamental laws in absence of a written constitution; two distinct court systems (secular and religious)
Government leader: Prime Minister Menachem BEGIN
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: held every four years unless required by dissolution of Knesset; last election held in June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Herut, Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Foreign Affairs Minister Yitzhak Shamir; Liberal Party, Deputy Prime Minister Simcha Ehrlich; La'am, Eliezer Shostak; State List, Yitzhak Peretz (Likud is a coalition formed in 1973 of Herut, Liberals, La am, and State List); National Religious Party, Yosef Burg, Zevulun Hammer; Israel's Labor Alignment (includes MAPAM, Victor Shemtov, and Israel Labor Party, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin); RAKAH Communist Party, Meir Wilner; TAMI, Aharon Aba-Hatzeira; TELEM, Mordechai Ben-Porat; Orthodox Agudat Israel, Avraham Shapira; Citizens Rights Movement, Shulamit Aloni; Shinui Party, Amnon Rubinstein; Tehiya (Rebirth, formed by Likud defectors), Yuval Neeman
Voting strength: Likud, 48 seats; National Religious Party, 6 seats; Orthodox Agudat Israel, 4 seats; Israel's Labor-Alignment (Labor Party-MAPAM), 47 seats; Shinui Party, 2 seats; Citizens Rights Movement, 1 seat; RAKAH, 4 seats; Tehiya, 3 seats; TAMI, 3 seats; TELEM, 2 seats
Communists: RAKAH (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 members; the Jewish Communist Party, MAKI, is now part of Moked, which is a far-left Zionist party included in SHELLI
Other political or pressure groups: rightwing Kach Movement led by Rabbi Meir Kahane; Black Panthers, a loosely organized youth group seeking more benefits for oriental Jews; Gush Emunim, Jewish religious zealots pushing for freedom for Jews to settle anywhere on the West Bank
Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $19.5 billion (1980, in 1980 prices), $4,640 per capita; 1980 growth of real GNP 2.3%
Agriculture: main products—citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef and dairy products, poultry products
Major industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles and clothing, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, rubber and plastic products, potash mining
Electric power: 2,693,000 kW capacity (1980); 12.528 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,285 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980); major items—polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products; tourism is important foreign exchange earner
Imports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); major items—military equipment, rough diamonds, oil, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and aircraft
Major trade partners: exports—US, West Germany, UK, Switzerland, France, Italy; imports—US, West Germany, UK, Switzerland, Belgium, Italy
Budget: public revenue $14.5 billion, current expenditures $13.7 billion, development expenditures $1.6 billion
Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound was allowed to float on 31 October 1977; the shekel became the unit of account on 1 October 1980 (1 shekel=10 Israeli pounds) and as of October 1981 13.74 shekels=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 767 km standard gauge (1.435 m)
Highways: 4,459 km paved, 7 km gravel/crushed stone, remainder unknown
Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km
Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
Airfields: 66 total, 55 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most highly developed in the Middle East though not the largest; good system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 930,000 telephones (25.4 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 10 FM stations, 15 TV stations, and 25 repeater stations; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, second antenna planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: eligible 15-49, 1,838,000; of 921,000 males 15-49, 580,000 fit for military service; of 909,000 females 15-49, 571,000 fit for military service; 35,000 males and 33,000 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes liable for military service
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ITALY
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ITALY
(See reference map V)
LAND
301,217 km2; 50% cultivated, 17% meadow and pasture, 21% forest, 3% unused but potentially productive, 9% waste or urban
Land boundaries: 1,702 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4,996 km
PEOPLE
Population: 57,353,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun—Italian(s); adjective—Italian
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and of Albanian-Italians in the south
Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic (de facto state religion)
Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region (for example, Bolzano) are predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area
'Literacy: 5%-7% of population illiterate (1972); illiteracy varies widely by region
Labor force: 22,372,000 (1980); 14.1% agriculture, 37.6% industry, 48.3% other (1980); 7.6% unemployment (1980); 1.5 million Italians employed in other West European countries
Organized labor: 50-55% (est.) of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Italian Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Rome
Political subdivisions: constitution provides for establishment of 20 regions; five with special statute (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle d'Aosta) have been functioning for some time and the remaining 15 regions with regular statute were instituted on 1 April 1972; 95 provinces, 8,081 communes
Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; constitution came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June
Branches: executive—President empowered to dissolve Parliament and call national election; he is also Commander of the Armed Forces and presides over the Supreme Defense Council; otherwise, authority to govern invested in Council of Ministers; legislative power invested in bicameral, popularly elected Parliament; Italy has an independent judicial establishment
Government leaders: President Alessandro PERTIN1; Premier Giovanni SPADOLINI
Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in senatorial elections where minimum age of voter is 25)
Elections: national elections for Parliament held every five years (most recent, June 1979); provincial and municipal elections held every five years with some out of phase; regional elections every five years (held June 1980)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Flaminio Piccoli (secretary general); Communist Party
(PCI), Enrico Berlinguer (secretary general); Socialist Party (PSI), Benedetto Craxi (secretary general); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Pietro Longo (secretary general); Liberal Party (PLI), Valerio Zanone (party secretary); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio Almirante (party secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giovanni Spadolini (party secretary)
Voting strength (1979 election): 38.3% DC, 30.4% PCI, 9.8% PSI, 5.3% MSI, 3.8% PSDI, 3.0% PRI, 1.9% PLI, 3.4% other
Communists: 1,814,740 members (February 1978)
Other political or pressure groups: the Vatican; three major trade union confederations (CGIL—Communist dominated, CISL—Christian Democratic, and UIL—Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups
Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $394 billion (1980), $6,900 per capita; 63.1% private consumption, 20.0% gross fixed investment, 16.6% government, net foreign balance —0.5%; 1980 growth rate 4.0% (1975 constant prices)
Agriculture: important producer of fruits and vegetables; main crops—cereals, potatoes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food shortages—fats, meat, fish, and eggs; daily caloric intake, 3,172 calories per capita (1977)
Fishing: catch 401,958 metric tons (1978); exports $90 million (1979), imports $459 million (1979)
Major industries: machinery and transportation equipment, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles
Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals
Crude steel: 26.5 million metric tons produced (1980), 465 kg per capita
Electric power: 48,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 186.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,247 kWh per capita
Exports: $77.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items-machinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear
Imports: $99.7 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—machinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and
nonferrous metals, wool, cotton, petroleum
Major trade partners: (1980) 46% EC-nine (17% West Germany, 14% France, 5% UK, 4% Netherlands); 2% USSR and 3% other Communist countries of Eastern Europe
Aid: donor—bilateral economic aid committed (ODA and OOF), $5.8 billion (1970-79)
Monetary conversion rate: Smithsonian rate as of December 1973, 650.4 lire=US$1; average rate in 1980, 856 lire=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 20,085 km total; 16,140 km government owned standard gauge (1.435 m), 8,585 km electrified; 3,945 km nongovernment owned—2,100 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,155 km electrified, and 1,845 km narrow gauge (0.950 m),
380 km electrified
Highways: 294,410 km total; autostrade 5,900 km, state highways 45,170 km, provincial highways 101,680 km, communal highways 141,660 km; 260,500 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 26,900 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,010 km earth
Inland waterways: 2,500 km navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined products, 2,148 km; natural gas, 13,749 km
Ports: 16 major, 22 significant minor
Civil air: 146 major transport aircraft, including 6 leased in
Airfields: 147 total, 142 usable; 84 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 32 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: well engineered, well constructed, and efficiently operated; 18.1 million telephones (31.7 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 1,830 FM, and 1,350 TV stations; 20 coaxial submarine cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with a total of 5 antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,075,000; 11,862,000 fit for military service; 466,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $8.8 billion; about 4.4% of central government budget
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IVORY COAST
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1989807The World Factbook (1982) — Ivory Coastthe Central Intelligence Agency
IVORY COAST
(See reference map VII)
LAND
323,750 km2; 40% forest and woodland, 8% cultivated, 52% grazing, fallow, and waste; 322 km of lagoons and connecting canals extend east-west along eastern part of the coast
Land boundaries: 3,227 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 515 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,569,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun—Ivorian(s); adjective—Ivorian
Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic groups; no single tribe more than 20% of population; most important are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approximately 2 million foreign Africans, mostly Upper Voltans; about 75,000 to 90,000 non-Africans (50,000 to 60,000 French and 25,000 to 30,000 Lebanese)
Religion: 66% animist, 22% Muslim, 12% Christian
Language: French official, over 60 native dialects, Dioula most widely spoken
Literacy: about 65% at primary school level
Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture, remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions
Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of the Ivory Coast
Type: republic; one-party presidential regime established 1960
Capital: Abidjan
Political subdivisions: 24 departments subdivided into 127 subprefectures
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1960; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal education at Abidjan School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 7 December
Branches: President has sweeping powers, unicameral legislature, separate judiciary
Government leader: President Félix HOUPHOUËT-BOIGNY
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: legislative and municipal elections were held in November 1980; Houphouët-Boigny reelected in October 1980 to his fifth consecutive five-year term
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Party of the Ivory Coast (PDC1), only party; Houphouët-Boigny firmly controls party
Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $10.3 billion (1980 est.), $1,250 per capita; real average annual growth rate, 6.8% (1980 est.)
Agriculture: commercial—coffee, cocoa, wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food crops—corn, millet, yams, rice; other commodities—cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish; self-sufficient in most foodstuffs but rice, sugar, and meat imported
Fishing: catch 92,050 metric tons (1979 est.); exports $44.7 million (1979), imports $71.9 million (1979)
Major industries: food and lumber processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly plant, textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small shipyards, fertilizer plant, and battery factory
Electric power: 721,500 kW capacity (1980); 1.717 billion kWh produced (1980), 210 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.0 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); cocoa (32%), coffee (23%), tropical woods (19%), cotton, bananas, pineapples,
palm oil
Imports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); manufactured goods and semifinished products (50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materials and fuels (10%)
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) ODA and OOF (1970-79), $1,341 million; US authorizations, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $141 million
Major trade partners: (1979) France and other EC countries about 65%, US 10%, Communist countries about 3%
Budget: (1980), revenues $2.8 billion, current expenditures $2.8 billion, development expenditures $1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: about 211.3 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 657 km of the 1,173 km Abidjan to Ouagadougou, Upper Volta line, all single track meter gauge (1.00 m); only diesel locomotives in use
Highways: 45,600 km total; 2,461 km bituminous and bituminous-treated surface; 31,939 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 11,200 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers and numerous coastal lagoons
Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 3 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 50 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system above African average; consists of open-wire lines and radio-relay links; 78,400 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 8 FM, and 6 TV stations; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,081,000; 1,068,000 fit for military service; 84,000 males reach military age (18) annually
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JAMAICA
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1990417The World Factbook (1982) — Jamaicathe Central Intelligence Agency
JAMAICA
(See reference map III)
LAND
11,422 km2; 21% arable, 23% meadows and pastures, 19% forested, 37% waste, urban, or other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,022 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,295,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun—Jamaican(s); adjective—Jamaican
Ethnic divisions: African 76.3%, Afro-European 15.1%, East Indian and Afro-East Indian 3.4%, white 3.2%, Chinese and Afro-Chinese 1.2%, other 0.9%
Religion: predominantly Protestant, some Roman Catholic, some spiritualist cults
Language: English
Literacy: government claims 82%, but probably only about one-half of that number are functionally literate
Labor force: 1,006,900, including 269,000 unemployed (1980); 30% in agriculture, forestry, fishing and mining, 10% manufacturing/mining, 14% public administration, 4% construction, 11% commerce, 4% transportation and utilities, 16% services; 26% unemployed; shortage of technical and managerial personnel
Organized labor: about 33% of labor force (1980)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Jamaica
Type: independent state within Commonwealth since August 1962, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Kingston
Political subdivisions: 12 parishes and the Kingston-St. Andrew corporate area
Legal system: based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 7 August
Branches: Cabinet headed by Prime Minister; 60-member elected House of Representatives; 21-member Senate (13 nominated by the Prime Minister, eight by opposition leader); judiciary follows British tradition under a Chief Justice
Government leader: Prime Minister Edward P. G. SEAGA; Governor General Florizel GLASSPOLE
Suffrage: universal, age 18 and over
Elections: at discretion of Governor General upon advice of Prime Minister but within five years; latest held 30 October 1980
Political parties and leaders: Jamaica Labor Party (JLP), Edward Seaga; People's National Party (PNP), Michael Manley
Voting strength: (1980 general elections) approx. 58.8% JLP (51 seats in House), 41.2% PNP (9 seats)
Communists: Communist Party of Jamaica; Worker's Party of Jamaica; Worker's Party of Jamaica, Trevor Munroe
Other political or pressure groups: New World Group (Caribbean regionalists, nationalists, and leftist intellectual fraternity); Rastafarians (Negro religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists); New Creation International Peacemakers Tabernacle (leftist group); Workers Liberation League (a Marxist coalition of students/labor)
Member of: CARICOM, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB, IFAD, IPC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS, Pan American Health Organization, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.4 billion (1980), $1,089 per capita; real growth rate 1981, 1% est.
Agriculture: main crops—sugarcane, citrus fruits, bananas, pimento, coconuts, coffee, cocoa, tobacco
Major industries: bauxite mining, textiles, food processing, light manufactures, tourism
Electric power: 1,400,000 kW capacity (1981); 2.2 billion kWh produced (1981), 974 kWh per capita
Exports: $1 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); alumina, bauxite, sugar, bananas, citrus fruits and fruit products, rum, cocoa
Imports: $1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1981 prov.); fuels, machinery, transportation and electrical equipment, food, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—US 37%, UK 25%, Canada 8%; imports—US 37%, UK 10%, Canada 6% (1978)
Budget: revenue $0.8 billion, expenditure $1.3 billion (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jamaican dollar=US$0.5613
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 370 km, all standard gauge (1.435 m), single track
Highways: 18,200 km total; 12,600 km paved, 3,200 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth
Pipelines: refined products, 10 km
Ports: 2 major (Kingston, Montego Bay), 10 minor
Civil air: 12 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in and 1 leased out
Airfields: 42 total, 22 usable; 13 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fully automatic domestic telephone network with 111,000 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 8 AM, 11 FM, and 9 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 511,000; 378,000 fit for military service; no conscription; 31,000 reach minimum volunteer age (18) annually
Supply: dependent on UK and US
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $33.2 million; about 2.3% of central government budget
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JAPAN
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1991029The World Factbook (1982) — Japanthe Central Intelligence Agency
JAPAN
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
370,370 km2; 16% arable and cultivated, 3% grassland, 12% urban and waste, 69% forested
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm except 3 nm in five international straits (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 13,685 km
PEOPLE
Population: 118,519,000, (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun—Japanese (sing., pl.); adjective—Japanese
Ethnic divisions: 99.2% Japanese, 0.8% other (mostly Korean)
Religion: most Japanese observe both Shinto and Buddhist rites; about 16% belong to other faiths, including 0.8% Christian
Language: Japanese
Literacy: 99%
Labor force (1980): 56.5 million; 10% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 35% manufacturing, mining, and construction; 51% trade and services; 4% government; 2% unemployed
Organized labor: 22% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Japan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Tokyo
Political subdivisions: 47 prefectures
Legal system: civil law system with English-American influence; constitution promulgated in 1946; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Birthday of the Emperor, 29 April
Branches: Emperor is merely symbol of state; executive power is vested in Cabinet dominated by the Prime Minister, chosen by the lower house of the bicameral, elective legislature (Diet); judiciary is independent
Government leaders: Emperor HIROHITO; Prime Minister Zenko SUZUKI
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: general elections held every four years or upon dissolution of lower house, triennially for one-half of upper
house
Political parties and leaders: Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Z. Suzuki, president; Japan Socialist Party (JSP), I. Asukata, chairman; Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), R. Sasaki, chairman; Japan Communist Party (JCP), K. Miyamoto, Presidium chairman; Komeito (CGP), Y. Takeiri, chairman; New Liberal Club (NLC), S. Tagawa; Social Democratic Federation (SDF), H. Den
Voting strength (1980 elections): Lower House—47.9% LDP, 19.3% JSP, 9.8% JCP, 9.0% CGP, 6.6% DSP, 3.0% NLC, 0.7% SDF, 3.6% independents and minor parties; Upper House—43.3% LDP, 22.4% JSP, 11.7% JCP, 5.0% CGP, 5.1% DSP, 0.6% NLC, 0.0% SDF, 11.8% independents and minor parties
Communists: approximately 400,000 registered Communist Party members
Member of: ADB, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,038 billion (1980, at 226.8 yen=US$1); $8,889 per capita (1980); 58% personal consumption, 32% investment, 10% government current expenditure, 1% stocks, and—1% foreign balance; real growth rate 4.2% (1980); average annual growth rate (1976-80), 5.5%
Agriculture: land intensively cultivated—rice, sugar, vegetables, fruits; 73% self-sufficient in food (1978); food shortages—meat, wheat, feed grains, edible oil and fats; caloric intake, 2,502 calories per day per capita (1974)
Fishing: catch 10.6 million metric tons (1979)
Major industries: metallurgical and engineering industries, electrical and electronic industries, textiles, chemicals
Shortages: fossil fuels, most industrial raw materials
Crude steel: 111 million metric tons produced (1980)
Electric power: 153,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 520.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,435 kWh per capita
Exports: $130.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 88% manufactures (including 27% machinery, 23% motor vehicles, 14% iron
and steel)
Imports: $122.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 50% fossil fuels, 17% manufactures, 13% foodstuffs, 8% machinery and equipment
Major trade partners: exports—24% US, 21% Southeast Asia, 11% Middle East, 7% Communist countries, 17% Western Europe; imports—31% Middle East, 13% Southeast Asia, 17% US, 7% Western Europe, 5% Communist countries
Aid: bilateral economic and committed (ODA and OOF), $22 billion (1970-79)
Budget: revenues $101 billion, expenditures $168 billion, deficit $67 billion (general account for fiscal year ending March 1980)
Monetary conversion rate: 219 yen=US$1 (mid-January 1982), floating since February 1973
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 29,711 km total (1979); 1,077 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 28,634 km predominantly narrow gauge (1.067 m), 7,539 km double track, 8,279 km or 28% of total route length electrified; 82% government owned
Highways: 1,106,138 km total (1976); 474,434 km paved, 631,704 km gravel, crushed stone, or unpaved
Inland waterways: approx. 1,770 km; seagoing craft ply all coastal "inland seas"
Pipelines: crude oil, 50 km; natural gas, 1,728 km
Ports: 53 major, over 2,000 minor
Civil air: 265 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 195 total, 170 usable; 125 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 46 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international service; 55.4 million telephones (47.6 per 100 popl.); 167 AM stations, 48 FM stations plus 429 relay stations; 5,525 TV stations (192 major—1 kw or greater), and 2 ground satellite stations; submarine cables to US (via Guam), Philippines, China, and USSR
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 31,204,000; 26,059,000 fit for military service; about 884,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Supply: defense industry potential is large, with capability of producing the most sophisticated equipment; manufactured equipment includes small arms artillery, armored vehicles, and other types of ground forces materiel, aircraft (jet and prop), naval vessels (submarines, guided missile and other destroyers, patrol craft, mine warfare ships, and other minor craft including amphibious, auxiliaries, service craft, and small support ships), small amounts of all types of army materiel; several missile systems are produced under US license and a vigorous domestic missile development program exists
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 March 1983, $11.8 billion; about 5.2% of total budget
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JORDAN
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For works with similar titles, see Jordan.
←
Japan
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyJordan
Kampuchea
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related portals: Jordan
1991804The World Factbook (1982) — Jordanthe Central Intelligence Agency
JORDAN
(See reference map VI)
NOTE: The war between Israel and the Arab states in June 1967 ended with Israel in control of West Jordan. Although approximately 930,000 persons resided in this area before the start of the war, fewer than 750,000 of them remain there under the Israeli occupation, the remainder having fled to East Jordan. Over 14,000 of those who fled were repatriated in August 1967, but their return has been more than offset by other Arabs who have crossed and are continuing to cross from West to East Jordan. These and certain other effects of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war are not included in the data below.
LAND
96,089 km2 (including about 5,439 km2 occupied by Israel); 11% agricultural, 88% desert, waste, or urban, 1% forested
Land boundaries: 1,770 km (1967, 1,668 km excluding occupied areas)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 26 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,246,000—East and West Banks, including East Jerusalem (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%; East Bank, 2,415,000, average annual growth rate 3.9%; West Bank, including East Jerusalem, 831,000, average annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun—Jordanian(s); adjective—Jordanian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% Circassian, 1% Armenian
Religion: 90%-92% Sunni Muslim, 8%-10% Christian
Language: Arabic official; English widely understood among upper and middle classes
Literacy: about 50%-55% in East Jordan; somewhat less than 60% in West Jordan
Labor force: 638,000; less than 2% unemployed
Organized labor: 9.8% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: 'Amman
Political subdivisions: eight governorates (three Israeli occupied) under centrally appointed officials
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French codes; constitution adopted 1952; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 May
Branches: King holds balance of power; Prime Minister exercises executive authority in name of King; Cabinet appointed by King and responsible to parliament; bicameral parliament with House of Representatives last chosen by national elections in April 1967, and dissolved by King in February 1976; a National Consultative Council appointed by the King in March 1978 as temporary substitute for House of Representatives; Senate last appointed by King in January 1979; present parliament subservient to executive; secular court system based on differing legal systems of the former Transjordan and Palestine; law Western in concept and structure; Sharia (religious) courts for Muslims, and religious community council courts for non-Muslim communities; desert police carry out quasi-judicial functions in desert areas
Government leader: King HUSSEIN I
Suffrage: all citizens over age 20
Political parties and leaders: political party activity illegal since 1957; Palestine Liberation Organization and various smaller fedayeen groups clandestinely active on West Bank; Muslim Brotherhood
Communists: party actively repressed, membership estimated at less than 500
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $3.4 billion (East Bank only, 1980), $1,250 per capita; real growth rate (1980), 9%
Agriculture: main crops—vegetables, fruits, olive oil, wheat; not self-sufficient in many foodstuffs
Major industries: phosphate mining, petroleum refining, and cement production, light manufacturing
Electric power: 299,000 kW capacity (1980); 917 million kWh produced (1980), 290 kWh per capita, East Bank only
Exports: $553 million (f.o.b., 1980); fruits and vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist share 13% of total (1980)
Exports: $553 million (f.o.b., 1980); fruits and vegetables, phosphate rock; Communist share 13% of total (1980)
Imports: $2,414 million (c.i.f., 1980); petroleum products, textiles, capital goods, motor vehicles, foodstuffs; Communist share 7% of total (1980)
Aid: economic—OPEC (ODA; 1973-76), $1,143.1 million; US, including Ex-Im, (1970-80), $1.2 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $391 million; military—US (1970-76), $906.8 million
Budget: (1980)—$1,291 million public revenue, $971 million current expenditures, $520 million capital expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Jordanian dinar= US$3.35, freely convertible (1980 average); 1 Jordanian dinar=US$2.99 (October 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 817 km 1.050-meter gauge, single track
Highways: 6,332 total; 4,837 paved, 1,495 gravel and crushed stone
Pipelines: crude oil, 209 km
Ports: 1 major (Aqaba)
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 27 total, 18 usable; 16 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of radio-relay, wire, and radio; 53,000 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, and 11 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 1 Indian Ocean station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 722,000; 511,000 fit for military service; 36,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $874 million; 44% of central government budget
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KAMPUCHEA
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Jordan
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyKampuchea
Kenya
→
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1993287The World Factbook (1982) — Kampucheathe Central Intelligence Agency
KAMPUCHEA
(See reference map IX)
LAND
181,300 km2; 16% cultivated, 74% forested, 10% built-on area, wasteland, and other
Land boundaries: 2,438 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 443 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,882,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun—Kampuchean(s); adjective—Kampuchean
Ethnic divisions: 90% Khmer (Kampuchean), 5% Chinese, 5% other minorities
Religion: 95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% various other
Language: Cambodian
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Democratic Kampuchea (supported by resistance forces deployed principally near the western border); People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK; pro-Vietnamese, in Phnom Penh)
Type: both are Communist states
Capital: Phnom Penh
Political subdivisions: 19 provinces
Legal system: Judicial Committee chosen by People's Representative Assembly in Democratic Kampuchea; no information for PRK
National holiday: 17 April for both regimes
Branches: Cabinet, State Presidium, and some form of People's Representative Assembly in Democratic Kampuchea; Peoples Revolutionary Council, various ministries, and a "National Congress" held in early 1979 and a second time in September 1979 in PRK
Government leaders: Presidium Chairman and Prime Minister KH1EU SAMPHAN; Deputy Prime Ministers IENG SARY and SON SEN; Assembly Standing Committee Chairman NUON CHEA in Democratic Kampuchea; Chairman, Council of State, HENG SAMRIN; Chairman, Council of Ministers, CHAN SI; Minister of National Defense BOU THANG; and Foreign Minister HUN SEN in PRK
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Kampuchea Khmer Communist Party disbanded December 1981 though chief political figure still former party chairman Pol Pot; in PRK Kampuchean United Front for National Construction and Defense (KUFNCD) and separate Kampuchean Peoples Revolutionary Party
Member of: Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive), NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO for Democratic Kampuchea; none for PRK
ECONOMY
GNP: less than $500 million (1971)
Agriculture: mainly subsistence except for rubber plantations; main crops—rice, rubber, corn; food shortages—rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour
Major industries: rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products
Shortages: fossil fuels
Electric power: 120,000 kW capacity (1981); 100 million kWh produced (1981), 18 kWh per capita
Exports: probably less than $1 million est. (1978); natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood
Imports: probably less than $20 million (1978); food, fuel, machinery
Trade partners: (1978) exports—China; imports—China, North Korea; (1981) Vietnam and USSR
Aid: economic commitments—US (FY70-80), $690 million; other Western, (1970-79) $135 million; military (FY70-80)—US, $1,260 million; Communist not available
Budget: no budget data available since Communists took over government
Monetary conversion rate (1978): no currency in use
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 612 km meter gauge (1.00 m); government owned
Highways: 13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair
Inland waterways: 3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8
meters
Ports: 2 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 52 total, 23 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and other adjacent countries; radiobroadcasts limited to 1 station
DEFENSE
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,571,000; 843,000 fit for military service; 99,000 reach military age (18) annually
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KENYA
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Kampuchea
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyKenya
Kiribati
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related portals: Kenya
1994120The World Factbook (1982) — Kenyathe Central Intelligence Agency
KENYA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
583,750 km2; about 21% forest and woodland, 13% suitable for agriculture, 66% mainly grassland adequate for grazing (1971)
Land boundaries: 3,368 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zones 200 nm)
Coastline: 536 km
PEOPLE
Population: 17,832,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1%
Nationality: noun—Kenyan(s); adjective—Kenyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% native African (including Bantu. Nilotic, Hamitic and Nilo-Hamitic); 2% Asian; 1% European,
Arab, and others
Religion: 56% Christian, 36% animist, 7% Muslim, 1% Hindu
Language: English and Swahili official; each tribe has own language
Literacy: 27%
Labor force: 5.4 million; about 900,000, in monetary economy
Organized labor: about 390,000
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Kenya
Type: republic within Commonwealth since December 1963
Capital: Nairobi
Political subdivisions: 7 provinces plus Nairobi area
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law and Islamic law; constitution enacted 1963; judicial review in Supreme Court; legal education at Kenya School of Law in Nairobi; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 12 December
Branches: President and Cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature (National Assembly) of 170 seats, 158 directly elected by constituencies and 12 appointed by the President; Assembly must be reelected at least every five years; High Court, with Chief Justice and at least 11 justices, has unlimited original jurisdiction to hear and determine any civil or criminal proceeding; provision for systems of courts of appeal
Government leader: President Daniel T. arap MOI
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: general election (held November 1979) elected present National Assembly and President
Political party and leaders: Kenya Africa National Union (KANU), president, Daniel arap Moi
Voting strength: KANU holds all seats in the National Assembly
Communists: may be a few Communists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor unions
Member of: AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $4.3 billion (1980), $340 per capita; real average annual growth rate, 4.8% (1970-78)
Agriculture: main cash crops—coffee, sisal, tea, pyrethrum, cotton, livestock; food crops—corn, wheat, sugar-cane, rice, cassava; largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: small-scale consumer goods (plastic, furniture, batteries, textiles, soap, agricultural processing,
cigarettes, flour), oil refining, cement, tourism
Electric power: 481,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.5 billion kWh produced (1981), 90 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,168.8 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, tea, live-stock products, pyrethrum, soda ash, wattle-bark tanning
extract
Imports: $2,233.7 million (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, transport equipment, crude oil, paper and paper products, iron
and steel products, and textiles
Major trade partners: EC, Japan, Iran, US, Zambia, Uganda
Budget: (1978/79) revenues $1,582.5 million; current expenditures $1,399.1 million; development expenditures $635.9 million
External public debt: $2.2 billion, 1980 external debt ratio 15%
Monetary conversion rate: 9.01 Kenya shillings=US$1 (1981)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,040 km meter gauge (1.00 m)
Highways: 52,250 km total; 5,542 km paved, 16,500 km gravel, 29,550 km improved earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: part of Lake Victoria and Lake Rudolph systems are within boundaries of Kenya
Pipelines: refined products, 483 km
Ports: 1 major (Mombasa)
Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 216 total, 194 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 43 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: in top group of African systems; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; 168,200 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 2 FM, and 4 TV stations; Atlantic and Indian Ocean
satellite service from 1 station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,463,000; 2,130,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1980, $168.6 million; about 8% of central government budget
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KIRIBATI
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Kenya
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyKiribati
Korea, North
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related portals: Kiribati
1997333The World Factbook (1982) — Kiribatithe Central Intelligence Agency
KIRIBATI
(formerly Gilbert Islands)
(See reference map X)
LAND
About 690 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 1,143 km
PEOPLE
Population: 59,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun—Kiribatian(s); adjective—Kiribati
Ethnic divisions: Micronesian
Religion: Catholic
Literacy: adult literacy ratio 90%
Labor force: 15,921 (1973); general unemployment rate 4.9%
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Kiribati
Type: republic; became independent 12 July 1979
Capital: Tarawa
Branches: 35-member parliament, nationally elected President
Government leader: President Ieremia TABAI
Political parties and leaders: Gilbertese National Party, Christian Democratic Party
Member of: ADB, GATT (de facto)
ECONOMY
GDP: $36.0 million (1979 est.), $630 per capita
Agriculture: copra, subsistence crops of vegetables, supplemented by domestic fishing
Industry: phosphate production, which as of May 1979 was expected to cease in mid-1979
Electric power: 2,000 kW capacity (1981); 6 million kWh produced (1981), 104 kWh per capita
Exports: $21.2 million (1978); 88% phosphate, 11.6% copra
Imports: $18.4 million (1978); foodstuffs, fuel, transportation equipment
Aid: Western (non-US) commitments (ODA; 1979), $46.0 million; Australia (1980-83), $8.1 million committed
Budget: $15.2 million (1979)
Monetary conversion rate: 0.90 Australian$=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 483 km of motorable roads
Inland waterways: small network of canals, totaling 5 km, in Northern Line Islands
Ports: 3 minor
Civil air: 2 Trislanders, however, no major transport aircraft
Telecommunications: 1 AM broadcast station; 866 telephones (4.3 per 100 popl.)
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KOREA, NORTH
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Kiribati
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Korea, South
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1997933The World Factbook (1982) — Korea, Norththe Central Intelligence Agency
KOREA, NORTH
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
121,730 km2; 17% arable and cultivated, 74% in forest, scrub, and brush; remainder wasteland and urban
Land boundaries: 1,675 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm; military 50 nm)
Coastline: 2,495 km
PEOPLE
Population: 20,586,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun—Korean(s); adjective—Korean
Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous
Religion: Buddhism and Confucianism; religious activities now almost nonexistent
Language: Korean
Literacy: 90% (est.)
Labor force: 6.1 million; 48% agriculture, 52% non-agricultural; shortage of skilled and unskilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Type: Communist state; one-man rule
Capital: P'yongyang
Political subdivisions: nine provinces, three special cities (Pyongyang, Kaesong, and Chongjin)
Legal system: based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1948 and revised 1972; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 September
Branches: Supreme Peoples Assembly theoretically supervises legislative and judicial function; State Administration Council (cabinet) oversees ministerial operations
Government and party leaders: KIM Il-song, President DPRK and General Secretary of the Korean Workers Party; Yl Chong-ǒk, Premier
Suffrage: universal at age 17
Elections: election to SPA every four years, but this constitutional provision not necessarily followed—last election February 1982
Political party: Korean Workers (Communist) Party; claims membership of about 2 million, or about 11% of population
Member of: FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IPU, IRCS, ITU, UN (observer status only), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $14.1 billion (1979), $750 per capita
Agriculture: main crops—corn, rice, vegetables; food shortages—meat, cooking oils; production of foodstuffs adequate for domestic needs at low levels of consumption
Major industries: machine building, electric power, chemicals, mining, metallurgy, textiles, food processing
Shortages: complex machinery and equipment, coking coal, petroleum
Crude steel: 3.5 million metric tons produced (1979), 187 kg per capita
Electric power: 5,428,000 kW capacity (1980); 35.915 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,829 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,320 million (1979); minerals, chemical and metallurgical products
Imports: $1,300 million (1979); machinery and equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, coking coal
Major trade partners: total trade turnover $2.6 billion (1979); 43% with non-Communist countries, 57% with Communist countries
Aid: economic and military aid from the USSR and China
Monetary conversion rate: 1.79 won=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,535 km total operating in 1980; 3,870 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 665 km narrow gauge (0.762 m); 159 km double tracked; about 2,940 km electrified; government owned
Highways: about 20,280 km (1980); 98.5% gravel, crushed stone, or earth surface; 1.5% concrete or bituminous
Inland waterways: 2,253 km; mostly navigable by small craft only
Ports: 6 major, 26 minor
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,658,000; 2,852,000 fit for military service; 231,000 reach military age (18) annually
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KOREA, SOUTH
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Korea, North
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Kuwait
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1998760The World Factbook (1982) — Korea, Souththe Central Intelligence Agency
KOREA, SOUTH
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
98,913 km2; 23% arable (22% cultivated), 10% urban and other, 67% forested
Land boundaries: 241 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,413 km
PEOPLE
Population: 41,092,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun—Korean(s); adjective—Korean
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous; small Chinese minority (approx. 20,000)
Religion: strong Confucian tradition; pervasive folk religion (Shamanism); vigorous Christian minority (16.6% Christian population); Buddhism (including estimated 20,000 members of Soka Gakkai); Chondokyo (religion of the heavenly way), eclectic religion with nationalist overtones founded in 19th century, claims about 1.5 million adherents
Language: Korean
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 14.2 million (1979); 36% agriculture, fishing, forestry; 24% mining and manufacturing; 40% services and other; average unemployment 3.8% (1979)
Organized labor: about 13% of nonagricultural labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Korea
Type: republic; power centralized in a strong executive
Capital: Seoul
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 2 special cities; heads centrally appointed
Legal system: combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought; constitution approved 1980; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 15 August
Branches: executive, legislative (unicameral), judiciary
Government leaders: President CHUN Doo Hwan; Prime Minister YOO Chang Soon
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: under new constitution of October 1980, President elected every seven years indirectly by a 5,000-man electoral college; last election February 1981; four-year National Assembly, elected in March 1981, consists of 276 representatives, 184 directly elected and 92 chosen through proportional representation
Political parties and leaders: major party is the government's Democratic Justice Party (DJP), Chun Doo Hwan (president) and Yi Chae-hyong (chairman); opposition parties are Democratic Korea Party (DKP), Yu Chi-Song (president); Korean National Party (KNP), Kim Chong-Chol (president); Democratic Socialist Party (DSP), Ko Chong-hun (president); and several smaller parties
Communists: Communist activity banned by government; an estimated 37,000-50,000 former members and supporters
Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Veterans' Association; Korean National Christian Council; large, potentially volatile, student population concentrated in Seoul
Member of: AALCC (Afro-Asian League Consultative Committee), ADB, Asian Parliamentary Union, APACL—Asian People's Anti-Communist League, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, Geneva Conventions of 1949 for the protection of war victims, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, IMCO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, UNCTAD, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UNIDO, UN Special Fund, UPU, WACL—World Anti-Communist League, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; official observer at UN; does not hold UN membership
ECONOMY
GNP: $56.6 billion (1980, in 1980 prices), $1,481 per capita; real growth -6.2% (1980); real growth 7.2% (1976-80 average)
Agriculture: 29% of the population live on the land, but agriculture, forestry, and fishery constitute 16% of GNP; main crops—rice, barley; food shortages—wheat, dairy products, corn
Fishing: catch 2,410,346 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: textiles and clothing, food processing, chemicals, steel, electronics, shipbuilding
Shortages: base metals, petroleum, lumber, and certain food grains
Electric power: 9,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 37.611 billion kWh produced (1979), 886 kWh per capita
Exports: $17.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); textiles and clothing, electrical machinery, footwear, steel, ships, fish
Imports: $22.3 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, oil, steel, transport equipment, textiles, organic chemicals, grains
Major trade partners: exports—26% US, 17% Japan; imports—26% Japan, 22% US (1979)
Aid: economic—US (FY46-80), $6.0 billion committed; Japan (1965-75), $1.8 billion extended; military—US (FY46–80) $7.6 billion committed
Budget: $11.8 billion (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: controlled float, 700.5 won=US$1 (31 December 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 46,800 km total (1980); 9,290 km national highway, 37,510 km provincial and local roads
Freight carried: rail (1980) 49 million metric tons; highway 145 million metric tons; air (1979) 14 billion metric tons
(domestic)
Pipelines: 515 km refined products
Ports: 10 major, 18 minor
Civil air: 41 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 127 total, 118 usable; 63 with permanent-surface runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate domestic and international services; 2.0 million telephones (5.2 per 100 popl.); 95 AM, 19 FM, and 25 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 11,201,000; 7,560,000 fit for military service; 455,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $4.6 billion; about 34% of central government budget
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KUWAIT
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Korea, South
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1999261The World Factbook (1982) — Kuwaitthe Central Intelligence Agency
KUWAIT
(See reference map VI)
LAND
16,058 km2 (excluding neutral zone but including islands); insignificant amount forested; nearly all desert, waste, or
urban
Land boundaries: 459 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 499 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,553,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 6.2%
Nationality: noun—Kuwaiti(s); adjective—Kuwaiti
Ethnic divisions: 42% Kuwaitis, 41% other Arabs, 7% South Asians, 4% Iranians, 6% other
Religion: 99% Muslim, 1% Christian, Hindu, Parsi, other
Language: Arabic; English commonly used foreign language
Literacy: about 60%
Labor force: 360,000 (1978 est.); 74% services, 11% industry, 11% construction; 70% of labor force is non-Kuwaiti
Organized labor: labor unions, first authorized in 1964, formed in oil industry and among government personnel
GOVERNMENT
Official name: State of Kuwait
Type: nominal constitutional monarchy
Capital: Kuwait
Political subdivisions: 3 governorates, 25 voting constituencies
Legal system: civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; constitution took effect in 1963; popularly elected 50-man National Assembly (the 15 Cabinet members can also vote) reinstated in March 1981 after being suspended in 1976; judicial review of legislative acts not yet determined; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 25 February
Branches: Council of Ministers
Government leader: Amir Jabir al-Ahmad al-Jabir Al SABAH
Suffrage: native born and naturalized males age 21 or over; law requires 20 years residency after naturalization
Elections: National Assembly elected in February 1981
Political parties and leaders: political parties prohibited, some small clandestine groups are active
Communists:' insignificant
Other political or pressure groups: large (300,000) Palestinian community
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $27.2 billion (1980), $18,390 per capita est.
Agriculture: virtually none, dependent on imports for food; approx. 75% of potable water must be distilled or imported
Major industries: crude petroleum production average for 1980, 1.7 million b/d; refinery production 123 million bbls (1980), average b/d refinery capacity equaled 645,000 bbls at end of 1976; other major industries include processing of fertilizers, chemicals; building materials; flour
Electric power: 2,578,000 kW capacity (1980); 9.05 billion kWh produced (1980), 6,382 kWh per capita
Exports: $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980), of which petroleum accounted for about 90%; nonpetroleum exports are mostly
reexports, $2.1 billion (1980 est.)
Imports: $6.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980 est.); major suppliers—US, Japan, UK, West Germany
Budget: (1980) $25.5 billion revenues, expenditures $7.9 billion, capital $2.3 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Kuwaiti dinar=US$3.69 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 2,545 km total; 2,255 km bituminous; 290 km earth, sand, light gravel
Pipelines: crude oil, 877 km; refined products, 40 km; natural gas, 121 km
Ports: 3 major (Ash Shuwaikh, Ash Shuaybah, Mina al Ahmadi), 4 minor
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 10 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international and adequate domestic telecommunication facilities; 153,000 telephones (12.0 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 1 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 satellite station with Indian and Atlantic Ocean antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 383,000; about 232,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $1,104 million; 6% of central government budget
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LAOS
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Kuwait
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LAOS
(See reference map IX)
LAND
236,804 km2; 8% agricultural, 60% forests, 32% urban, waste, and other; except in very limited areas, soil is very poor; most of forested area is not exploitable
Land boundaries: 5,053 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,577,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun—Lao or Laotian (sing.); Laotians (pl.); adjective—Lao or Laotian
Ethnic divisions: 48% Lao; 25% Phoutheung (Kha); 14% Tribal Tai; 13% Meo, Yao, and other
Religion: 50% Buddhist, 50% animist and other
Language: Lao official, French predominant foreign language
Literacy: about 15%
Labor force: about 1-1.5 million; 80%-90% agriculture
Organized labor: only labor organization is subordinate to the Communist Party
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Lao People's Democratic Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Vientiane
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces subdivided into districts, cantons, and villages
Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: President; 40-member Supreme People's Council; Cabinet; Cabinet is totally Communist but Council contains a few nominal neutralists and non-Communists; National Congress of People's Representatives established the current government structure in December 1975
Government leaders: President SOUPHANOUVONG; Prime Minister KAYSON PHOMVIHAN; Deputy Prime Ministers NOUHAK PHOUMSAVAN, PHOUMI VONGVICHIT, PHOUN SIPASEUT, KHAMTAI SIPHANDON, and SALI VONGKHAMSAO
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections for National Assembly, originally scheduled for 1 April 1976, have not yet been held
Political parties and leaders: Lao People's Revolutionary Party (Communist), party chairman Kayson Phomvihan, includes Lao Patriotic Front and Alliance Committee of Patriotic Neutralist Forces; third congress of Lao People's Revolutionary Party scheduled for first half of 1982; other parties are moribund
Other political or pressure groups: non-Communist political groups are moribund; most leaders have fled the country
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, SEAMES, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $290 million, $90 per capita (1977 est.)
Agriculture: main crops—rice (overwhelmingly dominant), corn, vegetables, tobacco, coffee, cotton; formerly self-sufficient; food shortages (due in part to distribution deficiencies), including rice
Major industries: tin mining, timber, tobacco, textiles, electric power
Shortages: capital equipment, petroleum, transportation system, trained personnel
Electric power: 141,000 kW capacity (1980); 887 million kWh produced (1980), 253 kWh per capita
Exports: $15 million (f.o.b., 1979 est.); electric power, forest products, tin concentrates; coffee, undeclared exports
of opium and tobacco
Imports: $80 million (c.i.f., 1979 est.); rice and other foodstuffs, petroleum products, machinery, transportation equipment
Major trade partners: imports from Thailand, USSR, Japan, France, China, Vietnam; exports to Thailand and Malaysia; trade with Communist countries insignificant; Laos was once a major transit point in world gold trade, value of 1973 gold reexports $55 million
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries ODA and OOF (1970-79), $235 million; US (FY70-80), $276 million; military— US assistance $1,119.5 million (1970-75)
Budget: (1979 est.) receipts, $54.7 million; expenditures, $174.2 million; deficit $119.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: US$1=400 kip (since June 1978)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: about 21,300 km total; 1,300 km bituminous or bituminous treated; 5,900 km gravel, crushed stone, or improved earth; 14,100 km unimproved earth and often impassable during rainy season mid-May to mid-September
Inland waterways: about 4,587 km, primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional kilometers are sectionally navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m
Ports (river): 5 major, 4 minor
Airfields: 88 total, 76 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general public considered poor; radio network provides generally erratic service to government users; approx. 10 AM stations; over 2,000 est. telephones; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 845,000; 453,000 fit for military service; 40,000 reach military age (18) annually; no conscription age specified
Lao People's Liberation Army (LPLA): the LPLA consists of an army with naval, aviation, and militia elements
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LEBANON
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Laos
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LEBANON
(See reference map VI)
LAND
10,360 km²; 27% agricultural land, 64% desert, waste, or urban, 9% forested
Land boundaries: 531 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): no specific claims (fishing, 6 nm)
Coastline: 225 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,177,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%; this estimate does not take into account any demographic consequences of the 1975-76 civil war
Nationality: noun—Lebanese (sing., pl.); adjective—Lebanese
Ethnic divisions: 93% Arab, 6% Armenian, 1% other
Religion: 55% Christian, 44% Muslim and Druze, 1% other (official estimates); Muslims, in fact, constitute a majority
Language: Arabic (official); French is widely spoken
Literacy: 86%
Labor force: about 1 million economically active; 49% agriculture, 11% industry, 14% commerce, 26% other; moderate unemployment
Organized labor: about 65,000
GOVERNMENT
NOTE: Between early 1975 and late 1976, Lebanon was torn by civil war between its Christians—then aided by Syrian troops—and its Muslims and their Palestinian allies. The cease-fire established in October 1976 between the domestic political groups has generally held, despite occasional fighting, although the country is still under the occupation of Syrian troops constituted as the Arab Deterrent Force by the Arab League. In March 1978 southern Lebanon was invaded by Israeli troops. When the Israelis withdrew in June, they turned much of the south over to a United Nations interim force but left Christian militias in control of zones along the border. The country's own army is gradually being reestablished but is still too fragile to give
the central government effective power. Syria's move toward supporting the Lebanese Muslims and the Palestinians and Israel's growing support for Lebanese Christians have brought the two sides into rough equilibrium, but no progress has been made on national reconciliation or political reforms—the original cause of the war. The following description is based on the present constitutional and customary practices of the Lebanese system.
Official name: Republic of Lebanon
Type: republic
Capital: Beirut
Political subdivisions: 5 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, and civil law system; constitution mandated in 1926; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Lebanese University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 November
Branches: power lies with President elected by parliament (Chamber of Deputies); Cabinet appointed by President, approved by parliament; independent secular courts on French pattern; religious courts for matters of marriage, divorce,
inheritance, etc.; by custom, President is a Maronite Christian, Prime Minister is a Sunni Muslim, and president of parliament is a Shia Muslim; each of nine religious communities represented in parliament in proportion to national numerical strength
Government leader: President Elias SARKIS
Suffrage: compulsory for all males over 21; authorized for women over 21 with elementary education
Elections: Chamber of Deputies held every four years or within three months of dissolution of Chamber; security conditions have prevented parliamentary elections since April 1972
Political parties and leaders: political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic considerations; most parties have well-armed militias which are still involved in occasional clashes
Communists: the Lebanese Communist Party was legalized in 1970; members and sympathizers estimated at 2,000-3,000
Other political or pressure groups: Palestinian guerrilla organizations
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
Agriculture: fruits, wheat, corn, barley, potatoes, tobacco, olives, onions; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: service industries, food processing, textiles, cement, oil refining, chemicals, some metal fabricating, tourism
Electric power: 604,000 kW capacity (1980); 2.325 billion kWh produced (1980), 760 kWh per capita
Exports: $817 million (f.o.b., 1980)
Imports: $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980)
Budget: (1981) public revenue $942 million, current expenditures $941 million, development expenditures $327 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.61 Lebanese pounds=US$1 as of October 1981
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 378 km total; 296 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 82 km 1.050-meter gauge; all single track
Highways: 7,370 km total; 6,270 km paved, 450 km gravel and crushed stone, 650 km improved earth
Pipelines: crude oil, 72 km
Ports: 3 major (Beirut, Tripoli, Sayda), 5 minor
Civil air: 36 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased out and 4 leased in
Airfields: 8 total, 6 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; major military airfields are Riyaq and Kleiat
Telecommunications: rebuilding program disrupted; international facilities restored, domestic being rebuilt; fair system of radio relay, cable; approx 125,000 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2 FM, 4 AM, and 7 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 3 submarine cables; planned second satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 719,000; 443,000 fit for military service; average of about 40,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $272 million; 26% of central government budget
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LESOTHO
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Lebanon
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Liberia
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LESOTHO
(See reference map VII)
LAND
30,303 km2; 15% cultivable; largely mountainous
Land boundaries: 805 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,395,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun—Mosotho (sing.), Basotho (pl.); adjective—Basotho
Ethnic divisions: 99.7% Sotho, 1,600 Europeans, 800 Asians
Religion: 70% or more Christian, rest animist
Language: all Africans speak Sesotho vernacular; English is second language for literates
Literacy: 40%
Labor force: 87.4% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; 150,000 to 250,000 spend from six
months to many years as wage earners in South Africa
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Lesotho
Type: constitutional monarchy under King Moshoeshoe II; independent member of Commonwealth since 1966
Capital: Maseru
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative districts
Legal system: based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; legal education at National University of Lesotho; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 4 October
Branches: executive, divided between a largely ceremonial King and a Prime Minister who leads Cabinet of at least seven members; Prime Minister dismissed bicameral legislature in early 1970 and subsequently ruled by decree until 1973 when he appointed Interim National Assembly to act as legislative branch; judicial—63 Lesotho courts administer customary law for Africans, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal at Maseru has appellate jurisdiction
Government leaders: King MOSHOESHOE II; Prime Minister Chief Leabua JONATHAN
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: elections held in January 1970; nullified allegedly because of election irregularities; subsequent elections promised at unspecified date
Political parties and leaders: National Party (BNP), Chief Leabua Jonathan; Basutoland Congress Party (BCP), Ntsu Molchehle
Voting strength: in 1965 elections for National Assembly, BNP won 32 seats; BCP, 22 seats; minor parties, 4 seats
Communists: negligible, Communist Party of Lesotho banned in early 1970
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $473.6 million (1979/80), $312 per capita; real growth rate, 5% (1980)
Agriculture: exceedingly primitive, mostly subsistence farming and livestock; principal crops are corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley
Major industries: none
Electric power: approximately 35 million kWh imported from South Africa (1981)
Exports: labor to South Africa (remittances $110 million est. in 1979); $33.7 million (f.o.b., 1979/80), wool, mohair, wheat, cattle, diamonds, peas, beans, corn, hides, skins
Imports: $288.0 million (c.i.f., 1979/80); mainly corn, building materials, clothing, vehicles, machinery, petroleum,
oil, and lubricants
Major trade partner: South Africa
Budget: (FY80) revenues, $137.6 million; current expenditures, $98.2 million; development budget, $84,2 million
Monetary conversion rate: Lesotho uses the South African rand; 1 SA rand=US$ 1.15 (1981)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 16 km; owned, operated, and included in the statistics of the Republic of South Africa
Highways: approx 4,033 km total; 320 km paved; 1,585 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 946 km improved, 2,128 km unimproved earth
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 27 total, 27 usable; 1 with permanent surface runways; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system a modest one consisting of a few land lines, a small radio-relay system, and minor radio-communication stations; 4,500 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations and 1 FM station; 1 TV station planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15–49, 313,000; 167,000 fit for military service
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LIBERIA
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Lesotho
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2001586The World Factbook (1982) — Liberiathe Central Intelligence Agency
LIBERIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
111,370 km²; 20% agricultural, 30% jungle and swamps, 40% forested, 10% unclassified
Land boundaries: 1,336 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 579 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,024,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun—Liberian(s); adjective—Liberian
Ethnic divisions: 97% indigenous Negroid African tribes, including Kpelle, Bassa, Kru, Grebo, Gola, Kissi, Krahn, and
Mandingo; 3% descendants of repatriated slaves known as Americo-Liberians
Religion: probably more Muslims than Christians; 70%-80% animist
Language: English official; 28 tribal languages or dialects, pidgin English used by about 20%
Literacy: about 24% over age 5
Labor force: 510,000, of which 160,000 are in monetary economy; non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs
Organized labor: 2% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Liberia
Type: highly centralized military rule following coup on 12 April 1980
Capital: Monrovia
Political subdivisions: country divided into 9 counties
Legal system: constitution suspended; martial law imposed; laws previously in force remain until repealed or amended by decrees issued by People's Redemption Council
National holiday: National Redemption Day, 12 April
Branches: executive and legislative powers held by military People's Redemption Council, assisted by military
Cabinet: judicial powers vested in People's Supreme Tribunal and lower courts
Government leader: Gen. Samuel Kanyon DOE (replaced President William R. Tolbert)
Suffrage: universal 18 years and over
Elections: military has set 12 April 1985 as the date for return to civilian rule
Political parties and leaders: political activities suspended; before coup True Whig Party dominated; African Socialist-oriented Progressive People's Party headed by B. Gabriel Matthews had recently been legalized; unauthorized Marxist-oriented Movement for Justice in Africa, led by Togba Nah Tipoteh and Amos Sawyer
Communists: no Communist Party and only a few sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1.04 billion (1980), $660 per capita; -3.1% real annual growth rate (1980)
Agriculture: rubber, rice, oil palm, cassava, coffee, cocoa; imports of rice, wheat, and live cattle and beef are necessary for basic diet
Fishing: catch 13,484 metric tons (1979 est.)
Industry: rubber processing, food processing, construction materials, furniture, palm oil processing, mining (iron ore,
diamonds), 15,000 b/d oil refinery
Electric power: 355,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 534 kWh per capita
Exports: $600.4 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); iron ore, rubber, diamonds, lumber and logs, coffee, cocoa
Imports: $550.7 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, manufactured goods, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: US, West Germany, Netherlands, Italy, Belgium
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US), ODA and OOF (1970-79), $324.0 million; US authorizations (including Ex-Im) (FY70-80), $182.7 million; Communist (1970-79), $23.0 million; military— US (FY70-80), $13.1 million
Budget: (FY81) revenues $251.8 million, current expenditures $204.3 million, development expenditures $126.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: Liberia uses US currency
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 499 km total; 354 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 145 km narrow gauge (1.067 m); all lines single track; rail systems owned and operated by foreign steel and financial interests in conjunction with Liberian Government
Highways: 8,524 km total; 804 km bituminous treated, 2,055 km gravel, 4,731 km improved earth, and remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 370 km, for shallow-draft craft
Ports: 1 major (Monrovia), 4 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 82 total, 81 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph service via radio-relay network; main center is Monrovia; 7,700 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 3 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 430,000; 233,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $60.1 million; 13.9% of central government budget
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LIBYA
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2002001The World Factbook (1982) — Libyathe Central Intelligence Agency
LIBYA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,758,610 km2; 6% agricultural, 1% forested, 93% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 4,345 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (except for Gulf of Sidra where sovereignty is claimed and northern limit of jurisdiction fixed at 32°30′N and the unilaterally proclaimed 100 nm zone around Tripoli)
Coastline: 1,770 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,425,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 5.4%
Nationality: noun—Libyan(s); adjective—Libyan
Ethnic divisions: 97% Berber and Arab with some Negro stock; some Greeks, Maltese, Jews, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
Religion: 97% Muslim
Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major cities
Literacy: 35%
Labor force: 900,000, of which about 350,000 are resident foreigners
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Type: republic; major overhaul of the constitution and government structure in March 1977 established a system of popular congresses which theoretically controls the ruling General Secretariat
Capital: Tripoli
Political subdivisions: 10 administrative provinces closely controlled by central government
Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Law School, at University of Libya at Benghazi; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 September
Branches: paramount political power and authority rests with the Secretariat of the General People's Congress which theoretically functions as a parliament with a cabinet called the General People's Committee
Government leaders: Col. Mu'ammar al-QADHAFI (Chief of State); General Secretary of the General People's Congress Muhammad al-Zarruq RAJAB
Suffrage: universal
Elections: representatives to the General People's Congress are drawn from popularly elected municipal committees
Political parties: none
Communists: no organized party, negligible membership
Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with small, almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: roughly $24.5 billion (1981 est), $6,960 per capita
Agriculture: main crops—wheat, barley, olives, dates, citrus fruits, peanuts; 85% of Libya's food is imported
Major industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts
Electric power: 1,950,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.561 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,561 kWh per capita
Exports: $22.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum
Imports: $9.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); manufactures, food
Major trade partners: imports—Italy, West Germany, US; exports—Italy, West Germany, UK, US, France
Budget: (1980 est.) revenue $15.8 billion; expenditures $11.7 billion, including development expenditure of $8.5 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Libyan pound = US$3.38
Fiscal year: calendar year since 1974
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 16,250 km total; 7,750 km bituminous and bituminous treated, 8,500 km gravel, crushed stone and earth
Pipelines: crude oil 3,686 km; natural gas 938 km; refined products 443 km (includes 217 km liquid petroleum gas)
Ports: 3 major (Tobruk, Tripoli, Benghazi), 4 minor, and 5 petroleum terminals
Civil air: 43 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 98 total, 86 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways, 6 with runways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 33 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 813,000; 479,000 fit for military service; about 35,000 reach military age (17) annually; conscription now being implemented
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $502 million; 6% of central government budget
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LIECHTENSTEIN
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2002481The World Factbook (1982) — Liechtensteinthe Central Intelligence Agency
LIECHTENSTEIN
(See reference map V)
LAND
168 km2
Land boundaries: 76 km
PEOPLE
Population: 26,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun—Liechtensteiner(s); adjective—Liechtenstein
Ethnic divisions: 95% Germanic, 5% Italian and other
Religion: 82.7% Roman Catholic, 7.1% Protestant, 10.2% other
Language: German, Alemannic dialect
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 11,368, 5,078 foreign workers (mostly from Switzerland and Austria); 54.5% industry, trade, building trade; 41.6% services; 4.0% agriculture, forestry, and hunting
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Principality of Liechtenstein
Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: Vaduz
Political subdivisions: 11 communes
Legal system: principality has its own civil and penal codes; lowest court is county court (Landgericht), presided over by one judge, which decides minor civil cases and summary criminal offenses; criminal court (Kriminalgericht), with a bench of five judges, is for major crimes; another court of mixed jurisdiction is the court of assizes (three judges) for misdemeanors; Superior Court (Obergericht) and Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) are courts of appeal for civil and criminal cases (five judges each); an administrative court of appeal from government actions and the State Court determine the constitutionality of laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: unicameral Parliament, hereditary Prince, independent judiciary Government leaders: Head of State, H. S. H. Prince FRANZ Josef II; Head of Government (Prime Minister), Hans BRUNHART
Suffrage: males age 20 and over
Elections: every 4 years; last election 1982
Political parties and leaders: Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto Hasler; Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Dr. Peter Marxer; Christian Social Party, Fritz Kaiser
Voting strength (1978): FBP 51%, VU 49%; in 1982 elections Brunhart received 53.6% of the vote
Communists: none
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, ITU, UNCTAD, UNIDO, UPU, WIPO; considering UN membership; under several post-World War I treaties Switzerland handles Liechtenstein's customs and postal telephone and telegraph systems and represents the principality abroad on a diplomatic and consular level whenever requested to do so by the Liechtenstein Government
ECONOMY
Liechtenstein has a prosperous economy based primarily on small-scale light industry and some farming; metal industry is by far the most prominent sector employing almost 4,000 workers; high-frequency installations, boilers for central heating, hardware, small machinery, canned goods, furniture and upholstery, chemical and pharmaceutical goods, vacuum installations, optical and measuring instruments, oil tanks, artificial teeth, ceramics, and textiles are the principal manufactures, intended almost entirely for export; industry accounts for 98 percent of total employment; livestock raising and dairying are the main sources of income in the small farm sector; major source of income to the government is the sale of postage stamps to foreign collectors, estimated at $6 million annually; low business taxes and easy incorporation rules have induced between 20,000 and 30,000 holding companies, so-called letter box companies, to establish nominal offices in the principality; average tax paid by one of these companies is about $400 a year; economy is tied closely to that of Switzerland in a customs union; no national accounts data are available
GNP: approximately $14,000 per capita (1978)
Major trade partners: exports (1979)—$466 million; 42% EC, 32% EFTA (24% Switzerland), 26% other
Electric power: 23,000 kW capacity (1980); 57 million kWh produced (1980), 2,110 kWh per capita; power is exchanged with Switzerland, but net exports average 35 million kWh yearly
Budget: (1979) revenues $113 million, expenditures $112 million, surplus $15 million
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 18.5 km, standard gauge (1.435 m), electrified; owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways
Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads
Civil air: no transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serving about 18,000 telephones (72.0 per 100 popl.); no broadcast facilities
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of Switzerland
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LUXEMBOURG
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2002700The World Factbook (1982) — Luxembourgthe Central Intelligence Agency
LUXEMBOURG
(See reference map V)
LAND
2,590 km2; 25% arable, 27% meadows and pasture, 15% waste or urban, 33% forested, negligible amount of inland water
Land boundaries: 356 km
PEOPLE
Population: 366,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun—Luxembourger(s); adjective—Luxembourg
Ethnic divisions: 83% Luxembourger, including an estimated 5% of Italian descent; remainder French, German, Belgian, and other
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, remaining 3% Protestant and Jewish
Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; most educated Luxembourgers also speak English
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: (1977) 147,300; one-third of labor force is foreign, comprised mostly of workers from Portugal, Italy,
France, Belgium, and West Germany (1977); unemployment 0.9% (1981)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Luxembourg
Political subdivisions: unitary state, but for administrative purposes has 3 districts (Luxembourg, Diekirch, Grevenmacher) and 12 cantons
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1868; judicial review of legislative acts in the Cassation Court only; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 June
Branches: parliamentary democracy; seven ministers comprise Council of Government headed by President, which constitutes the executive; it is responsible to the unicameral legislature, the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State, appointed for indefinite term, exercises some powers of an upper house; judicial power exercised by independent courts
Government leaders: Grand Duke JEAN, Head of State; Pierre WERNER, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: every five years for entire Chamber of Deputies; latest elections June 1979
Political parties and leaders: Christian Social Party, Pierre Werner (parliamentary president) and Jacques Santer (party president); Socialist, Robert Krieps (party president); Social Democrat, Henry Cravatte (party president); Liberal, Colette Flesch; Communist, Dominique Urbany; Independent Socialists, Jean Gremling (party president); Enroles de Forces
Voting strength in Chamber of Deputies (1979): Christian Socialist, 24; Socialist Workers, 14; Liberals, 15; Social
Democrats, 1; Communists, 2; Independent Socialists, 1; Enroles de Force, 1
Communists: 500 party members (1981)
Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries representing iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions, Federation of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
Member of: Benelux, BLEU, Council of Europe, EC, ECSC, EEC, EIB, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $5.8 billion, $15,950 per capita (1980); 46.6% private consumption, 13.0% government consumption, 20.0% investment, 1.6% stockbuilding, 17.5% foreign balance
Agriculture: mixed farming; main crops—dairy products and wine
Major industries: iron and steel (25% of GNP), food processing, chemicals, metal products and engineering, tires, and banking
Crude steel: 4.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 14 metric tons per capita
Electric power: 1,500,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.115 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,050 kWh per capita
Exports, Imports, Major trade partners: Luxembourg has a customs union with Belgium under which foreign trade is recorded jointly for the two countries; Luxembourg's principal exports are iron and steel products, principal imports are coal and consumer goods; most of its foreign trade is with Germany, Belgium, France, and other EC countries (for totals, see Belgium)
Budget: (1980) revenues $1,545 million, expenditures $1,566 million, deficit $20.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: LF29.24=US$1, 1980 average; under the BLEU agreement, the Luxembourg franc is equal in value to the Belgian franc which circulates freely in Luxembourg
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 270 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 160 km double track; 136 km electrified
Highways: 5,094 km total; 4,981 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km earth; about 80 km limited access divided highway completed or under construction
Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
Port: (river) Mertert
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in and 4 leased out
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system, mainly buried cables; 199,000 telephones (54.8 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 3 FM, 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 96,000; 80,000 fit for military service; about 3,000 reach military age (19) annually
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MACAU
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2003355The World Factbook (1982) — Macauthe Central Intelligence Agency
MACAU
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
15.5 km2; 10% agricultural, 90% urban
Land boundaries: 201 m
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm; fishing, 12 nm
Coastline: 40 km
PEOPLE
Population: 289,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun—Macanese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Macau
Ethnic divisions: 99% Chinese, 1% Portuguese
Religion: mainly Buddhist; 17,000 Catholics, about one-half are Chinese
Language: 98% Chinese, 2% Portuguese
Literacy: almost 100% among Portuguese and Macanese; no data on Chinese population
Labor force: 5% agriculture, 30% manufacturing, 3% construction, 1% utilities, 27% commerce, 8% transportation and communications, 26% services (1960 data)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Macau
Type: overseas province of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon (Portugal)
Political subdivisions: municipality of Macau, and two islands
Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
Branches: 18-member Legislative Assembly, with Governor and 5 appointed, 6 nominated, and 6 elected representatives
Government leader: Governor Cdr. Vasco Fernando Lecte da Almeida e COSTA
Suffrage: Portuguese, Chinese, and foreign residents over 18
Elections: conducted every four years
Political parties and leaders: Association to Defend the Interests of Macau; Macau Democratic Center; Group to Study the Development of Macau; Macau Independent Group
Communists: numbers unknown
Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese representing local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants representing China's interests; in January 1967 Macau Government acceded to Chinese demands which gave Chinese veto power over administration of the enclave
ECONOMY
Agriculture: main crops—rice, vegetables; food shortages—rice, vegetables, meat; depends mostly on imports for food requirements
Major industries: textiles, fireworks
Electric power: 116,856 kW capacity (1981); 234 million kWh produced (1981), 805 kWh per capita
Exports: $404.5 million (f.o.b., 1979), plus reexports $55.7 million; textiles and clothing, foodstuffs
Imports: $365.0 million (c.i.f., 1979)
Major trade partners: exports—16.6% West Germany, 15.7% France, 23.2% US; imports— 51.0% Hong Kong, 30.0% China (1979)
Monetary conversion rate: 5.0/4.9 patacas=US$1 (August 1979); pataca has been pegged to Hong Kong dollar since 1977
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 42 km paved
Ports: 1 major
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none; 1 seaplane station
Telecommunications: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for domestic and international services; 13,000 telephones; 4 AM and 3 FM radio broadcast transmitters; est. 75,000 radio receivers; international HF radio communication facility; access to international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 76,000; 45,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of Portugal
Personnel: there are no Portuguese military personnel in Macau
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MADAGASCAR
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2003796The World Factbook (1982) — Madagascarthe Central Intelligence Agency
MADAGASCAR
(See reference map VII)
LAND
595,700 km2; 5% cultivated, 58% pastureland, 21% forested, 8% wasteland, 2% rivers and lakes, 6% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm (fishing 150 nm; exclusive economic zone 150 nm)
Coastline: 4,828 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,992,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality:' noun—Malagasy (sing. and pl.); adjective—Malagasy
Ethnic divisions: basic split between highlanders of predominantly Malayo-Indonesian origin, consisting of Merina (1,643,000) and related Betsileo (760,000) on the one hand and coastal tribes—collectively termed the Cotiers—with mixed Negroid, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry on the other; coastal tribes include Betsimisaraka 941,000, Tsimihety 442,000, Antaisaka 415,000, Sakalava 375,000; there are also 10-12,000 European French, 5,000 Indians of French nationality, and 5,000 Creoles
Religion: more than half animist; about 41% Christian, 7% Muslim
Language: French and Malagasy official
Literacy: 45% of population age 10 and over
Labor force: about 3.4 million, of which 90% are non-salaried family workers engaged in subsistence agriculture; of 175,000 wage and salary earners, 26% agriculture, 17% domestic service, 15% industry, 14% commerce, 11% construction, 9%services, 6% transportation, 2% miscellaneous
Organized labor: 4% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Democratic Republic of Madagascar
Type: republic; real authority in hands of Supreme Revolutionary Council dominated by President Ratsiraka's AREMA party
Capital: Antananarivo
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; constitution of 1959 modified in October 1972 by law establishing provisional government institutions; new constitution accepted by referendum in December 1975; legal education at National School of Law, University of Madagascar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 26 June
Branches: executive—a 21-member Supreme Revolutionary Council (made up of military and political leaders); assisted by cabinet called Council of Ministers; People's National Assembly; Military Committee for Development; regular courts are patterned after French system, and a High Council of Institutions reviews all legislation to determine its constitutional validity
Government leader: Cdr. Didier RATS1RAKA, President
Suffrage: universal for adults (18 and above)
Elections: referendum held in December 1975 gave overwhelming approval to government and new constitution; elections for People's National Assembly held in June 1977; only one political grouping allowed to take part in the election, "The Front for the Defense of Malagasy Socialist Revolution," which presented a single list of candidates
Political parties and leaders: 6 parties are now allowed limited political activity under the national front and are
represented on the Supreme Revolutionary Council; the 6 parties are: AREMA (President Ratsiraka's Advance Guard of the Malagasy Revolution); AKFM (Pastor Richard Andria-manjato's pro-Soviet Congress Party for Malagasy Independence); VONJY (Dr. Marojama Razanabahiny's Movement for National Unity); UDECMA (Norbert Andriamorasata's Malagasy Christian Democratic Union); MFM (Manandafy Rakotonirina's Militants for the Establishment of a Proletarian Regime); MONIMA (Monja Jaona's National Movement for the Independence of Madagascar) party apparently split over issue of joining national front, leader of faction supporting front unknown, Monja Jaona leads other faction
Voting strength: number of registered voters (1977)—3.5 million; in 1977 local elections, President Ratsiraka's AREMA captured approximately 89.5% of the 73,000 available positions on 11,400 local Executive Committees; AKFM won about 7.3% of the seats, MONIMA 1.7%, and VONJY 1.4%; UDECMA won only about 45 seats
Communists: Communist party of virtually no importance; small and vocal group of Communists has gained strong position in leadership of AKFM, the rank and file of which is non-Communist
Member of: EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.3 billion (1980), about $265 per capita; real growth 4.2% (1980)
Agriculture: cash crops—coffee, vanilla, cloves, sugar, tobacco, sisal, rice, raphia; food crops—rice, cassava, cereals,
potatoes, corn, beans, bananas, coconuts, and peanuts; animal husbandry widespread; imports some rice, milk, and cereal
Fishing: catch 51,380 metric tons (1978)
Major industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light
consumer goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil refinery
Electric power: 100,000 kW capacity (1980); 410 million kWh produced (1980), 47 kWh per capita
Exports: $518.0 million (f.o.b., 1980); 30% coffee, 8% vanilla, 7% sugar, 6% cloves; agricultural and livestock products account for about 85% of export earnings
Imports: $724.1 million (f.o.b., 1980); about 19% consumer goods, 21% foodstuffs, 41% primary products (crude oil, fertilizers, metal products), 19% capital goods (1974)
Major trade partners: France (in 1974 accounted for 37% of exports and 48% of imports), US, EC; trade with Communist countries remains a minute part of total trade
Budget: (1980) revenues $521 million (est.), current expenditures $540 million (est.), development expenditures $255
(est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 290 Malagasy francs=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 884 km of meter gauge (1.00 m)
Highways: 27,500 km total; 4,694 km paved, 811 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; remainder improved
and unimproved earth (est.)
Inland waterways: of local importance only, Lake Alaotra, isolated streams and small portions of Canal des Pangalanes
Ports: 4 major (Tamatave, Diego Suarez, Majunga, Tulear)
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased out
Airfields: 172 total, 131 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system, above African average; includes open-wire lines, coaxial cables, and radio-relay
links; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 37,100 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 11 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,972,000; 1,206,000 fit for military service; 84,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $114.4 million; about 10.3% of central government budget
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MALAWI
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2004494The World Factbook (1982) — Malawithe Central Intelligence Agency
MALAWI
(See reference map VII)
LAND
95,053 km2; about 31% of land area arable (of which less than half is cultivated), nearly 25% forested, 6% meadow
and pasture, 38% other Land boundaries: 2,881 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,410,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun—Malawian(s); adjective—Malawian
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1% European and Asian
Religion: majority animist; rest Christian and Muslim
Language: English and Chichewa official; Tombuka is second African language
Literacy: 15% of population
Labor force: 331,536 wage earners employed in Malawi (1978); 48% agriculture, 10% construction, 10% commerce, 11% manufacturing, 15% personal services, 5% miscellaneous services; 6,000 Europeans permanently employed
Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are unionized
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Malawi
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lilongwe
Political subdivisions: 3 administrative regions and 24 districts
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution adopted 1964; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July
Branches: strong presidential system with Cabinet appointed by President; unicameral National Assembly of 87 elected and up to 15 nominated members; High Court with Chief Justice and at least two justices
Government leader: Life President Dr. H. Kamuzu BANDA
Suffrage: universal adult (21 years)
Elections: parliamentary elections June 1978
Political parties and leaders: Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Secretary General E. Bakili Muluzi
Communists: no Communist party; Malawi maintains no foreign relations with Communist governments
Member of: AFDB, EEC (associate member), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $800 million (1980), $133 per capita; current real growth rate 6.5% (1980)
Agriculture: cash crops—tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, tung, maize; subsistence crops—corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root crops, fruit, vegetables, rice
Electric power: 124,000 kW capacity (1980); 340 million kWh produced (1980), 55 kWh per capita
Major industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer goods
Exports: $278.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton
Imports: $335.3 billion (f.o.b., 1980); manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, building and construction materials, fuel, fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—UK, FRG, US, Netherlands, South Africa; imports—South Africa, UK, Japan, US, FRG
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $683 million; US authorized (FY70-80), $18.2 million
Budget: 1980 revenues $319.3 million, current expenditures $240.5 million, development expenditures $200.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Malawi kwacha= US$0. 8258
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 754 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 11,311 km total; 2,361 km paved; 381 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 8,569 km improved earth
Inland waterways: Lake Malawi, 1,290 km and Shire River, 144 km, 3 lake ports
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 50 total, 47 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and radiocommunications stations; 28,800 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 4 FM, and no TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,348,000; about 683,000 fit for military service
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MALAYSIA
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2004875The World Factbook (1982) — Malaysiathe Central Intelligence Agency
MALAYSIA
(See reference map IX)
NOTE: established on 16 September 1963, Malaysia consists of Peninsular Malaysia, which includes 11 states of the former Federation of Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which includes the 2 former colonies of North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak
LAND
Peninsular Malaysia: 131,313 km2; 20% cultivated, 26% forest reserves, 54% other
Sabah: 76,146 km2; 13% cultivated, 34% forest reserves, 53% other
Sarawak: 125,097 km2; 21% cultivated, 24% forest reserves, 55% other
Land boundaries: 509 km Peninsular Malaysia, 1,786 km East Malaysia
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm, exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia, 2,607 km East Malaysia
PEOPLE
Population: 14,661,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%
Peninsular Malaysia: 12,105,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%
Sabah: 1,135,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1%
Sarawak: 1,421,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.6%
Nationality: noun—Malaysian(s); adjective—Malaysian
Ethnic divisions:
Malaysia: 50% Malay, 35% Chinese, 10% Indian
Peninsular Malaysia: 53% Malay, 35% Chinese, 11% Indian and Pakistani, 1% other
Sabah: 69% indigenous tribes, 21% Chinese, 10% other
Sarawak: 50% indigenous tribes, 30% Chinese, 19% Malay, 1% other
Religion:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu
Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other
Sarawak: 23% Muslim, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 16% Christian, 35% tribal religion, 2% other
Language:
Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil
Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese
Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages
Literacy:
Peninsular Malaysia: about 48%
Sabah and Sarawak: 23%
Labor force:
Malaysia: 4.95 million (1980)
Peninsular Malaysia: 4.1 million; 46.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 10.9% manufacturing and construction,
31.9% trade, transport, and services (1980)
Sabah: 366,000 (1980); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13% trade and
transportation, 1% other
Sarawak: 455,000 (1980); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13% trade,
transportation, and services, 1% other
Organized labor: 562,000 (May 1980), about 11% of total labor force; unemployment about 6.1% of total labor force (1979), but higher in urban areas
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Malaysia
Type:
Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nominally headed by Paramount Ruler (King); a bicameral Parliament consisting of a 58-member Senate and a 154-member House of Representatives
Peninsular Malaysian states: hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Malacca where Governors appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments limited by federal constitution
Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 16 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government
Sarawak: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 24 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and internal security, and other powers are delegated to federal government
Capital:
Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu
Sarawak: Kuching
Political subdivisions: 13 states (including Sabah and Sarawak)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into force 1963; judicial review of legislative acts in the
Supreme Court at request of Supreme Head of the Federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 31 August
Branches: nine state rulers alternate as Paramount Ruler for five-year terms; locus of executive power vested in Prime
Minister and Cabinet, who are responsible to bicameral Parliament; following communal rioting in May 1969, government imposed state of emergency and suspended constitutional rights of all parliamentary bodies; parliamentary democracy resumed in February 1971
Peninsular Malaysia: executive branches of 11 states vary in detail but are similar in design; a Chief Minister,
appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor, heads an executive council (cabinet) which is responsible to an elected, unicameral legislature
Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by Governor appointed by central government, largely ceremonial role; executive power exercised by Chief Minister who heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature; judiciary part of Malaysian judicial system
Government leader: Prime Minister MAHATHIR bin Mohamad
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: minimum of every five years, last elections July 1978
Political parties and leaders:
Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a confederation of 11 political parties dominated by United Malay National
Organization (UMNO), Mahathir bin Mohamad; opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Islamic Party (PAS)
Sabah: Berjaya Party, Datuk Harris Salleh; United Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tun Datuk Mustapha; Sabah Chinese Consolidated Party (SCCP)
Sarawak: coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumipatra Bersatu (PPBB), Datuk Amar Taib; the United People's Party (SUPP), Ong Kee Hui; and the Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Stephen Ningkan
Voting strength:
Peninsular Malaysia: (1978 election) National Front, 131 of 154 seats in lower house of parliament; Democratic Action Party, 16 seats; Islamic Party, 5 seats; Sarawak People's Organization, 1 seat; 1 independent seat
Sabah: (March 1981 Assembly Elections) Berjaya Party controls 43 of 48 seats in State Assembly, USNO 3 seats, SCCP 1 seat, 1 seat vacant
Sarawak: (1979 elections) National Front controls 45 of 48 State Assembly seats
Communists:
Peninsular Malaysia: approximately 3,000 armed insurgents on Thailand side of Thai/Malaysia border; approximately 300 full-time inside Peninsular Malaysia
Sarawak: 125 armed insurgents in Sarawak
Sabah: insignificant
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITC, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP:
Malaysia: $21.6 billion (1980), $1,520 per capita; annual growth 8.2% (1980)
Agriculture:
Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, oil palm, rice; 10%-15% of rice requirements imported
Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops—rubber, timber, coconut, rice; food deficit—rice
Sarawak: main crops—rubber, timber, pepper; food deficit—rice
Fishing: catch 685,107 metric tons (1978)
Major industries:
Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber
Sabah: logging, petroleum production
Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging
Electric power:
Peninsular Malaysia: 1,899,973 kW capacity (1980); 8.157 billion kWh produced (1980), 725 kWh per capita
Sabah: 183,000 kW capacity (1980); 586 million kWh produced (1980), 558 kWh per capita
Sarawak: 147,000 kW capacity (1980); 343 million kWh produced (1980), 269 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); natural rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum, light manufactures
Imports: $10.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980)
Major trade partners: exports—17% Singapore, 17% US, 23% Japan, 14% EEC; imports—23% Japan, 15% US, 11% EEC (1979)
Budget: 1982 revenue and grants, $4 billion; current expenditure $7.7 billion, capital expenditures $6.5 billion; deficit $2 billion; $2.2 billion military, 80% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 2.25 ringgits=US$1 (December 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads:
Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track; government owned
East Malaysia: 136 km meter gauge (LOO m) in Sabah
Highways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 19,753 km total; 15,900 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 3,000 km crushed stone/gravel, 883 km improved or unimproved earth
East Malaysia: about 5,426 km total (1,644 km in Sarawak, 3,782 km in Sabah); 819 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,671 km earth
Inland waterways:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3,209 km
East Malaysia: 4,200 km (1,569 km in Sabah, 2,518 km in Sarawak)
Ports:
Peninsular Malaysia: 3 major, 14 minor
East Malaysia: 3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3 minor in Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak)
Civil air: approximately 30 major transport aircraft
Pipelines: crude oil, 69 km; refined products, 56 km
Airfields:
Peninsular Malaysia: 61 total, 61 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Sabah: 35 total, 35 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Sarawak: 47 total, 47 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications:
Peninsular Malaysia: good intercity service provided mainly by microwave relay; international service good; good coverage by radio and television broadcasts; 305,000 telephones (2.9 per 100 popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, and 16 TV stations; submarine cables extend to Singapore; connected to SEACOM submarine cable terminal at Singapore by microwave relay; 2 ground satellite stations
Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 36,000 telephones (2.8 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 1 FM, 5 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 ground satellite station
Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sabah via Brunei; 40,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 5 AM stations, no FM, and 6 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower:
Peninsular Malaysia: males 15-49, 2,993,000; 1,901,000 fit for military service; 135,000 reach military age (21) annually
Sabah: males 15-49, 278,000; 165,000 fit for military service; 13,000 reach military age (21) annually
Sarawak: males 15-49, 351,000; 209,000 fit for military service; 15,000 reach military age (21) annually
External defense dependent on loose Five Power Defense Agreement (FPDA) which replaced Anglo-Malayan Defense Agreement of 1957 as amended in 1963
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $2,928.3 million; about 21.1% of central government budget
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MALDIVES
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MALDIVES
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
298 km2; 2,000 islands grouped into 12 atolls; about 220 islands inhabited
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): the land and sea between latitudes 7°9′N and 0°45′S and between longitudes 72°30′E and 73°48′E; these coordinates form a rectangle of approximately 37,000 nm2; territorial sea ranges from 2.75 to 55 nm; fishing, approximately 100 nm; economic, approximately 200 nm
Coastline: 644 km (approx.)
PEOPLE
Population: 163,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun—Maldivian(s); adjective—Maldivian
Ethnic divisions: admixtures of Sinhalese, Dravidian, Arab, and Negro
Religion: Sunni Islam
Language: Divehi (dialect of Sinhala)
Literacy: largely illiterate
Labor force: fishing industry employs 80% of the labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative districts corresponding to atolls
Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 26 July, Independence Day
Branches: popularly elected unicameral national legislature (Majlis) (members elected for five-year terms); elected President, chief executive; appointed Chief Justice responsible for administration of Islamic law
Government leader: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the past eight centuries
Communists: negligible number
Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, UN, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $23 million (1978), $160 per capita
Agriculture: crops—coconut and millet; shortages—rice, sugar, flour
Fishing: catch 27,700 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: fishing; some coconut processing; tourism
Electric power: 4,500 k W capacity (1981); 9 million kWh produced (1981), 57 k Wh per capita
Exports: $10.7 million (1980 prov.); fish
Imports: $26.9 million (1980 prov.); rice, sugar
Major trade partners: Japan, Sri Lanka, Singapore
Budget: (1980 est.) revenue $5.6 million; expenditure $7.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 3.93 Maldivian rupees=US$1, official rate; 7.55 rupees=US$1, market rate (average 1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 2 minor (Male, Gan)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal domestic and international telecommunication facilities; 550 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station
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MALI
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MALI
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,204,350 km2; only about a fourth of area arable, forests negligible, rest sparse pasture or desert
Land boundaries: 7,459 km
PEOPLE
Population: 7,015,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun—Malian(s); adjective—Malian
Ethnic divisions: 99% native African including tribes of both Berber and Negro descent
Religion: 90% Muslim, 9% animist, 1% Christian
Language: French official; several African languages, of which Mande group most widespread
Literacy: under 5%
Labor force: 2.8 million
Organized labor: National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization over 13 national unions
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Mali
Type: republic; military regime in power since November 1968; fulfilled its plans in June 1979 for a phased return to
civilian rule
Capital: Bamako
Political subdivisions: 7 administrative regions; 42 administrative districts (cercles), arrondissements, villages; all
subordinate to central government
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1974, came into full effect in 1979; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 September
Branches: executive authority exercised by Military Committee of National Liberation (MCNL) composed of 11 army officers; under MCNL functional Cabinet composed of civilians and army officers; judiciary
Government leaders: Brig. Gen, Moussa TRAORE, President of MCNL, Chief of State, and head of government
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Political parties and leaders: Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM), is the sole political party under civilian leadership
Elections: constitutional elections took place June 1979
Communists: a few Communists and some sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EGA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1.15 billion (1980), $163 per capita; annual real growth rate 5.7% (1980)
Agriculture: main crops—millet, sorghum, rice, corn, peanuts; cash crops—peanuts, cotton, and livestock
Fishing: catch 95,000 tons (1960)
Major industries: small local consumer goods and processing
Electric power: 50,000 kW capacity (1980); 115 million kWh produced (1980), 17 kWh per capita
Exports: $175.4 million (f.o.b, 1980); livestock, peanuts, dried fish, cotton, and skins
Imports: $300.9 million (f.o.b., 1980); textiles, vehicles, petroleum products, machinery, and sugar
Major trade partners: mostly with franc zone and Western Europe; also with USSR, China
Budget: (1980) revenues $181.4 million, current expenditures $187.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 422.6 Mali francs=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 642 km meter gauge (1.00 m)
Highways: approximately 15,700 km total; 1,670 km bituminous, 3,670 km gravel and improved earth, 10,360 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 1,815 km navigable
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 44 total, 39 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic system poor and provides only minimal service; radio-relay, wire, and radiocommunications stations in use; expansion of radio relay in progress; 8,000 telephones; 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; 2 antennas for Atlantic and Indian Ocean INTELSAT satellites
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,521,000; 767,000 fit for military service; no conscription
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MALTA
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MALTA
(See reference map V)
LAND
313 km2; 45% agricultural, negligible amount forested, remainder urban, waste, or other (1965)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 25 nm)
Coastline: 140 km
PEOPLE
Population: 376,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun—Maltese (sing, and pl.); adjective—Maltese
Ethnic divisions: mixture of Arab, Sicilian, Norman, Spanish, Italian, British
Religion: 98% Roman Catholic
Language: English and Maltese
Literacy: about 83%; compulsory education introduced in 1946
Labor force: 125,000 (November 1977); 32% services (except government), 18% government (except job corps), 5% job corps, 26% manufacturing, 6% agriculture, 3% construction, 5% utilities and drydocks; 3.3% registered unemployed
Organized labor: approximately 40% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Malta
Type: parliamentary democracy, independent republic within the Commonwealth since December 1974
Capital: Valletta
Political subdivisions: 2 main populated islands, Malta and Gozo, divided into 13 electoral districts (divisions)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1961, came into force 1964; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Branches: executive, consisting of Prime Minister and Cabinet; legislative, comprising 65-member House of Representatives; independent judiciary
National holiday: Republic Day, 13 December
Government leaders: President Agatha BARBARA, Prime Minister Dominic MINTOFF
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registration required
Elections: at the discretion of the Prime Minister, but must be held before the expiration of a five-year electoral mandate; last election December 1981
Political parties and leaders: Nationalist Party, Edward Fenech Adami; Malta Labor Party, Dominic Mintoff
Voting strength (1981 election): Labor, 34 seats (48%); Nationalist, 31 seats (51%)
Communists: less than 100 (est.)
Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G-77, GATT, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC (International Wheat Council), NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $945 million (1979), $2,720 per capita; 62% private consumption, 23% gross investment; 16% government consumption,—1% net foreign sector; in 1978 real GDP growth was 11% (1979); 12.5% (1971-76 average)
Agriculture: overall, 20% self-sufficient; generally adequate supplies of vegetables, poultry, milk and pork products; seasonal or periodic shortages in grain, animal fodder, fruits, and other basic foodstuffs; main products—potatoes, cauliflowers, grapes, wheat, barley, tomatoes, citrus, cut flowers, green peppers, hogs, poultry, eggs; 2,680 calories per
day per capita
Major industries: ship repair yard, clothing, building industry, food manufacturing, textiles, tourism
Shortages: most consumer and industrial needs (fuels and raw materials) must be imported
Electric power: 135,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.55 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,550 kWh per capita
Exports: $483 million (f.o.b., 1980); clothing, textiles, ships, printed matter
Imports: $938 million (c.i.f., 1980)
Major trade partners: 70% EC-nine (21% UK, 21% West Germany, 16% Italy); 5% US (1979)
Budget: (1982) projects $551 million in expenditures, $547 million in revenues
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Maltese pound=US$2.8963 (average 1980)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,285 km total; 1,173 km paved (asphalt), 77 km crushed stone or gravel, 35 km improved and unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Valletta), 2 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
Airfields: 1 with permanent-surface runways, 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: modern automatic telecom system centered in Valletta; 78,900 telephones (25.3 per 100 popl.); TV, 2 AM, and 5 FM stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 80,000; 66,000 fit for military service
Supply: various facilities and equipment turned over by the UK in 1965; has received 2 patrol boats, small arms, and
mortars from Libya; vehicles and engineer equipment from Italy
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $13.5 million; about 2.4% of central government budget
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MARTINIQUE
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2007942The World Factbook (1982) — Martiniquethe Central Intelligence Agency
MARTINIQUE
(See reference map III)
LAND
1,100 km2 ; 31% cropland, 16% pasture, 29% forest, 24% wasteland, built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 290 km
PEOPLE
Population: 302,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -0.8%
Nationality: noun—Martiniquais (sing, and pl.); adjective—Martiniquais
Ethnic divisions: 90% African and African-Caucasian—Indian mixture, less than 5% East Indian, Lebanese, and Chinese, 5% Caucasian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, 5% Hindu and pagan African
Language: French, Creole patois
Literacy: over 70%
Labor force: 100,000; 23% agriculture, 20% public services, 11% construction and public works, 10% commerce and banking, 10% services, 9% industry, 17% other
Organized labor: 11% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Department of Martinique
Type: overseas department of France; represented by three deputies in the French National Assembly and two senators in the Senate
Capital: Fort-de-France
Political subdivisions: 2 arrondissements; 34 communes, each with a locally elected municipal council
Legal system: French legal system; highest court is a court of appeal based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique
Branches: executive, Commissioner appointed by Paris; legislative, popularly elected council of 36 members and a Regional Council including all members of the local general council and the locally elected deputies and senators to the French parliament; judicial, under jurisdiction of French judicial system
Government leader: Commissioner of the Republic Jean CHEVANCE
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: General Council elections normally are held every five years; last General Council election took place in June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Rally for the Republic (RPR), Emile Maurice; Progressive Party of Martinique (PPM), Aimé Césaire; Communist Party of Martinique (PCM), Armand Nicolas; Democratic Union of Martinique (UDM), Léon-Laurent Valère
Voting strength: RPR, 1 seat in French National Assembly; PPM, 1 seat; UDM, 1 seat
Communists: 1,000 estimated
Other political or pressure groups: Proletarian Action Group (GAP), Socialist Revolution Group (GRS), Martinique Independence Movement (MIM)
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,169 million (1977 at current prices), $3,570 per capita
Agriculture: bananas, sugarcane, and pineapples
Major industries: agricultural processing, particularly sugar milling and rum distillation; cement, oil refining, and
tourism
Electric power: 65,000 kW capacity (1981); 250 million kWh produced (1981), 796 kWh per capita
Exports: $166 million (f.o.b., 1978); bananas, refined petroleum products, rum, sugar, pineapples
Imports: $545 million (c.i.f., 1978); foodstuffs, clothing and other consumer goods, raw materials and supplies, and
petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports—56% France (1978); imports—62% France, 28% EEC and franc zone, 4.5% US, 5.5% other (1977)
Aid: economic—bilateral ODA and OOF commitments (1970-79) from Western (non-US) countries, $2.6 billion; no military aid
Monetary conversion rate: 4.21 French francs=US$l (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,680 km total; 1,300 km paved, 380 km gravel and earth
Ports: 1 major (Fort-de-France), 5 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total; 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: domestic facilities inadequate; 38,500 telephones (12.2 per 100 popl.); interisland VHF and UHF radio links; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 1 AM, 1 FM, and 7 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 77,000; 40,000 fit for military service
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MAURITANIA
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MAURITANIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,085,210 km2; less than 1% suitable for crops, 10% pasture, 90% desert
Land boundaries: 5,118 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 70 nm (fishing, 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 754 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,561,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun—Mauritanian(s); adjective—Mauritanian
Ethnic divisions: 30% Moor, 30% Black, 40% mixed Moor/Black
Religion: nearly 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic is the national language, French is the working language for government and commerce
Literacy: about 17%
Labor force: about 95,000 wage earners (1979); remainder of population in farming and herding; considerable unemployment
Organized labor: 30,000 union members claimed by single union, Mauritanian Workers' Union
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
Type: republic; military seized power in bloodless coup 10 July 1978
Capital: Nouakchott
Political subdivisions: 12 regions and a capital district
NOTE: Mauritania acquired administrative control of the southern third of Western (formerly Spanish) Sahara under a agreement with Morocco and Spain. Following an August 1979 peace agreement with Polisario insurgents fighting for control of Western Sahara, Mauritania withdrew from the territory and renounced all territorial claims.
Legal system: based on French and Islamic law; military constitution April 1979
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 November
Branches: executive, Military Committee for National Salvation rules by decree; National Assembly and judiciary suspended pending restoration of civilian rule
Government leader: Chief of State and Head of Government, Lt. Col. Mohamed Khouna Ould HAIDALLA
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: in abeyance; last presidential election August 1976
Political parties and leaders: suspended
Communists: no Communist party, but there is a scattering of Maoist sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Arab League, CEAO, CIPEC (associate), EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: about $689 million (1980 est.), $400 per capita, average annual increase in current prices about 11% (1974-80)
Agriculture: most Mauritanians are nomads or subsistence farmers; main products—livestock, cereals, vegetables, dates;
cash crops—gum arabic
Fishing: local catch, 34,170 metric tons (1980 est.); exports, 42,000 metric tons (1980 est.)
Major industries: mining of iron ore and gypsum, fishing
Electric power: 70,000 kW capacity (1980); 105 million kWh produced (1980), 69 kWh per capita
Exports: $194 million (f.o.b., 1980 prelim.); iron ore, fish
Imports: $307 million (f.o.b., 1980); foodstuffs, petroleum, capital goods
Major trade partners: (trade figures not complete because Mauritania has a form of customs union with Senegal and much local trade unreported) France and other EC members, UK, and US are main overseas partners
Budget: $204 million (budgeted) current expenditures, $10.5 million capital expenditures, $114.9 million extra budgetary expenditure, $140.4 million revenue (1980)
Monetary conversion rate: 48.66 Ouguiyas=US$1 as of November 1981
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 650 km standard gauge (1.435 m), single track, privately owned
Highways: 7,540 km total; 1,350 km paved; 710 km gravel, crushed stone, or otherwise improved; 5,480 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 800 km
Ports: 2 major (Nouadhibouand and Nouakchott), 2 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 31 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor system of cable and open-wire lines, a minor radio-relay link, and radiocommunications stations; 3,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 337,000; 164,000 fit for military service; conscription law not implemented
Supply: primarily dependent on France; has also received material from Algeria, Morocco, UK, Spain, and Romania
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $60.0 million; 26.0% of central government budget
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MAURITIUS
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MAURITIUS
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,856 km2 (excluding dependencies); 50% agricultural, intensely cultivated; 39% forests, woodlands, mountains, river, and natural reserves; 3% built-up areas; 5% water bodies, 2% roads and tracks, 1% permanent wastelands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 177 km
PEOPLE
Population: 990,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun—Mauritian(s); adjective—Mauritian
Ethnic divisions: 67% Indians, 29% Creoles, 3.5% Chinese, 0.5% English and French
Religion: 51% Hindu, 30% Christian (mostly Catholic with a few Anglican Protestants), 17% Muslim
Language: English official language; Hindi, Chinese, French, Creole
Literacy: estimated 60% for those over 21 and 90% for those of school age
Labor force: 335,000; 30% agriculture, 24% industry; 20% government services; 14% are unemployed, 12% other
Organized labor: about 35% of labor force, forming over 270 unions
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Mauritius
Type: independent state since 1968, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Port Louis
Political subdivisions: 5 organized municipalities and various island dependencies
Legal system: based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areas; constitution adopted 6 March 1968
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 March
Branches: executive power exercised by Prime Minister and 21-man Council of Ministers; unicameral legislature (National Assembly) with 62 members elected by direct suffrage, 8 specially elected
Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Seewoosagur RAMGOOLAM
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: legislative elections held in December 1976; municipal elections held in 1977
Political parties and leaders: the government is presently controlled by the Mauritian Labor Party (S. Ramgoolam) and supported by several dissident members of the Mauritian Social Democratic Party (G. Duval); the main opposition parties are the Mauritian Militant Movement (P. Berenger) and the Mauritian Socialist Party (H. Boodhoo); there are also several minor parties
Voting strength: the Mauritian Labor Party, supported by dissident members of the Mauritian Social Democratic Party, had a majority in the National Assembly before it was dissolved in December 1981, in preparation for parliamentary elections in 1982
Communists: may be 2,000 sympathizers; several Communist organizations; Mauritius Lenin Youth Organization, Mauritius Women's Committee, Mauritius Communist Party, Mauritius People's Progressive Party, Mauritius Young Communist League,Mauritius Liberation Front, Chinese Middle School Friendly Association, Mauritius/USSR Friendship Society
Other political or pressure groups: various labor unions
Member of: Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $890 million (1980), $890 per capita; real growth -9% in 1980
Agriculture: sugar crop is major economic asset; about 40% of land area is planted to sugar; most food imported—rice is the staple food—and since cultivation is already intense and expansion of cultivable areas is unlikely, heavy reliance on food imports except sugar and tea will continue
Shortage: land
Industries: mainly confined to processing sugarcane, tea; some small-scale, simple manufactures; tobacco fiber; some
fishing; tourism, diamond cutting, weaving and textiles, electronics
Electric power: 180,000 kW capacity (1980); 370 million kWh produced (1980), 385 kWh per capita
Exports: $318 million (f.o.b., 1981); $187 million sugar, $4 million tea, $5 million molasses
Imports: $456 million (f.o.b., 1981); foodstuffs 30%, manufactured goods about 25%
Major trade partners: all EC-nine countries and US have preferential treatment, UK buys over 50% of Mauritius's sugar export at heavily subsidized prices; small amount of sugar exported to Canada, US, and Italy; imports from UK and EC primarily, also from South Africa, Australia, and Burma; some minor trade with China
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries (1970-79), $137.0 million; Communist countries (1970-79), $40.2 million; US authorizations (FY70-80), $22.2 million
Budget: (1981) revenues $235 million, current expenditures $381 million, development expenditures $120 million
Monetary conversion rate: 8.88 Mauritian rupees=US$1 1981 (floating with pound sterling)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 1,786 km total; 1,636 km paved, 150 km earth
Ports: 1 major (Port Louis)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in
Airfields: 5 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: small system with good service; HF radio links to several countries; 1 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations; 36,400 telephones (4.0 per 100 popl.); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 259,000; 135,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $4.5 million
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MEXICO
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MEXICO
(See reference map II)
LAND
1,978,800 km2; 12% cropland, 40% pasture, 22% forested, 26% other (including waste, urban areas and public lands)
Land boundaries: 4,220 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 9,330 km
PEOPLE
Population: 71,330,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun—Mexican(s); adjective—Mexican
Ethnic divisions: 60% mestizo, 30% Indian or predominantly Indian, 9% white or predominantly white, 1% other
Religion: 97% nominally Roman Catholic, 3% other
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 65% estimated; 84% claimed officially
Labor force: 18.0 million (1978) (defined as those 12 years of age and older); 33.0% agriculture, 16.0% manufacturing, 16.6% services, 16.8% construction, utilities, commerce, and transport, 3% government, 5.4% unspecified activities; 10% unemployed, 40% underemployed
Organized labor: 20% of total labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: United Mexican States
Type: federal republic operating in fact under a centralized government
Capital: Mexico
Political subdivisions: 31 states and the Federal District
Legal system: mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; constitution established in 1917; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September
Branches: dominant executive, bicameral legislature, Supreme Court
Government leader: President Jose LOPEZ PORTILLO y Pacheco
Suffrage: universal over age 18; compulsory but unenforced
Elections: presidential election July 1982
Political parties and leaders: Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Pedro Ojeda Paullada; National Action Party
(PAN), Abel Vincencio Tovar; Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Jorge Cruickshank García; Authentic Party of the Revolution (PARM), Jesús Guzmán Rubío; Mexican Democratic Party (PDM), Gumersindo Magaña; Socialist Workers Party (PST), Rafael Aguilar Talamantes; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Ernesto Sanchez Aguilar; Revolutionary Pary of the Workers (PRT), Rosario Ibarra de Piedra; Mexican People's Party (PPM), Alejandro Gascón Mercado; Socialist Revolutionary Party (PSR), Roberto Jaramillo Gonzales; Mexican Workers Party (PMT), Heberto Castillo; Socialist Action and Unity Movement (MAUS), Miguel Velasco; Mexican Communist Party (PCM), Arnoldo Martínez Verdugo; in November 1981 the PCM, MAUS, PPM, PSR, and the Popular Action Movement (MAP) merged to form the United Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM)
Voting strength: 1979 congressional election: 69.8% PRI; 11% PAN; 5.1% PCM; 8.1% other opposition; 5.9% annulled
Other political or pressure groups: Roman Catholic Church, Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM), Confederation of Industrial Chambers (CONCAMIN), Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce (CONCANACO), National Confederation of Campesinos (CNC), National Confederation of Popular Organizations (CNOP), Revolutionary Confederation of Workers and Peasants (CROC)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, LAFTA, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line—Naviera Multinacional del Caribe), OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $170 billion (1980), $2,520 per capita; 67% private consumption, 12% public consumption, 13% private investment, 12% public investment (1979); net foreign balance -4%; real growth rate 1980, 8.3%
Agriculture: main crops—corn, cotton, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, sorghum, oilseeds, pulses, and vegetables; general
self-sufficiency with minor exceptions in meat and dairy products; caloric intake, 2,700 calories per day per capita (1975)
Fishing: catch 1,257,129 metric tons (1980); exports valued at $429 million, imports at $22.9 million (1980)
Major industries: processing of food, beverages, and tobacco; chemicals, basic metals and metal products, petroleum products, mining, textiles and clothing, and transport equipment
Crude steel: 9.8 million metric tons capacity (1980); 7.2 million metric tons produced (1980)
Electric power: 14,320,000 kW capacity (1981); 60.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 769 kWh per capita
Exports: $15,308 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, coffee, nonferrous minerals (including lead and zinc), sugar, shrimp, petroleum, sulfur, salt, cattle and meat, fresh fruit, tomatoes, machinery and equipment
Imports: $18,572 million (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, equipment, industrial vehicles, and intermediate goods
Major trade partners: exports—62% US, 14% EC, 4% Japan (1980); imports—65% US, 19% EC, 5% Japan
Aid: economic—(including Ex-Im Credits) extensions (FY70-80) from US, $1,673.0 million; (1970-79) from Communist countries, $35.0 million; from other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $1,956.0 million
Budget: 1980 public sector, revenues $58.1 billion, expenditures $66.9 billion
Monetary conversion rate: floating; 22.951 pesos=US$1 (1980 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 20,270 km total; 19,380 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 890 km narrow gauge (0.914 m); 20 km electrified; 20,160 km government owned, 110 km privately owned
Highways: 213,190 km total; 66,375 km paved, 119,050 km otherwise improved, 27,765 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,900 km navigable rivers and coastal canals
Pipelines: crude oil, 3,910 km; refined products, 3,490 km; natural gas, 5,710 km
Ports: 12 major, 19 minor
Civil air: 134 major transport aircraft, including 6 leased in
Airfields: 2,196 total, 2,060 usable; 164 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 291 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed telecom system with extensive radio-relay links; connection into Central American microwave net; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station; 3.71 million telephones (5.6 per 100 popl.); 574 AM, 109 FM, and 83 TV stations; and about 100 low-power relay stations; second satellite station planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 16,358,000; 12,971,000 fit for military service; reach military age (18) annually, 810,000
Military budget: for year ending 31 December 1981, $1,656.0 million; 2.3% of central government budget
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MONACO
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MONACO
(See reference map V)
LAND
1.5 km2
Land boundaries: 3.7 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 4.1 km
PEOPLE
Population: 26,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun—Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective—Monacan or Monegasque
Ethnic divisions: Rhaetian stock
Religion: Roman Catholicism is official state religion
Language: French
Literacy: almost complete
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Principality of Monaco
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Monaco
Political subdivisions: 4 sections
Legal system: based on French law; new constitution adopted 1962; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 19 November
Branches: National Council (18 members); Communal Council (15 members, headed by a mayor)
Government leader: Prince RAINIER III
Suffrage: universal
Elections: National Council every five years; most recent 1978
Political parties and leaders: National Democratic Entente, Democratic Union Movement, Monegasque Actionist (1973)
Voting strength: figures for 1978: National Democratic Entente, 18 seats
Member of: IAEA, IHO, IPU, ITU, UN (permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
ECONOMY
GNP: 55% tourism; 25%-30% industry (small and primarily tourist oriented); 10%-15% registration fees and sales of postage stamps; about 4% traceable to the Monte Carlo casino
Major industries: chemicals, food processing, precision instruments, glassmaking, printing
Electric power: 8,000 kW (standby) capacity (1981); 100 million kWh supplied by France (1981)
Trade: full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monacan trade duties
Monetary conversion rate: 1 franc=US$0.2216 (1978 average)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1.6 km of 1.435 m gauge
Highways: none; city streets
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: served by the French communications system; automatic telephone system with about 28,800 telephones (115.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 4 FM, and 4 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
France responsible for defense
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MONGOLIA
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2009865The World Factbook (1982) — Mongoliathe Central Intelligence Agency
MONGOLIA
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
1,564,619 km2; almost 90% of land area is pasture or desert wasteland, varying in usefulness, less than 1% arable, 10% forested
Land boundaries: 8,000 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,759,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Mongolian(s); adjective—Mongolian
Ethnic divisions: 90% Mongol, 4% Kazakh, 2% Chinese, 2% Russian, 2% other
Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, about 4% Muslim, limited religious activity because of Communist regime
Languages: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: primarily agricultural, over half the population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of Mongolian women; shortage of skilled labor (no reliable information available)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Mongolian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Ulaanbaatar
Political subdivisions: 18 provinces and 2 autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar and Darhan)
Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; new constitution adopted 1960; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July
Branches: constitution provides for a People's Great Hural (national assembly) and a highly centralized administration
Party and government leaders: Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal, First Secretary of the MPRP and Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Hural; Jambyn Batmonh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal; age 18 and over
Elections: national assembly elections theoretically held every four years; last election held June 1977
Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary (Communist) Party (MPRP); estimated membership, 67,000 (1976)
Member of: CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
Agriculture: livestock raising predominates; main crops—wheat, oats, barley
Industries: processing of animal products; building materials; mining
Electric power: 452,500 kW capacity (1981); 1.56 billion kWh produced (1981), 905 kWh per capita
Exports: beef for slaughter, meat products, wool, fluor-spar, other minerals
Imports: machinery and equipment, petroleum, clothing, building materials, sugar, and tea
Major trade partners: nearly all trade with Communist countries (approx. 85% with USSR); total turnover about $1.0 billion (1977)
Aid: heavily dependent on USSR
Monetary conversion rate: 3.11 tugriks=US$1 (June 1978); arbitrarily established
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,585 km (1979); all broad gauge (1.524 m)
Highways: 83,280 km total; 400 km concrete, asphalt; 9,920 km crushed stone, gravel; 72,960 km earth (1975)
Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1979)
Freight carried: rail—9.0 million metric tons, 3,126 million metric ton/km (1979); highway—20.3 million metric tons, 1,342 million metric ton/km (1979); waterway—0.04 million metric tons, 5.4 million metric ton/km (1979)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 396,000; 259,000 fit for military service; about 18,000 reach military age (18) annually
Supply: military equipment supplied by USSR
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, 405 million tugriks, 12% of total budget
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MOROCCO
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MOROCCO
(See reference map VII)
LAND
409,200 km2; about 32% arable and grazing land, forest and esparto, 51% desert, waste, and urban
Land boundaries: 1,996 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 1,835 km
PEOPLE
Population: 22,230,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun—Moroccan(s); adjective—Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: 99.1% Arab-Berber, 0.2% Jewish, 0.7% non-Moroccan
Religion: 98.7% Muslim, 1.1% Christian, 0.2% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official); several Berber dialects; French is language of much business, government, diplomacy, and postprimary education
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 5.4 million (1980 est.); 50% agriculture, 15% industry, 26% services, 9% other; at least 20% of urban labor
unemployed
Organized labor: about 5% of the labor force, mainly in two unions—the Union of Moroccan Workers (UMT) and the Democratic Confederation of Labor (CDT)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Morocco
Type: constitutional monarchy (constitution adopted 1972)
Capital: Rabat
Political subdivisions: 39 provinces (including 4 in Western Sahara) and 2 prefectures (Rabat-Sale and Casablanca, which consists of 5 divisions)
NOTE: Morocco acquired administrative control in 1976 over the northern two-thirds of the former Spanish Sahara under an agreement with Mauritania, but the legal question of sovereignty over the area has yet to be determined. Spain's role as coadministrator of the disputed territory ended in February 1976. Morocco moved to occupy and assert administrative control over the former Mauritanian-claimed (southern) sector of Western Sahara in August 1979, thereby establishing a fourth additional province in the Sahara.
Legal system: based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court; modern legal education at branches of Mohamed V University in Rabat and Casablanca and Karaouine University in Fes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 18 November
Branches: constitution provides for Prime Minister and ministers named by and responsible to King; King has paramount executive powers; unicameral legislature two-thirds directly elected, one-third indirectly; judiciary independent of other branches
Government leaders: King HASSAN II; Prime Minister Maati BOUABID
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: local elections held 12 November 1976; provincial elections held 25 January 1977; elections for new National Assembly provided for in Constitution adopted 15 March 1972 were held June 1977
Political parties and leaders: Istiqlal Party, M'Hamed Boucetta; Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Abderrahim Bouabid; Popular Movement (MP), Mahjoubi Aherdan; Constitutional and Democratic Popular Movement (MPCD), Dr. Abdelkrim Khatib; National Union of Popular Forces (UNFP), Abdallah Ibrahim and Mahjoub Ben Seddik; National Assembly of Independents (RNI) formed in October 1978 is progovernment grouping of previously unaffiliated deputies in parliament, Ahmed Osman; Independent Democrats (DI), Mohamed Arsalan Jadidi, a splinter group from the RNI formed July 1981; Democratic Constitutional Party (PDC), Mohamed Hassan Ouazzani; Party for Progress and Socialism (PPS), legalized in August 1974, is front for Moroccan CommunistParty (MCP), which was proscribed in 1959, Ali Yata
Voting strength: progovernment independents hold absolute majority in Chamber of Representatives; with palace-oriented Popular Movement deputies, the King controls over two-thirds of the seats
Communists: 300 est.
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, EC (association until 1974), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $16.1 billion (1981 est.), about $740 per capita; average annual real growth 6-7% during 1973-77, 1.5% in 1981, 3-4% during 1978-80
Agriculture: cereal farming and livestock raising predominate; main products—wheat, barley, citrus fruit, wine, vegetables, olives; some fishing
Fishing: catch 280,000 metric tons (1979); exports $85.5 million (1981)
Major sectors: mining and mineral processing (phosphates, smaller quantities of iron, manganese, lead, zinc, and other minerals), food processing, textiles, construction and tourism
Electric power: 1,401,000 kW capacity (1980); 5.503 billion kWh produced (1980), 259 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.50 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 46% phosphates, 54% other
Imports: $4.40 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 18% capital goods, 24% foodstuffs, 29% petroleum products
Major trade partners: France, West Germany, Italy
Budget: (1981 est.) revenue $5.0 billion, expenditure $5.5 billion, development expenditure $2.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 5.1 dirhams=US$1 average rate in 1981; 5.3 dirhams=US$1 in November 1981
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,756 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 161 km double track; 708 km electrified
Highways: 55,970 km total; 24,700 km bituminous treated, 4,000 km gravel, crushed stone, and improved earth, 27,270 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 362 km crude oil; 491 km (abandoned) refined products; 241 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major (including Spanish-controlled Ceuta and Melilla), 10 minor
Civil air: 20 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 81 total, 76 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 14 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 29 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good system composed of wire lines, cables, and radio-relay links; principal centers Casablanca and Rabat, secondary centers Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier and Tetouan; 210,000 telephones (1.1 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 7 FM, and 27 TV stations; 5 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,780,000; 2,950,000 fit for military service; about 248,000 reach military age (18) annually; limited conscription
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MOZAMBIQUE
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MOZAMBIQUE
(See reference map VII)
LAND
786,762 km2; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated, 56% woodland and forest, 14% wasteland and inland water
Land boundaries: 4,627 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,470 km
PEOPLE
Population: 12,695,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun—Mozambican(s); adjective—Mozambican
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1% European and Asian
Religion: 65.6% animist, 21.5% Christian, 10.5% Muslim, 2.4% other
Language: Portuguese (official); many tribal dialects
Literacy: 15% (1974 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Republic of Mozambique
Type: "people's republic"; achieved independence from Portugal in June 1975
Capital: Maputo
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces subdivided into about 94 districts; administrators are appointed by central government
Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 June
Branches: none established
Government leader: President Samora Moisés MACHEL
Suffrage: not yet established
Elections: information not available on future election schedule
Political parties and leaders: the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by Samora Machel, is only legal party
Communists: none known
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.8 billion (1980 est.), about $272 per capita; average annual growth rate —1% (1971-81)
Agriculture: cash crops—raw cotton, cashew nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal; other crops—corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sorghum, and cassava; self-sufficient in food except for wheat which must be imported
Major industries: food processing (chiefly sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels); chemicals (vegetable oil, oil-cakes, soap, paints); petroleum products; beverages; textiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos, cement products); tobacco
Electric power: 2,166,000 kW capacity (1980); 11.3 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,080 kWh per capita
Major trade partners: Portugal, South Africa, US, UK, West Germany
Budget: (1978) expenditures, $309 million, revenues, $241 million
Monetary conversion rate: 40.643 escudos=US$1 as of November 1977
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,436 km total; 3,288 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km narrow gauge (0.750 m)
Highways: 26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 3,750 km of navigable routes
Pipelines: crude oil, 306 km (not operating); refined products, 280 km
Ports: 3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2 significant minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in
Airfields: 292 total, 247 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; 51,600 telephones (0.5 per 100
popl.); 10 AM, 2 FM, no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,763,000; 1,633,000 fit for military service
Supply: mostly from the USSR and PRC, and to a lesser extent from other Communist countries and Portugal
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $157.8 million; 27.8% of central government budget
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NAMIBIA
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NAMIBIA
(South-West Africa)
(See reference map VII)
LAND
823,620 km2; mostly desert except for interior plateau and area along northern border
Land boundaries: 3,798 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,489 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,086,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun—Namibian(s); adjective—Namibian
Ethnic divisions: 83% African, 11% white, 6% mulatto; approximately half the Africans belong to Ovambo tribe
Religion: whites predominantly Christian, nonwhites either animist or Christian
Language: Afrikaans principal language of about 70% of white population, German of 22% and English of 8%; several African languages
Literacy: high for white population; low for nonwhite
Labor force: 203,300 (total of economically active, 1970); 68% agriculture, 15% railroads, 13% mining, 4% fishing
Organized labor: no trade unions, although some white wage earners belong to South African unions
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Namibia
Type: former German colony of South-West Africa man-dated to South Africa by League of Nations in 1920; UN formally ended South Africa's mandate on 27 October 1966, but South Africa has retained administrative control
Capital: Windhoek
Political subdivisions: 10 tribal homelands, mostly in northern sector, and zone open to white settlement, with administrative subdivisions similar to a province of South Africa
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law
Branches: since September 1977 Administrator-General, appointed by South African Government, has exercised coordinative functions over zone of white settlement and tribal homelands, where traditional chiefs and representative bodies exercise limited autonomy; Namibian National Assembly, elected December 1978, has been granted legislative powers, subject to Administrator-General's veto; a Ministers' Council, composed of members of the National Assembly and with limited executive powers, established July 1980
Government leader: Danie HOUGH, Administrator-General
Suffrage: several tribal homelands have adult franchise for homeland legislatures; all ethnic groups were eligible to vote in 1978 election for Namibian National Assembly
Elections: election of Namibian National Assembly, December 1978
Political parties and leaders: there are approximately 50 political parties in Namibia; the major parties include (white parties)—Action Front for the Preservation of the Turnhalle Principles (AKTUR), also known as the National Party of South-West Africa, Kosie Pretorius; Federal Party, Bryan O'Linn; Republican Party, Dirk Mudge; many of the nonwhite parties belong to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), a multiethnic alliance of traditional tribal leaders and the white Republican Party, which is favored in South Africa; the other multiethnic alliance, the Namibian National Front (NNF), the white Federal Party, and nonwhite groups opposed to the homeland system, operates independently; South-West Africa People's Organization Democrats (SWAPO-D), a predominantly Ovambo party led by Andreas Shipanga, broke away from Sam Nujoma's SWAPO and is loosely affiliated with NNF
Voting strength: (1978 election) DTA won 41 seats in Namibian National Assembly; AKTUR, 6 seats; 3 miniscule parties, 1 seat each; NNF, SWAPO, and SWAPO-D boycotted elections; 15 additional, appointed seats have not been filled
Communists: no Communist Party, SWAPO guerrilla force is supported by USSR, Cuba, and other Communist states as well as OAU
Other political or pressure groups: South-West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma, maintains a foreign-based guerrilla movement; is predominantly Ovambo but has some influence among other tribes; is the only Namibian group recognized by the UN General Assembly and the Organization of African Unity
ECONOMY
Agriculture: livestock raising (cattle and sheep) predominates, subsistence crops (millet, sorghum, corn, and some wheat) are raised but most food must be imported
Fishing: catch fell 31% to 277,000 metric tons (1980), processed mostly in South African enclave of Walvis Bay
Major industries: meatpacking, fish processing, copper, lead, diamond, and uranium mining, dairy products
Electric power: 540,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.3 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,251 kWh per capita
Aid: South Africa is only donor
Monetary conversion rate: 1 South African Rand = US$1.15 (as of March 1978); 0.87 SA Rand = US$1
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,340 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track
Highways: 54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 gravel, remainder earth roads and tracks
Ports: 2 major (Walvis Bay and Luderitz)
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 128 total, 102 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires extend to other population centers; 50,300 telephones (5.2 per 100 popl.); 11 FM, no TV stations; AM and TV stations under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 239,000; about 141,000 fit for military service
Defense is responsibility of Republic of South Africa; however, a Southwest African Territory Force was established 1 August 1980
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $63.1; 6.7% of central government budget
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NAURU
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NAURU
(See reference map X)
LAND
21.2 km2; insignificant arable land, no urban areas, extensive phosphate mines
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 24 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7%
Nationality: noun—Nauruan(s); adjective—Nauruan
Ethnic divisions: 58% Nauruans, 26% other Pacific Islanders, 8% Chinese, 8% Europeans
Religion: Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Catholic)
Language: Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island tongue; English, the language of school instruction, spoken and understood by nearly all
Literacy: nearly universal
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Nauru
Type: republic; independent since January 1968
Capital: no capital city per se; government offices in Yaren District
Political subdivisions: 14 districts
Branches: president elected from and by Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly elected 18-member unicameral legislature, the Parliament; Cabinet to assist the President, four members, appointed by President from Parliament members
Government leader: President Hammer DEROBURT
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last held in December 1980
Political parties and leaders: governing faction, President DeRoburt; opposition Nauru Party, Lagumot Harris
Member of: no present plans to join UN; enjoys "special membership" in Commonwealth; South Pacific Commission,
ESCAP, INTERPOL, ITU, UPU
ECONOMY
GNP: over $155.4 million (1977), $21,400 per capita
Agriculture: negligible; almost completely dependent on imports for food, water
Major industries: mining of phosphates, about 2 million tons per year
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1981); 29 million kWh produced (1981), 4,144 kWh per capita
Exports: $50.4 million (f.o.b., 1977)
Imports: $32 million (c.i.f., 1977); 16% food, fuel
Major trade partners: exports—75% Australia and New Zealand; imports—Australia, UK, New Zealand, Japan
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar=US$1.12 (1979)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 27 km total; 21 km paved, 6 km improved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, one on order
Airfields: 1 with runways over 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate intraisland and international radiocommunications provided via Australian facilities; 1,500 telephones (20.8 per 100 popl.); 3,600 radio receivers, 1 AM, no FM or TV stations; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 1,800; fit for military service, about 1,000; less than 100 reach military
age (18) annually, 1978-82,
No formal defense structure and no regular armed forces
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NEPAL
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2011648The World Factbook (1982) — Nepalthe Central Intelligence Agency
NEPAL
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
141,400 km2; 16% agricultural area, 14% permanent meadows and pastures, 38% alpine land (unarable), waste, or urban; 32% forested
Land boundaries: 2,800 km
PEOPLE
Population: 15,715,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun—Nepalese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Nepalese
Ethnic divisions: two main categories, Indo-Nepalese (about 80%) and Tibeto-Nepalese (about 20%), representing considerable intermixture of Indo-Aryan and Mongolian racial strains; country divided among many quasi-tribal communities
Religion: only official Hindu kingdom in world, although no sharp distinction between many Hindu (about 88%) and Buddhist groups; small groups of Muslims and Christians
Language: 20 mutually unintelligible languages divided into numerous dialects; Nepali official language and lingua franca for much of the country; same script as Hindi Literacy: about 12%
Labor force: 4.1 million; 95% agriculture, 5% industry; great lack of skilled labor
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Nepal
Type: nominally a constitutional monarchy; King Birendra exercises autocratic control over multitiered panchayat system of government
Capital: Kathmandu
Political subdivisions: 75 districts, 14 zones
Legal system: based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; legal education at Nepal Law College in Kathmandu; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Birthday of the King, 28 December
Branches: Council of Ministers appointed by the King; directly elected National Panchayat (Assembly)
Government leaders: King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev; Prime Minister Surya Bahadur THAPA
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: village and town councils (panchayats) elected by universal suffrage; district panchayat members are indirectly elected; a constitutional amendment in 1980 provided for direct elections to the National Panchayat, which consists of 140 members (including 28 members appointed by the King), who serve five-year terms; Nepal's first general election in 22 years was held in May 1981
Political parties and leaders: all political parties outlawed
Communists: the two wings of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN)—pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese—are split into several lesser factions; the combined membership is about 6,500, with the majority (perhaps 5,000) in the pro-Chinese wing; the CPN continues to operate more or less openly; internal dissension, however, greatly hinders its effectiveness
Other political or pressure groups: proscribed Nepali Congress Party led by B. P. Koirala
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.4 billion (FY81 current prices), $115 per capita; 5.5% real growth in FY81
Agriculture: over 90% of population engaged in agriculture; main crops—rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds
Major industries: small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; match, cigarette, and brick factories
Electric power: 86,600 kW capacity (1980); 210 million kWh produced (1980), 14 kWh per capita
Exports: $116 million est. (FY8I est.); rice and other food products, jute, timber
Imports: $373 million est. (FY81 est.); manufactured consumer goods, fuel, construction materials, food products
Major trade partner: over 80% India
Budget: (FY81 revised est.) domestic revenue $147 million, expenditure $253 million
Monetary conversion rate: 12 Nepalese rupees=US$1
Fiscal year: 15 July-14 July
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 63 km (1977), all narrow gauge (0.762 m); all in Terai close to Indian border; 10 km from Raxaul to Biranj is
government owned
Highways: 4,136 km total; 1,751 km paved, 556 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,829 km improved and unimproved earth; additionally 322 km of seasonally motorable tracks
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 47 total, 46 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radiocommunication and broadcast service; international radiocommunication service is poor; 10,000 telephones (less than 0.1 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, no FM, and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,704,000; 1,919,000 fit for military service; 176,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 14 July 1981, $22.1 million; 5.4% of central government budget
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NETHERLANDS
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2011918The World Factbook (1982) — Netherlandsthe Central Intelligence Agency
NETHERLANDS
(See reference map V)
LAND
33,929 km2; 70% cultivated, 5% waste, 8% forested, 8% inland water, 9% other
Land boundaries: 1,022 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 451 km
PEOPLE
Population: 14,349,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun—Netherlander(s); adjective—Netherlands
Ethnic divisions: 99% Dutch, 1% Indonesian and other
Religion: 31% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic, 24% unaffiliated
Language: Dutch
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 4.8 million (1978); 30% manufacturing, 24% services, 16% commerce, 10% agriculture, 9% construction, 7% transportation and communications, 4% other; 10% unemployment, November 1981
Organized labor: 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of the Netherlands
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Amsterdam, but government resides at The Hague
Political subdivisions: 11 provinces governed by centrally appointed commissioners of Queen
Legal system: civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution of 1815 frequently amended, reissued 1947; judicial review in the Supreme Court of legislation of lower order than Acts of Parliament; legal education at six law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Queen's Day, 30 April
Branches: executive (Queen and Cabinet of Ministers), which is responsible to bicameral States General (parliament)
consisting of a First Chamber (75 indirectly elected members) and a Second Chamber (150 directly elected members); independent judiciary
Government leaders: Head of State, Queen BEATRIX; Prime Minister, Andreas A. M. VAN AGT
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: must be held at least every four years for lower house (most recent held 26 May 1981), and every three years
for half of upper house (most recent May 1981)
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA; fused into a single party as of 11 October 1980), Chairman Pieter Bukman; Labor (PvdA), Max van den Berg; Liberal (WD), Jan Kamminga; Democrats '66 (D'66), J. M. M. van Berkom; Communist (CPN), Henk Hoekstra; Pacifist Socialist (PSP), Bram van der Lek; Political Reformed (SGP), Hette G. Abma; Reformed Political Union (GPV), Jan van der Jagt; Radical Party (PPR), Herman Verbeek; Democratic Socialist 70 (DS'70), Z. Hartog; Rightist Peoples Party (RVP), Hendrik Koekoek; Reformed Political Federation (RPF), P. Lamgeler
Voting strength (1981 election): 28.3% PvdA (44 seats), 30.8% CDA (48 seats), 17.3% VVD (28 seats), 11.1% D'66 (17
seats), 2.0% SGP (3 seats), 2.]% CPN (2 seats), 2.0% PPR (3 seats), 0.8% GPV (1 seat), 2.1% PSP (1 seat), 0.2% RPF (2 seats), 0.6% DS'70 (1 seat)
Communists: CPN claims about 27,000 members
Other political or pressure groups: large multinational firms; Federation of Netherlands Trade Union Movement (comprising Socialist and Catholic trade unions) and a Protestant trade union; Federation of Catholic and Protestant Employers Associations; the nondenominational Federation of Netherlands Enterprises; and IKV—Interchurch Peace Council
Member of: ADB, Benelux, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECE, EEC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, INRO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council (with respect to interests of the Netherlands Antilles and Suriname), NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $144.2 billion (1981), $10,159 per capita; 59.6% consumption, 21.6% investment, 18.8% government
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main crops—horticultural crops, grains, potatoes, sugar beets; food shortages—grains, fats, oils; calorie intake, 3,186 calories per day per capita (1970-71)
Fishing: catch 295,000 metric tons (1979); exports of fish and fish products $491.6 million (1979), imports $275.4 million (1979)
Major industries: food processing, metal and engineering products, electrical and electronic machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, and natural gas
Shortages: crude petroleum, raw cotton, base metals and ores, pulp, pulpwood, lumber, feedgrains, and oilseeds
Crude steel: 7.7 million metric ton capacity; 5.8 million metric tons produced (1979), 410 kg per capita
Electric power: 18,500,000 kW capacity (1980); 64.809 billion kWh produced (1980), 4,570 kWh per capita
Exports: $63.6 billion (f.o.b., 1979); foodstuffs, machinery, chemicals, petroleum products, natural gas, textiles
Imports: $67.2 billion (c.i.f., 1979); machinery, transportation equipment, crude petroleum, foodstuffs, chemicals, raw
cotton, base metals and ores, pulp
Major trade partners: (1979) 64.3% EC, 27.3% West Germany, 13.9% Belgium-Luxembourg, 8.9% France, 8.0% UK
Aid: donor—bilateral economic aid committed, $6,555 million (1970-78)
Budget: (1982 proj.) revenues $135.1 billion, expenditures $151.0 billion, at exchange rate of 2.50 guilders=$1 (December 1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 1.9881 guilders=US$1, average 1980 est.
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,046 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 2,880 km government owned (NS), 1,759 km electrified, 1,588 km double track; 166 km privately owned
Highways: 107,300 km total; 90,600 km paved (including 2,106 km of limited access, divided highways); 16,700 km gravel, crushed stone
Inland waterways: 6,340 km, of which 35% is usable by craft of 900 metric ton capacity or larger
Pipelines: 418 km crude oil; 965 km refined products; 9,886 km natural gas
Ports: 8 major, 6 minor
Civil air: 95 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in and 11 leased out
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 17 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: highly developed, well maintained, and integrated; extensive system of multiconductor cables, supplemented by radio-relay links; 6.80 million telephones (48.3 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 33 FM, and 29 TV stations; 9 coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antenna
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,853,000; 3,275,000 fit for military service; 128,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $4.5 billion; about 9.5% of central government budget
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
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NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
(See reference map III)
LAND
1,020 km2; 5% arable, 95% waste, urban, or other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm, fishing 200 nm
Coastline: 364 km
PEOPLE
Population: 247,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0%
Nationality: noun—Netherlands Antillean(s); adjective—Netherlands Antillean
Ethnic divisions: racial mixture with African, Caribbean Indian, European, Latin, and oriental influences; Negroid
characteristics are dominant on Curaçao, Indian on Aruba
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic; sizable Protestant, smaller Jewish minorities
Language: Dutch official; Papiamento, a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect predominates; English widely spoken
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 83,000 (1977); 2% agriculture, 20% industry, 10% construction, 65% government and services, 3% other; unemployment 20% (1977)
Organized labor: 60%-70% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Netherlands Antilles
Type: territory within Kingdom of the Netherlands, enjoying complete domestic autonomy
Capital: Willemstad, Curaçao
Political subdivisions: four island territories—Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, and the Windward Islands — St. Eustatius,
southern part of St. Martin (northern part is French), Saba
Legal system: based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence; constitution adopted 1954
Branches: federal executive power rests nominally with Governor (appointed by the Crown), actual power exercised by eight-member Council of Ministers or cabinet presided over by Minister-President; legislative power rests with 22-member Legislative Council; independent court system under control of Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Justice (administrative functions under Minister of Justice); each island territory has island council headed by Lieutenant Governor
Government leaders: Prime Minister Domenico Felip MARTINA (leader of Movement for a New Antilles) won election on 6 July 1979; Governor Bernardito M. LEITO; in September 1981 Aruba s People's Electoral Party (MEP), led by Gilberto "Betico" Croes, pulled out of the governing coalition demanding independence; talks are being held with the Netherlands on the future status of the Antilles
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: Federal elections mandatorily held every four years, last regular held 17 June 1977 (early elections were held 6 July 1979); island council elections every 4 years, last held 25 April 1979
Political parties and leaders: political parties are indigenous to each island:
Curaçao: Movement for a New Antilles (MAN), Domenico Felip Martina; Democratic Party (DP), S. G. M. Rozendal; National People's Party-United (NVP-U) Edsel Jenerun; Frente Obrero de Liberation 30 di Mayo (FOL), Wilson "Papa" Godett; Social Democratic Party (PSD), R. J. Isa
Aruba: People's Electoral Movement (MEP), G. F. "Betico" Croes; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), L. O. Chance; Aruban People's Party (AVP), D. G. Croes Bonaire: Labor Party (POB); Democratic Party Bonaire (UPB); New Democratic Action (ADEN)
Windward Islands: Windward Islands Democratic Party (DPWI); United Federation of Antillean Workers (UFA); Windward Islands Political Movement (W1PM); and others
Voting strength: (1977 federal election) 6 seats DP, 5 seats MEP, 3 seats FOL, 3 seats NVP, 3 seats PPA, 1 seat DPWI, 1
seat UPB
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: EC (associate), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $652 million (1976), $2,680 per capita; real growth rate, -l%(est)
Agriculture: little production
Major industries: petroleum refining on Curaçao and Aruba; petroleum transshipment facilities on Curaçao, Aruba, and Bonaire; tourism on Curaçao, Aruba, and St. Martin; light manufacturing on Curaçao and Aruba
Electric power: 310,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.8 billion kWh produced (1981), 7,346 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 1977); 96% petroleum products, phosphate
Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1977); 64% crude petroleum, food, manufactures
Major trade partners: exports—46% US, 2% Canada, 1% Netherlands; imports—35% Venezuela, 11% US, 4% Netherlands (1977)
Aid: bilateral ODA and OOF commitments (1970-79), economic—Western (non-US) countries $353 million
Budget: (1977) public sector current revenues, $278 million; public sector expenditures, $306 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1.8 Netherlands Antillean florins (NAF)=US$1, official
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 950 km total; 300 km paved, 650 km gravel and earth
Ports: 4 major (Willemstad, Oranjestad, Caracasbaai, Bullennbaai); 6 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
Airfields: 7 total, all usable; 7 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate telecom facilities; extensive interisland radio-relay links; 53,000 telephones
(21.1 per 100 popl.); 11 AM, 2 FM and 5 TV stations; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 60,000; 35,000 fit for military service; about 2,600 reach military age (20) annually
Defense is responsibility of the Netherlands
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NEW CALEDONIA
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2012584The World Factbook (1982) — New Caledoniathe Central Intelligence Agency
NEW CALEDONIA
(See reference map X)
LAND
22,015 km2; 6% cultivable, 22% pasture land, 15% forests, 57% waste or other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,254 km
PEOPLE
Population: 138,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.5%
Nationality: noun—New Caledonian(s); adjective—New Caledonian
Ethnic divisions: Melanesian 42%; French 40%; remainder Vietnamese, Indonesian, Chinese, Polynesian
Religion: natives 90% Christian
Language: Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
Literacy: unknown
Labor force: size unknown; Javanese and Tonkinese laborers were imported for plantations and mines in pre-World War II period; immigrant labor now coming from Wallis Islands, New Hebrides, and French Polynesia
Organized labor: labor not organized
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Territory of New Caledonia and Dependencies
Type: French overseas territory; represented in French parliament by one deputy and one senator
Capital: Noumea
Political subdivisions: 4 islands or island group dependencies—Isle of Pines, Loyalty Islands, Huon Islands, Island
of New Caledonia
Legal system: French law
Branches: administered by High Commissioner, responsible to French Ministry for Overseas France and Governing Council; Assemblee Territoriale
Government leader: Claude CHARBONNIAUD, French High Commissioner and President of the Council of Government
Suffrage: universal
Elections: Assembly elections every five years, last in September 1977
Political parties: Rassemblement pour la Caledonie—Conservative; Union Caledonienne—eventual independence; Union Multiraciale and Palika—independence parties Voting strength (1977 election): Rassemblement pour la Caledonie, 12 seats; Union Caledonienne, 9 seats; Palika, 2 seats; 8 other parties divide up remaining 12 seats
Communists: number unknown; Union Caledonienne strongly leftist; some politically active Communists were deported during 1950s; small number of North Vietnamese
Other political parties and pressure groups: several lesser parties
Member of: EIB (associate)
ECONOMY
GNP: $569 million (1977), $4,000 per capita; -1.0% growth (1977)
Agriculture: large areas devoted to cattle grazing; major products—coffee and vegetables; 60% self-sufficient in beef;
must import grains and vegetables
Industry: mining of nickel
Electric power: 365,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.606 billion kWh produced (1981), 11,723 kWh per capita
Exports: $363.3 million (f.o.b., 1977); 95% nickel, coffee
Imports: $340 million (c.i.f., 1977); 26% mineral fuel imports, 21% machinery, transport equipment, food
Major trade partners: (1976) exports—49% France, 29% Japan, 16% US; imports— 39% France, 13% Australia, 11% rest of EC
Monetary conversion rate: 75 CFP francs=US$1 (1978/79)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,448 km total (1977); 558 km paved, 2,251 km improved earth, 2,639 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 major (Noumea), 21 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 30 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 23,000 telephones (17.0 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, and 7 TV stations; 1 earth satellite station
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NEW ZEALAND
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2013057The World Factbook (1982) — New Zealandthe Central Intelligence Agency
NEW ZEALAND
(See reference map X)
LAND
268,276 km2; 3% cultivated, 50% pasture, 10% parks and reserves, 1% urban, 16% forested, and 20% waste, water, or other; 4 principal islands, 2 minor inhabited islands, several minor uninhabited islands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 15,134 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,120,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun—New Zealander(s); adjective—New Zealand
Ethnic divisions: 87% European, 9% Maori, 2% Pacific Islanders, 2% other
Religion: 81% Christian, 1% Hindu, Confucian, and other, 18% none or unspecified
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 1,316,000 (1979); 13% agriculture, 33% manufacturing, mining, and construction, 9% transportation and communications, 24% commerce and finance, 21% administrative and professional; unemployment 4.3% (December 1978)
Organized labor: 46% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: New Zealand
Type: independent state within Commonwealth, recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Wellington
Political subdivisions: 239 territorial units (boroughs, counties, town and district councils); 657 special-purpose bodies
Legal system: based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for Maoris; constitution consists of
various documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments; legal education at Victoria, Auckland, Canterbury, and Otago Universities; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Waitangi Day, 6 February
Branches: unicameral legislature (House of Representatives, commonly called Parliament); Cabinet responsible to Parliament; three-level court system (magistrates, courts, Supreme Court, and Court of Appeal)
Government leader: Prime Minister Robert D. MULDOON
Suffrage: universal age 18 and over
Elections: held at three-year intervals or sooner if parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister; last election November
1981
Political parties and leaders: National Party (Government), Robert D. Muldoon; Labor Party (Opposition), Wallace E. Rowling; Social Credit Political League, Bruce Beetham; Communist Party of New Zealand (Marxist-Leninist; pro-Albania), Richard C. Wolfe; Socialist Unity Party (pro-Soviet), G. H. (Bill) Andersen
Voting strength (1981 election): National Party 47 seats, Labor Party 43 seats, Social Credit 2 seats
Communists: CPNZ about 300, SUP about 100
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth of Nations, DAC, ESCAP, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: NZ$13.5 billion (1978), NZ$4,350 per capita; real average annual growth (1976-78), 1.4%
Agriculture: fodder and silage crops about one-half of area planted in field crops; main products—wool, meat, dairy products; New Zealand is food surplus country; caloric intake, 3,500 calories per day per capita (1964)
Fishing: exports 26,000 metric tons valued at $50,3 million (1977); domestic 84,700 metric tons (in 1978); catch by foreign fishing vessels operating within 200-mile exclusive economic zone (established 1978), 384,000 metric tons
Major industries: food processing, textile production, machinery, transport equipment; wood and paper products
Electric power: 6,583,000 kW capacity (1980); 28.920 billion kWh produced (1980), 9.175 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.6 billion (f.o.b., 1979); principal products (trade year 1978/79)—27% meat, 13% dairy products, 17% wool
Imports: $4.5 billion (c.i.f., 1979); principal products (trade year 1978/79)—30% machinery, 20% manufactured goods, 13% minerals, 12% chemicals
Major trade partners: (trade year 1978/79) exports—14% UK, 15% Japan, 12% Australia, 16% US; imports—21% Australia, 14% UK, 13% Japan, 13% US
Aid: bilateral economic aid commitments (1970-79), $400 million
Budget: (1980/81) expenditures, NZ$8,721 million; receipts, NZ$7,154 million; deficit NZ$1,567
Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1=US$0.97 (March 1980)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
NOTE: trade data are for year ending 30 June; trade year and fiscal year do not correspond
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,716 km total (1980); all 1.067-meter gauge; 274 km double track; 113 km electrified; over 99% government owned
Highways: 92,617 km total (1977); 46,716 km paved, 45,901 km gravel or crushed stone
Inland waterways: 1,609 km; of little importance to transportation
Pipelines: natural gas, 785 km
Ports: 3 major
Civil air: about 40 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 193 total, 185 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 50 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international and domestic systems; 1.7 million telephones (55 per 100 popl.); 64 AM stations, no FM, 14 TV stations, and 129 repeaters; submarine cables extend to Australia and Fiji Islands; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 814,000; 587,000 fit for military service; 30,000 reach military age (20) annually about
Military budget: est. for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $457.0 million; about 4.9% of central government budget
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NICARAGUA
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NICARAGUA
(See reference map III)
LAND
147,900 km2; 7% arable, 7% prairie and pasture, 50% forest, 36% urban, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 1,220 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (fishing, 200 nm; continental shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 910 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,643,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun—Nicaraguan(s); adjective—Nicaraguan
Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white, 9% Negro, 5% Indian
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish (official); English and Indian-speaking minorities on Atlantic coast
Literacy: 87% of population 10 years of age and over
Labor force: 850,000 (1981 est.); 42% agriculture, 13% industry, 23% service industries, 3% construction, 14% commerce, 5% other; 25% unemployment
Organized labor: almost 39% of Nicaragua's 850,000 economically active citizens are organized; of the seven confederations, five are Sandinista or Marxist oriented; they are—the government-sponsored Sandinista Workers' Central
(CST), with over 125,000 members, including state and municipal employees; the Association of Campesino Workers (ATC), which also has 125,000 members; the General Confederation of Independent Workers (CGI-I), with approximately 15,000 members; the Workers Front, with a small membership of about 100; and the Central for Labor Action and Unity (CAUS), with about 3,000 members; the other two unions are the Nicaraguan Workers' Central (CTN), with 25,000 members, and the Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS), with 12,000 members
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Nicaragua
Type: republic
Capital: Managua
Political subdivisions: 1 national district and 16 departments
Legal system: the Sandinista-appointed Government of National Reconstruction revoked the constitution of 1974 and issued a Fundamental Statute and a Program of the Government of National Reconstruction to guide its actions until a new constitution is drafted
National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September
Branches: executive and administrative responsibility formally reside in the three-member junta of the Government of National Reconstruction; in reality, the junta shares power with, and in fact is dominated by, the nine-member Sandinista National Directorate; a 51-member quasi-legislative Council of State was established in May 1980; the country's highest judicial authority is the junta-appointed Supreme Court, comprised of six members
Government leader: Coordinator of the Junta Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra often acts as government leader on official occasions
Elections: the Sandinistas announced in August 1980 that neither national nor municipal elections would be held until 1985
Political parties and leaders: all political parties except those favoring a return to Somozaism are permitted to function; only the Liberal Party, because of its ties to the Somoza family, has been specifically banned; among the parties that have been active under the new government are the Nicaraguan Democratic Movement (Alfonso Robelo), the Social Democratic Party (Wilfredo Montalván), the Social Christian Party (Adán Fletes), and the Democratic Conservative Party (Emilio Alvarez Montalván); the Sandinistas have made major strides toward developing a grassroots party apparatus and have formalized their alliance with other leftist parties by creating the Revolutionary Patriotic Front
Communists: the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN), founded in 1944, has served as Nicaragua's Moscow-line Communist party; it is allied with the Sandinistas; the Nicaraguan Communist Party (Eli Altamirano)—formed in 1967 when it broke with the PSN, splinter Trotskyite and Maoist groups, including the Workers Front and the Movement for Popular Action—have all been viewed as opponents by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN)
Other political or pressure groups: the Superior Council of Private Enterprise (COSEP) is an umbrella group comprising 11 different chambers of associations, including such groups as the Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Industry, and the Nicaraguan Institute of Development
Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IPC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line—Naviera national del Caribe) OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $L8 billion (1980), $692 per capita; 71% private consumption, 11% government consumption, 14% domestic investment, 4% net foreign balance (1979); real growth rate 1980, -10.0%
Agriculture: main crops—cotton, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, beans, cattle; caloric intake, 2,446 calories per day per
capita (1977)
Major industries: food processing chemicals, metal products, textiles and clothing
Electric power: 385,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.35 billion kWh produced (1981), 550 kWh per capita
Exports: $450 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, coffee, chemical products, meat, sugar
Imports: $822 million (f.o.b., 1980); food and nonfood agricultural products, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, transportation equipment, machinery, construction materials, clothing, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—21% US, 23% CACM, 28% EC, 28% other; imports—31% US, 23% CACM, 17% EC, 29% other (1978)
Aid and Ex-Im Credits: economic—extensions (FY70–80) from US, $223,4 million; other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $144.6 million; military—(FY70-79) from US, $20 million
Budget: 1980 expenditures $622 million
Monetary conversion rate: 10.0 cordobas=US$1 {official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 344 km 1.067-meter gauge, government owned
Highways: 24.126 km total; 1,654 km paved, 2,711 km gravel or crushed stone, 5.427 km earth or graded earth, 14,334 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes
Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km
Ports: 1 major (Corinto), 7 minor
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 349 total, 326 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 11 with runways 1,220-2.439 m
Telecommunications: low-capacity radio-relay and wire system being replaced after war damage; connection into Central American microwave net; Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 55,800 telephones (2,2 per 100 popl.); 85 AM, 30 FM, and 6 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 573,000; 353,000 fit for military service; 3G reach military age (18) annually
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NIGER
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NIGER
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,266,510 km2; about 3% cultivated, perhaps 20% somewhat arable, remainder desert
Land boundaries: 5,745 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,833,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun—Nigerien(s) (sing. and pl.); adjective—Niger
Ethnic divisions: main Negroid groups 75% (of which, Hausa 50%, Djerma and Songhai 21%); Caucasian elements include Tuareg, Toubous, and Tamacheks; mixed group includes Fulani
Religion: 80% Muslim, remainder largely animists and a very few Christians
Language: French official; many African languages; Hausa used for trade
Literacy: about 6%
Labor force: 26,000 wage earners; bulk of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and animal husbandry
Organized labor: negligible
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Niger
Type: republic; military regime in power since April 1974
Capital: Niamey
Political subdivisions: 7 departments, 32 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1960, suspended 1974; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 18 December
Branches: executive authority exercised by Supreme Military Council (SMC) composed of army officers; Cabinet includes some civilian technocrats
Government leader: Lt. Col. Seyni KOUNTCHE, President of Supreme Military Council, Chief of State, Minister of Defense, and Minister of Interior
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: political activity banned
Political parties and leaders: political parties banned
Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.7 billion (1980), $491 per capita, annual average growth rate 1.3% (1971-81)
Agriculture: commercial—peanuts, cotton, livestock; main food crops—millet, sorghum, niebe beans, vegetables
Major industries: cement plant, brick factory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil presses, slaughterhouse, and a few other small light industries; uranium production began in 1971
Electric power: 32,800 kW capacity (1980); 78 million kWh produced (1980), 14 kWh per capita
Exports: $557.9 million (f.o.b., 1980); about 65% uranium, rest peanuts and related products, livestock, hides, skins;
exports understated because much regional trade not recorded
Imports: $801.0 million (c.i.f., 1980); fuels, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, consumer goods
Major trade partners: France (over 50%), other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC countries, US; preferential tariff to EC and franc zone countries
Budget: (1980/81) revenue $458.8 million, current expenditure $255.9 million, development expenditure $344.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 225.8 Communaute Financiere Africaine=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 8,220 km total; 2,674 km paved bituminous, 2,658 km gravel, 2,888 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: Niger River navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier from mid-December through March
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 66 total, 62 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of wire and radio-relay links concentrated in southwestern area; 8,500 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 12 AM stations, no FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 4 domestic antennas under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,255,000; 676,000 fit for military service; about 60,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1981, $15.4 million; about 3.9% of central government budget
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NIGERIA
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NIGERIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
924,630 km2; 24% arable (13% of total land area under cultivation), 35% forested, 41% desert, waste, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 4,034 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 853 km
PEOPLE
Population: 82,396,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.3%
Nationality: noun—Nigerian(s); adjective—Nigerian
Ethnic divisions: of the more than 250 tribal groups, the Hausa and Fulani of the north, the Yoruba of the south, and the Ibos of the east comprise 60% of the population; about 27,000 non-Africans
Religion: no exact figures on religious breakdown, but last census (1963) showed Nigeria to be 47% Muslim, 34% Christian, and 18% animist
Language: English official; Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo also widely used
Literacy: est. 25%
Labor force: approx. 28-32 million (1979)
Organized labor: between 800,000 and 1 million wage earners, approx. 2.4% of total labor force, belong to some 70 unions
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: federal republic since 1979
Capital: Lagos
Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by elected governors
Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; new constitution was promulgated for
restoration of civilian rule in October 1979; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October
Branches: a strong executive president, a bicameral National Assembly with a 95-seat Senate and a 449-seat House, and a separate judiciary
Government leader: President Alhaji Shehu SHAGARI
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections held every four years (last held in 1979) to elect a federal president, federal Senate, federal House of Representatives, state governors, and state legislatures
Political parties and leaders: National Party of Nigeria (NPN), led by Shehu Shagari; Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), led by Obafemi Awolowo; Nigerian People's Party (NPP), led by Nnamdi Azikiwe; Great Nigerian People's Party (GNPP), led by Waziri Ibrahim; People's Redemption Party (PRP), led by Aminu Kano
Communists: the pro-Communist underground comprises a fraction of the small Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor organization but have little influence on government
Member of: AFDB, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $92.6 billion (1980 est., current prices), $1,087 per capita; 7.8% growth rate (1980 est.)
Agriculture: main crops—peanuts, cotton, cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock; almost self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 535,435 metric tons (1979); imports $14.5 million (1974)
Major industries: mining—crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing industries—oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber, petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufacturing industries—textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics
Electric power: 1,823,000 kW capacity (1980); 5.2 billion kWh produced (1980), 66 kWh per capita
Exports: $23.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); oil (95%), cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin
Imports: $15.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US
Budget: (1980) revenues $22.1 billion, current expenditures $8.6 billion, development expenditures $16.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Naira=US$1.8297 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge
Highways: 107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous surface treatment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unimproved
Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks; additionally, Kainji Lake has several hundred miles of navigable lake routes
Pipelines: 1,918 km crude oil; 102 km natural gas; 3,000 km refined products
Ports: 5 major (Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Sapele), 10 minor
Civil air: 40 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 79 total, 75 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above average system with major expansion in progress; radio relay and cable routes; 154,200 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 6 FM, and 26 TV stations; satellite station with Atlantic and Indian Ocean antennas, domestic satellite system with 18 stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 17,450,000; 10,030,000 fit for military service; 860,000 reach military age (18) annually
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NORWAY
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NORWAY
(See reference map V)
LAND
Continental Norway, 323,750 km2 ; Svalbard, 62,160 km2 ; Jan Mayen, 373 km2 ; 3% arable, 2% meadows and pastures, 21% forested, 74% other
Land boundaries: 2,579 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413 km (excludes long fjords and numerous small islands and minor indentations which total as much as 16,093 km overall)
PEOPLE
Population: 4,113,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.3%
Nationality: noun—Norwegian(s); adjective—Norwegian
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small Lappish minority
Religion: 95% Evangelical Lutheran, 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other
Language: Norwegian, small Lapp and Finnish-speaking minorities
Literacy: 100%
Labor force: 1.9 million; 8.6% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 21.2% mining and manufacturing, 5.8% banking and financial services, 8.1% construction, 16.9% commerce, 9.2% transportation and communication, 29.3% services; 1.4% unemployed (1979 average)
Organized labor: 60% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo
Political subdivisions: 19 counties, 2 territories, 404 communes, 47 towns
Legal system: mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; constitution adopted 1814, modified 1884; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; legal education at University of Oslo; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Constitution Day, 17 May
Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Storting); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104 lower courts
Government leaders: King OLAV V; Prime Minister Kare WILLOCH
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 20
Elections: held every four years (next in 1985)
Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Jo Benkow; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian People's, Kare Kristiansen; Liberal, Odd Einar Dorum; Socialist Left, Berge Furre; Norwegian Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progressive, Carl I. Hagen Voting strength (1981 election): Labor, 37.3%; Conservative, 31.6%; Christian People's, 9.3%; Center, 6.7%; Socialist Left (Socialist Electoral Alliance, formerly antitax), 4.9%; Liberal, 3.9%; Progressive, 4.5%; Norwegian Communist, 0.3%; Red Electoral Alliance, 0.7%; Liberal People's Party (antitax), 0.6%
Communists: 2,500 est.; a number of sympathizers as indicated by the 24,618 votes cast in the 1981 election for the Norwegian Communist Party and the Red Electoral Alliance
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate member), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $55.4 billion in 1980, $13,549 per capita; 49% private consumption; 26% investment; 20% government; net foreign balance 2%; 1980 growth rate 3.6%, in constant prices; 4.8% average (1970-76)
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates; main crops—feed grains, potatoes, fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food shortages—food grains, sugar; caloric intake, 2,940 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Fishing: catch 2.5 million metric tons (1979); exports $707 million (1979)
Major industries: oil and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper products, metals, chemicals
Shortages: most raw materials with the exception of timber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite ore, dairy products and fish
Crude steel: 921,000 metric tons produced (1979), 230 kg per capita
Electric power: 20,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 83.986 billion kWh produced (1980), 20,520 kWh per capita
Exports: $18,712 million (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—oil, natural gas, metals, pulp and paper, fish products, ships,
chemicals, oil
Imports: $16,955 million (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—foodstuffs, ships, fuels, motor vehicles, iron and steel, chemical compounds, textiles
Major trade partners: 55% EC (25% UK, 14% West Germany, 6% Denmark); 15% Sweden; 6% US; 2% Eastern Bloc countries (1979)
Aid: donor, bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $1.1 billion (1970-79)
Budget: (1980) revenues $15.0 billion, expenditures $18.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 kroner = US$0.202 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 4,257 km standard gauge (1.435 m); Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,241 km (2,440 km electrified and 91 km double track); 16 km privately owned and electrified
Highways: 78,116 km total; 17,699 km concrete and bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous treated; 41,140 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
Inland waterways: 1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels maximum
Pipelines: refined products, 53 km
Ports: 9 major, 69 minor
Civil air: 51 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 103 total, 102 usable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex services; 1.73 million telephones (42.3 per 100 popl.); 40 AM, 685 FM, and 1,320 TV stations; 5 coaxial submarine cables; 6 domestic satellite
stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,002,000; 815,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach military age (20) annually Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $1.3 billion; about 8.8% of proposed central government budget
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OMAN
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OMAN
(See reference map VI)
LAND
About 212,380 km2; negligible amount forested, remainder desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,384 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,092 km
PEOPLE
Population: 948,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1%
Nationality: noun—Omani(s); adjective—Omani
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Arab with small groups of Iranians, Baluchis, and Indians
Religion: Muslim (Ibadhi and Sunni sects, few Shias)
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 10%
Labor force: 300,000; 49% are non-Omani
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Sultanate of Oman
Type: absolute monarchy; independent, with strong residual UK influence
Capital: Muscat
Political subdivisions: 1 province (Dhofar), 9 regions, and numerous districts (wilayats)
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; no constitution; ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 18 November
Government leader: Sultan Qaboos bin SAID (Al Bu Said)
Other political or pressure groups: outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $5.2 billion (1980), $5,780 per capita est.
Agriculture: based on subsistence farming (fruits, dates; cereals, cattle, camels), fishing, and trade
Major industries: petroleum discovery in 1964; production began in 1967; production 1980, 282,000 b/d; pipeline capacity, 400,000 b/d; revenue for 1980 est. at $3.2 billion
Electric power: 396,000 kW capacity (1980); 867 million kWh produced (1980), 1,467 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980) mostly petroleum; non-oil exports (mostly agricultural)
Imports: $1.9 billion (c.i.f., 1980)
Major trade partners: UK, US, other European, Gulf states, India, Australia, China, Japan
Budget: (1980) revenues $3.5 billion, current expenditures $1,964 billion, development expenditures $715 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Riyal Omani=US$2.895 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 2,816 km total; 5 km bituminous surface, 2,811 km motorable track
Pipelines: crude oil 960 km; natural gas 390 km
Ports: 1 major (Qaboos), 3 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft, including 7 leased in and 1 leased out
Airfields: 195 total, 143 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 56 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire, radio-relay, and radiocommunications stations; 13,000 telephones (0.9 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, no FM, 11 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station, 6 domestic antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 213,000; 123,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1.7 billion; 41% of central government budget
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PAKISTAN
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PAKISTAN
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
803,000 km2 (includes Pakistani part of Jammu-Kashmir); 40% arable, including 24% cultivated; 23% unsuitable for cultivation; 34% unreported, probably mostly waste; 3% forested
Land boundaries: 5,900 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 1,046 km
PEOPLE
Population: 93,106,000, excluding Junagadh, Manavadar, Gilgit, Baltistan, and the disputed area of Jammu-Kashmir, (July 1982); average annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun—Pakistani(s); adjective—Pakistani
Religion: 97% Muslim, 3% other
Language: official, Urdu; total spoken languages—7% Urdu, 64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 9% other; English is lingua franca
Literacy: 24% (1980)
Labor force: 24.45 million (1981 est.); 52% agriculture, 21% industry, 27% services.
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Type: parliamentary, federal republic; military seized power 5 July 1977 and temporarily suspended some constitutional provisions
Capital: Islāmābād
Political subdivisions: four provinces—Punjab, Sind, Baluchistan, and North-West Frontier—with the capital territory of Islamabad and certain tribal areas centrally administered; Pakistan claims that Azad Kashmir is independent pending a settlement of the dispute with India, but it is in fact under Pakistani control
Legal system: based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; President Zia's government has established Islamic Shariat courts paralleling the secular courts and has introduced Koranic punishments for criminal offenses
National holiday: Pakistan Day, 23 March
Government leader: President and Chief Martial Law Administrator Gen. Mohammad ZIA-UL-HAQ
Suffrage: universal from age 18
Elections: opposition agitation against rigging elections in March 1977 led to military coup; military promised to hold new national and provincial assembly elections in October 1977 but postponed them; in 1979 elections were postponed indefinitely
Political parties and leaders: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), pro-Bhutto wing, Mrs. Z. A. Bhutto, moderate wing, Ghulam Mustapha Jatoi; Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, Asghar Khan; National Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz Mazari (formed in 1975 by members of outlawed National Awami Party—NAP—of Abdul Wali Khan, who is de facto NDP leader); the above two are the main groups in the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD), formed in February 1981; Pakistan National Party (PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo (Baluch elements of the former NAP); Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Pakistan (JUP), Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani; Pakistan National Alliance (PNA), a disintegrating coalition of six parties including Pakistan Muslim League (PML)—Pir of Pagaro group; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Tofail Mohammed; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur Rahman
Communists: party membership very small; sympathizers estimated at several thousand
Other political or pressure groups: military remains strong political force
Member of: ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, RCD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $27.8 billion (FY81 est.), $332 per capita; average annual real growth, 5.7% (FY79-81)
Agriculture: extensive irrigation; main crops—wheat, rice, sugarcane, and cotton
Fishing: catch 304,500 metric tons (FY81 est.)
Major industries: cotton textiles, food processing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals, natural gas
Electric power: 3,920,000 kW capacity (1980); 17.64 billion kWh produced (1980), 207 kWh per capita
Exports: $2,958 million (f.o.b., FY81); primarily rice, cotton (raw and manufactured), carpets, rugs and mats, petroleum products, leather
Imports: $5,486 million (f.o.b., FY81; petroleum crude and products, sugar, machinery, tea, medicaments, chemicals, iron and steel
Major trade partners: US, UK, West Germany, Saudi Arabia, Japan, China
Budget: FY81—current expenditure, $3,213.7 million; capital expenditures, $2,669.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 9.9 rupees=US$1 (February 1973 through January 1982)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,815 km total (1981); 535 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 7,670 km broad gauge (1.676 m), 610 km narrow gauge (0.762 m); 1,022 km double track; 286 km electrified; government owned
Highways: 80,500 km total (1981); 23,500 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, 3,100 km improved earth, 30,900 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: negligible
Pipelines: 230 km crude oil; 1,600 km natural gas
Ports: 2 major, 4 minor
Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 111 total, 92 usable; 69 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 27 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 41 with runways 1,200-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international radiocommunication service over microwave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic radiocommunications poor; broadcast service good; 314,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 27 AM, no FM, 16 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE
Military manpower: males 15-49, 21,754,000; 14,795,000 fit for military service; 1,108,000 reach military age (17)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $1.77 billion; about 27% of central government budget
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PANAMA
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PANAMA
(See reference map III)
LAND
75,650 km2 (excluding Canal Zone, 1,430 km2); 24% agricultural land (9% fallow, 4% cropland, 11% pasture), 20%
exploitable forest, 56% other forests, urban, and waste
Land boundaries: 630 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (continental shelf including sovereignty over superjacent waters)
Coastline: 2,490 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,011,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun—Panamanian(s); adjective—Panamanian
Ethnic divisions: 70% mestizo, 14% Negro, 9% white, 7% Indian and other
Religion: over 90% Roman Catholic, remainder mainly Protestant
Language: Spanish; about 14% speak English as native tongue; many Panamanians bilingual
Literacy: 82% of population 10 years of age and over
Labor force: est. 625,000 (January 1982); 45% commerce, finance and services; 29% agriculture, hunting and fishing; 10% manufacturing and mining; 5% construction; 4% Canal Zone; 5% transportation and communications; 1.2% utilities; 2% other; unemployed estimated at 10-15% (January 1982); shortage of skilled labor but an oversupply of unskilled labor
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force (1978 est.)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Panama
Type: republic
Capital: Panama
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 1 intendancy
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted in 1972; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Panama; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 3 November
Branches: President and Vice President, elected by National Assembly; popularly elected unicameral legislature, National Assembly of Community (Corregimiento) Representatives; legislative powers currently exercised in the main by National Council on Legislation, but constitutional amendments, approved in October 1978, give somewhat broader role to National Assembly; presidentially appointed Supreme Court subject to Corregimiento review under new constitutional amendment
Government leaders: Aristides ROYO is constitutional President and Chief of State, but remains accountable to the National Guard General Staff
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: elections for National Assembly in August 1978, Assembly chose President and Vice President in October 1978; constitutional reforms allow Assembly to elect from its own membership representatives comprising two-thirds of the primary legislative organ, the National Council on Legislation; the remaining one-third of the Council's 56 representatives was chosen in September 1980 by direct popular elections; direct popular elections for President and Vice President and the Assembly will be held in 1984
Political parties and leaders: legislation providing for legalization of political parties, which were suspended following 1968 Torrijos coup, approved October 1978; since early 1979, all political parties and groups have been allowed to organize under new democratization program; Revolutionary Democratic Party (PRD; official government party), Gerardo González; Communist People's Party (PdP; pro-government), Ruben Dario Souza; Liberal Party (PL; opposition), Arnulfo Escalona; Christian Democratic Party (PDC; opposition), Guillermo Cóchez; Panamenista Party (PP; opposition), Arnulfo Arias
Voting strength: only two progovernment and two small opposition parties registered candidates for 1980 legislative elections; half the candidates ran as independents
Communists: 500 active and several hundred inactive members People's Party (PdP); 1,500 members and sympathizers of rival Fracción movement which split from PdP in 1974
Other political or pressure groups: National Council of Private Enterprise (CONEP); Panamanian Association of Business Executives (APEDE)
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $3,004 million (1980), 11,580 per capita; 63% private consumption, 18% government consumption, 28% gross fixed investment, -7% net foreign balance (1978); real growth (1980), 4.9%
Agriculture; main crops—bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most basic foods; 2,341 calories
per day per capita (1977)
Fishing: catch 113,768 metric tons (1978); exports $27.7 million (1977)
Major industries: food processing, metal products, construction materials, petroleum products, clothing, furniture
Electric power: 550,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.812 billion kWh produced (1980), 935 kWh per capita
Exports: $411 million (f.o.b., 1980); bananas, petroleum products, shrimp, sugar, coffee
Imports: $1,280 million (f.o.b., 1980); manufactures, transportation equipment, crude petroleum, chemicals, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports—$5% US, 11% Panama Canal Zone, 11% West Germany, 3% Italy, 11% Central America, 4% Netherlands; imports—33% US, 15% Ecuador, 6% Venezuela, 9% Colon Free Zone, 5% Japan, 3% West Germany (1978)
Aid: economic—US, authorized, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $350.6 million; other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $383.0 million; military—US (FY70-80), $12 million
Budget: (1980 est.) $1,015 million in revenues, $1,215 million in expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 1 balboa=US$1 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 192 km total; 78 km 1.524-meter gauge, 114 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 8,400 km total; 2,715 km paved, 3,170 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,515 km improved and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal
Pipelines: refined products, 96 km
Ports: 2 major (Cristobal/ Colon /Coco Solo, Balboa/ Panama City), 10 minor
Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 151 total, 150 usable; 39 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: domestic and international telecom facilities well developed; connection into Central American
microwave net; Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station; 157,000 telephones (8.4 per 100 popl.); 90 AM, 30 FM, and 13 TV stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 499,000; 344,000 fit for military service; no conscription
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PAPUA NEW GUINEA
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PAPUA NEW GUINEA
(See reference map X)
LAND
475,369 km2
Land boundaries: 966 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 5,152 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,126,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun—Papua New Guinean(s); adjective—Papua New Guinean
Ethnic divisions: predominantly Melanesian and Papuan; some Negrito, Micronesian, and Polynesian
Religion: over one-half of population nominally Christian (490,000 Catholic, 320,000 Lutheran, other Protestant sects);
remainder animist
Language: 715 indigenous languages; pidgin English in much of the country and Motu in Papua region are linguae francae; English spoken by 1% to 2% of population
Literacy: 15%; in English, 0.1%
Labor force: 1.44 million (1979); agriculture, forestry, fishing employ 85% of labor force; 200,000 (1979 est.) in
salaried employment
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Papua New Guinea
Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state
Capital: Port Moresby
Political subdivisions: 19 administrative districts (15 in New Guinea, 4 in Papua)
Legal system: based on English common law
National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September
Branches: executive—National Executive Council; legislature—House of Assembly (109 members); judiciary—court system consists of Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and various inferior courts (district courts, local courts, children's courts, wardens' courts)
Government leaders: Governor General Sir Tore LOKO-LOKO; Prime Minister Sir Julius CHAN
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: preferential-type elections for 109-member House of Assembly every five years, next held in June 1982
Political parties: Pangu Party, People's Progress Party, United Party, Papua Besena, National Party, Melanesian Alliance
Communists: no significant strength
Member of: ADB, CIPEC (associate), Commonwealth, ESCAP (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, South Pacific Commission, South Pacific Forum, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO (associate)
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.05 billion (FY79 est.), $650 per capita; real growth (1979) 3% est
Agriculture: main crops—coffee, cocoa, coconuts, timber, tea
Major industries: sawmilling and timber processing, copper mining (Bougainville)
Electric power: 425,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.275 billion kWh produced (1980), 398 kWh per capita
Exports: $960.0 million (f.o.b., 1979); copper, coconut products, coffee beans, cocoa, copra, timber
Imports: $935.5 million (c.i.f., 1979)
Major trade partners: Australia, UK, Japan
Aid: economic—Australia, $1,158 million committed (1976-81); World Bank group (1968-September 1969), $14.8 million committed; US, Ex-Im bank loans (FY70-73), $32.5 million extended
Budget: (1979) $759 million
Monetary conversion rate: Kina $1=US$1.5 (December 1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 10,940 km
Ports: 5 principal, 9 minor
Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 535 total, 433 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 41 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea telecom services are adequate and are being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio and international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend from Madang to Australia and Guam; 45,274 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 31 AM, no FM and no TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 748,000; about 413,000 fit for military service
Supply: dependent on Australia
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $33.6 million; 3.0% of central government budget
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PARAGUAY
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PARAGUAY
(See reference map IV)
LAND
406,630 km2; 2% under crops, 24% meadow and pasture, 52% forested, 22% urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 3,444 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,347,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun—Paraguayan(s); adjective—Paraguayan
Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo, 5% white and Indian
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish and Guarani
Literacy: officially estimated at 74% above age 10, but probably much lower (40%)
Labor force: 1,003,000 (1980); 52.6% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 28.2% services; 19.2% manufacturing and mining (1970); unemployment rate 3.3% (1980)
Organized labor: about 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Paraguay
Type: republic; under authoritarian rule
Capital: Asunción
Political subdivisions: 19 departments and the national capital
Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; constitution promulgated 1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education at National University of Asunción and Catholic University of Our Lady of the Assumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 14 May
Branches: President heads executive; bicameral legislature; judiciary headed by Supreme Court
Government leader: President Gen. Alfredo STROESSNER
Suffrage: universal; compulsory between ages of 18-60
Elections: President and Congress elected together every five years; last election held in February 1978
Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramón Chávez; Liberal Party, Fulvio Hugo Celauro; Febrerista Party, Alarico Quinones Cabral; Radical Liberal Party, Germán Acosta Caballero; Christian Democratic Party, Rómulo Perina
Voting strength (February 1978 general election): 90% Colorado Party, 5% Radical Liberal Party, 3% Liberal Party, Febrerista Party boycotted elections
Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est. 3,000 to 4,000 party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard core; party in exile is small and deeply divided
Other political or pressure groups: Popular Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by Epifanio Méndez, in exile; National Accord includes MoPoCo and Febrerista, Radical Liberal, and Christian Democratic Parties
Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $4.4 billion (1980, at current prices), $1,375 per capita; 6% public consumption; 82% private consumption, 30% gross domestic investment, −18% net foreign balance (1980); real growth rate 1980, 11.4%
Agriculture: main crops—oilseeds, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient
in most foods; caloric intake, 2,824 calories per day per capita (1977)
Major industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light consumer goods, cement
Electric power: 400,000 kW capacity (1981); 825 million kWh produced (1981), 258 kWh per capita
Exports: $310 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber, coffee, essential oils, tung oil
Imports: $517 million (f.o.b., 1980); fuels and lubricants, machinery and motors, motor vehicles, beverages and tobacco, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports—15% Netherlands, 6% US, 17% Argentina, 15% West Germany, 5% Japan, 7% Switzerland, 9% Brazil; imports—22% Brazil, 17% Argentina, 12% US, 7% West Germany, 8% Japan, 6% UK (1979)
Aid: economic bilateral commitments, US (FY70-80) $74 million, other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79) $176 million; military commitments (FY70-80), US $18 million
Budget: (1980 est.) $405 million in revenues, $432 million in expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 126 guaranies=US$1 (official rate, October 1979)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 970 km total; 440 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 60 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 470 km various narrow gauge (privately owned)
Highways: 13,460 km total; 1,370 km paved, 12,090 km gravel or earth
Inland waterways: 3,100 km
Ports: 1 major (Asunción), 9 minor (all river)
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 955 total, 818 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 21 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: principal center in Asuncion, fair intercity microwave net; 51,600 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 33 AM, 14 FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 775,000; 615,000 fit for military service; 40,000 reach military age (17) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $87.6 million; 16.2% of central government budget
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PERU
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PERU
(See reference map IV)
LAND
1,284,640 km2 (other estimates range as low as 1,248,380 km2); 2% cropland, 14% meadows and pastures, 55% forested, 29% urban, waste, other
Land boundaries: 6,131 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 2,414 km
PEOPLE
Population: 18,631,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Peruvian(s); adjective—Peruvian
Ethnic divisions: 46% Indian; 38% mestizo (white-Indian); 15% white; 1% Negro, Japanese, Chinese
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara
Literacy: 45% to 50%
Labor force: 5.3 million (1978); 42% agriculture, 20% services, 13% industry, 14% trade, 4% construction, 4% transportation, 1% mining, 2% other
Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1978)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Peru
Type: republic; under civilian government since July 1980
Capital: Lima
Political subdivisions: 23 departments with limited autonomy plus constitutional Province of Callao
Legal system: based on civil law system; 1979 constitution reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral legislature; legal education at the National Universities in Lima, Trujillo, Arequipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July
Branches: executive, judicial, legislative
Government leader: President Fernando BELAUNDE Terry
Suffrage: obligatory for literate citizens (defined as adult men and women and married persons over age 18) until age 60
Elections: elections for a civilian government were held on 18 May 1980, with the new government installed on 28 July 1980
Political parties and leaders: Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando Belaúnde Terry; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Fernando León de Vivero; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; United Left (IU), Alfonso Barrantes
Voting strength (1980 presidential election): 45% AP, 27% APRA, 10% PPC
Communists: pro-Soviet (PCP/S) 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 factions) 1,200
Member of: AIOEC, ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, LAFTA and Andean Pact, NAM, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $16.8 billion (1980 est.), $944 per capita; 66% private consumption, 10% public consumption, 14% gross investment; 10% net foreign balance (1979); real growth rate (1981), 3%
Agriculture: main crops—wheat, potatoes, beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane; imports—wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; caloric intake, 2,274 calories per day per capita (1977)
Fishing: catch 3.431 million metric tons (1979 prelim.); exports (meal, oil, other products) $331 million (1979)
Major industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication
Electric power: 3,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 13.2 billion kWh produced (1981), 725 kWh per capita
Exports: $3.3 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); copper, fish and fish products, copper, silver, iron, cotton, sugar, lead, zinc, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $3.8 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals
Major trade partners: exports—32% US, 8% Latin America, 15% EC, 13% Japan (1979); imports—37% US, 34% EC, 11% Latin America, 7% Japan (1979)
Budget: 1979—$2.8 billion in revenues, $3.0 billion in expenditures
Monetary conversion rate: 88.65 soles=US$1 (1980); floats against US dollar
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,192 km total; 1,775 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 46 km 0.60-meter gauge, 371 km 0.914-meter gauge
Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon River system and 208 km Lake Titicaca
Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km
Ports: 7 major, 20 minor
Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 301 total, 291 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements; new nationwide radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 7 domestic antennas; 457,000 telephones (2.7 per 100 popl.); 200 AM, 7 FM, and 63 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,363,000; 2,955,000 fit for military service; 173,000 reach military age (20) annually
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PHILIPPINES
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PHILIPPINES
(See reference map IX)
LAND
300,440 km2; 53% forested, 30% arable land, 5% permanent pasture, 12% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 0-300 nm (under an archipelago theory, waters within straight lines joining appropriate points of outermost islands are considered internal waters; waters between these baselines and the limits described in the Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898, the US-Spain Treaty of 7 November 1900, and the US-UK Treaty of 2 January 1930 are considered to be the territorial sea); fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm
Coastline: about 22,540 km
PEOPLE
Population: 51,574,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun—Filipino(s); adjective—Philippine
Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other
Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant, 4% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other
Language: Tagalog (renamed Pilipino) is the national language of the Philippine Republic; English is the language
of school instruction and government business
Literacy: about 83%
Labor force: 18.5 million (1981); 47.3% agriculture, 12.2% manufacturing, 12.2% commerce, 17.6% services, 3.5% transportation, 4.6% construction
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of the Philippines
Type: republic
Capital: Manila
Political subdivisions: 72 provinces
Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and Anglo-American law; parliamentary constitution passed 1973; constitution amended in 1981 to provide for French-style mixed presidential-parliamentary system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; martial law lifted in January 1981
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 June
Branches: new constitution provides for unicameral National Assembly, and a strong executive branch under President and Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by Supreme Court with descending authority in a three-tiered system of local, regional trial, and intermediate appellate courts
Government leader: President Ferdinand MARCOS
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Interim National Assembly serves as interim government pending regular elections scheduled for 1984
Political parties and leaders: national parties are Marcos's New Society Party (KBL), the Liberals, Nationalistas, and Laban; prominent regional parties include the Mindanao Alliance and the Pusyon Bisaya
Communists: about 5,000 armed insurgents; not recognized as legal party
Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $35.1 billion (1980), $720 per capita; 5.4% real growth, 1980
Agriculture: main crops—rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, bananas, abaca, tobacco
Fishing: catch 1.6 million metric tons (1978)
Major industries: mining, agricultural processing, textiles, steel processing,chemical products
Electric power: 4,980,000 kW capacity (1980); 18.924 billion kWh produced (1980), 382 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980); coconut products, sugar, logs and lumber, copper concentrates, bananas, garments, nickel, electrical components, gold
Imports: $7.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat
Major trade partners: (1980) exports—33% US, 33% Japan; imports—22% Japan, 26% US
Budget: (1980) revenues $5.06 billion, expenditures $6.17 billion (capital expenditures $2.21 billion), deficit $1.11 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 8.2 pesos=US$1 (September 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,510 km total (1980); 2 common-carrier systems 1.067-meter gauge totaling about 1,177 km (360 km inoperable); 19 industrial systems with 4 different gauges totaling 2,333 km; 34% government owned
Highways: 152,800 km total (1980); 20,000 km paved; 80,700 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 52,000 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels
Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
Ports: 18 major, numerous minor
Civil air: approximately 80 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 346 total, 316 usable; 62 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 519,642 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 273 AM stations, including 6 US; and 6 FM stations; 24 TV stations, including 4 US; submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, and Japan; tropospheric-scatter link to Taiwan; 1 ground satellite station; domestic satellite network under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,619,000; 8,948,000 fit for military service; about 555,000 reach military age (20)
annually
Supply: limited small arms and small arms ammunition, small patrol craft production; licensed assembly of transport aircraft; most other materiel obtained from US; naval ships and equipment from Australia, Japan, Italy, Singapore, US, and Italy; aircraft and helicopters from West Germany and US
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POLAND
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POLAND
(See reference map V)
LAND
312,354 km2; 49% arable, 14% other agricultural, 27% forested, 10% other
Land boundaries: 3,090 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (6 nm contiguous zone claimed in addition to the territorial sea; fishing 12 nm, lateral limits based on geographical coordinates)
Coastline: 491 km
PEOPLE
Population: 36,229,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.9%
Nationality: noun—Pole(s); adjective—Polish
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainians, 0.5% Belorussians, less than 0.05% Jews, 0.2% other
Religion: 95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox, Protestant, and other
Language: Polish, no significant dialects
Literacy: about 98%
Labor force: 19.3 million; 27% agriculture, 32% industry, 41% other nonagricultural (1980)
Organized labor: Solidarity Union—new independent trade union formed as result of labor disturbances in Gdańsk (fall 1980)—claims 10 million members, suspended in December 1981
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Polish People's Republic
Type: Communist state, temporarily under martial law
Capital: Warsaw
Political subdivisions: 49 provinces
Legal system: mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1952; court system parallels administrative divisions with Supreme Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at seven law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Liberation Day, 22 July
Branches: legislative, executive, judicial system dominated by parallel Communist party apparatus
Government leaders: Wojciech JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of Ministers (Premier); Henryk Jabłloński, Chairman of Council of State (President)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: parliamentary and local government every four years
Dominant political party and leader: Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR; Communist), Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary
Voting strength (1975 election): 99% voted for Communist-approved single slate
Communists: 3,091,900 party members (1980)
Other political or pressure groups: National Unity Front (FJN), including United Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD), progovernment pseudo-Catholic Pax Association and Christian Social Association, Catholic independent Znak group; powerful Roman Catholic Church
Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICES, IHO, Indochina Truce Commission, ILO, IMCO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Korea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, all specialized agencies except IMF and IBRD, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $165.0 billion in 1980 (1980 dollars), $4,638 per capita; 1980 growth rate, -2.6%
Agriculture: self-sufficient for minimum requirements; main crops—grain, sugar beets, oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock products and sugar; importer of grains; 3,200 calories per day per capita (1970)
Fishing: catch 791,000 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, and food processing
Crude steel: 19.5 million metric tons produced (1980), about 546 kg. per capita
Electric power: 26,240,000 kW capacity (1981); 113.0 million kWh produced (1981), 3,129 kWh per capita
Exports: $16,975 million (f.o.b., 1980); 48% machinery and equipment, 35% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufactures, 8% agricultural and food products, 9% light industrial products (1980)
Imports: $19,064 million (f.o.b., 1980); 35% machinery and equipment; 46% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufactures; 15% agricultural and food products; 4% light industrial products (1980)
Major trade partners: $36,039 million (1979); 56% with Communist countries, 44% with West
Monetary conversion rate: 80.0 złlotys=US$1 (January 1982)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data are reported for calendar years except for caloric intake which is reported for the consumption year, 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 27,236 km total; 24,380 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 2,856 km other gauge; 7,474 km double track; 6,868 km electrified; government owned (1980)
Highways: 305,863 km total; 65,000 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 98,000 km crushed stone, gravel; 142,863 km earth (1977)
Inland waterways: 4,035 km navigable rivers and canals (1979)
Pipelines: 3,540 km for natural gas; 1,515 km for crude oil; 322 km for refined products
Freight carried: rail—481.8 million metric tons (1980), 135.3 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway—2,146 million metric tons, 43.9 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway—23.2 million metric tons, 2.0 billion metric ton/km (1979)
Ports: 4 major (Gdańsk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Świnoujście), 12 minor (1979); principal inland waterway ports are Gliwice, Wrocłlaw, and Warsaw (1979)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,242,000; 7,388,000 fit for military service; 256,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 75.2 billion złlotys; 4.9% of total budget
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PORTUGAL
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2017611The World Factbook (1982) — Portugalthe Central Intelligence Agency
PORTUGAL
(See reference map V and VII)
LAND
Metropolitan Portugal: 94,276 km2, including the Azores and Madeira Islands; 48% arable, 6% meadow and pasture, 31% forested, 15% waste and urban, inland water, and other
Land boundaries: 1,207 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone
Coastline: 860 km; excludes Azores (708 km) and Madeira (225 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 10,056,000 (July 1982), including the Azores and Madeira Islands, average annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun—Portuguese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Portuguese
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000
Religion: 97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant sects, 2% other
Language: Portuguese
Literacy: 70%
Labor force: (1979) 4.1 million; 31% agriculture, 35% industry, 34% services; unemployment is now more than 13%
Organized labor: the Communist-dominated General Confederation of Portuguese Workers—National Intersindical (CGTP-IN) claims to represent 77% of the unionized labor force; their main competition comes from the General Workers Union (UGT) organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Portuguese Republic
Type: republic, first government under new constitution formed July 1976
Capital: Lisbon
Political subdivisions: 18 districts in mainland Portugal; Portugal's two autonomous regions, the Azores and Madeira Islands, have 4 districts (3 of them in the Azores), Macao, Portugal's remaining overseas territory, was granted broad executive and legislative autonomy in February 1976; Portugal has not officially recognized the unilateral annexation of Portuguese Timor by Indonesia
Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted April 1976 to be amended by Assembly elected in October 1980; until then, legislative assembly acts to be reviewed for constitutionality by Revolutionary Council, with the advice of a Constitutional Commission of legal experts; laws judged unconstitutional by Council must be vetoed by President; Assembly can override veto by two-thirds majority; legal education at Universities of Lisbon and Coimbra; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 25 April
Branches: executive with President and Prime Minister, with 19-member Revolutionary Council, made up of military officers, responsible for safeguarding the constitution; popularly elected Assembly of the Republic; independent judiciary
Government leaders: President Gen. António dos Santos Ramalho EANES; Prime Minister Francisco Pinto BALSEMÃO
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections for Assembly of the Republic normally to be held every four years; new Assembly, with constituent powers, elected October 1980; national election for President to be held every five years, second constitutional president elected in December 1980; local elections to be held every three years, next elections in December 1982
Political parties and leaders: the Portuguese Socialist Party (PS) is led by Mário Soares; the Social Democratic Party (PSD), formerly the Popular Democratic Party (PPD), by Francisco Pinto Balsemão; the Social Democratic Center (CDS) by Diogo Freitas do Amaral; and the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) by Alvaro Cunhal
Voting strength: (1980 parliamentary election) the Democratic Alliance (AD)—consisting primarily of the PSD and the CDS—polled over 47.0% of the vote; the Socialists—in a coalition with two smaller parties—polled 28.0% of the vote; and the Communists—in a front coalition called the United Peoples Alliance (APU)—16.9%, (1979 local elections) AD 47%, PS 27%, APU2I%
Communists: Portuguese Communist Party claims membership of 164,713 (April 1979)
Member of: Council of Europe, EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO (restricted membership), ICES, ICO, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO,
WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $22.2 billion (1980); 16% government consumption, 76% private consumption; 21% gross fixed capital formation; 4% change in stocks; —15% net exports; —3% net factor income from abroad; real growth rate 5.5% (1980)
Agriculture: generally underdeveloped; main crops—grains, potatoes, olives, grapes for wine; deficit foods—sugar, grain, meat, fish, oilseed
Fishing: landed 211,824 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine
Crude steel: 661,000 tons produced (1979), 70 kg per capita
Electric power: 4,762,700 kW capacity (1981); 19.06 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,129 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.6 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—cotton textiles, cork and cork products, canned fish, wine, timber
and timber products, resin
Imports: $9.4 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—petroleum, cotton, industrial machinery, iron and steel, chemicals
Major trade partners: 44% EC, 9% US, 21% other developed, 3% Communist, 23% LDCs
Aid: economic authorizations—US including Ex-Im, $1.2 billion (FY70-80); other Western (ODA and OOF), $396 million (1977-79); military authorizations—US, $137 million (FY70-80)
Budget: (1980) expenditures, $7.7 billion; revenues, $5.0 billion; deficit, $2.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 53.04 escudos=US$1 (1980 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,602 km total: state-owned Portuguese Railroad Co. (CP) operates 2,830 km 1.665-meter gauge (432 km electrified and 426 km double track), 760 km meter gauge (1.000 m); 12 km (1.435-meter gauge) electrified, double, nongovernment owned
Highways: 57,499 km total; 49,537 km paved (bituminous, gravel, and crushed stone), including 140 km of limited-access divided highway; 7,962 km improved earth; plus an additional 4,100 km of unimproved earth roads (motorable tracks)
Inland waterways: 820 km navigable; relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 297 metric ton cargo capacity
Pipelines: crude oil, 11 km
Ports: 7 major, 34 minor
Civil air: 36 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in and 2 leased out
Airfields (including Azores and Madeira Islands): 61 total, 60 usable; 31 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are generally adequate; 1.31 million telephones (13.2 per 100 popl.); 39 AM, 52 FM, and 42 TV stations; 4 submarine coaxial cables; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations (on mainland and Azores)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,372,000; 1,941,000 fit for military service; 91,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $761.5 million; about 11% of proposed central government budget
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QATAR
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QATAR
(See reference map VI)
LAND
About 10,360 km2; negligible amount forested; mostly desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 56 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 563 km
PEOPLE
Population: 258,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.0%
Nationality: noun—Qatari(s); adjective—Qatari
Ethnic divisions: 25% Qatari, 20% other Arab, 34% South Asian, 16% Iranian, 5% others
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic, English is commonly used as second language
Literacy: 25%
Labor force: 100,000 (1980 est.); 90% non-Qatari
GOVERNMENT
Official name: State of Qatar
Type: traditional monarchy; independence declared in 1971
Capital: Doha
Legal system: discretionary system of law controlled by the ruler, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law is significant in personal matters; a constitution was promulgated in 1970
National holiday: 3 September
Government leader: Amir Khalifa bin Hamad Al THANI
Suffrage: no specific provisions for suffrage laid down
Elections: constitution calls for elections for part of State Advisory Council, a consultative body, but none have been
held
Political parties and pressure groups: none; a few small clandestine organizations are active
Branches: Council of Ministers; appointive 30-member Advisory Council
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $5.0 billion (1979), $29,900 plus per capita
Agriculture: farming and grazing on small scale; commercial fishing increasing in importance; most food imported; rice and dates staple diet
Major industries: oil production and refining; crude oil production from onshore and offshore averaged 473,000 b/d (1980); 100% takeover was announced in October 1976 of the Qatar Petroleum Company, still negotiating with Qatar Shell about offshore fields; oil revenues accrued $4.7 billion (est.) in 1980, representing 91% of government/royal family income; major development projects include $7 million harbor at Ad Dawhah, fertilizer plant, two desalting plants, refrigerated storage for fishing, and a cement plant
Electric power: capacity 903,900 kW (1980); 2.416 billion kWh produced (1980), 10,737 kWh per capita
Exports: crude oil dominates; exports $6.2 billion (1980) of which petroleum is $5.8 billion
Imports: $1.4 billion (c.i.f., 1980)
Budget: (1980) revenue $5.2 billion, expenditure $3.0 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Qatar riyal=US$0.27 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 805 km total; 442 km bituminous; 362 km gravel; undetermined mileage of earth tracks
Pipelines: crude oil, 169 km; natural gas, 97 km
Ports: 1 major (Ad Dawhah), 1 minor
Airfields: 4 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 1 with runways, 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Telecommunications: good urban facilities; 29,000 telephones (15.4 per 100 popl.); international service through an Indian Ocean satellite station and a troposcatter link to Bahrain; 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 115,000; about 62,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1978, $157 million; 7.3% of central government budget
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REUNION
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2018522The World Factbook (1982) — Reunionthe Central Intelligence Agency
REUNION
(See reference map VII)
LAND
2,512 km2; two-thirds of island extremely rugged, consisting of volcanic mountains; 48,600 hectares (less than one-fifth of the land) under cultivation
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 201 km
PEOPLE
Population: 521,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun—Reunionese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Reunionese
Ethnic divisions: most of the population is of thoroughly intermixed ancestry of French, African, Malagasy, Chinese, Pakistani, and Indian origin
Religion: 94% Roman Catholic
Language: French (official), Creole widely used
Literacy: over 80% among younger generation
Labor force: primarily agricultural workers; high seasonal unemployment
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Department of Reunion
Type: overseas department of France; represented in French Parliament by three deputies and two senators
Capital: Saint-Denis
Legal system: French law
Branches: Reunion is administered by a Prefect appointed by the French Minister of Interior, assisted by a Secretary General and an elected 36-man General Council Government leader: Prefect Michel LEVALLOIS
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: last municipal and general council elections in 1976; parliamentary election June 1981
Political parties and leaders: Reunion Communist Party (RCP) led by Paul Verges and the Popular Movement for the
Liberation of Reunion led by Georges Sinamale; other political candidates affiliated with metropolitan French parties, which do not maintain permanent organizations on Reunion
Voting strength (Parliamentary election 1981): the French Democratic Union-Rally for the Republic coalition elected two deputies; the Socialists elected one deputy
Communists: Communist Party small, but has support among sugarcane cutters, the minuscule OCMLR, and in Le Port District
Member of: EC, WFTU
ECONOMY
Agriculture: cash crops—almost entirely sugarcane, small amounts of vanilla and perfume plants; food crops—tropical fruit and vegetables, manioc, bananas, corn, market garden produce, also some tea, tobacco, and coffee; food crop inadequate, most food needs imported
Major industries: 12 sugar processing mills, rum distilling plants, cigarette factory, 2 tea plants, fruit juice plant, canning factory, a slaughterhouse, and several small shops producing handicraft items
Electric power: 105,000 kW capacity (1980); 285 million kWh produced (1980), 577 kWh per capita
Exports: $62 million (f.o.b., 1975); 90% sugar, 4% perfume essences, 5% rum and molasses, 1% vanilla and tea (1974)
Imports: $410 million (c.i.f., 1975); manufactured goods, food, beverages, and tobacco, machinery and transportation equipment, raw materials and petroleum products
Major trade partners: France (in 1970 supplied 62% of Reunion's imports, purchased 76% of its exports); Mauritius (supplied 12% of imports)
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-78), $3,257 million
Monetary conversion rate: 4.705 French francs=US$1
Fiscal year: probably calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 1,983 km total; 1,683 km paved, 300 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized earth
Ports: 1 major (Port des Galets)
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft, leased in
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system for needs; fairly modern open-wire lines and radiocommunication stations; principal center Saint-Denis; radiocommunication to Comoros Islands, France, Madagascar, and Mauritius; 36,000 telephones (7.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and 8 FM stations; 1 TV station with 13 relay transmitters; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 144,000; 77,000 fit for military service; 7,000 reach military age (18) annually
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ROMANIA
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For works with similar titles, see Rumania.
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ROMANIA
(See reference map V)
LAND
237,503 km2; 44% arable, 19% other agriculture, 27% forested, 10% other
Land boundary: 2,969 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 225 km
PEOPLE
Population: 22,510,000 (July .1982), average annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun—Romanian(s); adjective—Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 87% Romanian, 8% Hungarian, 2% German, 3% other
Religion: 14 million Romanian Orthodox, 1 million Roman Catholic, 1 million Protestants, 60,000 Jews, 30,000 Muslims
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy: 98%-99% of total population
Labor force: 12.1 million (1979); 36% agriculture, 26% industry, 38% other nonagricultural
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Socialist Republic of Romania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Political subdivisions: 41 counties including city of Bucharest, which has administrative status equal to a county, and 46 municipalities
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that increasingly reflects Romanian traditions;
constitution adopted 1965; legal education at University of Bucharest and two other law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August
Branches: Presidency; Council of Ministers; the Grand National Assembly, under which is Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme Court; Council of State
Government leaders: Nicolae CEAUSESCU, President of the Socialist Republic, head of state; Ilie VERDET, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory
Elections: elections held every five years for Grand National Assembly deputies and local peopled councils
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Romania only functioning party, Nicolae Ceausescu, Secretary General
Voting strength (1980 election): overall participation reached 99.99%; of those registered to vote (15,631,351), 98.52% voted for party candidates
Communists: 3,044,336 (March 1981)
Member of: CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $116.5 billion in 1980 (1980 dollars), $5,244 per capita; 1980 real growth rate, 1.0%
Agriculture: net exporter; main crops—corn, wheat, oil-seed; livestock—cattle, hogs, sheep; caloric intake, 118% of requirements
Fishing: catch 140,000 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: machinery, metals, fuels, chemicals, textiles, food processing, timber processing
Shortages: iron ore, coking coal, metallurgical coke, cotton fibers, natural rubber
Crude steel: 3.2 million metric tons produced (1980), 579 kg per capita
Electric power: 16,104,000 kW capacity (1981); 68.455 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,048 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 26% machinery and equipment; 12% agricultural materials and foodstuffs; 16% manufactured consumer goods; 29% fuels, minerals, and metals; 17% other (1979)
Imports: $12.8 billion (mixture f.o.b. and c.i.f., 1980); 32% machinery and equipment; 43% fuels, minerals, metals; 7% agricultural raw materials and foodstuffs; 18% other (1979)
Major trade partners: $24.0 billion in 1980; 59% non-Communist countries, 41% Communist countries (1980)
Monetary conversion rate: 4.47 lei = US$1 (commercial), 11 lei = US$1 (tourist)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year, 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 11,113 km total; 10,509 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 559 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 2,202 km electrified, 2,280 km double track; government owned (1979)
Highways: 73,361 km total; 28,738 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 36,790 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone
and 7,833 km other (1979)
Inland waterways: 1,660 km (1979)
Pipelines: 2,735 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 5,149 km natural gas
Freight carried: rail—273.0 million metric tons, 76.0 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway—414.7 million metric tons, 11.5 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway—9.6 million metric tons, 2.1 billion metric ton/km
Ports: 4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia), 7 minor; principal inland waterway ports are Giurgiu, Turnu Severin, and Orsova (1981)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,378,000; 4,500,000 fit for military service; 141,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 10.4 billion lei; about 3.3% of total budget
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RWANDA
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RWANDA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
25,900 km2; almost all the arable land, about one-third under cultivation, about one-third pastureland
Land boundaries: 877 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,451,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun—Rwandan(s); adjective—Rwandan
Ethnic divisions: 90% Hutu, 9% Tutsi, 1% Twa (Pygmoid)
Religion: 45% Catholic, 9% Protestant, 1% Muslim, rest animist
Language: Kinyarwanda and French official; Kiswahili used in commercial centers
Literacy: 25% in French and Kinyarwanda
Labor force: approximately 5% in cash economy
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Rwanda
Type: republic, presidential system in which military leaders hold key offices; new constitution adopted 17 December 1978
Capital: Kigali
Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdivided into 143 communes
Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July
Branches: executive (President, 16-member Cabinet); legislative (National Development Council); judiciary (4 senior courts, magistrates)
Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvénal HABYARIMANA, President and Head of State
Suffrage: universal
Elections: national elections including constitutional referendum and presidential plebiscite held December 1978; National Development Council elected in December 1981
Political parties and leaders: National Revolutionary Movement for Development (MRND), General Habyarimana (officially not a party—a "development movement" only)
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AFDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $1,388 million (1981), $270 per capita; real average annual growth rate (1970-77), 5.5%
Agriculture: cash crops—mainly coffee, tea, some pyrethrum; main food crops—bananas, cassava; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs
Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore), wolfram (tungsten ore), agricultural processing, and light consumer
goods
Electric power: 38,000 kW capacity (1980); 160 million kWh produced (1980), 31 kWh per capita
Exports: $115 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); mainly coffee, tea, cassiterite, wolfram, pyrethrum
Imports: $188 million (c.i.f., 1981 est.); textiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment
Major trade partners: US, Belgium, West Germany, Kenya
External debt: $170 million (1980), external debt ratio 3.8% (1980)
Budget: (1981) revenues $146.0 million; current expenditures $146.0 million, development expenditures $32.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: 92.84 Rwanda francs=US$1 (official), 1979
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 9,020 km total; 460 km paved, 2,700 km gravel and/or improved earth, remainder unimproved
Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by barges and native craft
Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio-relay system centered on Kigali; 4,600 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV stations; SYMPHONIE satellite station, INTELSAT terminal under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,151,000; 583,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $22.1 million; 14% of central government budget
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SAN MARINO
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2021023The World Factbook (1982) — San Marinothe Central Intelligence Agency
SAN MARINO
(See reference map V)
LAND
62 km2; 74% cultivated, 22% meadows and pastures, 4% built on
Land boundaries: 34 km
PEOPLE
Population: 22,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.6%
Nationality: noun—Sanmarinese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Sanmarinese
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian
Literacy: 97%
Labor force: approx. 4,300
Organized labor: General Democratic Federation of San-marinese Workers (affiliated with ICFTU) has about 1,800 members; Communist-dominated Camera del Lavoro, about 1,000 members
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of San Marino
Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.); in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy concluded a treaty guaranteeing the independence of San Marino; although legally sovereign, San Marino is vulnerable to pressure from the Italian Government
Capital: San Marino
Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided into 9 castelli: Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Dogmanano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle
Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holidays: 1 April, 1 October
Branches: the Grand and General Council is the legislative body elected by popular vote; its 60 members serve five-year terms; Council in turn elects two Captains-Regent who exercise executive power for term of six months, the Council of State whose members head government administrative departments, and the Council of Twelve, the supreme judicial body; actual executive power is wielded by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for Internal Affairs
Government leaders: since 17 July 1978 Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs and for Information, Giordano Bruno REFFI (Socialist); Secretary of State for Internal Affairs and Justice, Alvaro SELVA (Communist); Secretary
of State for Budget, Finance, and Planning, Emilio BALDO (Unitary Socialist)
Suffrage: universal (since 1960)
Elections: elections to the Grand and General Council required at least every five years; an election was held 28 May 1978
Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DCS), Gian Luigi Berti; Social Democratic Party (PSDSM), Alvaro Casali; Socialist Party (PSS), Remy Giacomini; Communist Party (PCS), Umberto Barulli; People's Democratic Party (PDP), leader unknown; Committee for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), leader unknown
Voting strength (1974 election): 39.6% DCS, 23.7% PCS, 15.4% PSDIS, 13.9% PSS, 1.9% PDP, 2.9% CDR
Communists: approx. 300 members (number of sympathizers cannot be determined); PSS, in government with Christian Democrats since March 1973, formed a government with the PCS from the end of World War II to 1957
Other political parties or pressure groups: political parties influenced by policies of their counterparts in Italy, the
two Socialist parties are not united
Member of: ICJ, International Institute for Unification of Private Law, International Relief Union, IRC, UPU, WTO
ECONOMY
Principal economic activities of San Marino are farming, livestock raising, light manufacturing, and tourism; the largest share of government revenue is derived from the sale of postage stamps throughout the world and from payments by the Italian Government in exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing tobacco, gasoline, and a few other goods; main problem is finding additional funds to finance badly needed water and electric power systems expansions
Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (average annual output about 4,400 metric tons/year) and grapes (average annual output about 700 metric tons/year); other grains, fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are also grown; livestock population numbers roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese and hides are most important livestock products
Electric power: all power is imported from Italy (1981)
Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton textile production at Serravalle, brick and tile production at Dogane, cement production at Acquaviva, Dogane, and Fiorentino, and pottery production at Borgo Maggiore; some tanned hides, paper, candy, baked goods, Moscato wine, and gold and silver souvenirs are also produced
Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism; in summer months 20,000 to 30,000 foreigners visit San Marino every day; several hotels and restaurants have been built in recent years to accommodate them; remittances from Sanmarinese abroad also represent an important net foreign inflow; commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer manufactures
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: about 104 km
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: automatic telephone system serving 6,800 telephones (32.3 per 100 popl.); no radiobroadcasting or television facilities
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
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SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
(See reference map VII)
LAND
964 km2 (Sao Tome, 855 km2 and Principe, 109 km2; including small islets of Pedras Tinhosas)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: estimated 209 km
PEOPLE
Population: 85,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.1%
Nationality: noun—Sao Tomean(s): adjective—Sao Tomean
Ethnic divisions: native Sao Tomeans, migrant Cape Verdians, Portuguese
Religion: Roman Catholic, Evangelical Protestant, Seventh Day Adventist
Language: Portuguese official
Literacy: estimated at 5%-10%
Labor force: most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; some unemployment, but labor shortages on plantations and for skilled work
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe
Type: republic established when independence received from Portugal in July 1975; constitution adopted December 1975
Capital: Sao Tome
Legal system: based on Portuguese law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July
Branches: da Costa heads the government assisted by a cabinet of ministers; elected National Popular Assembly
Government leader: President Manuel Pinto DA COSTA
Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over
Elections: da Costa reelected May 1980 by Popular Assembly; Assembly elections held March-April 1980
Political parties and leaders: Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Secretary General Manuel Pinto da Costa
Communists: no Communist party, probably a few Communist sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICCO, IDA, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $40 million (1978); per capita income $490 (1978)
Agriculture: cash crops—cocoa, copra, coconut, coffee, palm oil, bananas
Fishing: catch, 1,500 metric tons (1979 est.)
Major industries: food processing on small scale, timber
Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1980); 10 million kWh produced (1980), 120 kWh per capita
Exports: $26.6 million (f.o.b., 1979); mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee, palm oil
Imports: $15.5 million (f.o.b., 1979); food products, machinery and electrical equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: main partner, Netherlands; followed by Portugal, US, and West Germany
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $579 million; US (FY77-80), $0.6 million
Budget: (1979 est.) revenues $15.7 million, current expenditures $10.4 million, capital expenditures $9.1 million
Monetary conversion rate: 38.6 escudos=US$1 (1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Ports: 1 major (Sao Tome), 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: minimal system; 900 telephones (1.0 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station
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SAUDI ARABIA
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SAUDI ARABIA
(See reference map VI)
LAND
Estimated at about 2,331,000 km² (boundaries undefined and disputed); 1% agricultural, 1% forested, 98% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 4,537 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 2,510 km
PEOPLE
Population: 19,795,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Saudi(s); adjective—Saudi Arabian or Saudi
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian (est.)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15-25% (est.)
Labor force: about 33% (one-half foreign) of population; 44% commerce, services, and government; 28% agriculture, 21% construction, 4% industry, 3% oil and mining
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Type: monarchy
Capital: Riyadh; foreign ministry and foreign diplomatic representatives located in Jiddah
Political subdivisions: 18 amirates
Legal system: largely based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 23 September
Branches: King Khalid (Al Sa'ud, Khalid ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz) rules in consultation with royal family (especially Crown Prince Fahd), and Council of Ministers
Government leader: King and Prime Minister Khalid ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz Al SA'UD
Communists: negligible
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $115 billion (FY80 est.), $9,500 per capita; annual growth in real nonoil GNP approx. 15% (1976/80 average, nonoil)
Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-sufficient in food
Major industries: petroleum production 10.2 million b/d (1980); payments to Saudi Arabian Government, $54 billion (1979); cement production and small steel-rolling mill and oil refinery; several other light industries, including factories producing detergents, plastic products, furniture, etc.; PETROMIN, a semipublic agency associated with the Ministry of Petroleum, has recently completed a major fertilizer plant
Electric power: 10,460,800 kW capacity (1980); 27,490 billion kWh produced (1980), 2,719 kWh per capita
Exports: $110 billion (f.o.b., 1981); 99% petroleum and petroleum products
Imports: $34 billion (f.o.b., 1981); manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials, and proc-
essed food products
Major trade partners: exports—US, Western Europe, Japan; imports—US, Japan, West Germany
Budget: FY82 appropriation $88.7 billion; current expenditure $27.5 billion, project expenditure $61.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Saudi riyal= US$0.30 (1980; linked to SDR, freely convertible)
Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1980-81 Saudi fiscal year covers the period 15 May 1980 through 4 May 1981
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 575 km standard gauge (1.435 m)
Highways: 30,100 km total; 16,500 km paved, 13,600 km improved earth
Pipelines: 5,850 km crude oil; 386 km refined products; 1,570 km natural gas, includes 1,370 km of natural gas liquids
Ports: 3 major (Jidda, Ad Damman, Ras Tanura), 6 minor
Civil air: 112 major transport aircraft, including 22 leased in
Airfields: 157 total, 122 usable; 52 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 62 with runways 1,220-2,439 m, 4 with runways over 3,660 m
Telecommunications: good system exists, major expansion program nearly complete with microwave, coaxial cable, satellite systems; 200,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 1 FM, 27 TV stations, 1 submarine cable; 1 Atlantic and 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 13 domestic satellite stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,562,000; 1,464,000 fit for military service; about 93,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 April 1982, $24,640 million; about 28% of central government budget
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SENEGAL
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SENEGAL
(See reference map VII)
LAND
196,840 km²; 13% forested, 40% agricultural (12% cultivated), 47% built-up areas, waste, or other
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150 nm
Coastline: 531 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,991,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun—Senegalese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Senegalese
Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17.5% Fulani, 16.5% Serer, 9% Tukulor, 9% Dyola, 6.5% Malinke, 4.5% other African, 1% Europeans and Lebanese
Religion: 80% Muslim, 15% animist, 5% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)
Language: French official, but regular use limited to literate minority; most Senegalese speak own tribal language; use of Wolof vernacular spreading—now spoken to some degree by nearly half the population
Literacy: 10% (est.) in 14 plus age group
Labor force: 1,732,000; about 80% subsistence agricultural workers; about 170,000 wage earners
Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying membership very limited, three labor central unions, major central is CNTS, an affiliate of governing party
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Senegal
Type: republic (early in 1982, Senegal and The Gambia formed a loose confederation named Senegambia which calls for the integration of their armed forces, economies and monetary systems, and foreign policies)
Capital: Dakar
Political subdivisions: 8 regions, subdivided into 27 departments, 95 arrondissements
Legal system: based on French civil law system; constitution adopted 1960, revised 1963 and 1970; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court (which also audits the government's accounting office); legal education at University of Dakar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April
Branches: government dominated by President who is assisted by Prime Minister, appointed by President, and subject to dismissal by President or censure by National Assembly; 100-member National Assembly, elected for five years (effective 1978); President elected for five-year term (effective 1978) by universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Supreme Court, with members appointed by President
Government leaders: Abdou DIOUF, President; Habib THIAM, Prime Minister
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential and legislative elections held February 1978 for five-year term
Political parties and leaders: legal parties are Parti Socialiste (PS), moderate ruling party led by President Abdou
Diouf; Parti Démocratique Sénégalaise (PDS), progressive socialist party led by Abdoulaye Wade; Rassemblement National Démocratique (RND), left-leaning Nationalist group led by Cheikh Anta Diop; Mouvement Républicain Sénégalais (MRS), conservative group led by Boubakar Gueye; Parti Africain de l'Indépendance (PAI), Marxist-Leninist group led by Mahjemout Diop; Parti de l'Indépendance et du Travail (PIT) Marxist-Leninist group led by Amath Dansoko; Mouvement Démocratique et Populaire
(MDP), left-leaning activist group led by Mamadou Dia; Mouvement Révolutionnaire pour la Démocratie Nouvelle (MRDN)-Andé Jeuf, Maoist group led by Landing Savané; Ligue Démocratique-Mouvement pour le Parti du Travail (LD-MPT), Marxist-Leninist group led by Babacar Sane; Union pour la Démocratique Populaire (UDP), Marxist-Leninist group led by Hamedine Racine Guisse; Parti Populaire Sénégalaise (PPS), ill-defined left-leaning Nationalist group led by Oumar Wone.
Communists: small number of Communists and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: students and teachers occasionally strike
Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $2.1 billion (1980), $378 per capita; real growth -11.9% in 1980; nominal growth -3.9% in 1980
Agriculture: main crops—peanuts, millet, sorghum, manioc, rice; peanuts primary cash crop; production of food crops increasing but still insufficient for domestic requirements
Fishing: catch 359,230 metric tons (1980); exports $153.8 million (1980)
Major industries: fishing, agricultural processing plants, light manufacturing, mining
Electric power: 310,850 kW capacity (1981); 1.106 billion kWh produced (1981), 92 kWh per capita
Exports: $570.3 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); peanuts and peanut products; phosphate rock; canned fish
Imports: $1,022.2 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); food, consumer goods, machinery, transport equipment
Major trade partners: France, EC (other than France), and franc zone
Budget: (1981/82) public revenue $432.7 million, current expenditures $432.7 million, development expenditures $191.7 million
Monetary conversion rate: francs; about 211.3 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,033 km meter gauge (1.00 m); 64 km double track
Highways: 13,898 km total; 3,461 km paved, 10,437 km other
Inland waterways: 1,505 km
Ports: 1 major (Dakar), 3 minor
Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 28 total, 28 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: above average urban system; 40,200 telephones (0.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV station; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,324,000; 668,000 fit for military service; 61,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $70.7 million; about 7.4% of central government budget
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SEYCHELLES
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SEYCHELLES
(See reference map VII)
LAND
404 km2; 54% arable land, nearly all of it is under cultivation, 17% wood and forest land, 29% other (mainly reefs and other surfaces unsuited for agriculture); 40 granitic and 50 or more coralline islands
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 491 km (Mahe Island 93 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 66,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.9%
Nationality: noun—Seychellois (sing. and pl.); adjective—Seychelles
Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (admixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)
Religion: 90% Roman Catholic
Language: Creole official and most widely spoken; English, French
Literacy: 60% adult; 75% school-age children
Labor force: 15,000 in monetized sector (excluding self-employed, domestic servants, and workers on small farms); 33% public sector employment, 20% private sector employment in agriculture, 20% private sector employment in construction and catering services
Organized labor: 3 major trade unions
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Seychelles
Type: republic; member of the Commonwealth
Capital: Victoria, Mahé Island
Legal system: based on English common law, French civil law system, and customary law
National holiday: 29 June
Branches: President, Council of Ministers
Fiscal year: calendar year
Government leader: President France Albert RENE
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general elections held June 1979 gave 98% approval to René as only presidential candidate on yes/no ballot
Political parties and leaders: René, who heads the Seychelles People's Progressive Front, came to power by a military coup in June 1977. Until then he had been Prime Minister in an uneasy coalition with then President James Mancham, who headed the Seychelles Democratic Party. René banned the Seychelles Democratic Party in mid-March 1978 and announced a new constitution in March 1979 that turned the country into a one-party state
Communists: negligible, although some Cabinet Ministers espouse pro-Soviet line
Other political or pressure groups: trade unions
Member of: G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $90 million (1978 est.); $1,330 per capita; 6% growth rate (1980)
Agriculture: islands depend largely on coconut production and export of copra; cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for perfumes) are other cash crops; food crops—small quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava, sugarcane, and bananas; islands not self-sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the supply must be imported; fish is an important food source
Major industries: processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, small-scale manufacture of consumer goods, coir rope factory, tea factory, tourism
Electric power: 16,000 kW capacity (1980); 45 million kWh produced (1980), 703 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.2 million (f.o.b., 1980); cinnamon (bark and oil) and vanilla account for almost 50% of the total, copra accounts for about 40%, the remainder consists of patchouli, fish, and guano
Imports: $74.0 million (c.i.f., 1980); food, tobacco, and beverages account for about 40% of imports, manufactured goods about 25%, the remainder consists of machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, textiles
Major trade partners: exports—India, US; imports—UK, Kenya, South Africa, Burma, India, Australia
External debt: $22 million (1980); external service payment (1980), $245,000
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $110 million; US (FY70-80), $2.7 million; OPEC, ODA (1974-79), $1.2 million
Budget: (1979) revenue $42.0 million, current expenditure $35.0 million, development expenditure $15.6
Monetary conversion rate: 6.39 Seychelles rupees=US$1 (1981)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 215 km total; 145 km bituminous, 70 km crushed stone or earth
Ports: 1 small port (Victoria)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable (on Praslin Island, Astove Island, Bird Island, Mahe Island); 1 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: direct radiocommunications with adjacent island and African coastal countries; 5,970 telephones (9.6 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,000; 7,000 fit for military service
Supply: infantry-type weapons and ammunition from Tanzania, USSR, and the PRC
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SIERRA LEONE
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SIERRA LEONE
(See reference map VII)
LAND
72,261 km2; 65% arable (6% of total land area under cultivation), 27% pasture, 4% swampland, 4% forested
Land boundaries: 933 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 402 km
PEOPLE
Population: 3,535,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun—Sierra Leonean(s); adjective—Sierra Leonean
Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, rest European and Asian; 13 tribes
Religion: 70% animist, 25% Muslim, 5% Christian
Language: English official, but regular use limited to literate minority; principal vernaculars are Mende in south and Temne in north; "Krio," the language of the resettled ex-slave population of the Freetown area, is used as a lingua franca
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: about 1.5 million; most of population engages in subsistence agriculture; only small minority, some 65,000, earn wages
Organized labor: 35% of wage earners
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Sierra Leone
Type: republic under presidential regime since April 1971
Capital: Freetown
Political subdivisions: 3 provinces; divided into 12 districts with 146 chiefdoms, where paramount chief and council of elders constitute basic unit of government; plus western area, which comprises Freetown and other coastal areas of the former colony
Legal system: based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; constitution adopted April 1971; highest court of appeal is the Sierra Leone Court of Appeals; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 19 April
Branches: executive authority exercised by President; parliament consists of 104 authorized seats, 85 of which are filled by elected representatives of constituencies and 12 by Paramount Chiefs elected by fellow Paramount Chiefs in each district; President authorized to appoint up to seven members, of which two, currently, are filled by the heads of the Army and the Police; independent judiciary
Government leader: President Siaka P. STEVENS heads government composed of members of his APC political party
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: the Constitution of Sierra Leone Act, 1971, has been replaced by the Constitution of Sierra Leone, 1978, which provides for one-party rule; Dr. Siaka Stevens was named as the first Executive President under the one-party constitution; the President's tenure has been extended from five to seven years; next presidential election 1982
Political parties and leaders: All People's Congress (APC), headed by Stevens
Communists: no party, although there are a few Communists and a slightly larger number of sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, AIOEC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, 1PU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $900 million (1980), $265 per capita
Agriculture: main crops—palm kernels, coffee, cocoa, rice, yams, millet, ginger, cassava; much of cultivated land devoted to subsistence farming; food crops insufficient for domestic consumption
Fishing: catch 50,080 metric tons (1978); imports $2.7 million (1974)
Major industries: mining—diamonds, iron ore, bauxite, rutile; manufacturing—beverages, textiles, cigarettes, construction goods; 1 oil refinery
Electric power: 95,000 kW capacity (1980); 213 million kWh produced (1980), 62 kWh per capita
Exports: $230.0 million (f.o.b., 1979); diamonds, iron ore, palm kernels, cocoa, coffee
Imports: $304.2 million (f.o.b., 1979); machinery and transportation equipment, manufactured goods, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Major trade partners: UK, EC, US, Japan, Communist countries
Budget: (1980/81) revenues $229.9 million, current expenditures $221.9 million, development expenditures $73.0
million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 leone=US$0.90 (1980/81)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: about 84 km narrow gauge (1.067 m) privately owned mineral line operated by the Sierra Leone Development Company
Highways: 7,460 km total; 1,225 km bituminous, 490 km laterite (some gravel), and remainder improved earth
Inland waterways: 800 km; 600 km navigable year round
Ports: 1 major (Freetown), 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 16 total, 16 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telephone and telegraph are adequate; 16,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); INTELSAT Atlantic Ocean satellite ground station; 2 AM stations, 1 FM, and 1 TV station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 771,000; 373,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $20.2 million; about 7.4% of the central government budget
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SINGAPORE
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SINGAPORE
(See reference map IX)
LAND
618 km2; 31% built-up area, roads, railroads, and airfields, 22% agricultural, 47% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 193 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,472,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.2%
Nationality: noun—Singaporean(s), adjective—Singapore
Ethnic divisions: 76.1% Chinese, 15.0% Malay, 6.9% Indians and Pakistani, 1.8% other
Religion: majority of Chinese are Buddhists or atheists; Malays nearly all Muslim; minorities include Christians, Hindus, Sikhs, Taoists, Confucianists
Language: national language is Malay; Chinese, Malay, Tamil, and English are official languages
Literacy: 84% (1980)
Labor force: 1,093,000; 2.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 0.2% mining and quarrying, 27.2% manufacturing, 30.5% services, 4.6% construction, 23.5% commerce, 11.7% transport, storage, and communications
Organized labor: 23.1% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Singapore
Type: republic within Commonwealth since separation from Malaysia in August 1965
Capital: Singapore
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution based on preindependence State of Singapore constitution; legal education at University of Singapore; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 9 August
Branches: ceremonial President; executive power exercised by Prime Minister and Cabinet responsible to unitary legislature
Government leaders: President C. V. Devan NAIR; Prime Minister LEE Kuan Yew
Suffrage: universal over age 20; voting compulsory
Elections: normally every five years
Political parties and leaders: government—People's Action Party (PAP), Lee Kuan Yew; opposition—Barisan Sosialis (BS), Dr. Lee Siew Choh; Workers' Party (WP), J. B. Jeyaretnam; United People's Front (UPF), Harbans Singh; Singapore Democratic Party (SDP), Chiam See Tong, Communist Party illegal
Voting strength (1980 election): PAP won all 75 seats in Parliament and received 75.5% of vote; WP won seat in byelection in October 1981
Communists: 200-500; Barisan Sosialis infiltrated by Communists
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo Plan, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $10.5 billion (1980 est.), $4,340 per capita; 9.4% average annual real growth (1969-79), 10.2% (1980)
Agriculture: occupies a position of minor importance in the economy, self-sufficient in pork, poultry, and eggs, must
import much of its other food requirements; major crops—rubber, copra, fruit and vegetables
Fishing: catch 15,532 metric tons (1980), imports—80,440 metric tons (1980), exports—48,704 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: petroleum refining, oil drilling equipment, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, electronics, ship repair, entrepot trade, financial services
Electric power: 1,650,000 kW capacity (1980); 7.26 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,000 kWh per capita
Exports: $19.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 37.7% reexports; petroleum products, rubber, manufactured goods
Imports: $24.0 billion (c.i.f., 1980); 30.5% goods reexported; major retained imports — capital equipment, manufactured goods, petroleum
Major trade partners: exports—Malaysia, US, Japan, Hong Kong, Thailand, Australia, Indonesia, West Germany; imports—Japan, US, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries (1970-79), $216 million; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $302 million; military—US (FY70-80), $2 million
Budget: (FY80/81) revenues $3.1 billion, expenditures $2.9 billion, surplus $145 million; 24.8% military, 75.2% civilian
Monetary conversion rate: 2.14 Singapore dollars=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 38 km of meter gauge
Highways: 2,314 km total (1980); 2,006 km paved, 308 km crushed stone or improved earth
Ports: 3 major, 2 minor
Civil air: approx. 30 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and television broadcast coverage; 625,130 telephones (26.5 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 4 FM, and 2 TV stations; submarine cables extend to Hong Kong via Sabah, Philippines; 1 ground station to Hong Kong via Sabah, Malaysia; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 730,000; 574,000 fit for military service
Ships: 13 coastal patrol, 6 amphibious ships (1 in reserve), 2 coastal minesweepers, 6 amphibious craft, 2 service craft; delivery of 12 new 23-meter patrol craft (swift Warrior class) began 1981
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $716.5 million; about 15.6% of central government budget
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SOLOMON ISLANDS
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2023706The World Factbook (1982) — Solomon Islandsthe Central Intelligence Agency
SOLOMON ISLANDS
(See reference map X)
NOTE: This archipelagic nation, independent since 7 July 1978, includes southern Solomon Islands, primarily Guadalcanal, Malaita, San Cristobal, Santa Isabel, Choiseul. Northern Solomon Islands constitute part of Papua New Guinea.
LAND
About 29,785 km²
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: about 5,313 km
PEOPLE
Population: 245,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun—Solomon Islander(s); adjective—Solomon Islander
Ethnic divisions: 93.0% Melanesians, 4.0% Polynesians, 1.5% Micronesians, 0.8% Europeans, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% others
Religion: almost all at least nominally Christian; Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Methodist churches dominant
Literacy: 60%
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Solomon Islands
Type: independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth
Capital: Honiara on the island of Guadalcanal
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: a High Court plus Magistrates Courts, also a system of native courts throughout the islands
Branches: executive authority in Governor General; a Legislative Assembly of 38 members
Government leaders: Governor General Baddeley DEVESI, Prime Minister Solomon MAMALONI
Suffrage: universal age 21 and over
Elections: every four years, latest August 1980
Political parties and leaders: United Party, Peter Kenilorea; People's Alliance Party, Solomon Mamaloni, National Democratic Party, Bartholemew Ulufa'alu
Member of: ADB, GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, UN, UPU
ECONOMY
GDP: $71.2 million (1977), $320 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut production with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas; self-sufficient in rice
Electric power: 12,000 kW capacity (1981); 26 million kWh produced (1981), 113 kWh per capita
Exports: $41.0 million (1977); 39% copra, 27% timber, 23% fish
Imports: $32.5 million (1977); 12% energy fuels
Major trade partners: exports—EEC excluding UK 42%, Japan 29%; imports— Australia 34%, UK 14%, Japan 13% (1975)
Aid: economic commitments from Western (non-US) countries, ODA (1979), $13.3 million
Budget: (1977) $24.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Australian dollar=US$1.1532 (September 1978)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroad: none
Highways: 834 km total; 241 km sealed or all-weather
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 5 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 25 total, 23 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 1,220-2,430 m
Telecommunications: 4 AM broadcast, no FM, and no TV stations; 1,726 telephones, no TV sets; one ground satellite station
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SOMALIA
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Solomon Islands
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2024089The World Factbook (1982) — Somaliathe Central Intelligence Agency
SOMALIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
637,140 km2; 13% arable (0.3% cultivated), 32% grazing, 14% scrub and forest, 41% mainly desert, urban, or other
Land boundaries: 2,263 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm
Coastline: 3,025 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,124,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun—Somali(s); adjective—Somali
Ethnic divisions: 85% Hamitic, rest mainly Bantu; 30,000 Arabs, 3,000 Europeans, 800 Asians
Religion: almost entirely Muslim
Language: Somali (written form instituted by government in 1972); Arabic, Italian, English
Literacy: 5-10%
Labor force: 965,000 (1968 est.); very few are skilled laborers; 70% pastoral nomads, 30% agriculturists, government employees, traders, fishermen, handicraftsmen, other
Organized labor: General Federation of Somali Trade Unions, a government-controlled organization, established in 1977
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Somali Democratic Republic
Type: republic
Capital: Mogadishu
National holiday: 21 October
Political subdivisions: 16 regions, 60 districts
Organization: executive authority is exercised by the Supreme Revolutionary Council, composed of military officers and headed by President Siad
Government leader: President Maj. Gen. MOHAMED Siad Barre
Political party and leader: the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (SRSP), created on 1 July 1976, is sole legal party; Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre is general secretary of the SRSP
Communists: probably some Communist sympathizers in the government hierarchy
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, EAMA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $411.1 million (1978 est.), $187.0 per capita
Agriculture: mainly a pastoral country, raising livestock; crops—bananas, sugarcane, cotton, cereals
Major industries: a few small industries, including a sugar refinery, tuna and beef canneries, textiles, iron rod plant,
and petroleum refining
Electric power: 90,000 kW capacity (1980); 100 million kWh produced (1980), 20 kWh per capita
Exports: $137 million (f.o.b., 1980); livestock, hides, skins, and bananas
Imports: $463 million (c.i.f., 1980); textiles, cereals, transport equipment, machinery, construction materials and equipment, petroleum products; also military materiel in 1977
Major trade partners: Arab countries and Italy; $21.4 million imports from Communist countries (1975 est.)
External debt: $700 million (1980); external debt service payments, 5%
Budget: (1981) revenues $400 million, current expenditures $381 million, development expenditures $50 million
Monetary conversion rate: 6.295 Somali shillings=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 15,215 km total; 2,335 km bituminous surface, 2880 km gravel, and 10,000 km unimproved earth, crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, remainder improved or unimproved earth (est.)
Pipelines: 15 km crude oil
Ports: 3 major (Mogadishu, Berbera, Chisimaio)
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 50 total, 41 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair telephone and telegraph service; radio-relay system centered on Mogadishu connects a few towns; 6,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 1 INTELSAT ground station; 2 AM stations, no FM or TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,176,000; 634,000 fit for military service; no conscription
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SOUTH AFRICA
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Somalia
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2024444The World Factbook (1982) — South Africathe Central Intelligence Agency
SOUTH AFRICA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
1,222,480 km2 (includes enclave of Walvis Bay, 1,124 km2; Transkei, 44,000 km2, and Bophuthatswana, 38,000 km2); 12% cultivable, 2% forested, 86% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 2,044 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,881 km, including Transkei
PEOPLE
Population: 30,021,000 (July 1982), including Bophuthatswana, Transkei, and Venda, average annual growth rate 2.4%; Bophuthatswana 1,347,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4%; Transkei 2,390,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%; Venda 374,000 (July 82), average annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun—South African(s); adjective—South African
Ethnic divisions: 69.9% African, 17.8% white, 9.4% Colored, 2.9% Asian
Religion: most whites and coloreds and roughly 60% of Africans are Christian; roughly 60% of Asians are Hindu, 20% are Muslim
Language: Afrikaans and English official, Africans have many vernacular languages
Literacy: almost all white population literate; government estimates 50% of Africans literate
Labor force: 8.7 million (total of economically active, 1970); 53% agriculture, 8% manufacturing, 7% mining, 5% commerce, 27% miscellaneous services
Organized labor: about 7% of total labor force is unionized (mostly white workers); relatively small African unions, representing about 1% of black labor force, have recently gained official recognition
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of South Africa
Type: republic
Capital: administrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein
Political subdivisions: 4 provinces, each headed by centrally appointed administrator; provincial councils, elected by white electorate, retain limited powers
Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; constitution enacted 1961, changing the Union of South Africa into a republic; possibility of judicial review of Acts of Parliament concerning dual official languages; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 31 May
Branches: State President as formal chief of state; Prime Minister as head of government; Cabinet responsible to the legislature; legislature elected directly by white electorate; judiciary maintains substantial independence of government
influence
Government leaders: State President Marais VILJOEN; Prime Minister Pieter W. BOTHA
Suffrage: general suffrage limited to whites over 18 (17 in Natal Province)
Elections: must be held at least every five years; last elections 30 November 1977
Political parties and leaders: National Party, P. W. Botha; Progressive Federal Party, Frederick Van Zyl Slabbert, Colin Eglin; New Republic Party, Vause Raw
Voting strength: (1977 general elections) parliamentary seats: 134 National Party, 17 Progressive Federal Party, 10 New Republic Party, 3 South Africa Party (recently absorbed into the National Party)
Communists: small Communist Party illegal since 1950; party in exile maintains headquarters in London; Dr. Yasuf Dadoo, Moses Kotane, Joe Slovo
Other political groups: (insurgent groups in exile) African National Congress (ANC), Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), Vusumzi Make
Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, UN, UPU (South Africa in process of being expelled from UPU but they have not been officially notified as yet), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $70.3 billion (1980), about $2,400 per capita; 8% real growth in 1980
Agriculture: main crops—corn, wool, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, citrus fruits; dairy products; self-sufficient in foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 658,688 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: mining, automobile assembly, metal-working, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer, fishing
Electric power: 20,600,000 kW capacity (1980); 98.7 billion kWh produced (1980), 3,439 kWh per capita
Exports: $25.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980, including gold); wool, diamonds, corn, uranium, sugar, fruit, hides, skins, metals, metallic ores, asbestos, fish products; gold output $13.0 billion (1980)
Imports: $18.4 billion (f.o.b., 1980); motor vehicles, machinery, metals, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals
Major trade partners: US, West Germany, Japan, UK
Aid: no military or economic aid
Budget: FY80—revenue $17.6 billion, current expenditures $16.1 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand=US$1.2854 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 35,434 km total (includes Namibia); 34,728 km 1.067-meter gauge of which 6,143 km are multiple track; 13,949 km electrified; 706 km 0.610-meter gauge single track
Highways: 229,090 km total; 80,296 km paved, 148,794 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth
Pipelines: 836 km crude oil; 1,748 km refined products; 322 km natural gas
Ports: 7 major (Durban, Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay, East London, and Mossel Bay)
Civil air: 79 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in, 3 leased out
Airfields: 761 total, 613 usable; 83 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 155 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and highest capacity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria; 2.66 million telephones (10.8 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 100 FM, and 40 main TV stations with 450 relay transmitters; 1 submarine cable; 1 satellite station with 1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,809,000; 3,669,000 fit for military service; 295,000 reach military age (18) annually; obligation for service in Citizen Force or Commandos begins at 18; volunteers for service in permanent force must be 17; national service obligation is two years
Military budget: for year ending 31 March 1981, $2.9 billion; 18.4% of central government budget
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SOVIET UNION
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Spain
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2024970The World Factbook (1982) — Soviet Unionthe Central Intelligence Agency
SOVIET UNION[1]
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
22,402,200 km2; 10.2% cultivated, 35.5% forest, 16.8% pasture and hay land, 37.5% other
Land boundaries: 20,619 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 46,670 km (incl. Sakhalin)
PEOPLE
Population: 269,876,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun—Soviet(s); adjective—Soviet
Ethnic divisions: 72% Slavic, 28% among some 170 ethnic groups
Religion: Russian Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, Protestant, Roman Catholic, Moslem, and Jews
Language: more than 200 languages and dialects (at least 18 with more than 1 million speakers); 76% Slavic group, 8% other Indo-European, 11% Altaic, 3% Uralian, 2% Caucasian
Literacy: 98.5% of population (ages 9-49)
Labor force: civilian 144 million (midyear 1981), 22% agriculture, 78% industry and other nonagricultural fields, unemployed not reported, shortage of skilled labor reported
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Type: Communist state
Capital: Moscow
Political subdivisions: 15 union republics, consisting of 20 autonomous republics, 6 krays, 122 oblasts, 8 autonomous oblasts, and 10 autonomous okrugs
Legal system: civil law system as modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1977; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at 18 universities and 4 law institutes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: October Revolution Day, 7 November
Branches: Council of Ministers (executive), Supreme Soviet (legislative), Supreme Court of USSR (judicial)
Government leaders: Leonid I. BREZHNEV, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet; Nikolay A. TIKHONOV, Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers
Suffrage: universal over age 18; direct, equal
Elections: to Supreme Soviet every five years; 1,500 deputies elected in 1979; 71.7% party members
Political party: Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) only party permitted
Voting strength (1979 election): 174,944,173 persons over 18; allegedly 99.99% voted
Communists: over 17 million party members
Other political or pressure groups: Komsomol, trade unions, and other organizations which facilitate Communist control
Member of: CEMA, Geneva Disarmament Conference, IAEA, IBEC, ICAC, ICAO, ICCAT, ICCO, ICES, ILB, 1LO, IMCO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INRO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, W1PO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,392.5 billion (1980, in 1980 US prices), $5,245 per capita; in 1980 percentage shares were—54% consumption, 33% investment, 13% government and other, including defense (based on 1970 GNP in rubles at adjusted factor cost); average annual growth rate of real GNP (1971-80), 3.2%, average annual growth rate (1976-80), 2.7%
Agriculture: principal food crops—grain (especially wheat), potatoes; main industrial crops—sugar, cotton, sun-flowers, and flax; degree of self-sufficiency depends on fluctuations in crop yields; calorie intake, 3,300 calories per day per capita in recent years
Fishing: catch 9.5 million metric tons (1980); exports 483,504 metric tons (1980), imports 181,938 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: diversified, highly developed capital goods industries; consumer goods industries comparatively less developed
Shortages: natural rubber, bauxite and alumina, tantalum, tin, tungsten, fluorspar, and molybdenum
Crude steel: 163 million metric ton capacity as of 1 January 1979; 149 million metric tons produced in 1981, 555 kg per capita
Electric power: 279,500,000 kW capacity (1981); 1,325.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 4,927 kWh per capita
Exports: $76,437 million (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, metals, wood, agricultural products, and a wide variety of manufactured goods (primarily capital goods)
Imports: $68,473 million (f.o.b., 1980); grain and other agricultural products, machinery and equipment, steel products (particularly large diameter pipe), consumer manufactures
Major trade partners: $144.9 billion (1979 total turnover); trade 54% with Communist countries, 33% with industrialized West, and 13% with less developed countries
Aid: economic—total extended to non-Communist LDCs (1954-80), $21.5 billion
Official monetary conversion rate: 0.649 rubles=US$1 (average 1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 141,800 km total; 139,917 km broad gauge (1.524 m); 1,833 km narrow gauge (mostly 0.750 m); 110,815 km broad gauge single track; 43,700 km electrified; does not include industrial lines (1980)
Highways: 1,346,500 km total; 373,000 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 554,000 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 419,500 km earth (1980)
Inland waterways: 142,000 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1980)
Freight carried: rail—3,728.0 million metric tons, 3,439.9 billion metric ton/km (1980); highways—24.1 billion metric
tons, 432.3 billion metric ton/km (1980); waterway—568. 1 million metric tons, 244.9 billion metric ton/km, excluding Caspian Sea (1980)
Pipelines: 70,000 km crude oil; 20,000 km refined products; 135,000 km natural gas
Ports: 53 major (most important: Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk,
Odessa, Novorossiysk, Uichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevastopol, Vladivostok, Nakhodka); over 180 selected minor; 58 major inland ports (some of the more important: Astrakhan, Baku, Gorkiy, Kazan, Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kubyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, and Kiev (1982)
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 68,359,000; 54,009,000 fit for military service; 2,101,000 reach military age (17) annually
↑ The US Government does not recognize the incorporation of the Baltic States—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—into the Soviet Union.
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SPAIN
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SPAIN
(See reference map V and VII)
LAND
505,050 km², including Canary (7,511 km²) and Balearic Islands (5,025 km²); 41% arable and land under permanent crops, 27% meadow and pasture, 22% forest, 10% urban or other
Land boundaries: 1,899 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)
Coastline: 4,964 km (includes Balearic Islands, 677 km, and Canary Islands, 1,158 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 37,940,000 (July 1982), including the Balearic and Canary Islands and Ceuta and Melilla (two towns on the
Moroccan coast); average annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun—Spaniard(s); adjective—Spanish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types
Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects
Language: Castilian Spanish spoken by great majority; but 17% speak Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque
Literacy: about 97%
Labor force (1979): 13.2 million; 19% agriculture, 27% industry, 10% construction, 41% services; unemployment now estimated at nearly 12% of labor force
Organized labor: labor unions legalized April 1977 experiencing surge in membership; probably represent 30-35% of the labor force (1979)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Spanish State
Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by new constitution of December 1978, that completed transition from authoritarian regime of the late Generalissimo Franco and confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but without the exceptional powers inherited from Franco on being proclaimed King 22 November 1975
Capital: Madrid
Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain, including the Canaries and Balearics, divided into 50 provinces which are
to be allowed to form autonomous regions—probably numbering 13—assuming numerous powers previously exercised by the central government; also five places of sovereignty (presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco; transferred administration of Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania on 26 February 1976
Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; new constitution provides for rule of law, established jury
system as well as independent constitutional court to rule on unconstitutionality of laws and to serve as court of last resort
in protecting liberties and rights granted in constitution; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 24 June
Branches: executive, with King's acts subject to counter-signature, Prime Minister (Presidente) and his ministers responsible to lower house; legislative with bicameral Cortes consisting of more powerful Congress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate (208 members) with possible addition of one to six members from each new autonomous region; judicial, independent
Government leaders: King JUAN CARLOS I (Chief of State and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces); Prime Minister (Presidente) Leopoldo CALVO SOTELO y Bustelo
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: parliamentary election 1 March 1979 for four-year term; local elections for municipal councils on 3 April 1979
Political parties and leaders: principal national parties in the 1979 elections from right to left—the conservative Democratic Coalition (CD), major rightist group, led by former ministers Manuel Fraga Iribame and José Maria de Areilza; the Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), the center-right party of Prime Minister Calvo Sotelo; the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), the major party of the democratic left, led by Secretary General Felipe González; and the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), led by Santiago Carrillo, which espouses Eurocommunism; chief regional parties—Convergence and Unity (CiU) of Jordi Pujol in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) of Carlos Garaicoechea; Basque radical coalitions Popular Unity (HB) and Basque Left (EE); and Andalusia Socialist Party (PSA) of Alejandro Rojas Marcos
Voting strength: (1979 parliamentary election in lower house) UCD 34.3%, and 168 seats (8 seats short of a majority);
PSOE 29.9%, 121 seats; PCE 10.4%, 23 seats; CD 5.8%, 9 seats; CiU 2.6%, 8 seats; PNV 1.5%, 7 seats; PSA 1.7%, 5 seats; HB 0.9%, 3 seats; and 6 others, 1 seat each
Communists: PCE claims to have over 160,000 members, but this figure is difficult to verify; the PCE's greatest strength is in labor where it dominates the country's strongest trade union, the Workers Commissions, which now claims a membership of around 1 million.
Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO), and the Anti-Fascist and Patriotic Revolutionary Front (FRAP) use terrorism to oppose the government; on the extreme right, the Guerrillas of Christ the King and the Anticommunist Apostolic Alliance (AAA) carry out vigilante attacks on ETA members and other leftists; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOO); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; Catholic Action; university students
Member of: Andean Pact (observer), ASSIMER, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; applied for full membership in the EC 28 July 1977; joined Council of Europe 18 October 1977
ECONOMY
GNP: $191.0 billion (1980); 70% private consumption, 11% government consumption, 21% gross fixed capital investment; -3% net exports; real growth rate 1.2% (1980)
Agriculture: main crops—grains, vegetables, fruits; virtually self-sufficient in good crop years
Fishing: landed 769,487 million metric tons (1980)
Major industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles
Crude steel: 12.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 310 kg per capita
Electric power: 35,503,400 kW capacity (1981); 142.723 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,780 kWh per capita
Exports: $20.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—iron and steel products, machinery, automobiles, fruits and vegetables, textiles, footwear
Imports: $34.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—fuels (25-30%), machinery, chemicals, iron and steel, vegetables, automobiles
Major trade partners: (1980) 38% EC, 10% US, 10% other developed, 3% Communist, 39% LDCs
Aid: economic commitments—US, $1.7 billion including Ex-Im (FY70-80); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79); military authorizations—US, $939.0 million (FY70-80)
Budget: (1980 central government) revenues $25 billion, expenditures $29 billion, deficit $4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 79.25 pesetas=US$1 (1980 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 16,272 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 13,533 km 1.668-meter gauge, 4,921 km electrified, and 2,140 km double track; FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km, of predominantly meter gauge (1.000 m), and 441 km electrified; privately owned railways operate 918 km, of predominantly meter gauge (1.000 m), 512 km electrified and 56 km double track
Highways: 149,352 km total; 82,070 km national—2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block; the remaining 67,282 km are provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)
Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor importance as transport arteries and contribute little to economy
Pipelines: 265 km crude oil; 1,293 km refined products; 1,000 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 150 minor
Civil air: 166 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in and 3 leased out
Airfields (including Balearic and Canary Islands): 120 total, 114 usable; 59 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 22 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities; 11.1 million telephones (29.4 per 100 popl.); 180 AM, 290 FM, and 890 TV stations; 20 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 5 antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 9,068,000; 7,351,000 fit for military service; 336,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $4,271.8 million; 11.6% of the proposed central government budget
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SRI LANKA
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Spain
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Sudan
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2025738The World Factbook (1982) — Sri Lankathe Central Intelligence Agency
SRI LANKA
(formerly Ceylon)
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
65,500 km2; 25% cultivated; 44% forested; 31% waste, urban, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm, plus pearling in the Gulf of Mannar; 200 nm exclusive
economic zone)
Coastline: 1,340 km
PEOPLE
Population: 15,398,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun—Sri Lankan(s); adjective—Sri Lankan
Ethnic divisions: 74% Sinhalese, 18% Tamil, 7% Moor, 1% other
Religion: 69% Buddhist, 15% Hindu, 8% Christian, 8% Muslim, 0.1% other
Language: Sinhala official, Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages, Sinhala spoken by about 74% of population; Tamil spoken by about 18%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population
Literacy: 82% (1970 est.)
Labor force: 4 million; 17% unemployed; employed persons—53.4% agriculture, 14.8% mining and manufacturing, 12.4% trade and transport, 19.4% services and other; extensive underemployment
Organized labor: 43% of labor force, over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Type: independent state since 1948
Capital: Colombo
Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 24 administrative districts, and four categories of semiautonomous elected local governments
Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim and customary law; new constitution 7 September 1978 reinstituted a strong, independent judiciary; legal education at Sri Lanka Law College and University of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 22 May
Branches: the 1978 constitution established a strong presidential form of government under J. R. Jayewardene, who had been Prime Minister since his party's election victory in July 1977; Jayewardene will remain President until 1984, regardless of whether Parliament is dissolved and subsequent parliamentary elections are held; when Jayewardene's term in office expires, a new President will be chosen by a direct national election for a six-year term
Government leader: President J. R. JAYEWARDENE
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: national elections, ordinarily held every six years; must be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; last election held July 1977
Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Freedom Party—Sirimavo, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, president, and Sri Lanka Freedom Party—Maitwripala, Maitwripala Senanayake, president (this split in the SLFP may eventually be resolved; both sides allege to be the "official" SLFP; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Trotskyite), C. R. de Silva, president; Naya Sama Samaja Party, V. Nanayakkara, leader; Tamil United Liberation Front, A. Amirthalingam, leader; United National Party, J. R. Jayewardene; Communist Party/Moscow, K. P. Silva, general secretary; Communist Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan, general secretary; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front), M. B. Ratnayaka, president; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (People's Liberation Front), Rohana Wijeweera, leader
Voting strength (1977 election): 30% Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 51% United National Party, 3.9% Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1.8% Communist Party/Moscow, 6.5% TULF minor parties and independents accounted for remainder
Communists: approximately 107,000 voted for the Communist Party in the July 1977 general election; Communist Party/Moscow approximately 5,000 members (1975), Communist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970 est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent revolutionary groups; labor unions
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, UN,
UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO; is applying for membership to ASEAN
ECONOMY
GNP: $3.7 billion (1980 current prices), $254 per capita; real growth rate 5.5% (1980)
Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about 23% of GNP; main crops—rice, rubber, tea, coconuts; food shortages—wheat and sugar
Fishing: catch 157,000 metric tons (1978)
Major industries: processing of rubber, tea, and other agricultural commodities; consumer goods manufacture
Electric power: 310,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.2 billion kWh produced (1980), 65 kWh per capita
Exports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); tea, rubber, petroleum products
Imports: $2.0 billion (c.i.f., 1980); petroleum, machinery, transport equipment, sugar
Major trade partners: (1977) exports—8% Pakistan, 8% UK; imports—12.4% Saudi Arabia, 9.8% Iran
Budget: (1980 revised estimate) revenue $782 million, expenditure $1.65 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 20.95 rupees=US$1 (November 1981)
Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December (starting 1973)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,496 km total (1980); all broad gauge (1.435m); 102 km double track; no electrification; government owned
Highways: 66,176 km total (1979); 24,300 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km improved earth or unimproved earth; in addition several thousand km of tracks, mostly unmotorable
Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft
Ports: 3 major, 9 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport (including 1 leased)
Airfields: 14 total, 11 usable; 11 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international service; 75,000 (est.) telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 16 AM stations, 2 FM stations, and 1 TV station; submarine cables extend to India; 1 ground satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 3,997,000; 3,138,000 fit for military service; 178,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $38.5 million, 2% of central government current budget
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ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS
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Rwanda
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St. Lucia
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2019451The World Factbook (1982) — St. Christopher-Nevisthe Central Intelligence Agency
ST. CHRISTOPHER-NEVIS
(See reference map III)
LAND
261 km2; 40% arable, 10% pasture, 17% forest, 33% wasteland and built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 135 km
PEOPLE
Population: 52,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8%
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Nationality: noun—Kittsian(s), Nevisian(s); adjective—Kittsian, Nevisian
Religion: Church of England, other Protestant sects, Roman Catholic
Language: English
Literacy: about 88-90%
Labor force: 30,000 (1979 est.)
Organized labor: 6,700
GOVERNMENT
Official name: State of St. Christopher-Nevis
Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated State"; Anguilla formally seceded in May 1967 and reverted to British crown colony status on 19 December 1980
Capital: Basseterre
Political subdivisions: 10 districts
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial organ is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, 10-member popularly elected House of Assembly; executive, Cabinet headed by Premier
Government leaders: Premier Kennedy A. SIMMONDS; Governor Clement A. ARRINDELL
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: at least every five years; most recent 18 February 1980
Political parties and leaders: St. Christopher-Nevis Labor Party (SKLP), Lee Moore; People's Action Movement (PAM), Kennedy Simmonds; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Simeon Daniel
Voting strength (February 1980 election): SKLP won 4 seats in the House of Assembly, PAM won 3, NRP won 2
Communists: none known
Member of: CARICOM, ISO
ECONOMY
GDP: $33 million (1980 est.), $672 per capita; 3.3% real growth in 1980
Agriculture: main crops—sugar on St. Christopher, cotton on Nevis
Major industries: sugar processing, tourism
Electric power: 12,000 kW capacity (1981); 30 million kWh produced (1981), 603 kWh per capita
Exports: $20 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); sugar
Imports: $43 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); foodstuffs, manufactures, fuel
Major trade partners: exports—50% US, 35% UK; imports—21% UK, 17% Japan, 11% US (1973)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (1970-79) from Western (non-US) countries, $14.6 million; no military aid
Budget: (1980 prelim.) revenues, $20 million; expenditures, $24 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 57 km, narrow gauge (0.760 m) on St. Christopher for sugarcane
Highways: 300 km total; 125 km paved, 125 km otherwise improved, 50 km unimproved earth
Ports: 2 minor (1 on each island)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radio connections and international link via Antigua and St. Martin; about 2,400 telephones (5.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and 5 TV stations
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ST. LUCIA
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St. Christopher-Nevis
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencySt. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
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2020110The World Factbook (1982) — St. Luciathe Central Intelligence Agency
ST. LUCIA
(See reference map III)
LAND
616 km2; 50% arable, 3% pasture, 19% forest, 5% unused but potentially productive, 23% wasteland and built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 158 km
PEOPLE
Population: 119,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun—St. Lucian(s); adjective—St. Lucian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent
Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
Language: English, French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 45,000 (1979); 40% agriculture; 13% unemployment (1979)
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: St. Lucia
Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 22 February 1979, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Castries
Political subdivisions: 16 parishes
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Branches: legislative, bicameral; executive, Cabinet headed by Prime Minister
Government leaders: on 16 January 1982 the government of Prime Minister Winston Cenac resigned; an Interim Prime Minister, Michael PILGRAM, was sworn in
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage
Elections: every five-years; most recent 2 July 1979; general elections will be held within 90 days of the dissolution of Parliament, which occurred on 6 February 1982
Political parties and leaders: United Worker's Party (UWP), John Compton; St. Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Winston Cenac; Progressive Labor Party (PLP), George Odium (Michael Pilgram's party)
Voting strength (1979 election): SLP won 12 of the 17 elected seats in House of Assembly; UWP won 5 seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: CARICOM, OAS
ECONOMY
GDP: $113 million (1980 est.), $913 per capita; no real growth (1979)
Agriculture: main crops—bananas, coconut, sugar, cocoa, spices
Major industries: tourism, lime processing
Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods
Electric power: 7,000 kW capacity (1981); 30 million kWh produced (1981), 240 kWh per capita
Exports: $26 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); bananas, cocoa
Imports: $115 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, petroleum products
Major trade partners: 51% UK, 9% Canada, 17% US (1970)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments, ODA and OOF, (1970-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $31 million; no military aid
Budget: (1980/81 est.) revenues, $35 million; expenditures, $42 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 760 km total; 500 km paved; 260 km otherwise improved
Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system with 7,200 telephones (6.2 per 100 popl.); direct radio-relay link with Martinique; interisland troposcatter links to Barbados and Antigua; 3 AM stations, 1 TV station
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ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
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St. Lucia
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San Marino
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2020373The World Factbook (1982) — St. Vincent and the Grenadinesthe Central Intelligence Agency
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
(See reference map III)
LAND
389 km2 (including northern Grenadines); 50% arable, 3% pasture, 44% forest, 3% wasteland and built on
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 84 km
PEOPLE
Population: 121,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.9%
Nationality: noun—St. Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives—St. Vincentian or Vincentian
Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent; remainder mixed with some white and East Indian and Carib Indian
Religion: Church of England, Methodist, Roman Catholic
Language: English, some French patois
Literacy: about 80%
Labor force: 61,000 (1979 est.); about 20% unemployed (1978)
Organized labor: 10% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 27 October 1979
Capital: Kingstown
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands
Government leaders: Prime Minister R. Milton CATO; Governor General (UK) Sir Sydney GUNN-MUNRO
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (18 years old and over)
Elections: every five years; most recent 5 December 1979
Political parties and leaders: People's Political Party (PPP), Ebenezer Joshua; St. Vincent Labor Party (LP), R. Milton Cato; People's Democratic Party, Parnell Campbell and Kenneth John; United People's Movement (UPM), Ralph Gonsalves and Renwick Rose; Progressive Democratic Party (PDP), Randolph Russell; New Democratic Party (NDP), James "Son" Mitchell
Voting strength (1979 election): LP 11 seats, NDP 2 seats in the legislature
Member of: CARICOM
ECONOMY
GNP: $47 million (1980 est.), $440 per capita; 1% real economic growth in 1980
Agriculture: main crop—bananas
Major industries: food processing
Electric power: 6,500 kW capacity (1981); 20 million kWh produced (1981), 168 kWh per capita
Exports: $17 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); bananas, arrowroot, copra
Imports: $57 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and
fuels
Major trade partners: exports—61% UK, 30% CARICOM, 9% US; imports—29% CARICOM, 28% UK, 9% Canada, 9% US (1972)
Aid: economic—bilateral economic commitments, ODA and OOF (1970-79), from Western (non-US) countries, $23.0 million; no military aid
Budget: (1980/81 est.) revenues, $18 million; expenditures, $29 million
Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 600 km total; 300 km paved; 150 km otherwise improved; 150 km unimproved earth
Ports: 1 major (Kingstown), 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: islandwide fully automatic telephone system with 5,300 sets (5.3 per 100 popl.); VHF/UHF interisland links to Barbados and the Grenadines; 2 AM stations
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SUDAN
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Sri Lanka
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2026104The World Factbook (1982) — Sudanthe Central Intelligence Agency
SUDAN
(See reference map VII)
LAND
2,504,530 km2; 37% arable (3% cultivated), 15% grazing, 33% desert, waste, or urban, 15% forest
Land boundaries: 7,805 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 853 km
PEOPLE
Population: 19,868,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Sudanese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Sudanese
Ethnic divisions: 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 52% Negro, 2% foreigners, 1% other
Religion: 73% Sunni Muslims in north, 23% pagan, 4% Christian (mostly in south)
Language: Arabic, Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process
Literacy: 20%
Labor force: 8.6 million (1979); roughly 78% agriculture, 10% industry, 12% services; labor shortages for almost all categories of employment coexist with urban unemployment
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Democratic Republic of the Sudan
Type: republic under military control since coup in May 1969
Capital: Khartoum
Political subdivisions: 5 regions; regional governments were recently granted additional authority
Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; some separate religious courts; permanent constitution promulgated April 1973; legal education at University of Khartoum and Khartoum extension of Cairo University at Khartoum; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January
Branches: President and Cabinet; 151-member People's Assembly; five new regional assemblies inaugurated in June 1981 for northern Sudan; plans for the division of southern Sudan are under consideration
Government leader: President Gen. Gaafar Mohamed NIMEIRI
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: elections for National People's Assembly held in December 1981-January 1982; most recent presidential election held April 1977 with Nimeiri as sole candidate
Political parties and leaders: all parliamentary political parties outlawed since May 1969; the ban on the Sudan Communist Party was not enforced until after abortive coup in July 1971; the government's mass political organization, the Sudan Socialist Union, was formed in January 1972
Other political or pressure groups: Muslim Brotherhood, formerly at odds with, the, military regime, now participates
actively in government; Ansar Muslim sect and National Unionist Party do not participate directly in government
Member of: AFDB, APC, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $5.6 billion at current prices (1979), $270 per capita at current prices
Agriculture: main crops—sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not self-sufficient in food production;
main cash crops—cotton, gum arabic, peanuts, sesame
Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles, brewery, cement, edible oils, soap, distilling, shoes, pharmaceuticals
Electric power: 310,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.2 billion kWh produced (1980), 65 kWh per capita
Exports: $594.0 million (f.o.b., FY80); cotton (56%), gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $187.3 million exports to Communist countries (FY79)
Imports: $1.3 billion (c.i.f., FY80); textiles, petroleum products, vehicles, tea, wheat
Major trade partners: UK, West Germany, Italy, India, China, France, Japan
Budget: (FY80) public revenue $2.0 billion, total expenditures $2.7 billion, including development expenditure of $660.0 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Sudanese pound=US$2.00 (official); 0.5 Sudanese pound=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,516 km total; 4,800 km 1.067-meter gauge, 716 km 1.6096-meter gauge plantation line
Highways: 20,000 km total; 1,576 km bituminous treated, 3,652 km gravel, 2,304 km improved earth; remainder unimproved earth and track
Inland waterways: 5,310 km navigable
Pipelines: refined products, 815 km
Ports: 1 major (Port Sudan)
Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 80 total, 79 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 33 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: large system by African standards, but barely adequate; consists of radio relay, cables, radio communications, and troposcatter; domestic satellite system with 14 stations; 63,400 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, no FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,544,000; 2,778,000 fit for military service; 209,000 reach military age (18) annually
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SURINAME
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Sudan
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Swaziland
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2026168The World Factbook (1982) — Surinamethe Central Intelligence Agency
SURINAME
(See reference map IV)
LAND
142,709 km2; negligible amount of arable land, meadows and pastures, 76% forest, 8% unused but potentially productive, 16% built-on area, wasteland, and other Land boundaries: 1,561 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (economic including fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 386 km
PEOPLE
Population: 356,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -1.5%
Nationality: noun—Surinamer(s); adjective—Surinamese
Ethnic divisions: 37% Hindustani (East Indian), 31% Creole (Negro and mixed), 15.3% Javanese, 10.3% Bush Negro, 2.6% Amerindian, 1.7% Chinese, 1.0% Europeans, 1.7% other and unknown
Religion: Hindu, Muslim, Roman Catholic, Moravian, other
Language: Dutch official; English widely spoken; Sranan Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki) is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population, and is lingua franca among others; Hindi; Javanese
Literacy: 80%
Labor force: 129,000; unemployment 2.6% (1978)
Organized labor: approx. 33% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Suriname
Type: military-civilian rule
Capital: Paramaribo
Political subdivisions: 9 districts before 1980 coup, each headed by District Commissioner responsible to Minister of
District Government and Decentralization except for Paramaribo, whose commissioner is responsible to Minister of Home Affairs, not functioning at present; 100 "People's Committees" installed at local level
Legal system: transitional constitution in effect
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 November
Branches: new government announced on 1 April 1982—Policy Center makes policy and decisions; Council of Ministers implements decisions; President is a ceremonial figurehead
Government leaders: Lt. Col. Daysi BOUTERSE, Army Commander and strongman; Acting President Lachmipersad Frederick RAMDAT-MISIER
Suffrage: suspended
Elections: no elections planned
Political parties and leaders: Revolutionary Front (December 1981) official party established by Lt. Col. Daysi Bouterse; regular party activity officially suspended, although some continue low-level functioning; National Party of Suriname (NPS), Henck Arron; Nationalist Republic Party (PNR), Edward Bruma (principal leftist party); Progressive Reform Party (VHP), J. Lachmon; Pendawa Lima, S. Somohardjo; Javanese Farmers' Party (KTPI), Willy Soemita; Progressive Suriname People's Party (PSV), Emile Wijntuin; Reformed Progressive Party (HPP), Pannalal Parmessar
Voting strength (1977): NPK 22 seats, Opposition United Democratic Parties Combination (VDP) 17 seats
Communists: (all small groups) Democratic Peoples Front; Communist Party of Suriname (KPS); People's Party (VP), Ruben Lie Pauw Sam; Revolutionary People's Party (RVP), Edward Narrendorp
Member of: EC (associate), ECLA, FAO, GATT, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GDP: $822 million (1978); $2,370 per capita (1979); real growth rate 4% (1978)
Agriculture: main crops—rice, sugarcane, bananas; self-sufficient in major staple (rice)
Major industries: bauxite mining, alumina and aluminum production, lumbering, food processing
Electric power: 410,000 kW capacity (1981); 1.6 billion kWh produced (1981), 3,500 kWh per capita
Exports: $514 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); alumina, bauxite, aluminum, rice, wood and wood products
Imports: $501 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); capital equipment, petroleum, iron and steel, cotton, flour, meat, dairy products
Major trade partners: exports—41% US, 33% EC, 12% other European countries; imports—31% US, 33% EC, 16% Caribbean countries (1977)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-80) from US, $1.9 million, (1970-79) from other Western countries, $945.0 million; no military aid
Budget: revenue, $273 million; expenditure, $319 million (1980 est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Suriname guilder (S. fl.)=US$0.560
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 166 km total; 86 km meter gauge (1.00 m) (government owned) and 80 km narrow gauge (industrial lines); all single track
Highways: 8,780 km total; 2,210 km paved, 1,990 km gravel, 2,400 km improved earth, 2,180 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 4,500 km; most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts ranging from 4.2 m to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways while native canoes navigate upper reaches
Ports: 1 major (Paramaribo), 6 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft, leased in
Airfields: 29 total, 28 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: international facilities good; domestic radio-relay system; 21,300 telephones (6.1 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 2 FM, and 6 TV stations; 2 Atlantic satellite stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 63,000; 40,000 fit for military service
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SWAZILAND
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Suriname
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2027837The World Factbook (1982) — Swazilandthe Central Intelligence Agency
SWAZILAND
(See reference map VII)
LAND
17,364 km2; most of area suitable for crops or pastureland
Land boundaries: 435 km
PEOPLE
Population: 589,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Swazi(s); adjective—Swazi
Ethnic divisions: 96% African, 3% European, 1% mulatto
Religion: 43% animist, 57% Christian
Language: English and siSwati are official languages; government business conducted in English
Literacy: about 25%
Labor force: 120,000; about 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; 55,000-60,000 wage earners, many only intermittently, with 31% agriculture, 11% government, 11% manufacturing, 12% mining and forestry, 35% other (1968 est.); 18,114 employed in South African mines (1978)
Organized labor: about 15% of wage earners are unionized
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Swaziland
Type: monarchy, under King Sobhuza II; independent member of Commonwealth since September 1968
Capital: Mbabane (administrative)
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts, Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; legal education at University of Botswana and Swaziland; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 6 September
Branches: constitution was repealed and Parliament dissolved by King in April 1973; new bicameral Parliament formally opened in January 1979; 80-member electoral college chose 40 members of lower house and 10 members of upper house; additional 10 members for each house chosen
by King; executive authority vested in King whose assent is required before parliamentary acts become law; King's authority exercised through Prime Minister and Cabinet who must be members of Parliament; judiciary is part of Ministry of Justice but otherwise independent of executive and legislative branches; cases from subordinate courts can be appealed to the High Court and the Court of Appeal
Government leaders: Head of State, King SOBHUZA II; Prime Minister Prince Mabandla (Fred E.) DLAMINI
Suffrage: universal for adults
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AFDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: approximately $364.4 million (1980), about $700 per capita; annual real growth 3.4% (1973-78)
Agriculture: main crops—maize, cotton, rice, sugar, and citrus fruits
Major industry: mining
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1980); 142 million kWh produced (1980), 251 kWh per capita
Exports: $226.7 million (f.o.b., 1979); sugar, asbestos, wood and forest products, citrus, meat products, cotton, iron
ore
Imports: $294.8 million (f.o.b., 1979); motor vehicles, petroleum products, foodstuffs, and clothing
Major trade partners: South Africa, UK, US
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $165.0 million; US (FY70-80), $42.4 million
Budget: 1980/81—revenue $190.0 million, current expenditure $97.1 million, development expenditure $78.2 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Lilangeni=US$1.20 (1979)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 292 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track
Highways: 2,853 km total; 510 km paved, 1,230 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil, and 1,113 km improved earth
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 28 total, 26 usable; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines and low capacity radio-relay links; 10,700 telephones (2.0 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 125,000; 73,000 fit for military service
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SWEDEN
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SWEDEN
(See reference map V)
LAND
448,070 km²; 7% arable, 2% meadows and pastures, 55% forested, 36% other
Land boundaries: 2,196 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,218 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,331,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun—Swede(s); adjective—Swedish
Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; est. 12% foreign born or first generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks)
Religion: 93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other
Language: Swedish, small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native languages
Literacy: 99%
Labor force: 4.2 million; 5.8% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 24.9% mining and manufacturing; 6.8% construction; 13.8% commerce; 6.9% communications; 34.5% services including government; 6.4% banking and business services; 1.9% unemployed (average 1980)
Organized labor: 80% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Sweden
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Stockholm
Political subdivisions: 24 counties, 278 municipalities (townships)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; a new constitution was adopted in 1975 replacing the Acts of 1809, 1866, and 1949; legal education at Universities of Lund, Stockholm, and Uppsala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: no national holiday; King's birthday, 30 April, celebrated as such by Swedish embassies
Branches: legislative authority rests with unicameral parliament (Riksdag); executive power vested in Cabinet, responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts, 108 lower courts
Government leaders: Chief of State, King CARL XVI Gustaf; Head of Government, Prime Minister Thorbjörn FÄLLDIN
Suffrage: universal, but not compulsory, over age 18; after three years of legal residence immigrants may vote in county and municipal, but not in national elections
Elections: every three years (next in September 1982)
Political parties and leaders: Moderate Coalition (conservative), Ulf Adelsohn; Center, Thorbjörn Fälldin; People's Party (Liberal), Ola Ullsten; Social Democratic, Olof Palme; Left Party-Communist, Lars Werner; Swedish Communist Party, Roland Pettersson; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf Hagel
Voting strength (1979 election): 43.2% Social Democratic, 20.3% Moderate Coalition, 18.1% Center, 10.6% Liberal,
5.6% Communist, 2.1% other
Communists: 17,000; a number of sympathizers as indicated by the 327,079 votes cast for the three largest Communist parties in 1979 elections; an additional 17,274 votes cast for Maoist KPML-R
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $121.5 billion, $14,627 per capita (1980); 52.2% private consumption, 20.3% investment, 29.5% government consumption; −1.2% inventory change; −0.7% net exports of goods and services; 1980 growth rate 1.4% in constant prices
Agriculture: animal husbandry predominates with milk and dairy products accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops—grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets; food shortages—oils and fats, tropical products; caloric intake, 2,820 calories per day per capita (1978)
Fishing: catch 230,300 metric tons (1980), exports $65 million, imports $213 million
Major industries: iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles
Shortages: coal, petroleum, textile fibers, potash, salt
Crude steel: 4.2 million metric tons produced (1980), 505 kg per capita
Electric power: 32,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 93.6 billion kWh produced (1980), 11,250 kWh per capita
Exports: $27,538 million (f.o.b., 1979); machinery, motor vehicles, wood pulp, paper products, iron and steel products,
metal ores and scrap, chemicals
Imports: $28,579 million (c.i.f., 1979); machinery, motor vehicles, petroleum and petroleum products, textile yarn and fabrics, iron and steel, chemicals, food, and live animals
Major trade partners: (1979) 50% EC, 31% other developed, 6% Communist, 13% LDCs
Aid: donor: economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $3.8 billion (1970-79)
Budget: (1980/81) revenues $36.8 billion, expenditures $49.5 billion, deficit $12.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 4.2296 kronor=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 12,518 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ)—11,179 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 6,959 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891-meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways—511 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 332 km electrified; 371 km 0.891-meter gauge electrified
Highways: classified network, 97,400 km, of which 51,899 km paved; 20,659 km gravel; 24,842 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges
Ports: 17 major, and 30 minor
Civil air: 57 major transports, including 2 leased in and 2 leased out
Airfields: 254 total, 249 usable; 133 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 87 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic and international facilities; 6.4 million telephones (77.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 330 FM, and 700 TV stations; 9 submarine coaxial cables, 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, another planned
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,034,000; 1,806,000 fit for military service; 62,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $4.1 billion; about 8% of central government budget
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SWITZERLAND
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SWITZERLAND
(See reference map V)
LAND
41,440 km2; 10% arable, 43% meadows and pastures, 20% waste or urban, 24% forested, 3% inland water
Land boundaries: 1,884 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,407,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate −0.3%
Nationality: noun—Swiss (sing. & pl.); adjective—Swiss
Ethnic divisions: total population—69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; Swiss nationals—74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Religion: 53% Protestant, 46% Roman Catholic
Language: Swiss nationals—74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other; total population—69% German, 19% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 2.6 million, about one-tenth foreign workers, mostly Italian; 16% agriculture and forestry, 47% industry and crafts, 20% trade and transportation, 5% professions, 2% in public service, 10% domestic and other; approximately 0.2% unemployed in September 1980
Organized labor: 20% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Swiss Confederation
Type: federal republic
Capital: Bern
Political subdivisions: 23 cantons (3 divided into half cantons)
Legal system: civil law system influenced by customary law; constitution adopted 1874, amended since; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; legal education at Universities of Bern, Geneva, and Lausanne, and four other university schools of law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 1 August
Branches: bicameral parliament has legislative authority; federal council (Bundesrat) has executive authority; justice
left chiefly to cantons
Government leader: Fritz HONEGGER, President (1982, rotates annually)
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: held every four years; next elections 1983
Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmut Hubacher, president; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Yann Richter, president; Christian Democratic Peopled Party (CVP), Hans Wyer, president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Fritz Hofmann, chairman; Communist Party (PdA), Armand Magnin, chairman; National Action Party (N.A.), Hans Zwicky, chairman
Voting strength (1979 election): 25.5% FDP, 25.5% SPS, 22.0% CVP, 11.5% SVP, 4.0% LdU, 4.0% LPS, 1.5% PdA, 1.5% EVP, 4.5% others
Communists: about 5,000 members
Other parties: Landesring (LdU); Republican Movement (Rep); Liberal Party (LPS); Evangelical Peopled Party (EVP); Maoist Party (POSH/PSA)
Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, OECD, UN (permanent observer), UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $90.31 billion (1980), $14,270 per capita; 61% consumption, 26% investment, 13% government, −0.9% net foreign balance; real growth rate 0.4% (1980)
Agriculture: dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages — fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat; caloric intake, 3,190 calories per day per capita (1969-70)
Major industries: machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments
Shortages: practically all important raw materials except hydroelectric energy
Electric power: 15,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 48.162 billion kWh produced (1980), 7,610 kWh per capita
Exports: $29.27 billion (f.o.b., 1980); principal items—machinery and equipment, chemicals, precision instruments, metal products, textiles, foodstuffs
Imports: $35,174 billion (c.i.f., 1980); principal items—machinery and transportation equipment, metals and metal products, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns
Major trade partners: 60% EC, 23% other developed, 4% Communist, 12% LDCs
Aid: donor: bilateral economic aid committed (ODA and OOF), $860 million (1970-79)
Budget: receipts $8.33 billion, expenditures $8.87 billion, deficit $0.54 billion (1980)
Monetary conversion rate: US$1.00=1.96 Swiss francs (1981 average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,098 km total; 2,895 km government owned (SBB), 2,822 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 73 km narrow gauge (LOO m); 1,339 km double track, 99% electrified; 2,203 km nongovernment owned, 710 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,418 km meter-gauge (1.00 m), 75 km 0.790-meter gauge, 100% electrified
Highways: £2,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn)
Pipelines: 314 km crude oil; 1,046 km natural gas
Inland waterways: 65 km; Rhine River-Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Constanz; in addition, there are 12 navigable lakes ranging in size from Lake Geneva to Hallwilersee
Ports: 1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland)
Civil air: 83 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased out
Airfields: 80 total, 71 usable; 41 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 4.45 million telephones (70.0 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 200 FM, and 1,125 TV stations; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,656,000; 1,435,000 fit for military service; 50,000 reach military age (20) annually
Major ground units: no active combat units
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $2,018 million; 20.1% of proposed central government budget
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SYRIA
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SYRIA
(See reference map VI)
LAND
186,480 km2 (including 1,295 km 2 of Israeli-occupied territory); 48% arable, 29% grazing, 2% forest, 21% desert
Land boundaries: 2,196 km (1967) (excluding occupied area 2,156 km)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 35 nm
Coastline: 193 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,423,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.4%
Nationality: noun—Syrian(s); adjective—Syrian
Ethnic divisions: 90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and other
Religion: 74% Sunni Muslim, 16% Alawites, Druze, and other Muslim sects, 10% Christians of various sects
Language: Arabic, Kurdish, Armenian; French and English widely understood
Literacy: about 40%
Labor force: 2.2 million; 32% agriculture, 29% industry (including construction), 39% miscellaneous services; majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 5% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Syrian Arab Republic
Type: republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963
Capital: Damascus
Political subdivisions: 13 provinces and city of Damascus administered as separate unit
Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; constitution promulgated in 1973; legal education at Damascus University and University of Aleppo; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 17 April
Branches: executive powers vested in President and Council of Ministers; legislative power rests in the People's Assembly; seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syrian) Command
Government leader: President Hafiz al-ASSAD
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Assembly election November 1981; presidential election February 1978
Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the "national front" cabinet is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab
Socialist Union (ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and Syrian Communist Party (SCP)
Communists: mostly sympathizers, numbering about 5,000
Other political or pressure groups: non-Ba'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist Party ineffective; greatest threat to Assad regime lies in factionalism in the military; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISCON, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $12.9 billion (1980), $960 per capita; real GDP growth rate 9.7% (1980)
Agriculture: main crops—cotton, wheat, barley and tobacco; sheep and goat raising; self-sufficient in most foods in years of good weather
Major industries: textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco; petroleum—166,000 b/d production (1980), 220,000 b/d refining capacity
Electric power: 1,971,500 kW capacity (1980); 3.638 billion kWh produced (1980), 406 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.11 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum, textiles and textile products, tobacco, fruits and vegetables, cotton
Imports: $4.01 billion (f.o.b., 1980); machinery and metal products, textiles, fuels, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports—Italy, Romania, US, USSR; imports—Iraq, West Germany, Italy, France
Budget: 1981—revenues $3.5 billion (excluding Arab aid payments), expenditures $7.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 3.925 Syrian pounds=US$1 (official rate; a parallel market was established in April 1981 with the rate determined by the government guided by supply and demand)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,543 km total; 1,281 km standard gauge, 262 km narrow gauge (1.050 m)
Highways: 16,939 km total; 12,051 km paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,263 km improved earth
Inland waterways: 672 km; of little importance
Pipelines: 1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products
Ports: 3 major (Tartus, Latakia, Baniyas), 2 minor
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 53 total, 49 usable; 23 with permanent-surface runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: good international and fair domestic service; 193,000 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, and 21 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,040,000; 1,145,000 fit for military service; about 102,000 reach military age (19)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $2,389 million; 31% of central government budget
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TAIWAN
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TAIWAN
(See reference map VIII)
LAND
32,260 km2 (Taiwan and Pescadores); 24% cultivated, 6% pasture, 55% forested, 15% other (urban, industrial, denuded, water area)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 990 km Taiwan, 459 km offshore islands
PEOPLE
Population: 18,456,000, excluding the population of Quemoy and Matsu Islands and foreigners (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun—Chinese (sing., pl.); adjective—Chinese
Ethnic divisions: 84% Taiwanese, 14% mainland Chinese, 2% aborigines
Religion: 93% mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist; 4.5% Christian; 2.5% other
Language: Chinese Mandarin (official language); Taiwanese and Hakka dialect also used
Literacy: about 90%
Labor force: 6.51 million (1979); 21.5% primary industry (agriculture), 41.8% secondary industry (including manufacturing, mining, construction), 36.7% tertiary industry (including commerce and services), 1979; 1.3% unemployment
(1979)
Organized labor: about 15% of 1978 labor force (government controlled)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Taiwan
Type: one-party presidential regime
Capital: Taipei
Political subdivisions: 16 counties, 3 cities, 2 special municipalities (Taipei and Kaosiung)
Legal system: based on civil law system; constitution adopted 1947, amended 1960 to permit Chiang Kai-shek to be reelected, and amended 1972 to permit President to restructure certain government organs; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 10 October
Branches: five independent branches (executive, legislative, judicial, plus traditional Chinese functions of examination and control), dominated by executive branch; President and Vice President elected by National Assembly
Government leaders: President CHIANG Ching-kuo; Premier SUN Yün-hsüan
Suffrage: universal over age 20
Elections: national level—legislative yuan every three years but no general election held since 1948 election on
mainland (partial elections for Taiwan province representatives in December 1969, 1972, 1975, and 1980); local level—provincial assembly, county and municipal executives every four years; county and municipal assemblies every four years
Political parties and leaders: Kuomintang, or National Party, led by Chairman Chiang Ching-kuo, had no real opposition; lately a loosely organized anti-Kuomintang opposition has emerged; two insignificant parties are Democratic Socialist Party and Young China Party
Voting strength (1981 provincial assembly elections): 59 seats Kuomintang, 18 seats independents; 1981 local elections, with 72% turnout of eligible voters Kuomintang received 59% of the popular vote, non-Kuomintang 41%
Other political or pressure groups: none
Member of: expelled from UN General Assembly and Security Council on 25 October 1971 and withdrew on same date from other charter-designated subsidiary organs; expelled from IMF/World Bank group April/May 1980; member of ADB and seeking to join GATT and/or MFA; attempting to retain membership in ICAC, ISO, INTELSAT, IWC—International Wheat Council, PCA; suspended from IAEA in 1972 but still allows IAEA controls over extensive atomic development
ECONOMY
GNP: $32.2 billion (1979, in 1979 prices), $1,830 per capita; real growth, 8% (1979)
Agriculture: most arable land intensely farmed—60% cultivated land under irrigation; main crops—rice, sweet
potatoes, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, citrus fruits; food shortages—wheat, corn, soybeans
Fishing: catch 854,784 metric tons (1977)
Major industries: textiles, clothing, chemicals, plywood, electronics, sugar milling, food processing, cement,
shipbuilding
Electric power: 9,147,000 kW capacity (1980); 41.0 billion kWh produced (1980), 2,280 kWh per capita
Exports: $16.1 billion (f.o.b., 1979); 28.0% textiles, 170% electrical machinery, 6.3% plywood and wood products, 8.0% basic metals and metal products, 28% machinery, manufactures, and transportation
Imports: $14,8 billion (c.i.f., 1979); 23.0% machinery and transportation equipment. 11.0% electrical machinery, 11.0% basic metals, 15.0% crude oil, 12.3% chemical
products
Major trade partners: exports—35% US, 14% Japan; imports—31% Japan, 23% US (1979)
Aid: economic commitments—US (FY46—80), $2.2 billion, including Ex-Im; other Western (non-US) countries, ODA
and OOF (1970-79), $265 million; military—US (FY46-79), $4.4 billion committed
Central government budget: $6.7 billion (FY79)
Monetary conversion rate: NT (New Taiwan) $36=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July–30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: about 1,050 km common-carrier and 3,500 km industrial lines, all on Taiwan; common-carrier lines consist
of West System—825 km meter gauge (1.067 m) with 325 km double track (complete line under construction for electrification)—and East Line—225 km meter gauge (1.067 m); common-carrier lines owned by government and operated by Railway Administration (TRA) under Ministry of Communications; industrial lines owned and operated by government enterprises
Highways: network totals 17,224 km (construction of North-South Freeway approximately 98% complete), plus 483 km on Penghu and offshore islands; 11,455 km paved, 4,424 km gravel and crushed stone, 1,345 km earth
Pipelines: 615 km refined products, 97 km natural gas Ports: 5 major, 5 minor
Airfields: 43 total, 41 usable; 31 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,659 m, 16 with runways
2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: very good international and domestic service; 2.6 million telephones; about 100 radio broadcast stations with 240 AM and 6 FM transmitters; 12 TV stations and 3 repeaters; 8 million radio receivers and 3.6 million TV receivers; 2 INTELSAT ground stations; tropospheric scatter links to Hong Kong and the Philippines available but inactive; submarine cables to Okinawa (Japan), the Philippines, and Guam
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,875,000; 3,835,000 fit for military service; about 205,000 currently reach military age (19) annually
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TANZANIA
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TANZANIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
939,652 km2 (including islands of Zanzibar and Pemba, 2,642 km2); 6% inland water, 15% cultivated, 31% grassland, 48% bush forest, woodland; on mainland, 60% arable, of which 40% cultivated on islands of Zanzibar and Pemba
Land boundaries: 3,883 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 1,424 km (this includes 113 km Mafia Island; 177 km Pemba Island; and 212 km Zanzibar)
PEOPLE
Population: 19,868,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun—Tanzanian(s); adjective—Tanzanian
Ethnic divisions: 99% native Africans consisting of well over 100 tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab
Religion: Mainland—40% Animist, 30% Christian, 30% Muslim; Zanzibar—almost all Muslim
Language: Swahili official, English primary language of commerce, administration and higher education; Swahili widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most people is one of the local languages
Literacy: 61%
Labor force: 456,000 in paid employment, over 90% in agriculture
Organized labor: 15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: United Republic of Tanzania
Type: republic; single party on the mainland and on Zanzibar
Capital: Dar es Salaam
Political subdivisions: 25 regions—20 on mainland, 5 on Zanzibar islands
Legal system: based on English common law, Islamic law, customary law, and German civil law system; permanent constitution adopted 1977, replaced interim constitution adopted 1965; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at University of Dar es Salaam; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: "Union Day," 26 April
Branches: President Julius Nyerere has full executive authority on the mainland; National Assembly dominated by Nyerere and the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party); National Assembly consists of 233 members, 72 from Zanzibar, of which 10 are directly elected, 65 appointed from the mainland, plus 96 directly elected from the mainland; Vice President Aboud Jumbe (President of Zanzibar) and the Revolutionary Council still run Zanzibar except for certain specifically designated union matters
Government leaders: President Julius K. NYERERE; Prime Minister Cleopa D. MSUYA
Suffrage: universal over 18
Political party and leaders: Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only political party, dominated by Nyerere and Vice President Jumbe, his top lieutenant; party was formed in 1977 as a result of the earlier union of the Tanganyika African National Union, the sole mainland party, and the Afro-Shirazi Party, the only party in Zanzibar
Voting strength (October 1980 national elections): close to 7 million registered voters; Nyerere received 93% of about 6 million votes cast; general elections scheduled for late 1985
Communists: a few Communist sympathizers, especially on Zanzibar
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM,OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
Mainland:
GDP: $4.6 billion (1979), $271 per capita; real growth rate, 3.7% (1979)
Agriculture: main crops—cotton, coffee, sisal on mainland
Major industries: primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery,
shoes, cement, textiles, wood products
Electric power: 275,000 kW capacity (1980); 964 million kWh produced (1980), 51 kWh per capita
Exports: $684 million (f.o.b., 1979); coffee, cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, diamonds, cloves, tobacco, tea
Imports: $1,194 million (f.o.b., 1979); manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: exports—China, UK, Hong Kong, India, US; imports—UK, China, West Germany, US, Japan
External public debt and ratio: $1.2 billion, 7.3% (1979)
Budget: (1979/80) revenue $890 million, current expenditures $1,110 million, development expenditures $525 million
Monetary conversion rate: 8.1898 Tanzanian shillings=US$1 (June 1980)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
Zanzibar:
GNP: $35 million (1967)
Agriculture: main crops—cloves, coconuts
Industries: agricultural processing
Electric power: see Mainland (above)
Exports: $504 million (f.o.b., 1977); cloves and clove products, coconut products
Imports: $723 million (c.i.f., 1977); mainly foodstuffs and consumer goods
Major trade partners: imports—China, Japan, and mainland Tanzania; exports—Singapore, China, Hong Kong,
Indonesia, India, Pakistan
Aid: economic aid commitments from Western (non-US) countries (1970-79), ODA and OOF, $100 million; US, including Ex-Im (FY70-80), $200 million
Exchange rate: 8.00 Tanzanian shillings=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067-meter gauge; 2,595 km meter gauge (1.00 m), 6.4 km double track; 962 km Tan-Zam Railroad 1.067-meter gauge in Tanzania
Highways: total 34,227 km, 3,588 km paved; 5,529 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder improved and unimproved earth
Pipelines: 982 km crude oil
Inland waterways: 1,168 km of navigable streams; several thousand km navigable on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and Malawi
Ports: 3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga)
Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 95 total, 88 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system of open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 88,700 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 5 AM and no FM stations, 1 TV station; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,220,000; 2,421,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $179 million; 9% of central government budget
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THAILAND
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Tanzania
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THAILAND
(See reference map IX)
LAND
514,820 km2; 24% in farms, 56% forested, 20% other
Land boundaries: 4,868 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,219 km
PEOPLE
Population: 49,823,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun—Thai (sing. and pl.); adjective—Thai
Ethnic divisions: 75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% minorities
Religion: 95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% Christian
Language: Thai; English secondary language of elite
Literacy: 82%
Labor force: 78% agriculture, 15% services, 7% industry
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Thailand
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Bangkok
Political subdivisions: 71 centrally controlled provinces
Legal system: based on civil law system, with influences of common law; legal education at Thammasat University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: National Day, 5 December
Branches: King is head of state with nominal powers; semiparliamentary system reestablished 22 April 1979; judiciary relatively independent except in important political subversive cases
Government leaders: King BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ, Prime Minister Gen. PREM TINSULANONDA
Elections: last held April 1979; next scheduled for April 1983
Political parties: Social Action Party, Thai Nation Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citizen Party, Democrat Party, Freedom and Justice Party, Nation and People Party, New Force Party, National Democracy Party; other small parties represented in parliament along with numerous independents
Communists: strength of illegal Communist Party is about 1,200; Thai Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total an estimated 9,000
Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, SEAMES, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO; negotiations underway for membership in GATT
ECONOMY
GNP: $32 billion (1980), $680 per capita; 6% real growth in 1980 (8.2% real growth, 1975-79)
Agriculture: main crops—rice, sugar, corn, rubber, tapioca
Fishing: catch 2.1 million metric tons (1979); major fishery export, shrimp, 18,628 metric tons, about $116 million (1979); total marine export, estimated $249 million (1978) ,
Major industries: agricultural processing, textiles, wood and wood products, cement, tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second largest tungsten producer and third largest tin producer
Shortages: fuel sources, including coal, petroleum; scrap iron, and fertilizer
Electric power: 3,830,820 kW capacity (1980); 14.543 million kWh produced (1980), 330 kWh per capita
Exports: $6.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); rice, sugar, corn, rubber, tin, tapioca, kenaf
Imports: $9.6 billion (c.i.f., 1980); machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, base metals, chemicals,
and fertilizer
Major trade partners: exports—Japan, US, Singapore, Netherlands, Hong Kong, Malaysia; imports—Japan, US, West Germany, UK, Singapore, Saudi Arabia; about 1% or less trade with Communist countries
Budget: (FY82) estimate of expenditures, $7.3 billion; Defense Ministry budget, $1.4 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 20.48 baht=US$1
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 3,830 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 97 km double track
Highways: 27,498 km total; 21,742 km paved, 5,756 km crushed stone and soil aggregate
Inland waterways: 3,999 km principal waterways; 3,701 km with navigable depths of 0.9 m or more throughout the year; numerous minor waterways navigable by shallow-draft native craft
Ports: 2 major, 16 minor
Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 162 total, 120 usable; 56 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 27 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: service to general public adequate; bulk of service to government activities provided by multi-channel cable and radio-relay network; satellite ground station; domestic satellite system being developed; 451,409 telephones (1.0 per 100 popl.); approx. 150 AM, 15 FM, and 10 TV transmitters in government-controlled networks
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 12,323,000; 7,570,000 fit for military service; about 589,000 reach military age (18)
annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 September 1982, $1,427 million; 19.5.% of central government budget
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THE BAHAMAS
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1862584The World Factbook (1982) — The Bahamasthe Central Intelligence Agency
THE BAHAMAS
(See reference map III)
LAND
111,396 km2; 1% cultivated, 29% forested, 70% built on, wasteland, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Island, 76 km)
PEOPLE
Population: 237,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Bahamian(s); adjective—Bahamian
Ethnic divisions: 80% Negro, 10% white, 10% mixed
Religion: Baptists 29%, Church of England 23%, Roman Catholic 23%, smaller groups of other Protestant, Greek Orthodox, and Jews
Language: English
Labor force: 101,000 (1979), 25% organized; 19% unemployment (1979)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: The Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Type: independent commonwealth since July 1973, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State
Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island)
Legal system: based on English law
National holiday: Independence Day, 10 July
Branches: bicameral legislature (appointed Senate, elected House); executive (Prime Minister and Cabinet); judiciary
Government leaders: Prime Minister Lynden O. PINDLING; Governor General Gerald C. CASH
Suffrage: universal over age 18; registered voters (July 1977) 73,309
Elections: House of Assembly (19 July 1977); next election due constitutionally in five years
Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), predominantly black, Lynden O. Pindling; Bahamian Democratic Party (BDP), Henry Bostwick; Free National Movement (FNM), Cecil Wallace-Whitfield; Social Democratic Party (SDP), Norman Solomon Voting strength (1977 election): PLP (55%) 30 seats, BDP (27%) 6 seats, FNM (15%) 2 seats, others (3%) seats
Communists: none known
Member of: CDB, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, UN, UPO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,083 million (1979), $4,650 per capita; real growth rate 3-4% (1980)
Agriculture: food importer, main crops—fish, fruits, vegetables Major industries: tourism, cement, oil refining, lumber,
salt production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral weld, and steel pipe
Electric power: 320,000 kW capacity (1981); 650 million kWh produced (1981), 3,307 kWh per capita
Exports (nonoil): $194 million (f.o.b., 1979); pharmaceuticals, cement, rum
Imports (nonoil): $364 million (f.o.b., 1979); foodstuffs, manufactured goods
Major trade partners: nonoil exports—US 41%, UK 12%, Canada 3%; nonoil imports—US 73%, UK 13%, Canada 2% (1973)
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (1970-80) from US, $34.3 million; from other Western countries (1970-79), $137.7 million; no military aid
Budget: (1979 actual) revenues, $208 million; expenditures, $216 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian dollar=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,350 km total; 1,350 km paved, 2,000 km gravel
Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor
Civil air: 8 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 55 total, 51 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: telecom facilities highly developed, including 62,000 telephones (28 per 100 popl.) in totally automatic system; tropospheric scatter link with Florida; 3 AM stations, 2 FM stations and 1 TV station; 3 coaxial submarine cables
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THE GAMBIA
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1973786The World Factbook (1982) — The Gambiathe Central Intelligence Agency
THE GAMBIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
10,360 km2; 25% uncultivated savanna, 16% swamps, 4% forest parks, 55% upland cultivable areas, built-up areas, and other
Land boundaries: 740 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 50 nm
Coastline: 80 km
PEOPLE
Population: 635,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Gambian(s); adjective—Gambian
Ethnic divisions: over 99% Africans (Mandinka 40.8%, Fulani 13.5%, Wolof 12.9%, remainder made up of several smaller groups), fewer than 1% Europeans and Lebanese
Religion: 85% Muslim, 15% animist and Christian
Language: English official; Mandinka and Wolof most widely used vernaculars
Literacy: about 10%
Labor force: approx. 165,000, mostly engaged in subsistence farming; about 15,000 are wage earners (government, trade, services)
Organized labor: 25% to 30% of wage labor force at most
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of The Gambia
Type: republic; independent since February 1965 (The Gambia and Senegal in early 1982 formed a loose confederation named Senegambia, which calls for the integration of their armed forces, economies and monetary systems, and foreign policies)
Capital: Banjul
Political subdivisions: Banjul and five divisions
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution came into force upon independence in
1965, new republican constitution adopted in April 1970; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: 18 February
Branches: Cabinet of 10 members; 44-member House of Representatives, in which four seats are reserved for chiefs, four are appointed, 35 are filled by election for five-year terms, a Speaker is elected by the House, and the Attorney General is an appointed member; independent judiciary
Government leader: Sir Alhaji Dawda Kairaba JAWARA, President
Political parties and leaders: People's Progressive Party (PPP), Secretary General Dawda K. Jawara; United Party (UP), Pierre N'Jie; and National Convention Party (NCP), Sherrif Dibba (Dibba is to be tried for treason because of his complicity in the August 1980 coup attempt; the NCP may be disbanded)
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general elections held April 1977; PPP 31 seats, NCP 4 seats; next general elections scheduled for 1982
Communists: small underground group
Member of: AFBD, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMD, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $200 million (1980), about $333 per capita; real growth rate 2.8% (1980)
Agriculture: main crops—peanuts, millet, sorghum, rice, palm kernels
Fishing: catch 17,446 metric tons (1979); exports $956,000 (1974)
Major industry: peanut processing
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1980); 35 million kWh produced (1980), 57 kWh per capita
Exports: $27.4 million (1980); peanuts and peanut products, fish, and palm kernels
Imports: $141.2 million (1980); textiles, foodstuffs, tobacco, machinery, petroleum products
Major trade partners: exports—mainly EEC; imports—EEC
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $91.0 million; Communist countries (1974-79), $17 million; OPEC, ODA (1974-79), $36.0 million; US (FY70-79), $18.2 million
Budget: (1980-81) revenues $51.5 million, current expenditures $49.4 million, development expenditures $35.8 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Dalasi=US$0.716 (1981)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,083 km total; 431 km paved, 501 km gravel/laterite, and 2,151 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 400 km
Ports: 1 major (Banjul)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 usable with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: adequate network of radio relay and wire; 3,500 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and no
FM stations; no TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 141,000; 71,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1981, $2.4 million; 6.2% of central government budget; includes fire
and police expenditures
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TOGO
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TOGO
(See reference map VII)
LAND
56,980 km2; nearly one-half is arable, under 15% cultivated
Land boundaries: 1,646 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 30 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: 56 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,783,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun—Togolese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Togolese
Ethnic divisions: 37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe in south and Cabrais in north; under 1% European and Syrian-Lebanese
Religion: about 20% Christian, 5% Muslim, 75% animist
Language: French, both official and language of commerce; major African languages are Ewe and Mina in the south and Dagomba and Kabie in the north
Literacy: 54.9% of school age (7-14) currently in school
Labor force: over 90% of population engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 30,000 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors
Organized labor: 1 national union, the CNTT organized in 1972
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Togo
Type: republic; under military rule since January 1967
Capital: Lomé
Political subdivisions: 21 circumscriptions
Legal system: based on French civil law and customary practice; no constitution; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 27 April
Branches: military government, with civilian-dominated Cabinet, took over on 14 April 1967, replacing provisional government created after January coup; no legislature; separate judiciary including State Security Court established 1970
Government leader: Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA, President, Minister of National Defense, and Armed Forces Chief of Staff
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: presidential referendum of January 1972 elected Gen. Eyadema for indefinite period
Political party: single party formed by President Eyadema in September 1969, Rally of the Togolese People (RPT), structure and staffing of party closely controlled by government
Communists: no Communist Party; possibly some sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, CEAO (observer), EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, ENTENTE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,200 million (1980), about $462 per capita; -2.0% real growth in 1980
Agriculture: main cash crops—coffee, cocoa, cotton; major food crops—yams, cassava, corn, beans, rice, millet, sorghum, fish; must import some foodstuffs
Fishing: catch 2,000 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: phosphate mining, agricultural processing, handicrafts, textiles, beverages
Electric power: 75,000 kW capacity (1980); 188 million kWh produced (1980), 71 kWh per capita
Exports: $384.3 million (c.i.f., 1980); phosphates, cocoa, coffee, and palm kernels
Imports: $536.2 million (c.i.f., 1980); consumer goods, fuels, machinery, tobacco, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: mostly with France and other EC countries
Budget: (1980), revenues, $294.41 million; current expenditures, $277.77 million, development expenditures $16.63
Monetary conversion rate: Communaute Financiere Africaine 286 francs=US$1 (1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 442 km meter gauge (1.00 m), single track
Highways: 7,000 km total; 1,320 km paved, 1,280 km improved earth, remainder unimproved earth
Inland waterways: section of Mono River and about 50 km of coastal lagoons and tidal creeks
Ports: 1 major (Lomé), 1 minor
Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 11 total, 11 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways 2,440-3,659 m
Telecommunications: fair system based on skeletal network of open-wire lines supplemented by a radio-relay route and radiocommunication stations; only center is Lome; 7,500 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and 3 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1 SYMPHONIE station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 600,000; 313,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $20.8 million; 8.5% of central government budget
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TONGA
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Togo
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TONGA
(See reference map X)
LAND
997 km2 (169 islands, only 36 inhabited); 77% arable, 3% pasture, 13% forest, 3% inland water, 4% other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): rectangular/polygonal claim (12 nm for Minerva Reef)
Coastline: 419 km (est.)
PEOPLE
Population: 102,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%
Nationality: noun—Tongan(s); adjective—Tongan
Ethnic divisions: Polynesian, about 300 Europeans
Religion: Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents
Language: Tongan, English
Literacy: 90%-95%; compulsory education for children between ages of 6-14
Labor force: agriculture 10,303; mining 599
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Kingdom of Tonga
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Nuku'alofa (located on Tongatapu Island)
Political subdivisions: three main island groups (Tongatapu, Ha'api, Vava'u)
Legal system: based on English law
Branches: executive (King and Privy Council); legislative (Legislative Assembly composed of seven nobles elected by their peers, seven elected representatives of the people, eight Ministers of the Crown; the King appoints one of the seven nobles to be the speaker); Judiciary (Supreme Court, magistrate courts, Land Court)
Government leaders: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV; Premier, Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE (younger brother of the King)
Suffrage: granted to all literate adults over 21 years of age who pay taxes
Elections: held every three years, last in April 1978
Communists: none known
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, South Pacific Bureau for Economic Cooperation, South Pacific Bureau Forum
ECONOMY
GNP: $34.2 million (1976), $370 per capita
Agriculture: largely dominated by coconut and banana production with subsistence crops of taro, yams, sweet potatoes, and bread fruit
Electric power: 4,100 kW capacity (1980); 8 million kWh produced (1980), 87 kWh per capita
Exports: $5.6 million (1978); 65% copra, 7% coconut products, 8% bananas
Imports: $12.4 million (1978); food, machinery, and petroleum
Major trade partners: (FY74) exports—25% Netherlands, 22% Australia, 20% New Zealand, 11% Norway; imports—63% New Zealand and Australia
Aid: economic aid commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $57 million
Budget: (FY77) $10 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Tonga dollar=US$1.11 (1979)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 249 km total (1974); 177 km rolled stone; 72 km coral base
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1,285 telephones (1.4 per 100 popl.); 11,000 radio sets; no TV sets; 1 AM station; 1 ground satellite station
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
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TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
(See reference map III)
LAND
5,128 km2; 41.9% in farms (25.7% cropped or fallow, 1.5% pasture, 10.6% forests, and 4.1% unused or built on), 58.1% outside of farms, including grassland, forest, built-up area, and wasteland
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 362 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,203,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.5%
Nationality: noun—Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s); adjective—Trinidadian, Tobagonian
Ethnic divisions: 43% Negro, 40% East Indian, 14% mixed, 1% white, 2% other
Religion: 26.8% Protestant, 31.2% Roman Catholic, 23.0% Hindu, 6.0% Muslim, 13.0% unknown
Language: English
Literacy: 95%
Labor force: 393,800 (July 1975), 13.5% agriculture, 20.0% mining, quarrying, and manufacturing, 17.4% commerce; 15.7% construction and utilities; 7.5% transportation and communications; 23.0% services, 2.9% other
Organized labor: 30% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Type: independent state since August 1962; in August 1976 country officially became a republic severing legal ties to British crown
Capital: Port-of-Spain
Political subdivisions: 8 counties (29 wards, Tobago is 30th)
Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into effect 1976; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 31 August
Branches: legislative branch consists of 36-member elected House of Representatives and 31-member appointed Senate; executive is Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice and includes a Court of Appeal, High Court, and lower courts
Government leaders: Prime Minister George CHAMBERS, President Ellis CLARKE
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: elections to be held at intervals of not more than five years; last election held 9 November 1981
Political parties and leaders: People's National Movement (PNM), George Chambers; United Labor Front (ULF), Basdeo Panday; Organization for National Reconstruction (ONR), Karl Hudson-Phillips; Democratic Action Congress (DAC), Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson; Tapia House Movement, Lloyd Best
Voting strength (1981 election): 55% of registered voters cast ballots; PNM captured 26 seats in House of Representatives, ULF 8, and DAC the 2 Tobago seats
Communists: not significant
Other political pressure groups: National Joint Action Committee (NJAC), radical anti government Black-identity organization; Trinidad and Tobago Peace Council, leftist organization affiliated with the World Peace Council; Trinidad and Tobago Chamber of Industry and Commerce; Trinidad and Tobago Labor Congress, moderate labor federation; Council of Progressive Trade Unions, radical labor federation
Member of: CARICOM, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, International Coffee Agreement, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $6,708 million (1980 prov.), $5,719 per capita; 42% private consumption, 17% government consumption, 28% investment, 13% foreign; growth rate (1980), 10%
Agriculture: main crops—sugarcane, cocoa, coffee, rice, citrus, bananas; largely dependent upon imports of food
Fishing: catch 4,823 metric tons (1978); exports $1.1 million (1975), imports $4.5 million (1975)
Major industries: petroleum, tourism, food processing, cement
Electric power: 555,000 kW capacity (1981); 2.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,697 kWh per capita
Exports: $4.0 billion (f.o.b., 1980 prelim.); petroleum and petroleum products, ammonia, fertilizer
Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); crude petroleum (31%), machinery, fabricated metals, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals
Major trade partners: imports—US 27%, UK 10%, Japan 7%, crude oil for refineries supplied almost exclusively from
Saudi Arabia and Indonesia; exports—US 58%, CARICOM 8%
Aid: economic—bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-80), US, $295.2 million; (1970-79) other Western countries, ODA and OOF, $100 million
Budget: (1978) central government revenues $1.3 billion, expenditures $1.2 billion (current $618 million, capital $560
million)
Monetary conversion rate: tied to US dollar in 1976; 2.40 Trinidad and Tobago dollars=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 7,900 km total; 3,600 km paved, 1,100 km improved earth, 3,200 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 1,032 km crude oil and refined products; 832 km natural gas
Ports: 3 major (Port of Spain, Chaguaramas Bay, Point Tembladora), 6 minor
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 8 total, 6 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: excellent international service via tropospheric scatter links to Barbados and Guyana; good local service; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 75,000 telephones (7.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 2 FM, and 3 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 331,000; 235,000 fit for military service
Supply: mostly from UK
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $105.0 million; 4.8% of central government budget
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TUNISIA
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2030510The World Factbook (1982) — Tunisiathe Central Intelligence Agency
TUNISIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
164,206 km2; 28% arable land and tree crops, 23% range and esparto grass, 6% forest, 43% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,408 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 12 nm exclusive fisheries zone follows the 50-meter isobath for part of the coast, maximum 65 nm)
Coastline: 1,143 km (includes offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 6,842,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun—Tunisian(s); adjective—Tunisian
Ethnic divisions: 98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1% Jewish
Religion: 98% Muslim, 1% Christian, 1% Jewish
Language: Arabic (official), Arabic and French (commerce)
Literacy: about 50%
Labor force: 4 million, 40% agriculture; 15%-25% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor
Organized labor: 25% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Destourian Socialist Party
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Tunisia
Type: republic
Capital: Tunis
Political subdivisions: 17 governorates (provinces)
Legal system: based on French civil law system and Islamic law; constitution patterned on Turkish and US constitutions adopted 1959; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal education at Institute of Higher Studies and Superior School of Law of the University of Tunis
National holiday: Independence Day, 1 June
Branches: executive dominant; unicameral legislative largely advisory; judicial, patterned on French and Koranic systems
Government leaders: President Habib BOURGUIBA; Prime Minister Mohamed MZALI
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: national elections held every five years; last elections 1 November 1981
Political party and leader: Destourian Socialist Party, led by Habib Bourguiba, is official ruling party
Voting strength (1981 election): over 95% Destourian Socialist Party; 3.23% Social Democrats, under 1% Popular United Movement, under 1% Communist Party
Communists: a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students; Tunisian Communist Party legalized in July 1981
Member of: AFDB, Arab League, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISCON, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $8.5 billion (1980 prelim.), $980 per capita; 60% private consumption, 15.3% government consumption, 27.6% investment; average annual growth (1975-80), 7.1%
Agriculture: main crops—cereals (barley and wheat), olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and vegetables
Major sectors: agriculture; industry—mining (phosphate), energy (petroleum, natural gas), manufacturing (food processing and textiles), services (transport, telecommunications, tourism, government)
Electric power: 814,900 kW capacity (1980); 2.428 billion kWh produced (1980), 371 kWh per capita
Exports: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 51% crude petroleum, 14% phosphates, 8% textiles
Imports: $1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980)
Major trade partners: exports—France, Italy, West Germany, Greece
Tourism and foreign worker remittances: $622 million (1980)
Budget: (1980 prelim.) total revenue and grants $2.4 billion; current expenditures $1.7 billion; development expenditures, including capital transfers and net lending, $881 million
Monetary conversion rate: 0.51 Tunisian dinar (TD)=US$1
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,089 km total; 503 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,586 km meter gauge (1.000 m)
Highways: 17,140 km total; 7,940 km bituminous, 660 km gravel; 2,000 km improved earth; 6,540 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 797 km crude oil; 10 km refined products; 372 km natural gas
Ports: 4 major, 8 minor
Civil air: 15 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
Airfields: 29 total, 26 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, or radio relay; key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 145,000 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 3 FM, and 11 TV stations; 3 submarine cables
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,590,000; 887,000 fit for military service; about 77,000 reach military age (20) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $261 million; 9% of central government budget
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TURKEY
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TURKEY
(See reference map VI)
LAND
766,640 km2; 35% cropland, 25% meadows and pastures, 23% forested, 17% other
Land boundaries: 2,574 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm except in Black Sea where it is 12 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 7,200 km
PEOPLE
Population: 48,105,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%
Nationality: noun—Turk(s); adjective—Turkish
Ethnic divisions: 85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other
Religion: 99% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 1% other (mostly Christian and Jewish)
Language: Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic
Literacy: 62%
Labor force: 17.14 million; 58% agriculture, 13% industry, 29% service; surplus of unskilled labor (1980)
Organized labor: 10-15% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Turkey
Type: republic
Capital: Ankara
Political subdivisions: 67 provinces
Legal system: derived from various continental legal systems; constitution adopted 1961, but is now being revised by an assembly selected by the military government that took over on 12 September 1980; legal education at Universities of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Republic Day, 29 October
Branches: the 12 September military takeover resulted in the dissolution of Parliament and Prime Minister Demirel's government; the generals substituted a five-man National Security Council to serve as the executive branch and appointed a civilian Cabinet headed by retired Adm. Bulend Ulusu to run the country until a new constitution is promulgated and civilian rule restored; the Constituent Assembly established in October 1981 now serves as the legislative branch of government; highest court for ordinary criminal and civil cases is Court of Cassation, which hears appeals directly from criminal, commercial, basic, and peace courts
Government leaders: Head of State, Gen. Kenan EVREN (Chairman, National Security Council); Prime Minister Adm. Bulend ULUSU
Suffrage: universal over age 21
Elections: Republican People's Party won a plurality in June 1977; the Justice Party formed a minority government in October 1979; inability to elect a permanent president in 1980 contributed in part to the military decision to take over the government
Political parties and leaders: the military government disbanded all political parties after it took over on 12 September 1980 and has detained some political leaders; the commanders might allow political activity after the proposed constitution is submitted to a referendum and approved by the citizens; Justice Party (JP), Suleyman Demirel; Republican People's Party (RPP), Bulent Ecevit; National Salvation Party (NSP), Necmettin Erbakan; Democratic Party (DP), Faruk Sukan; Republican Reliance Party (RRP), Turhan Feyzioglu; Nationalist Action Party (NAP), Alpaslan Turkes; Communist Party illegal
Communists: strength and support negligible
Other political or pressure groups: military forced resignation of Demirel government in March 1971 and directly intervened in the political process in September 1980; an active radical left and right contributed to violence that took more than 3,000 lives in 1978-80; left-right violence brought the country to virtual civil war and prompted the military to
intervene in September 1980
Member of: ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISCON, ITC, ITU, NATO, OECD, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $58.7 billion (1980), $1,300 per capita; -1.1% real growth 1980, 6% average annual real growth 1970-79
Agriculture: main products—cotton, tobacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and livestock products; self-sufficient
in food in average years
Major industries: textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum
Crude steel: 1.7 million tons produced (1980), 27 kg per capita
Electric power: 6,389,200 kW capacity (1980); 23.330 billion kWh produced (1980), 506 kWh per capita
Exports: $2,910 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock products, textiles and clothing
Imports: $7,667 million (c.i.f., 1980); crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals
Major trade partners: (1980) exports—20.8% West Germany, 7.5% Italy, 6.1% USSR, 5.6% France, 4.6% Iraq; imports—15.0% Iraq, 10.9% West Germany, 5.8% US, 4.8% France, 4.5% Switzerland
Budget: (FY80) revenues $12.4 billion, expenditures $14.2 billion, deficit $1.8 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 76.04 Turkish liras=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 March-28 February
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 8,138 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 204 km double track; 104 km electrified
Highways: 59,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 23,000 km gravel or crushed stone; 2,200 km improved earth; 7,500 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: approx. 1,600 km
Pipelines: 1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km refined products
Ports: 10 major, 35 minor
Civil air: 23 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in and 1 leased out
Airfields: 121 total, 99 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 26 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 11,717,000; 6,932,000 fit for military service; about 494,000 reach military age (20)
annually
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TUVALU
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TUVALU
(formerly Ellice Islands)
(See reference map X)
NOTE: On 1 October 1975, by Constitutional Order, the Ellice Islands were formally, separated from the British colony of Gilbert and Ellice Islands, thus forming the colony of Tuvalu. The remaining islands in the former Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony are now named Kiribati. Tuvalu includes the islands of Nanumanga, Nanumea, Nui, Niutao, Vaitupu, and the four islands of the Tuvalu group formerly claimed by the United States: Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulailai (Nukulaelae), and Nurakita (Niulakita).
LAND
26 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 3 nm (fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm)
Coastline: about 24 km
PEOPLE
Population: 9,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.4%
Nationality: noun—Tuvaluans(s); adjective—Tuvaluan
Ethnic divisions: 96% Polynesian
Religion: Protestant
Literacy: less than 50%
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Tuvalu
Type: constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth
Capital: Funafuti
House of Assembly: eight members
Government leader: Prime Minister Dr. Tomasi PUAPUA
ECONOMY
GNP: $1.2 million (1975), $180 per capita
Electric power: 2,600 kW capacity (1979); 3.0 million kWh produced (1979), 433 kWh per capita
Exports: $67,000 (1977); copra
Imports: $1.44 million (1977); food and mineral fuels
Major trade partners: Australia, UK
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA (1970-79), $22 million
Budget: (1978) $1.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: Australian (A)$1=US$1.12 (1979); A$1=US$1.14 (1978)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 8 km gravel
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 1 AM station; about 300 radio telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 4,000 radio sets
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UGANDA
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Tuvalu
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2031378The World Factbook (1982) — Ugandathe Central Intelligence Agency
UGANDA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
235,690 km2; 21% inland water and swamp, including territorial waters of Lake Victoria; about 21% cultivated, 13% national parks, forest, and game reserves; 45% forest, woodland, and grassland
Land boundaries: 2,680 km
PEOPLE
Population: 13,651,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun—Ugandan(s); adjective—Ugandan
Ethnic divisions: 99% African, 1% European, Asian, Arab
Religion: about 60% nominally Christian, 5%-10% Muslim, rest animist
Language: English official; Luganda and Swahili widely used; other Bantu and Nilotic languages
Literacy: about 20%-40%
Labor force: estimated 4.5 million, of which about 250,000 in paid labor, remaining in subsistence activities
Organized labor: 125,000 union members
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Uganda
Type: republic, independent since October 1962
Capital: Kampala
Political subdivisions: 10 provinces and 34 districts
Legal system: provisional government plans to restore system based on English common law and customary law to reinstitute a normal judicial system; legal education at Makerere University, Kampala; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 9 October
Branches: government that assumed power in December 1980 consists of three branches—an executive headed by a President, a National Assembly, and a judiciary; in practice President has most power
Government leader: President Milton OBOTE
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election (held December 1980) elected present National Assembly; winning party then named President
Political parties: Ugandan People's Congress (UPC), Democratic Party (DP), Uganda Patriotic Movement (UPM)
Voting strength: (December 1980 election) 126 total elected seats—UPC 74 seats, DP 51 seats, UPM 1 seat
Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD; ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ISCON, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $765 million in 1981
Agriculture: main cash crop—coffee (156,000 metric tons exported in 1981); other cash crops—tobacco, tea, sugar, fish,
livestock
Major industries: agricultural processing (textiles, sugar, coffee, plywood, beer), cement, copper smelting, corrugated
iron sheet, shoes, fertilizer
Electric power: 228,500 kW capacity (1980); 800 million kWh produced (1980), 61 kWh per capita
Exports: $435 million (f.o.b., 1981); coffee, cotton, tea
Imports: $265 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); petroleum products, machinery, cotton piece goods, metals, transport equipment, food
Major trade partners: UK, US, Kenya
Monetary conversion rate: 78 Uganda shillings=US$1 (1981)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,216 km, meter gauge (1.00 m), single track
Highways: 6,763 km total; 1,934 km paved; 4,829 km crushed stone, gravel, and laterite; remainder earth roads and tracks (est.)
Inland waterways: Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, and Lake Edward; Kagera River and Victoria Nile
Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 40 total, 36 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: fair system being rebuilt after war; radio-relay, wire radio communications stations in use; 46,400 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 9 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, about 2,949,000; about 1,586,000 fit for military service
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UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
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Uganda
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2031531The World Factbook (1982) — United Arab Emiratesthe Central Intelligence Agency
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
(See reference map VI)
LAND
82,880 km2; almost all desert, waste or urban Land boundaries: 1,094 km (does not include boundaries between adjacent UAE states)
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm for all states except Sharjah (12 nm); fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic
zone 200 nm
Coastline: 1,448 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,240,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 11.3%
Nationality: Noun—Emirian(s), adjective—Emirian
Ethnic divisions: Emirians 19%, other Arabs 23%, South Asians 50% (fluctuating), other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8%
Religion: Muslim 96%, Christian, Hindu, and other 4%
Language: Arabic; English widely spoken in major cities
Literacy: 25% est. (1975)
Labor force: 541,000 (1980 est.); 56% services; 80% of labor force is foreign
GOVERNMENT
Official name: United Arab Emirates (composed of former Trucial States)
Member states: Abu Dhabi; Ajman; Dubai; al Fujayrah; Ras al-Khaymah; Sharjah; Umm al-Qaywayn
Type: federation; constitution signed December 1971, which delegated specified powers to the United Arab Emirates central government and reserved other powers to member shaykhdoms
Capital: Abu Dhabi
Legal system: secular codes are being introduced by the UAE Government and in several member shaykhdoms; Islamic law remains very influential
National holiday: 2 December
Branches: Supreme Council of Rulers (seven members), from which a President and Vice President are elected; Prime Minister and Council of Ministers; Federal National Assembly; federal Supreme Court
Government leaders: Shaykh Zayid bin Sultan Al NUHAYYAN of Abu Dhabi, President; Shaykh Rashid ibn Sa'id Al MAKTUM of Dubai, Vice President and Prime Minister
Suffrage: none
Elections: none
Political or pressure groups: none; a few small clandestine groups are active
Member of: Arab League, G-77, GATT (de facto), GCC, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $30 billion est. (1980), $32,000 per capita
Agriculture: food imported, but some dates, alfalfa, vegetables, fruit, tobacco raised
Electric power: 3,814,000 kW capacity (1980); 8.353 billion kWh produced (1980), 8,943 kWh per capita
Exports: $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980; $19.6 billion in oil, $2.6 billion nonoil); crude petroleum, pearls, fish
Imports: $7.5 billion (f.o.b., 1980); food, consumer, and capital goods
Major trade partners: UK, US, Japan, India, EC
Budget: (1980) current expenditures $8.0 billion, capital $2.0 billion, public revenue $12.7 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 1 UAE Dirham=US$3.671 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 780 km bituminous, undetermined mileage of earth tracks
Pipelines: 540 km crude oil; 190 km natural gas
Ports: 3 major, 1 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 58 total, 37 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: adequate system of radio relay and coaxial cable; key centers are Abu Dhabi and Dubai; 96,000 telephones (16.0 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 2 FM, and 9 TV stations; 3 INTELSAT stations with 1 Atlantic and 2 Indian Ocean antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 445,000; 309,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $670 million; 36% of central government budget
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UNITED KINGDOM
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UNITED KINGDOM
(See reference map V)
LAND
243,978 km2; 30% arable, 50% meadow and pasture, 12% waste or urban, 7% forested, 1% inland water
Land boundaries: 360 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 12,429 km
PEOPLE
Population: 56,095,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.1%
Nationality: noun—Briton(s), British (collective pl.); adjective–British
Ethnic divisions: 81.5% English, 9.6% Scottish, 2.4% Irish, 1.9% Welsh, 1.8% Ulster, 0.8% other; West Indian, Indian,
Pakistani over 2%
Religion: 27.0 million Church of England, 5.3 million Roman Catholic, 2.0 million Presbyterian, 760,000 Methodist, 450,000 Jews (registered)
Language: English, Welsh (about 26% of population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
Literacy: 98% to 99%
Labor force: (1978) 26 million, 12.4% unemployed (October 1980)
Organized labor: 40% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: London
Political subdivisions: 635 parliamentary constituencies
Legal system: common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: celebration of birthday of the Queen, 16 June
Branches: legislative authority resides in Parliament; executive authority lies with collectively responsible Cabinet led by Prime Minister; House of Lords is supreme judicial authority and highest court of appeal
Government leader: Chief of State, Queen ELIZABETH II; Head of Government, Prime Minister Margaret THATCHER
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister, but must be held before expiration of a five-year electoral mandate; last election 3 May 1979
Political parties and leaders: Conservative, Margaret Thatcher; Labor, Michael Foot; Liberal, David Steel; Social
Democratic, joint leadership at present; Communist, Gordan McLennan; Scottish National, Gordon Wilson; Plaid Cymru, Dafydd Wigley
Voting strength: (1979 election) Conservative 339 seats (43.9%), Labor 268 seats (36.9%), Liberal 11 seats (13.8%), Scottish National 2 seats (1.6%), Plaid Cymru 2 seats (0.4%), other 13 seats (2.8%); (1981 byelections) Conservative 336
seats, Labor 250 seats, Liberal 12 seats, Social Democratic 28 seats, Scottish National 2 seats, Plaid Cymru 2 seats, others
13 seats
Communists: 29,000
Other political or pressure groups: Trades Union Congress, Confederation of British Industry, National Farmers Union, Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Member of: ADB, CENTO, Colombo Plan, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EEC, ELDO, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GNP: $518.7 billion (1980), $9,280 per capita; 60.3% consumption, 17.4% investment, 21.6% government; −1.5% stockbuilding, 2.2% net foreign balance, real growth −1.4% (1980)
Agriculture: mixed farming predominates; main products—wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, livestock, dairy products; 53.7% self-sufficient; dependent on imports for more than half of consumption of refined sugar, butter, oils and fats, and bacon and ham; caloric intake, 2,260 calories per day per capita, 1978
Fishing: catch 710,500 metric tons (1980 est.); 1980 exports $359 million, imports $812 million
Major industries: machinery and transport equipment, metals, food processing, paper and paper products, textiles, chemicals, clothing
Crude steel: 11.3 million metric tons produced (1980), 390 kg per capita; 30.9 million metric tons capacity (1977)
Electric power: 82,000,000 kW capacity (1980); 284.862 billion kWh produced (1980), 5,090 kWh per capita
Exports: $110.1 billion (f.o.b., 1980); machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, metals, nonmetallic mineral manufactures, foodstuffs, petroleum
Imports: $116.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, petroleum, machinery, crude materials, chemicals, nonferrous metals
Major trade partners: 42.5% EC, 11.4% Commonwealth, 11.0% West Germany, 9.8% US, 7.8% France
Aid: donor—bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $8,956 million (1970-78)
Budget (national and local government): FY82 (proj.) revenues, 105.5 billion pounds; expenditures, 115.5 billion pounds; deficit including nationalized industries, 9.5 billion pounds
Monetary conversion rate: 1 pound sterling=US$2.3263 (average January-December 1980)
Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: Great Britain—17,754 km total; British Railways (BR) operates 17,735 km standard gauge (1.435 m) (3,718 km electrified, 12,708 km double or multiple track), and 19 km 0.597-meter gauge; several additional small standard gauge and narrow gauge lines are privately owned; Northern Ireland Railways (NIR) operates 357 km 1.600-meter gauge, 190 km double track
Highways: United Kingdom, 361,491 km total; Great Britain, 337,992 km paved (including 2,485 km limited-access divided highway); Northern Ireland, 23,499 km (22,907 paved, 592 km gravel)
Inland waterways: 3,219 km publicly owned; 605 km major commercial routes
Pipelines: 933 km crude oil, almost all insignificant; 2,907 km refined products; 1,770 km natural gas
Ports: 23 major, 350 minor
Civil air: 570 major transport aircraft, including 5 leased in and 16 leased out
Airfields: 630 total, 390 usable; 253 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 38 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 145 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern, efficient domestic and international system; 26.8 million telephones (48.0 per 100 popl.); excellent countrywide broadcast; 97 AM, 330 FM, and 1,680 TV stations; 31 coaxial submarine cables; 2 earth satellite stations with a total of 5 antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,767,000; 11,680,000 fit for military service; no conscription; 476,000 reach
military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $24.1 billion; about 15% of central government budget
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UNITED NATIONS (UN): STRUCTURE AND ASSOCIATED AGENCIES
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Definitions, Abbreviations, and Explanatory Notes
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Abbreviations for Other Important International Organizations
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1965228The World Factbook (1982) — United Nations (UN): Structure and Associated Agenciesthe Central Intelligence Agency
UNITED NATIONS (UN): STRUCTURE AND RELATED AGENCIES
Principal Organs:
SC
Security Council
GA
General Assembly
ECOSOC
Economic and Social Council
TC
Trusteeship Council
ICJ
International Court of Justice
. . .
Secretariat
Operating Bodies:
UNCTAD
UN Conference on Trade and Development
TDB
Trade and Development Board
UNDP
UN Development Program
UNICEF
UN Children's Fund
UNIDO
UN Industrial Development Organization
Regional Economic Commissions:
ECA
Economic Commission for Africa
ECE
Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA
Economic Commission for Latin America
ECWA
Economic Commission for Western Asia
ESCAP
Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Intergovernmental Agencies Related to the UN:
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IBRD
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
ICAO
International Civil Aviation Organization
IDA
International Development Association (IBRD Affiliate)
IFAD
International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC
International Finance Corporation (IBRD Affiliate)
ILO
International Labor Organization
IMCO
Inter -Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
IMF (FUND)
International Monetary Fund
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
UNESCO
UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UPU
Universal Postal Union
WFC
World Food Council
WHO
World Health Organization
WIPO
World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
Autonomous Organization Under the UN:
IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency
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UNITED STATES
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UNITED STATES
This “Factsheet” on the US is provided solely as a service to those wishing to make rough comparisons of foreign country data with a US "yardstick." Information is from US open sources and publications and in no sense represents estimates by the US Intelligence Community.
LAND
9,371,829 km2 (contiguous US plus Alaska and Hawaii); 19% cultivated, 27% grazing and pasture, 32% forested, 22%
waste, urban, and other
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 19,924 km
PEOPLE
Population: 232,195,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.0%
Ethnic divisions: 79.7% white, 11.7% black, 6.5% Spanish origin, 1.5% Asian and Pacific Islander, 0.6% American Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut (1980)
Religion: total membership in religious bodies, 133,749,000; Protestant 73,704,000, Roman Catholic 49,602,000, Jewish 5,781,000, other religions 4,662,000 (1978)
Language: English, predominantly
Literacy: 99.0% of total population 14 years or older (1977)
Labor force: 102.9 million (civilian), unemployment 7.6% (1981)
Organized labor: 20.2% of civilian labor force (1978)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: United States of America
Type: federal republic; strong democratic tradition
Capital: Washington, D.C.
Political subdivisions: 50 states, the District of Columbia, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Wake and Midway Islands; under UN trusteeship Caroline, Marshall, and Northern Mariana Islands
Legal system: based on English common law; dual system of courts, state and federal; constitution adopted 1789; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Independence Day, 4 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislative (House of Representatives and Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court); branches, in principle, independent and maintain balance of power
Government leaders: Ronald Wilson REAGAN, President; George Herbert Walker BUSH, Vice President
Suffrage: all citizens over age 18, not compulsory
Elections: presidential, every four years (last November 1980); all members of the House of Representatives, every two years; one-third of members of the Senate, every two years
Political parties and leaders: Republican Party, Richard Richards, chairman; Democratic Party, Charles T. Manatt, chairman; several other groups or parties of minor political significance
Voting strength: national average of voting age population voting, 53.9% (1980 presidential election)—Republican Party (Ronald Reagan), 50% of the popular vote (489 electoral votes); Democratic Party (Jimmy Carter), 42% (42 electoral votes); John Anderson (third-line candidate), 6% (no electoral votes); other, 2% (no electoral votes)
Communists: Communist Party membership, claimed 15,000-20,000 (1981); general secretary, Gus Hall; in the 1980 presidential election the Communist Party candidate received 43,896 votes; Socialist Workers Party membership, claimed 1,800; national secretary, Jack Barnes; in the 1980 presidential election, the Socialist Workers Party candidate received 48,650 votes
Member of: ADB, ANZUS, BIS, CCC, CENTO, Colombo Plan, DAC, FAO, GATT, Group of Ten, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICEM, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, INTELSAT, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Whaling Commission, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS, OECD, SPC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2,368.8 billion (1979); 63.7% personal consumption, 16.4% private investment, 20.1% government, −0.2% net exports; $10,745 per capita
Fishing: catch 6.482 billion metric tons (1980); imports $3,648 million (1980); exports $1,006 million, (1980); est. value, $2,237 million (1980)
Crude steel: 113.7 million metric tons produced (1977), 618 kg per capita consumption
Electric power: 616,486,200 kW capacity (1980); 2,286.439 billion (net) kWh produced (1980), 10,245 kWh per capita
Exports: $181.8 billion (f.o.b., 1979); machinery, chemicals, grains, and road motor vehicles
Imports: $218.9 billion (c.i.f., 1979); crude and partly refined petroleum, machinery, and transport equipment (mainly new automobiles)
Major trade partners: exports—23.4% EEC (5.9% UK, 4.7% FRG), 18.2% Canada, 12.8% LAFTA, 9.7% Japan, 5.4% Mexico; import—18.5% Canada, 16.1% EEC (5.3% FRG, 3.9% UK), 12.7% Japan, 10.6% LAFTA, 4.3% Mexico, 4.0% Nigeria, 3.9% Saudi Arabia (1979)
Aid: obligations and loan authorizations (FY78), economic $6.51 billion, military $2.35 billion
Budget: (FY81 est.) receipts $605.64 billion, outlays $661,237 billion
Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 286,885 km (1978)
Highways: 6,251,769.5 km (1978)
Inland waterways: 40,416 km of navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes (1970)
Freight carried: rail—1,645.0 million metric tons, 1,360.0 billion metric ton/km (1980); highways—936.84 billion metric ton/km (1980); inland water freight (excluding Great Lakes traffic)—569.79 million metric tons, 319.01 billion metric tons/km (1979)
Pipelines: petroleum, 271,921 km (1979); natural gas, 408,203 km (1978)
Ports: 53 handling 9.07% million metric tons or more per year
Civil air: 3,208 multiengine transport aircraft—some 2,500 jet planes, remainder turboprop (December 1980)
Airfields: 14,746 in operation (1979)
Telecommunications: 162 million telephones (74 telephones per 100 popl.); 4,550 AM, 4,100 FM, and 990 TV broadcast stations; 436 million radio and 133 million TV receivers (1979)
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: army 1,108,000, air force 790,000, navy and marines 1,013,000 (1979)
Military budget: $146.2 billion (1981 est. in current dollars)
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UPPER VOLTA
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UPPER VOLTA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
274,540 km2; 50% pastureland, 21% fallow, 10% cultivated, 9% forest and scrub, 10% waste and other uses
Land boundaries: 3,307 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,208,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.4%
Nationality: noun—Upper Voltan(s); adjective—Upper-Voltan
Ethnic divisions: more than 50 tribes; principal tribe is Mossi (about 2.5 million); other important groups are Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani
Religion: majority of population animist, about 20% Muslim, 5% Christian (mainly Catholic)
Language: French official; tribal languages belong to Sudanic family, spoken by 50% of the population
Literacy: 5%-10%
Labor force: about 95% of the economically active population engaged in animal husbandry, subsistence farming, and related agricultural pursuits; about 30,000 are wage earners; about 20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment
Organized labor: 4 principal trade union groups, represent less than 1% of population
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Upper Volta
Type: military; on 25 November 1980 a bloodless military coup ended three years of civilian rule and suspended political activity
Capital: Ouagadougou
Political subdivisions: 10 departments, composed of 44 cercles, headed by civilian administrators
Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 11 December
Branches: President is an army officer; 17-man military and civilian Cabinet was appointed 7 December 1980; Supreme Court
Government leaders: Col. Sayé ZERBO, President, Military Committee of Reform for National Progress (CMRPN); Lt. Col. Félix TIENTARABOUM, Foreign Minister
Suffrage: universal for adults
Elections: political process suspended pending gradual return to civilian rule
Political parties and leaders: all political parties banned following November 1980 coup
Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: labor organizations are badly splintered, students and teachers occasionally strike; recent strike helped precipitate military coup
Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ISCON, ITU, NAM, Niger River Commission, OAU, OCAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $1,100 million (1980), $177 per capita; real growth, 2.5% (1980)
Agriculture: cash crops—peanuts, shea nuts, sesame, cotton; food crops–sorghum, millet, corn, rice; livestock; largely self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 7,000 metric tons (1979 est.)
Major industries: agricultural processing plants, brewery, bottling, and brick plants; a few other light industries
Electric power: 30,000 kW capacity (1980); 90 million kWh produced (1980), 13 kWh per capita
Exports: $118.6 million (f.o.b., 1980 est.); livestock (on the hoof), peanuts, shea nut products, cotton, sesame
Imports: $236.0 million (c.i.f., 1980 est.); textiles, food, and other consumer goods, transport equipment, machinery,
fuels
Major trade partners: Ivory Coast and Ghana; overseas trade mainly with France and other EC countries; preferential tariff to EC and franc zone countries
Aid: economic commitments–Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $693.0 million; US authorized including Ex-Im (FY70-80) $122.4 million
Budget: (1980) revenue $190.4 million, current expenditures $166.6 million, development expenditures $27.9 million
Monetary conversion rate: about 211.3 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 (1980)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 1,173 km Ouagadougou to Abidjan (Ivory Coast line); 516 km meter gauge (1.00 m), single track in Upper Volta
Highways: 8,316 km total; 967 km paved, 5,639 km improved, 1,710 km unimproved
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 55 total, 54 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: all services only fair; radio relay, wire, radiocommunication stations in use; 8,600 telephones (under 0.14 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, 1 FM station, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,373,000; 691,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Supply: mainly dependent on France, FRG, and UK
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URUGUAY
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URUGUAY
(See reference map IV)
LAND
186,998 km2; 84% agricultural land (73% pasture, 11% cropland), 16% forest, urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 1,352 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 200 nm (fishing 200 nm)
Coastline: 660 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,961,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.6%
Nationality: noun—Uruguayan(s); adjective—Uruguayan
Ethnic divisions: 85-95% white, 5% Negro, 5-10% mestizo
Religion: 66% Roman Catholic (less than half adult population attends church regularly)
Language: Spanish
Literacy: 90.5% for those 15 years of age or older
Labor force: 1.07 million (1975); 19.8% agriculture, 29.0% industry, 51.2% service
Organized labor: government authorized non-Communist union activities in 1981 for the first time since 1973 military
takeover
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Type: republic, government under military control
Capital: Montevideo
Political subdivisions: 19 departments with limited autonomy
Legal system: based on Spanish civil law system; most recent constitution implemented 1967 but large portions are currently in suspension and the whole is under study for revision; legal education at University of the Republic at Montevideo; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 25 August
Branches: executive, headed by President; since 1973 the military has had dominant influence in policymaking; bicameral legislature (closed indefinitely by presidential decree in June 1973), Council of State set up to act as legislature; national judiciary headed by court of justice
Government leader: President Gregorio ALVAREZ Manfredini
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: projected for 1984
Political parties and leaders: political activities were permitted in mid-1981 for the first time since the military takeover in 1973; parties are scheduled to hold internal elections to choose leaders in November 1982
Voting strength (1971 elections): 40.8% Colorado, 40.1% Blanco, 18.6% Frente Amplio, 0.5% Radical Christian Union
Communists: 5,000-10,000 including former youth group and sympathizers
Other political or pressure groups: Christian Democratic Party (PDC); Communist Party (PCU), proscribed in 1973; Socialist Party of Uruguay (PSU), proscribed in 1973; National Liberation Movement (MLN)—Tupamaros, leftist revolutionary terrorist group, proscribed and now virtually annihilated
Member of: FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG
ECONOMY
GDP: $9.9 billion (1980), $3,400 per capita; 88% consumption, 17% gross investment, −5.0% foreign; real growth rate
1978, 2.5%
Agriculture: large areas devoted to extensive livestock grazing (20 million sheep, 9.5 million cattle), 1979; main
crops—wheat, rice, corn, sorghum; self-sufficient in most basic foodstuffs; caloric intake (1977), 3,036 calories per day
per capita, with high protein content
Major industries: meat processing, wool and hides, textiles, footwear, cement, petroleum refining
Steel: rolled products 43,398 metric tons produced (1978)
Electric power: 715,000 kW capacity (1981); 3.5 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,160 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,059 million (f.o.b., 1980); wool, hides, meat, textiles
Imports: $1,625 million (f.o.b., 1980); crude petroleum (26%), metals, machinery, transportation equipment, industrial chemicals
Major trade partners: exports—33% EC, 11% US, 40% LAFTA; imports—44% LAFTA (15% Brazil, 17% Argentina), 9% US, 19% EC (1979)
Aid: economic commitments—US including Ex-Im (FY70-80) $61 million; from other Western countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79) $62 million; military—US (FY70-80) $39 million
Budget: (1979 est.) revenue, $1,063 million; expenditure, $1,014 million
Monetary conversion rate: 9.16 pesos=US$1 (1980 annual average)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,795 km, all standard gauge (1.435 m) and government owned
Highways: 49,900 km total; 6,700 km paved, 3,000 km gravel, 40,200 km earth
Inland waterways: 1,600 km; used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft
Freight carried: highways 80% of total cargo traffic, rail 15%, waterways 5%
Ports: 4 major (Montevideo, Colonia, Fray Bentos, Paysandu), 6 minor
Civil air: 22 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in
Airfields: 129 total, 85 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways
1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: most modern facilities concentrated in Montevideo; 279,000 telephones (9.9 per 100 popl.); 85 AM, 4 FM, and 20 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 686,000; 557,000 fit for military service; no conscription
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $211.7 million; 18.6% of central government budget
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VANUATU
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VANUATU
(formerly New Hebrides)
(See reference map X)
LAND
About 14,763 km²
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: about 2,528 km
PEOPLE
Population: 123,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%
Nationality: noun—Vanuatuan(s); adjective—Vanuatuan
Ethnic divisions: 90% indigenous Melanesian, 8% French, remainder Vietnamese, Chinese, and various Pacific Islanders
Religion: most at least nominally Christian
Literacy: probably 10%-20%
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Vanuatu
Type: republic, formerly Anglo-French condominium of New Hebrides, independent 30 July 1980
Capital: Port-Vila
Political subdivisions: 4 administrative districts
Legal system: unified system being created from former dual French and British systems
Branches: Parliament of 39 members, elected November 1979
Government leader: Prime Minister Father Walter LINI
Political parties and leaders: National Party (Vanuaaku Pati), chairman Walter Lini
Member of: South Pacific Forum, UN
ECONOMY
Agriculture: export crops of copra, cocoa, coffee, some livestock and fish production; subsistence crops of copra, taro, yams
Electric power: 10,000 kW capacity (1981); 17 million kWh produced (1981), 162 kWh per capita
Exports: $32.2 million (1977); 24% copra, 59% frozen fish, meat
Imports: $40.1 million (1977); 18% food
Aid: Australia (1980-83), $14.4 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 pound=US$5.12 (official currency, 1979), Australian $0.89=US$1, 75 Colonial Franc Pacifique (CFP)=US$1 (1978/79)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: at least 240 km sealed or all-weather roads
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 2 minor
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 31 total, 29 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 2 runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 2 AM broadcast stations; 2,400 telephones (2.4 per 100 popl.); 1 ground satellite station under construction
DEFENSE FORCES
Personnel: no military forces maintained; however, the French and British maintain constabularies of about 100 men each
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VATICAN CITY
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VATICAN CITY
(See reference map V)
LAND
0.438 km2
Land boundaries: 3 km
PEOPLE
Population: 1,000 (July 1980), average annual growth rate 0.0%
Ethnic divisions: primarily Italians but also many other nationalities
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language: Italian, Latin, and various modern languages
Literacy: virtually complete
Labor force: approx. 700; Vatican City employees divided into three categories—executives, officeworkers, and salaried employees
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Official name: State of the Vatican City
Type: monarchical-sacerdotal state
Capital: Vatican City
Political subdivisions: Vatican City includes St. Peter's, the Vatican Palace and Museum, and neighboring buildings covering more than 13 acres; 13 buildings in Rome, although outside the boundaries, enjoy extraterritorial rights
Legal system: Canon law; constitutional laws of 1929 serve some of the functions of a constitution
National holiday: 30 June
Branches: the Pope possesses full executive, legislative, and judicial powers; he delegates these powers to the governor of Vatican City, who is subject to pontifical appointment and recall; high Vatican offices include the Secretariat of State, the College of Cardinals (chief papal advisers), the Roman Curia (which carries on the central administration of the Roman Catholic Church), the Presidence of the Prefecture for the Economy, and the synod of bishops (created in 1965)
Government leader: Supreme Pontiff, JOHN PAUL II (Karol WOJTYŁA, elected Pope 16 October 1978)
Suffrage: limited to cardinals less than 80 in age
Elections: Supreme Pontiff elected for life by College of Cardinals
Communists: none known
Other political or pressure groups: none (exclusive of influence exercised by other church officers in universal Roman Catholic Church)
Member: IAEA; ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, UPU, WTO; permanent observer status at FAO, OAS, UN, and UNESCO
ECONOMY
The Vatican City, seat of the Holy See, is supported financially by contributions (known as Peter's pence) from Roman Catholics throughout the world; some income derived from sale of Vatican postage stamps and tourist mementos, fees for admission to Vatican museums, and sale of publications; industrial activity consists solely of printing and production of a small amount of mosaics and staff uniforms; the banking and financial activities of the Vatican are worldwide; the Institute for Religious Agencies carries out fiscal operations and invests and transfers funds of Roman Catholic religious communities throughout the world; the Cardinal's Commission controls the administration of ordinary assets of the Holy See and a Special Administration manages the Holy See's capital assets
Electric power: 2100 kW (standby) capacity (1981); all power is imported from Italy
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none (city streets)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: none
Telecommunications: 2 AM stations and 2 FM stations; 2,000-line automatic telephone exchange
DEFENSE FORCES
Defense is responsibility of Italy
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VENEZUELA
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2033729The World Factbook (1982) — Venezuelathe Central Intelligence Agency
VENEZUELA
(See reference map IV)
LAND
911,680 km2; 4% cropland, 18% pasture, 21% forest, 57% urban, waste, and other
Land boundaries: 4,181 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm plus 3 nm contiguous zone for customs and sanitation (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)
Coastline: 2,800 km
PEOPLE
Population: 18,427,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Venezuelan(s); adjective—Venezuelan
Ethnic divisions: 67% mestizo, 21% white, 10% Negro, 2% Indian
Religion: 96% nominally Roman Catholic, 2% Protestant
Language: Spanish (official); "Indian" dialects spoken by about 200,000 aborigines in the interior
Literacy: 74% (claimed, 1970 est.)
Labor force: 4.4 million (1980); 24% agriculture, 6% construction, 17% manufacturing, 6% transportation, 18% commerce, 25% services, 4% petroleum, utilities, and other
Organized labor: 27% of labor force
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Venezuela
Type: republic
Capital: Caracas
Political subdivisions: 20 states, 1 federal district, 2 federal territories, and 72 island dependencies in the Caribbean
Legal system: based on Napoleonic code; constitution promulgated 1961; judicial review of legislative acts in Cassation Court only; dual court system, state and federal; legal education at Central University of Venezuela; has not accepted compulsory OCJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 5 July
Branches: executive (President), bicameral legislature, judiciary
Government leader: President Luis HERRERA CAMPINS
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18, though rarely enforced
Elections: every five years by secret ballot; last held December 1978; next national election for President and bicameral legislature to be held 4 December 1983 Political parties and leaders: Social Christian Party (COPEI), Rafael Caldera; Acción Democrática (AD), Carlos Andres Pérez, Gonzalo Barrios; Movement to Socialism (MAS), Teodoro Petkoff, Pompeyo Márquez
Voting strength (1978 election): 46% COPEI, 43% AD, 5% MAS, 6% others
Communists: 3,000-5,000 members (est.)
Other political or pressure groups: Fedecamaras (a conservative business group); Pro- Venezuela (PRO-VEN; a leftist, nationalist economic group)
Member of: Andean Pact, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, LAFTA, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line—Naviera Multinational del Caribe), OAS, OPEC, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $60 billion (1980, in 1980 dollars), $4,000 per capita; 52% private consumption, 14% public consumption, 34% gross investment (1979); real growth rate −0.1% (1980)
Agriculture: main crops—sugarcane, corn, coffee, rice; imports wheat (US), corn (South Africa), sorghum (Argentina, US); caloric intake 2,435 calories per day per capita (1977)
Fishing: catch 178,000 metric tons (1980); exports $1.6 million (1979), imports $19.7 million (1980)
Major industries: petroleum, iron-ore mining, construction, food processing, textiles
Crude steel: 848,000 metric tons produced (1978), 60 kg per capita
Electric power: 10,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 43.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,500 kWh per capita
Exports: $19.3 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum (95%), iron ore, coffee
Imports: $11.3 billion (f.o.b., 1980); industrial machinery and equipment, chemicals, manufactures, wheat
Major trade partners: imports—45% US, 8% Japan, 6% West Germany; exports—30% US, 11% Canada (1980)
Budget: 1980—revenues $14.6 billion; expenditures, $12.0 billion, capital $2.2 billion
Monetary conversion rate: 4.2925 bolivares=US$1 (January 1982)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 403 km standard gauge (1.435 m) all single track; 173 km government owned, 230 km privately owned
Highways: 77,785 km total; 22,780 km paved, 24,720 km gravel, 14,450 km earth roads, and 15,835 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 7,100 km; Orinoco River and Lake Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels
Pipelines: 6,110 km crude oil; 400 km refined products; 2,495 km natural gas
Ports: 6 major, 17 minor
Civil air: 68 major transport aircraft, including 4 leased in and 1 leased out
Airfields: 268 total, 267 usable; 115 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 82 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: modern expanding telecom system; satellite ground station; 1,165,000 telephones (8.5 per 100 popl.); 215 AM, 50 FM, and 48 TV stations; 3 submarine coaxial cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station with 2 antennas
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 4,373,000; 3,322,000 fit for military service; 185,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1980, $861.2 million; about 6.5% of central government budget
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VIETNAM
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VIETNAM
(See reference map IX)
LAND
329,707 km2; 14% cultivated, 50% forested, 36% urban inland water, and other
Land boundaries: 4,562 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm plus 12 nm contiguous customs and security zone (fishing 200 nm, economic
200 nm)
Coastline: 3,444 km (excluding islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 56,430,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%
Nationality: noun—Vietnamese (sing. and pl.); adjective—Vietnamese
Ethnic divisions: 85%-90% predominantly Vietnamese; 3% Chinese; ethnic minorities include Muong, Thai, Meo, Khmer, Man, Cham, and mountain tribesmen
Religion: Buddhist, Confucian, Taoist, Catholic, Animist, Islamic, and Protestant
Language: Vietnamese, French, Chinese, English, Khmer, tribal languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Labor force: approximately 15 million, not including military; about 70% agriculture and 8% industry
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Type: Communist state
Capital: Hanoi
Political subdivisions: 39 provinces
Legal system: based on Communist legal theory and French civil law system
National holiday: 2 September
Branches: constitution provides for a National Assembly and highly centralized executive nominally subordinate to it Party and government leaders: LE DUAN, Party Secretary General; NGUYEN HUU THO, Chairman, National Assembly; TRUONG CHINH, Chairman, Council of State; PHAM VAN DONG, Chairman, Council of Ministers; Gen. VAN TIEN DUNG, Minister of National Defense; NGUYEN CO THACH, Minister for Foreign Affairs; PHAM HUNG, Minister of Interior
Suffrage: over age 18
Elections: pro forma elections held for national and local assemblies; latest election for National Assembly held on 25
April 1976
Political parties: Vietnam Communist Party, formerly known as the Vietnam Workers Party
Communists: probably more than 1 million
Member of: ADB, CEMA, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, Mekong Committee, NAM, UN, UNDP, UNESCO, UNICEF, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $4.9 billion (calculated by UNO method), less than $91 per capita (1980); no growth in recent years
Agriculture: main crops—rice, rubber, fruits and vegetables; some corn, manioc, and sugarcane; major food imports—wheat, corn, dairy products
Fishing: catch 515,000 metric tons (1980)
Major industries: food processing, textiles, machine building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires
Shortages: foodgrains, petroleum, capital goods and machinery, fertilizer
Electric power: 1,610,300 kW capacity (1980); 3.781 billion kWh produced (1980), 69 kWh per capita
Exports: $300 million (1978); agricultural and handicraft products, coal, minerals, ores
Imports: $900 million (1978); petroleum, steel products, railroad equipment, chemicals, medicines, raw cotton, fertilizer, grain
Major trade partners: exports—USSR, East European countries, Japan, other Asian markets; imports—USSR, East Europe, Japan
Aid: accurate data on aid since April 1975 unification unavailable; estimated annual economic aid on annual basis is—USSR, $500 million or more; East European countries, $150 million; non-Communist countries, $230 million; inter-national institutions, $75 million; value of military aid deliveries since 1975 are not available
Monetary conversion rate (official): 9.0 dong=US$1 (late 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,587 km total; 2,227 meter gauge, 130 km standard gauge, 230 km dual gauge
Highways: 41,190 km total; 5,471 km bituminous, 27,030 km gravel or improved earth, 8,690 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: about 17,702 km navigable; more than 5,149 km navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8-m draft
Ports: 9 major, 23 minor
Civil air: military controlled
Airfields: 242 total, 128 usable; 55 with permanent-surface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 13,266,000; 8,085,000 fit for military service; 661,000 reach military age (17) annually
Supply: dependent on the USSR and Eastern European Communist countries for virtually all new, equipment; produces negligible quantities of infantry weapons, ammunition and explosive devices (Vietnam possesses a huge inventory of US-manufactured weapons and equipment captured from the RVN)
Military budget: no expenditure estimates are available; military aid from the USSR has been so extensive that actual allocation of Vietnam's domestic resources to defense has not been indicative of total military effort
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WALLIS AND FUTUNA
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Vietnam
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyWallis and Futuna
Western Sahara
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2034254The World Factbook (1982) — Wallis and Futunathe Central Intelligence Agency
WALLIS AND FUTUNA
(See reference map X)
LAND
About 207 km2
WATER
Limits of territorial waters: 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)
Coastline: about 129 km
PEOPLE
Population: 11,000 (July 1982) average annual growth rate 3.0%
Nationality: noun—Wallisian(s), Futunan(s), or Wallis and Futuna Islanders; adjective—Wallisian, Futunan, or Wallis and Futuna Islander
Ethnic divisions: almost entirely Polynesian
Religion: largely Roman Catholic
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands
Type: overseas territory of France
Capital: Matu Utu
Political subdivisions: 3 districts
Branches: territorial assembly of 20 members; popular election of one deputy to National Assembly in Paris and one senator
Government leaders: Superior Administrator Pierre ISSAC; President of Territorial Assembly Robert THIL
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: every five years
ECONOMY
Agriculture: dominated by coconut production with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas
Electric power: 1,000 kW capacity (1981); 1 million kWh produced (1981), 133 kWh per capita
Exports: negligible
Imports: $3.4 million (1977); largely foodstuffs and some equipment associated with development programs
Aid: (1978) France, European Development Fund, $2.6 million
Monetary conversion rate: 75 Colonial Franc Pacifique (CFP)=US$1
COMMUNICATIONS
Highways: 100 km of improved road on Uvea Island (1977)
Ports: 2 minor
Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 148 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.)
DEFENSE FORCES
No formal defense structure; no regular armed forces
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WESTERN SAHARA
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Wallis and Futuna
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyWestern Sahara
Western Samoa
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2034602The World Factbook (1982) — Western Saharathe Central Intelligence Agency
WESTERN SAHARA
(formerly Spanish Sahara)
(See reference map VII)
LAND
266,770 km2 , nearly all desert
Land boundaries: 2,086 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm (fishing 12 nm)
Coastline: 1,110 km
PEOPLE
Population: 86,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.8%
Nationality: noun—Saharan(s), Moroccan(s); adjective—Saharan, Moroccan
Ethnic divisions: Arab, Berber, and Negro nomads
Religion: Muslim
Languages: Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
Literacy: among Moroccans, probably nearly 20%; among Saharans, perhaps 5%
Labor force: 12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming, 50% other
Organized labor: none
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Western Sahara
Type: legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved—territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds including the rich phosphate reserves at Bu Craa. Mauritania, under pressure from the Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979; Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control there; OAU-sponsored referendum proposed to resolve situation while guerrilla activities continue into 1982
ECONOMY
Agriculture: practically none; some barley is grown in nondrought years; fruit and vegetables in the few oases; food imports are essential; camels, sheep, and goats are kept by the nomadic natives; cash economy exists largely for the garrison forces
Major industries: phosphate and iron mining, fishing, and handicrafts
Shortages: water
Electric power: 56,000 kW capacity (1980); 78 million kWh produced (1980), 772 kWh per capita
Exports: in 1975, up to $75 million in phosphates, all other exports valued at under $1 million
Imports: $1,443,000 (1968); fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
Major trade partners: monetary trade largely with Spain and Spanish possessions, more recently with Morocco
Aid: small amounts from Spain in prior years; currently Morocco is major source of support
Monetary conversion rate: see Moroccan and Mauritanian currencies
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 6,100 km total; 500 km bituminous treated, 5,600 km unimproved earth roads and tracks
Ports: 2 major (El Aaiun, Dakhla)
Civil air: no major transport aircraft
Airfields: 15 total, 14 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: sparse and fragmentary system with facilities concentrated in northwest area; some radio relay, wire, and radiocommunications stations in use; 1,000 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 2 AM and no FM stations; 1 TV station
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WESTERN SAMOA
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Western Sahara
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyWestern Samoa
Yemen (Aden)
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related portals: Samoa
2034858The World Factbook (1982) — Western Samoathe Central Intelligence Agency
WESTERN SAMOA
(See reference map X)
LAND
2,849 km2; comprised of 2 large islands of Savai'i and Upolu and several smaller islands, including Manono and Apolima; 65% forested, 24% cultivated, 11% industry, waste, or urban
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 403 km
PEOPLE
Population: 158,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7%
Nationality: noun—Western Samoan(s); adjective—Western Samoa
Ethnic divisions: Polynesians, about 12,000 Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood), 700 Europeans
Religion: 99.7% Christian (about half of population associated with the London Missionary Society)
Language: Samoan (Polynesian), English
Literacy: 85%-90% (education compulsory for all children from 7-15 years)
Labor force: 38,200 (1976), 90% in agriculture
Organized labor: unorganized
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Independent State of Western Samoa
Type: constitutional monarchy under native chief; special treaty relationship with New Zealand
Capital: Apia
Legal system: based on English common law and local customs; constitution came into effect upon independence in 1962; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 1 January
Branches: Head of State and Executive Council; Legislative Assembly; Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court, village courts
Government leaders: Head of State, MALIETOA Tanumafili II; Prime Minister Taisi Tupuola EFI
Suffrage: 45 Samoan members of Legislative Assembly are elected by holders of matai (heads of family) titles (about 12,000 persons); two members who do not have traditional family ties are elected by universal adult suffrage
Elections: held triennially, last in February 1982
Political parties and leaders: no clearly defined political party structure
Communists: unknown
Member of: ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, South Pacific Forum, South Pacific Commission, UN, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GNP: $70 million (1978), $450 per capita
Agriculture: cocoa, bananas, copra; staple foods include coconut, bananas, taro, and yams
Major industries: timber, tourism
Electric power: 16,900 kW capacity (1981); 41 million kWh produced (1981), 263 kWh per capita
Exports: $11.1 million (f.o.b., 1978); copra 43.3%, cocoa 32.3%, timber 2.0%, mineral fuel, bananas
Imports: $52.5 million (c.i.f., 1978); food 30%, manufactured goods 25%, machinery
Major trade partners: exports—37% New Zealand, 7% Netherlands, 36% West Germany, 8% US; imports—28% New Zealand, 20% Australia, 15% Japan, 13% US
Aid: economic commitments—US (FY70-80), $8 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $72 million
Budget: (1977) $53.3 million
Monetary conversion rate: WS Tala=US$1.22 (1979)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 784 km total; 375 km bituminous, remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earth
Inland waterways: none
Ports: 1 principal (Apia), 1 minor
Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: 3,800 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 20,000 radio receivers; 1 AM station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 35,000; 18,000 fit for military service
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YEMEN (ADEN)
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Western Samoa
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyYemen (Aden)
Yemen (Sanaa)
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2035135The World Factbook (1982) — Yemen (Aden)the Central Intelligence Agency
YEMEN (ADEN)
(See reference map VI)
LAND
287,490 km2; (border with Saudi Arabia undefined); only about 1% arable (of which less than 25% cultivated)
Land boundaries: 1,802 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone"); fishing 200 nm, economic 200 nm
Coastline: 1,383 km
PEOPLE
Population: 2,022,000, excluding the islands of Perim and Kamaran for which no data are available (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Yemeni(s); adjective—Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans
Religion: Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: probably no higher than 10%; Aden 35% (est.)
GOVERNMENT
Official name: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Type: republic; power centered in ruling Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP)
Capital: Aden; Madinat ash Sha'b, administrative capital
Political subdivisions: 6 provinces
Legal system: based on Islamic law (for personal matters) and English common law (for commercial matters); highest judicial organ, Federal High Court, interprets constitution and determines disputes between states
National holiday: 14 October
Branches: Supreme People's Council; Cabinet Government leaders: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Council, YSP Secretary General, and Prime Minister—'Ali Nasir Muhammad al-HASANI
Suffrage: granted by constitution to all citizens 18 and over
Elections: elections for legislative body, Supreme Peopled Council, called for in constitution; none have been held
Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), the only legal party, is coalition of National Front, Ba'th, and Communist Parties
Communists: unknown number
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $792 million (1978 est.), $430 per capita
Agriculture (all outside Aden): cotton is main cash crop; cereals, dates, kat (qat), coffee, and livestock are raised and there is a growing fishing industry; large amount of food must be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish are exported
Major industries: petroleum refinery at Little Aden operates on imported crude; 1981 output about one-half of rated capacity of 170,000 b/d; oil exploration activity
Electric power: 142,100 kW capacity (1980); 349 million kWh produced (1980), 181 kWh per capita
Exports: $44.3 million (1979), excluding petroleum products but including re-exports
Imports: $391.0 million (f.o.b., 1979)
Major trade partners: Yemen, East Africa, but some cement and sugar imported from Communist countries; crude oil imported from Persian Gulf, exports mainly to UK and Japan
Budget: (1979) total receipts $423 million, current expenditures $209 million, development expenditures $214 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 S. Yemeni dinar=US$2.90
Official foreign reserves: $800 million (December 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 5,311 km total; 322 km bituminous treated, 290 km crushed stone and gravel, 4,699 km motorable track
Pipelines: refined products, 32 km
Ports: 1 major (Aden)
Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft, 1 leased in
Airfields: 98 total, 52 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: small system of open-wire, tropo-scatter multiconductor cable, and radiocommunications stations; only center Aden; estimated 10,000 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, and 5 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 428,000; 238,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, $56 million; about 22.4% of central government budget
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YEMEN (SANAA)
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Yemen (Aden)
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyYemen (Sanaa)
Yugoslavia
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2035358The World Factbook (1982) — Yemen (Sanaa)the Central Intelligence Agency
YEMEN (SANAA)
(See reference map VI)
LAND
194,250 km2 (parts of border with Saudi Arabia and Southern Yemen undefined); 20% agricultural, 1% forested, 79% desert, waste, or urban
Land boundaries: 1,528 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")
Coastline: 523 km
PEOPLE
Population: 5,490,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%
Nationality: noun—Yemeni(s); adjective—Yemeni
Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Arab (mixed)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)
Labor force: almost entirely agriculture and herding
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Yemen Arab Republic
Type: republic; military regime assumed power in June 1974
Capital: Sanaa
Political subdivisions: 8 provinces
Legal system: based on Turkish law, Islamic law, and local customary law; first constitution promulgated December 1970, suspended June 1974; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 26 September
Branches: President, Prime Minister, Cabinet; Constituent Assembly
Government leaders: Col. 'Ali 'Abdallah SALIH, President; 'Abd Al-KARIM IRYANI, Prime Minister
Communists: small number
Political parties or pressure groups: conservative tribal groups, some Muslim Brotherhood followers, leftist sentiment represented by pro-Iraqi Ba'thists, Nasirists, small clandestine groups supported by Yemen (Aden)
Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISCON, ITU, NAM, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
ECONOMY
GNP: $3.8 billion (FY79), $740 per capita
Agriculture: sorghum and millet, qat (a mild narcotic), cotton, coffee, fruits and vegetables; largely self-sufficient in food
Major industries: cotton textiles and leather goods produced on a small scale; handicraft and some fishing; small aluminum products factory
Electric power: 100,500 kW capacity (1980); 220 million kWh produced (1980), 41 kWh per capita
Exports: $12.7 million (f.o.b., 1980); qat, cotton, coffee, hides, vegetables
Imports: $1,685.0 million (f.o.b., 1980); textiles and other manufactured consumer goods, petroleum products, sugar,
grain, flour, other foodstuffs, and cement
Major trade partners: China, Yemen (Aden), USSR, Japan, UK, Australia, Saudi Arabia
Budget: (1978-79) total receipts $909 million, current expenditure $409 million, development expenditure $590 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Yemeni rial=US$0.22 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: 3,477 km total; 467 km bituminous; 435 km crushed stone and gravel; 2,575 km earth, sand, and light gravel
Ports: 1 major (Al Hudaydah), 2 minor
Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 26 total, 15 usable; 4 with permanent—surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 8 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system inadequate; consists of meager open-wire lines and low-power radiocommunication stations; 5,000 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations, no FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,008,000; 560,000 fit for military service; about 59,000 reach military age (18) annually
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1979, $156 million; 22% of central government budget
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YUGOSLAVIA
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Yemen (Sanaa)
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Zaire
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2036203The World Factbook (1982) — Yugoslaviathe Central Intelligence Agency
YUGOSLAVIA
(See reference map V)
LAND
255,892 km2; 32% arable, 25% meadows and pastures, 34% forested, 9% other
Land boundaries: 3,001 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 1,521 km (mainland), plus 2,414 km (offshore islands)
PEOPLE
Population: 22,689,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.8%
Nationality: noun—Yugoslav(s); adjective—Yugoslav
Ethnic divisions: 39.7% Serb, 22.1% Croat, 8.4% Muslims, 8.2% Slovene, 6.4% Albanian, 5.8% Macedonian, 2.5% Montenegrin, 2.3% Hungarian, 4.6% other (1971 census)
Religion: 41% Serbian Orthodox, 32% Roman Catholic, 12% Muslim, 3% other, 12% none (1953 census)
Language: Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Macedonian, Albanian, Hungarian, and Italian
Literacy: 80.3% (1961)
Labor force: 9.3 million (1980); 29% agriculture, 27% mining and manufacturing, 20% noneconomic activities; estimated unemployment averaged at least 10% of domestic labor force in 1981
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Type: Communist state, federal republic in form
Capital: Belgrade
Political subdivisions: six republics with two autonomous provinces (within the Republic of Serbia)
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1974; legal education at several law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 29 November
Branches: parliament (Federal Assembly) constitutionally supreme; executive includes cabinet (Federal Executive Council) and the federal administration; judiciary; the State Presidency is a collective policymaking body composed of a representative from each republic and province, Sergej KRAIGHER presides as President of the Republic
Government leader: Veselin Djuranovic, President of the Federal Executive Council
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: Federal Assembly elected every four years by a complicated, indirect system of voting
Political parties and leaders: League of Communists of Yugoslavia (LCY) only; leaders are party President Dusan Dragosavac, influential Presidium members Milos Minic, Vladimir Bakaric, and Stane Dolanc
Communists: 2.1 million party members (December 1981)
Other political or pressure groups: Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia (SAWPY), the major mass front organization for the LCY; Confederation of Trade Unions of Yugoslavia (CTUY), Union of Youth of Yugoslavia (UYY), Federation of Yugoslav War Veterans (SUBNOR)
Member of: ASSIMER, CEMA (observer but participates in certain commissions), EC (five-year nonpreferential trade agreement signed in May 1973 currently being renegotiated), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OECD (participant in some activities), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $66.3 billion (1980 est., at 1980 prices), $2,900 per capita; real growth rate 3% (1980)
Agriculture: diversified agriculture with many small private holdings and large agricultural combines; main crops—corn, wheat, tobacco, sugar beets, and sunflowers; occasionally a net exporter of foodstuffs and live animals; imports tropical products, cotton, wool, and vegetable meal feeds; caloric intake, 3,539 calories per day per capita (1975)
Fishing: catch 56,000 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: metallurgy, machinery and equipment, oil refining, chemicals, textiles, wood processing, food processing
Shortages: electricity, fuels, steel
Crude steel: 3.6 million metric tons produced (1980), 160 kg per capita
Electric power: 15,113,000 kW capacity (1981); 63.3 billion kWh produced (1981), 2,797 kWh per capita
Exports: $8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 51% raw materials and semimanufactures, 15% equipment, 34% consumer goods
Imports: $15.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980); 71% raw materials and semimanufactures, 19% equipment, 10% consumer goods
Major trade partners: 62% non-Communist countries; 38% Communist countries, of which 25% USSR (1981)
Monetary conversion rate: 38.7 dinars=US$1 (November 1981)
Fiscal year: same as calendar year (all data refer to calendar year or to middle or end of calendar year as indicated)
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 9,465 km total; 9,465 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 891 km double track; 3,167 km electrified (1980),
Highways: 155,842 km total; 56,655 km asphalt, concrete, stone block; 38,642 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 20,545 km earth (1980)
Inland waterways: 2,600 km (1978)
Freight carried: rail—84.9 million metric tons, 25.0 billion metric ton/km (1980); highway—201.7 million metric tons, 19.0 billion metric ton/km (1980); waterway—26.0 million metric tons, 5.0 billion metric ton/km (excluding international transit traffic)
Pipelines: 1,373 km crude oil; 2,760 km natural gas; 150 km refined products
Ports: 9 major (most important: Rijeka, Split, Koper, Bar, and Ploce), 24 minor; principal inland water port is Belgrade
(1979)
Airfields: 124 total, 109 usable; 41 with permanent-surface runways, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,968,000; 4,814,000 fit for military service; 188,000 reach military age (19) annually
Military budget: announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 102 billion dinars; about 5.8% of national income
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ZAIRE
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Yugoslavia
The World Factbook (1982)the Central Intelligence AgencyZaire
Zambia
→
related portals: Democratic Republic of the Congo
2036801The World Factbook (1982) — Zairethe Central Intelligence Agency
ZAIRE
(See reference map VII)
LAND
2,343,950 km2; 22% agricultural land (1% cultivated), 45% forested, 33% other
Land boundaries: 9,902 km
WATER
Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm
Coastline: 37 km
PEOPLE
Population: 30,289,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%
Nationality: noun—Zairian(s); adjective—Zairian
Ethnic divisions: over 200 African ethnic groups, the majority are Bantu; four largest tribes—Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population
Religion: 60% Christian, 35% animist, 5% other
Language: French, English, Lingala, Swahili, Kikongo, and Chiluba are all classified as official languages
Literacy: 5% fluent in French, about 35% have an acquaintance with French
Labor force: about 8 million, but only about 13% in wage structure
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Zaire (until October 1971 known as Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Type: republic; constitution establishes strong presidential system
Capital: Kinshasa
Political subdivisions: eight regions and federal district of Kinshasa
Legal system: based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; new constitution promulgated February 1978; legal education at National University of Zaire; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: Independence Day, 30 June; Anniversary of the Regime, 24 November
Branches: President elected 1970 for seven-year term; General Mobutu reelected December 1977; limits on reelection removed by new constitution; national Legislative Council of 210 members elected for five-year term; the official party is the supreme political institution
Government leader: Lt. Gen. MOBUTU Sese Seko, President
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: elections for rural collectivities urban zone councils, and the Legislative Council of the Popular Movement of the Revolution to be held May-September 1982; presidential referendum/election held December 1977
Political parties and leaders: Popular Movement of the Revolution (MPR), only legal party, organized from the president on down
Voting strength: MPR slate polled 97.5% of vote in 1977 Political Bureau; elections in February 1980 President Mobutu announced there would be no further elections to the Political Bureau
Communists: no Communist party
Member of: AFDB, APC, CIPEC, EAMA, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, UDEAC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GDP: $6.3 billion (1980 est.), $225 per capita; 1.8% current annual growth rate
Agriculture: main cash crops—coffee, palm oil, rubber, quinine; main food crops—manioc, bananas, root crops, corn; some provinces self-sufficient
Fishing: catch 115,182 metric tons (1979)
Major industries: mining, mineral processing, light industries
Electric power: 1,694,000 kW capacity (1980); 4.2 billion kWh produced (1980), 143 kWh per capita
Exports: $2,089 million (f.o.b., 1980); copper, cobalt, diamonds, petroleum, coffee
Imports: $1,469 million (c.i.f., 1980); consumer goods, foodstuffs, mining and other machinery, transport equipment, fuels
Major trade partners: Belgium, US, and West Germany
Budget: 1980 revenue, $1,250.2 million; current expenditures, $1,242.3 million, capital expenditures $206.5 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 zaire=US$0.182 (as of June 1981)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 5,254 km total; 3,968 km L067-meter gauge (851 km electrified), 125 km 1,000-meter gauge; 136 km 0.615-meter gauge, 1,025 km 0.600-meter gauge
Highways: 168,979 km total; 2,654 km bituminous, 58,129 km improved earth; 108,196 km unimproved earth
Inland waterways: comprising the Zaire, its tributaries, and unconnected lakes, the waterway system affords over
15,000 km of navigable routes
Pipelines: refined products, 390 km
Ports: 2 major (Matadi, Boma), 1 minor
Civil air: 56 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 324 total, 287 usable; 26 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 68 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: barely adequate wire and radio-relay service, 30,300 telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 12 AM, 1 FM, and 17 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 13 domestic satellite stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 6,702,000; 3,386,000 fit for military service
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ZAMBIA
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2037280The World Factbook (1982) — Zambiathe Central Intelligence Agency
ZAMBIA
(See reference map VII)
LAND
745,920 km2; 5% under cultivation, 5% arable, 10% grazing, 13% dense forest, 6% marsh, 61% scattered trees and grassland
Land boundaries: 6,003 km
PEOPLE
Population: 6,222,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.2%
Nationality: noun—Zambian(s); adjective—Zambian
Ethnic divisions: 98.7% African, 1.1% European, 0.2% other
Religion: 82% animist, about 17% Christian, and under 1% Hindu and Muslim
Language: English official; wide variety of indigenous languages
Literacy: 28%
Labor force: 402,000 wage earners; 375,000 Africans, 27,000 non-Africans; 15% mining, 9% agriculture, 9% domestic service, 19% construction, 9% commerce, 10% manufacturing, 23% government and miscellaneous services, 6% transport
Organized labor: approximately 238,000 wage earners are unionized
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Zambia
Type: one-party state
Capital: Lusaka
Political subdivisions: nine provinces
Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; new constitution adopted September 1973; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; legal education at University of Zambia in Lusaka; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
National holiday: 24 October
Branches: modified presidential system; legislature; judiciary
Government leaders: President Kenneth David KAUNDA; Prime Minister Nalumino MUNDIA
Suffrage: universal adult
Elections: general election held 12 December 1978; next general election scheduled for 1983
Political parties and leaders: United National Independence Party (UNIP), Kenneth Kaunda; former opposition party banned in December 1972 when one-party state proclaimed
Voting strength (1978 election): 70% of eligible voters went to polls; Kaunda was only candidate for President; National Assembly seats were contested by members of UNIP
Communists: no Communist party, but socialist sympathizers in upper levels of government and UNIP
Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, 1DB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
ECONOMY
GNP: $2.8 billion (1980), $483 per capita; real annual average growth rate, 0.65% (1971-81)
Agriculture: main crops—corn, tobacco, cotton; net importer of most major agricultural products
Major industries: copper and cobalt production
Electric power: 1,453,000 kW capacity (1980); 7.3 billion kWh produced (1980), 969 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,378 million (f.o.b., 1980); copper, zinc, cobalt, lead, tobacco
Imports: $1,383 million (c.i.f., 1980); machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, fuels, manufactures
Major trade partners: EEC, Japan, China, South Africa
Budget: (1980) revenue $950 million (est.), current expenditures $1,279 million (est.), development expenditures $241 million (est.)
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Zambia kwacha=US$1.2446 (official)
Fiscal year: calendar year
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,014 km, all narrow gauge (1.067 m); 13 km double track
Highways: 36,809 km total; 5,565 km paved, 8,374 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 22,870 km improved
and unimproved earth
Inland waterways: 2,250 km including Zambezi River, Luapula River, Lake Kariba, Lake Bangweulu, Lake Tanganyika; Mpulungu is small port on Lake Tanganyika
Pipelines: 724 km crude oil
Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft
Airfields: 136 total, 129 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa; high-capacity radio relay connects most larger towns and cities; 60,500 telephones; (1.1 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 1 FM, and 5 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,327,000; 691,000 fit for military service
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ZIMBABWE
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ZIMBABWE
(See reference map VII)
LAND
391,090 km2; 40% arable (of which 6% cultivated); 60% available for extensive cattle grazing; 39% owned by Europeans (farmed by modern methods); 48% worked communally by Africans; 7% national land, 6% not alienated
Land boundaries: 3,017 km
PEOPLE
Population: 8,090,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.5%
Nationality: noun—Zimbabwean(s); adjective—Zimbabwean
Ethnic divisions: about 97% African (over 70% of which are members of Shona-speaking subtribes, 20 to 25% speak Ndebele); about 3% European, less than 0.5% coloreds (people of mixed heritage) and Asians
Religion: 51% syncretic (part Christian, part animist), 24% Christian, 24% animist, a few Muslim
Language: English official; Shona and Ndebele also widely used
Literacy: 25-30% of blacks; nearly 100% of whites
Labor force: (1981) 1,048,000 total; 35% agriculture, 25% mining, manufacturing, construction, 40% transport and services
Organized labor: about one-third of European wage earners are unionized, but only a small minority of Africans
GOVERNMENT
Official name: Republic of Zimbabwe
Type: independent since 18 April 1980; a British-style parliamentary democracy
Capital: Salisbury
Political subdivisions: eight provinces
Legal system: British common law tradition
Branches: legislative authority resides in a Parliament consisting of a 100-member House of Assembly (with 20 seats reserved for whites) and a 40-member Senate (10 elected by white members of the House, 14 elected by the other members of the House; 10 chiefs, 5 from Mashonaland and 5 from Matabeleland, elected by members of the Council of Chiefs; 6 appointed by the President, on the advice of the Prime Minister); executive authority lies with a Cabinet led by the Prime Minister; the High Court is the superior judicial authority
Government leaders: President Canaan BANANA; Prime Minister Robert MUGABE
Suffrage: universal over age 18
Elections: at discretion of Prime Minister but must be held before expiration of five-year electoral mandate Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Robert Mugabe; Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), Joshua Nkomo; Republican Front (RF), Ian. Smith; United African National Council (UANC), Bishop Abel Muzorewa; others failed to win any seats in Parliament
Voting strength (February 1980 elections): ZANU (also known as ZANU-PF), 57 seats; ZAPU (also known as the Patriotic Front), 20 seats; RF, 20 seats; UANC, 3 seats
Communists: negligible
Member of: IAEA, IBRD, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, UN, UPU, WHO
ECONOMY
GDP: $4.75 billion (1980), $630 per capita; real growth 8%
Agriculture: main crops—tobacco, corn, sugar, cotton; livestock; self-sufficient in foodstuffs
Major industries: mining, steel, textiles, chemicals, and vehicles
Electric power: 1,453,000 kW capacity (1980); 7.5 billion kWh produced (1980), 1,110 kWh per capita
Exports: $1,445 million (f.o.b., 1980), including net gold sales and reexports; tobacco, asbestos, copper, tin, chrome,
gold, nickel, meat, clothing, sugar
Imports: $1,287 billion (1980); machinery, petroleum products, wheat, transport equipment
Net merchandise trade earnings: $160 million (1980)
Major trade partner: South Africa
Aid: economic commitments—Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $77 million
Budget: FY80—revenues $1,422 million, expenditures $2,200 million, deficit $778 million
Monetary conversion rate: 1 Rhodesian dollar=US$1.59 (1980)
Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: 2,743 km narrow gauge (1.067 m); 42 km double track
Highways: 85,237 km total; 12,243 km paved, 28,090 km crushed stone, gravel, stabilized soil: 23,097 km improved earth; 21,807 km unimproved earth
Pipelines: 8 km refined products (nonoperating)
Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in
Airfields: 447 total, 431 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 31 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Telecommunications: system is one of the best in Africa; consists of radio-relay links, open-wire lines, and radiocommunication stations; principal center Salisbury, secondary center Bulawayo; 214,400 telephones (2.8 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 15 FM, and 6 TV stations
DEFENSE FORCES
Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,708,000; 1,048,000 fit for military service
Military budget: for fiscal year ending 30 June 1982, $464.8 million; 17.2% of central government budget